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Szymańska-Czerwińska M, Zaręba-Marchewka K, Niemczuk K. New insight on chlamydiae. J Vet Res 2023; 67:559-565. [PMID: 38130448 PMCID: PMC10730554 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the current knowledge on chlamydiae, which are intracellular bacteria belonging to the Chlamydiaceae family. Whole-genome sequencing leads to great increases in the available data about Chlamydia spp. Recently, novel chlamydial taxons in various hosts living in different environments have been recognised. New species and taxons with Candidatus status have been recorded mainly in birds and reptiles. Chlamydia gallinacea is an emerging infectious agent in poultry with indirectly confirmed zoonotic potential. Recently, a new group of avian C. abortus strains with worldwide distribution in various wild bird families has been described. The definition of C. abortus species became outdated with the discovery of these strains and has been amended. It now includes two subgroups, mammalian and avian, the latter including all isolates hitherto referred to as atypical C. psittaci or C. psittaci/C. abortus intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Szymańska-Czerwińska
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, Puławy, Poland
- Laboratory of Serological Diagnosis, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Niemczuk
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, Puławy, Poland
- Laboratory of Serological Diagnosis, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
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Moqbel Hassan Alzubaydi N, Oun Ali Z, Al-Asadi S, Al-Kahachi R. Design and characterization of a multi-epitope vaccine targeting Chlamydia abortus using immunoinformatics approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-18. [PMID: 37774751 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2240891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydiosis is a widespread ailment affecting humans, livestock, and wildlife, caused by C. abortus, a member of the Chlamydia genus. This disease leads to reproductive disorders in bovines and poses a zoonotic risk, resulting in adverse outcomes such as abortion, stillbirths, weak offspring, endometritis, repeat breeding, and perinatal mortality. However, current chlamydiosis vaccines have limitations in terms of safety, efficacy, and stability, necessitating the development of effective and safe alternatives. In this study, our objective was to design a multi-epitope vaccine (MEV) targeting all strains of C. abortus using bioinformatics and immunoinformatics approaches. We identified highly antigenic and non-allergic proteins (yidC, yajC, secY, CAB503, and CAB746) using VaxiJen and AlgPred tools. Physicochemical analyses and secondary structure predictions confirmed protein stability through ProtParam and SOPMA methods. Furthermore, we employed IEDB-AR, NETMHCpan, and ToxinPred2 tools to predict cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), helper T lymphocyte (HTL), and B-cell epitopes, resulting in the identification of conserved epitopes for further analysis. The MEV construct, consisting of 545 amino acids, incorporated the adjuvant Beta defensin-3, along with 9 CTL epitopes and 21 HTL epitopes linked by EAAAK, KK, and AAY linkers. We assessed the safety and immunogenicity of the vaccine through comprehensive evaluations of antigenicity, toxicity, allergenicity, and physicochemical properties. Structural stability and quality were examined using 3D modeling via the ab initio approach with the Robetta platform. Molecular docking analysis explored the compatibility of the MEV with Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) using ClusPro, while molecular dynamics simulation with the DESMOND Maestro software predicted the stability and flexibility of the docked complex. Despite promising in silico findings, further wet lab investigations are crucial to validate the safety and efficacy of the MEV. Successful development and validation of this MEV hold significant potential in combatting chlamydiosis in both animal and human populations.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zainab Oun Ali
- Department of Radiology Techniques, College of Health and Medical Techniques, Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Sura Al-Asadi
- Department of Laboratory Techniques, College of Health and Medical Techniques, Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Rusul Al-Kahachi
- Department of Scholarships and Cultural Relationship, Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Baghdad, Iraq
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Walsh AL, Shivaprasad HL. Unusual cases of chlamydiosis in psittacine birds. Vet Pathol 2023; 60:360-368. [PMID: 36951116 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231162905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Avian chlamydiosis is a common disease found in domesticated and nondomesticated avian species caused by several species of chlamydiae including but not limited to Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia avium, Chlamydia gallinacea, Chlamydia buteonis, and Chlamydia ibidis. Generally, early in the disease course, birds present with mild nonspecific clinical signs associated with gastrointestinal and respiratory tract disease. During end-stage disease, birds may present in a severe state of emaciation, dehydration, and/or acute death with no known history of prior illness. Between 2000 and 2009, 14 unusual cases of avian chlamydiosis were submitted to the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System. Histologic lesions noted in the 14 birds included meningoencephalomyelitis (3 of 13, 23%), otitis media (3 of 8), bursitis (9 of 11, 81%), nephritis (8 of 13, 61%), and orchitis (1 of 8). Corresponding immunopositive chlamydiae intracytoplasmic inclusions were detected in all tissues. Positive immunolabeling was detected in optic nerves (5 of 10, 50%), meninges (5 of 13, 38%), and endothelial cells (14 of 14, 100%) in the absence of significant microscopic lesions. This study highlights unusual gross, histological, and immunohistochemical findings of chlamydiosis in psittacines and highlights the importance of a thorough diagnostic approach when confirming or excluding chlamydiosis in psittacine birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audra L Walsh
- Vetpath Laboratory Services, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - H L Shivaprasad
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, Tulare Branch, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
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Carossino M, Nevarez JG, Sakaguchi K, Paulsen DB, Langohr IM, Strother K, Ferracone J, Roy A, Crossland NA, Del Piero F. An outbreak of systemic chlamydiosis in farmed American alligators ( Alligator mississippiensis). Vet Pathol 2022; 59:860-868. [PMID: 35502797 DOI: 10.1177/03009858221095269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia spp are reported to causes systemic disease in a variety of hosts worldwide including few reports in crocodilians. Disease presentations vary from asymptomatic to fulminant disease, some of which are zoonotic. The aim of this study was to describe the pathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular findings associated with the occurrence of a previously unreported Chlamydia sp infection causing a major mortality event in farmed American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis). The outbreak presented with sudden death in juvenile alligators mainly associated with necrotizing hepatitis and myocarditis, followed by the occurrence of conjunctivitis after the initial high mortality event. The widespread inflammatory lesions in multiple organs correlated with intralesional chlamydial organisms identified via immunohistochemistry and confirmed by 23S rRNA-specific real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for Chlamydiaceae bacteria. By sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the OmpA gene, this uncultured Chlamydia sp grouped closely with Chlamydia poikilothermis recently described in snakes. This study highlights the significance of such outbreaks in farmed populations. Enhanced epidemiological monitoring is needed to gain further insight into the biology of Chlamydia sp in alligators, disease dynamics, risk factors, and role of carrier animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Carossino
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory & Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veteterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Javier G Nevarez
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital & Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | | | - Daniel B Paulsen
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory & Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veteterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Ingeborg M Langohr
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory & Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veteterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Keith Strother
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory & Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veteterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | | | - Alma Roy
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory & Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veteterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Nicholas A Crossland
- Department of Pathology & National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Fabio Del Piero
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory & Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veteterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
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Stokes HS, Berg ML, Bennett ATD. A Review of Chlamydial Infections in Wild Birds. Pathogens 2021; 10:948. [PMID: 34451412 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chlamydia are a globally distributed genus of bacteria that can infect and cause disease in a range of hosts. Birds are the primary host for multiple chlamydial species. The most well-known of these is Chlamydia psittaci, a zoonotic bacterium that has been identified in a range of wild and domesticated birds. Wild birds are often proposed as a reservoir of Chlamydia psittaci and potentially other chlamydial species. The aim of this review is to present the current knowledge of chlamydial infections in wild avian populations. We focus on C. psittaci but also consider other Chlamydiaceae and Chlamydia-related bacteria that have been identified in wild birds. We summarise the diversity, host range, and clinical signs of infection in wild birds and consider the potential implications of these infections for zoonotic transmission and avian conservation. Chlamydial bacteria have been found in more than 70 species of wild birds, with the greatest chlamydial diversity identified in Europe. The Corvidae and Accipitridae families are emerging as significant chlamydial hosts, in addition to established wild hosts such as the Columbidae. Clarifying the effects of these bacteria on avian host fitness and the zoonotic potential of emerging Chlamydiales will help us to understand the implications of these infections for avian and human health.
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Soon XQ, Gartrell B, Gedye K. Presence and shedding of Chlamydia psittaci in waterfowl in a rehabilitation facility and in the wild in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2021; 69:240-246. [PMID: 33834927 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2021.1915212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the frequency of Chlamydia psittaci infection, shedding dynamics of C. psittaci, and C. psittaci genotype diversity in waterfowl temporarily resident in a rehabilitation facility and in mallards in the wild. METHODS Conjunctival-choanal-cloacal swabs were collected from apparently healthy captive wild mallards (Anas platyrhynchos; n = 114) and paradise shelducks (Tadorna variegata; n = 10) temporarily housed at a waterfowl breeding and rehabilitation facility (Wellington, NZ) and from wild mallards in Palmerston North (n = 50), and Southland (n = 50). DNA extracted from the swabs was analysed using quantitative PCR (qPCR) high-resolution melt curve (HRM) analysis, targeting the ompA gene of C. psittaci. RESULTS Of the captive waterfowl, 39/114 (34%) mallards and 6/10 (60%) paradise shelducks were positive for C. psittaci as were 24/100 (24%) wild mallards. All wild mallards and paradise shelducks carried only C. psittaci genotype C. In captive wild mallards, genotypes A and C, and a mixed infection of both genotypes were found. Captive wild mallards and paradise shelducks were found to be shedding 4 to 5 × 104 and 1 × 105 to 4 × 105 copies of C. psittaci DNA per swab, respectively, with wild mallards shedding 4-677 DNA copies/swab. CONCLUSIONS Based on qPCR-HRM analysis, a high proportion of wild mallards were infected with C. psittaci but these birds were shedding only a small amount of bacterial DNA. The proportion of sampled ducks that were infected and the extent of bacterial shedding were higher in the birds in a wildlife rehabilitation facility. The major C. psittaci genotype found in the mallards and paradise shelducks was genotype C. This is the first detection of C. psittaci genotype A and co-infection of genotype A and C in ducks. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These results indicate that mallards are a reservoir of C. psittaci and therefore may pose a zoonotic risk to people involved in duck hunting, wildlife care and recreational duck feeding. Mallards may also pose a transmission risk to native birds, especially in captive facilities and this has conservation implications for the management of endangered native birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Q Soon
- Tāwharau Ora, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - B Gartrell
- Tāwharau Ora, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - K Gedye
- Tāwharau Ora, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Robaj A, Krt B, Avberšek J, Ocepek M, Kalaveshi A, Jakupi X, Pllana D, Sylejmani D, Alishani M, Ramadani N, Hamidi A. Infectious Abortions in Small Ruminants: Challenges for Diagnosis and Public Health. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2021; 21:475-477. [PMID: 33877903 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report an abortion outbreak in a ruminant herd consisting of goats, sheep, and cows, with scenarios in two consecutive years. In early 2017, abortions occurred in ∼70% of goats and 66% tested positive for Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii) and 40% of goats were positive for Chlamydophila abortus (C. abortus). In February 2018, the same herd reported an abortion rate of 75%, with 55% positive for C. burnetii, 36% for C. abortus, and 22% for Toxoplasma gondii. Six goat milk samples were positive for C. burnetii by molecular analysis. Three family members were positive for C. burnetii. C. burnetii could be considered as the main cause of abortions in the first and second year. Animals that undergo an infection and abortion are prone to secondary infections. Vaccination or other rapid interventions should be initiated to protect animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avni Robaj
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary, University of Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina", Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Brane Krt
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jana Avberšek
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matjaž Ocepek
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ariana Kalaveshi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina," Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Xhevat Jakupi
- National Institute of Public Health of Kosovo, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Donjeta Pllana
- National Institute of Public Health of Kosovo, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Driton Sylejmani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary, University of Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina", Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Mentor Alishani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary, University of Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina", Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Naser Ramadani
- National Institute of Public Health of Kosovo, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Afrim Hamidi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary, University of Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina", Prishtina, Kosovo
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the current knowledge of chlamydiae. These intracellular microorganisms belonging to the Chlamydiaceae family are widely distributed throughout the world. Constant development of culture-independent approaches for characterisation of microbial genomes enables new discoveries in the field of Chlamydia. The number of new taxa is continuously increasing as well as the range of hosts. New species and genotypes are constantly being discovered, particularly new avian and reptilian agents, which are discussed in this article. Interestingly, wild animals are the main hosts for new Chlamydia species including different species of bird, turtle and snake. The availability of next-generation sequencing opens up a new prospect for research and leads to deeper knowledge of these interesting microorganisms about which much is still to discover.
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Dimond ZE, Hefty PS. Comprehensive genome analysis and comparisons of the swine pathogen, Chlamydia suis reveals unique ORFs and candidate host-specificity factors. Pathog Dis 2020; 79:5868767. [PMID: 32639528 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia suis, a ubiquitous swine pathogen, has the potential for zoonotic transmission to humans and often encodes for resistance to the primary treatment antibiotic, tetracycline. Because of this emerging threat, comparative genomics for swine isolate R19 with inter- and intra-species genomes was performed. A 1.094 Mb genome was determined through de novo assembly of Illumina high throughput sequencing reads. Annotation and subsystem analyses were conducted, revealing 986 putative genes (Chls_###) that are predominantly orthologs to other known Chlamydia genes. Subsequent comparative genomics revealed a high level of genomic synteny and overall sequence identity with other Chlamydia while 92 unique C. suis open reading frames were annotated. Direct comparison of Chlamydia-specific gene families that included the plasticity zone, inclusion membrane proteins, polymorphic membrane proteins and the major outer membrane protein, demonstrated high gene content identity with C. trachomatis and C. muridarum. These comparisons also identified diverse components that potentially could contribute to host-specificity. This study constitutes the first genome-wide comparative analysis for C. suis, generating a fully annotated reference genome. These studies will enable focused efforts on factors that provide key species specificity and adaptation to cognate hosts that are attributed to chlamydial infections, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe E Dimond
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Ave. Lawrence KS 66044
| | - P Scott Hefty
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Ave. Lawrence KS 66044
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Amery-Gale J, Legione AR, Marenda MS, Owens J, Eden PA, Konsak-Ilievski BM, Whiteley PL, Dobson EC, Browne EA, Slocombe RF, Devlin JM. SURVEILLANCE FOR CHLAMYDIA SPP. WITH MULTILOCUS SEQUENCE TYPING ANALYSIS IN WILD AND CAPTIVE BIRDS IN VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA. J Wildl Dis 2020; 56:16-26. [PMID: 31329521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci typically infects birds and can cause outbreaks of avian chlamydiosis, but it also has the potential to cause zoonotic disease (psittacosis) in humans. To better understand the epidemiology of C. psittaci in Victoria, Australia, we conducted opportunistic sampling of more than 400 wild and captive birds presented to the Australian Wildlife Health Centre at Zoos Victoria's Healesville Sanctuary for veterinary care between December 2014 and December 2015. Samples were screened for the presence of chlamydial DNA using quantitative PCR, and positive samples were subjected to multilocus sequence typing analysis. The results showed a significantly higher prevalence of infection in captive birds (8%; 9/113) compared to wild birds (0.7%; 2/299). Multilocus sequence typing analysis revealed that C. psittaci sequence type 24 was detected in both wild and captive birds in the local region, while C. psittaci sequence type 27 was detected for the first time in an Australian avian host. The generally low prevalence of C. psittaci detection points to a generally low zoonotic risk to veterinary and support staff, although this risk may be higher when handling captive birds, where the prevalence of C. psittaci infection was almost 10-fold higher. Even with low rates of C. psittaci detection, appropriate hygiene and biosecurity practices are recommended due to the serious human health implications of infection with this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemima Amery-Gale
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Corner Park Drive and Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Australian Wildlife Health Centre, Healesville Sanctuary, Zoos Victoria, Badger Creek Road, Healesville, Victoria 3777, Australia
| | - Alistair R Legione
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Corner Park Drive and Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Marc S Marenda
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Jane Owens
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Corner Park Drive and Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Paul A Eden
- Australian Wildlife Health Centre, Healesville Sanctuary, Zoos Victoria, Badger Creek Road, Healesville, Victoria 3777, Australia
| | - Barbara M Konsak-Ilievski
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Pam L Whiteley
- Wildlife Health Surveillance Victoria, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Elizabeth C Dobson
- Gribbles Veterinary Pathology, Clayton Laboratory, 1868 Dandenong Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Browne
- Gribbles Veterinary Pathology, Clayton Laboratory, 1868 Dandenong Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Ron F Slocombe
- Veterinary Pathology, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Joanne M Devlin
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Corner Park Drive and Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Abstract
We determined the prevalence of Chlamydia psittaci genotypes in asymptomatic and symptomatic birds in northeast Iran. Samples were collected from 11 species of Psittaciformes and 1 species of Columbiformes from 2015 to 2016. Choanal cleft and cloacal swab samples, fresh fecal samples, and/or tissue samples of 70 symptomatic and 130 asymptomatic birds were collected and tested by molecular detection (nested polymerase chain reaction [PCR] testing specific for C psittaci). Results showed C psittaci was detected in 37 (18.5%) of 200 birds (18/37 symptomatic and 19/37 asymptomatic birds) by nested PCR assay. Of the PCR-positive samples, 14 products were positive for oligonucleotide sets CTU/CTL by a second PCR assay and genotyped by outer membrane protein A (ompA) gene sequencing. Of the 10 samples positive for genotype A (cockatiels [Nymphicus hollandicus, n = 5], ring-necked parakeet [Psittacula krameri, n = 2], African gray parrot [Psittacus erithacus, n = 3]), 6 samples were from asymptomatic and 4 from symptomatic birds. Genotype B was observed in 3 samples from symptomatic birds (P krameri [n = 2], pigeon [Columba livia, n = 1]), and provisional genotype I was detected in one symptomatic cockatiel. These findings revealed the importance of monitoring imported asymptomatic birds in developing countries, especially the Middle East, where there is no systematic monitoring. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report regarding the detection of C psittaci provisional genotype I in cockatiels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbasi Mina
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Akbarzadeh Fatemeh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Razmyar Jamshid
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Bhandi S, Pfukenyi DM, Matope G, Murondoti A, Tivapasi M, Ndengu M, Scacchia M, Bonfini B, De Garine-Wichatitsky M. Brucellosis and chlamydiosis seroprevalence in goats at livestock-wildlife interface areas of Zimbabwe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 86:e1-e9. [PMID: 31478733 PMCID: PMC6739518 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v86i1.1670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In Zimbabwe, there have been no chlamydiosis and limited brucellosis studies in goats. This study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors of the two diseases in goats at three different livestock-wildlife interface areas: porous, non-porous and non-interface in the south-eastern lowveld of Zimbabwe. Collected sera (n = 563) were tested for Brucella antibodies using the Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT) and the complement fixation test (CFT); and for Chlamydia abortus antibodies using the CFT. All tested goats were negative for Brucella antibodies. Overall, chlamydial seroprevalence was 22%. The porous [c2 = 9.6, odds ratio (OR) = 2.6, p = 0.002] and non-porous (c2 = 37.5, OR = 5.8, p < 0.00001) interfaces were approximately three and six times more likely to be chlamydial seropositive than the non-interface area, respectively. Chlamydial seroprevalence was not associated with sex (c2 = 0.5, OR = 1.2, p = 0.5), abortion history in female goats (c2 = 0.7, OR = 1.3, p = 0.4), keeping goats with cattle (c2 = 0.2, OR = 1.5, p = 0.7) or flock size (c2 = 0.03, OR = 1.4, p = 0.9). Our study provides the first serological evidence of chlamydiosis in goats in Zimbabwe and the results suggest that proximity to wildlife is associated with increased chlamydial seropositivity. Further studies are required to determine the role of chlamydial infection on goat reproductive failure and that of wildlife on C. abortus transmission to domestic ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Bhandi
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; and, Research Platform Production and Conservation in Partnership, Harare.
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Liu SY, Li KP, Hsieh MK, Chang PC, Shien JH, Ou SC. Prevalence and Genotyping of Chlamydia psittaci from Domestic Waterfowl, Companion Birds, and Wild Birds in Taiwan. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 19:666-673. [PMID: 30855216 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci, the causative agent of avian chlamydiosis, an important zoonotic disease, infects a wide range of birds. Infected birds, whether symptomatic or asymptomatic, intermittently shed the agent through respiratory and intestinal routes. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the epizootiology of C. psittaci in poultry, pet birds, and wild birds. In this study, cloacal or fecal swabs collected from domestic waterfowl, psittacine birds, Columbidae, and wild birds were used to determine the prevalence of C. psittaci in Taiwan between 2014 and 2017. The C. psittaci infection rate was as high as 34.2% among domestic waterfowl farms. The waterfowl isolates clustered into two groups based on ompA phylogeny: one group (G1-like) clustered with the Polish G1 strains; the other group (waterfowl-TW) clustered near, but independently from, the classical ABE genotype cluster. Separately, 3.1% of parrot samples tested positive for C. psittaci belonging to genotype A. C. psittaci isolates of genotype B were detected in 10.1% of racing pigeons and other Columbidae. Wild bird samples from a wildlife refuge had a 2.2% prevalence rate; among these, two atypical C. psittaci genotypes were detected in samples from a Malayan night heron (Gorsachius melanolophus) and a Taiwan barbet (Megalaima nuchalis). Taken together, our results revealed that the risk of C. psittaci transmission from domestic waterfowl and Columbidae birds to humans could be underestimated, given the high prevalence rates in these birds. Furthermore, the free-range rearing system of waterfowl in Taiwan may promote C. psittaci transmission between poultry and wild birds. Pet birds and racing pigeons, which are in close contact with people, are also possible sources for cross-species transmission. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the virulence, biological and genetic characteristics, and modes of transmission of Taiwanese C. psittaci isolates to facilitate the prevention and control of C. psittaci infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Yu Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Po Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Kun Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Poa-Chun Chang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hung Shien
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Chia Ou
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Szymańska-Czerwińska M, Mitura A, Zaręba K, Schnee C, Koncicki A, Niemczuk K. Poultry in Poland as Chlamydiaceae Carrier. J Vet Res 2017; 61:411-419. [PMID: 29978103 PMCID: PMC5937338 DOI: 10.1515/jvetres-2017-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and genetic diversity of Chlamydia spp. in poultry in Poland and estimate possible transmission to humans. Material and Methods Molecular diagnostic methods followed by sequencing and strain isolation were used on cloacal/faecal swabs collected from 182 apparently healthy poultry flocks including chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese. Serum samples obtained from people exposed (study group) and non-exposed (control group) to birds were tested by complement fixation test to acquire data on Chlamydia spp. antibody level. Results Overall, 15.9% of the tested flocks were Chlamydiaceae-positive and three Chlamydia spp. were identified. Predominant chlamydial agent found was C. gallinacea occurring in 65.5% of all positive poultry flocks and in 73.0% of positive chicken flocks. The sequences from four chicken flocks were assigned to C. abortus, whereas C. psittaci was confirmed in one duck and one goose flock. The analysis of ompA variable domains revealed at least nine genetic variants of C. gallinacea. Chlamydial antibodies were detected in 19.2% of human serum samples in the study group in comparison with 10.8% in the controls. Conclusion The obtained results confirm that chlamydiae are common among chicken flocks in Poland with C. gallinacea as a dominant species. Moreover, the presence of C. abortus in chickens is reported here for the first time. Further investigation should focus on possible zoonotic transmission of C. gallinacea and C. abortus as well as potential pathogenic effects on birds’ health and poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agata Mitura
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Kinga Zaręba
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Christiane Schnee
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07 743 Jena, Germany
| | - Andrzej Koncicki
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Niemczuk
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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15
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Budd C, Flanagan C, Gillett A, Hanger J, Loader JJ, Govendir M. Assessment of florfenicol as a possible treatment for chlamydiosis in koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus). Aust Vet J 2017; 95:343-349. [PMID: 28845567 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Because of limited availability of chloramphenicol to veterinary suppliers, a preliminary study was performed to predict whether an analogue, florfenicol, is an efficacious treatment for chlamydiosis in koalas. METHODS Florfenicol was administered to koalas with naturally occurring chlamydiosis at 20 mg/kg SC (n = 3) and at 5 mg/kg (n = 3) and 10 mg/kg (n = 3) IV. The estimated areas under the plasma concentration versus time curves (AUC) were compared with the minimum inhibitory concentration to inhibit Chlamydia pecorum. Clinical data were also examined from field trials conducted on koalas (n = 19) with naturally occurring chlamydiosis and treated with florfenicol at a range of dosages (5-20 mg/kg SC and 6-15 mg/kg IV). Florfenicol binding to proteins in plasma was also determined. RESULTS Florfenicol was not detectable in plasma 24 h post-administration at 20 mg/kg SC. The estimated AUC0-24 h following administration at 10 mg/kg IV suggests florfenicol might be effective against Chlamydia spp. via this route. Florfenicol binding to plasma proteins was 13.0% (± 0.30 SEM). After treatment with florfenicol in field trials, 5 of 19 koalas (26%) were released without further treatment, 4 with no long-term follow-up; 6 (32%) required additional treatment with chloramphenicol to resolve chlamydiosis; 7 (36%) failed to clinically improve, of which 3 had clinical signs and/or necropsy findings suggestive of antibiotic-related gastrointestinal dysbiosis; another koala died within minutes of florfenicol administered IV at 7 mg/kg. CONCLUSION When administered at dosages tolerable in the field, florfenicol is a problematic treatment for chlamydiosis based on equivocal outcomes and plasma concentrations below those that inhibit the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Budd
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C Flanagan
- Port Macquarie Koala Hospital, Port Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia
| | - A Gillett
- Australia Zoo Wildlife Hospital, Beerwah, Queensland, Australia
| | - J Hanger
- Endeavour Veterinary Ecology, Toorbul, Queensland, Australia
| | - J J Loader
- Endeavour Veterinary Ecology, Toorbul, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Govendir
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Taylor-Brown A, Polkinghorne A. New and emerging chlamydial infections of creatures great and small. New Microbes New Infect 2017; 18:28-33. [PMID: 28560043 PMCID: PMC5436083 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, our knowledge of the host range and diversity of members of the Chlamydiaceae, obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens of humans and animals, was thought to be nearly complete. Aided by advances in molecular diagnostics, a new picture is emerging, however, that the host barriers may be looser than previously thought for many chlamydial species. While cross-host transmission of chlamydial species is a concern for animal health, new reports highlight an emerging zoonotic risk for several species associated with intensification of farming and the widespread popularity of companion animals. The description of an expanded cohort of new species within this family from avian and reptilian hosts has also highlighted how much we still have to learn about the biology and pathogenicity of the Chlamydiaceae as a whole. Reports emerging about these relatives of the traditional chlamydial pathogens are matched by the continued identification of novel Chlamydia-related bacteria in the phylum Chlamydiae, providing evidence that many may be pathogenic to humans or animals and pose a zoonotic or vector-borne risk. The review examines the new hosts described for well-characterized chlamydial veterinary pathogens, emerging novel chlamydial species and the potential for these to cause disease in their respective hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Taylor-Brown
- Centre for Animal Health Innovation, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
| | - A Polkinghorne
- Centre for Animal Health Innovation, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
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17
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Mackie JT, Gillett AK, Palmieri C, Feng T, Higgins DP. Pneumonia due to Chlamydia pecorum in a Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus). J Comp Pathol 2016; 155:356-360. [PMID: 27567271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydiosis is a common infectious disease of koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus), but Chlamydia spp. have not yet been demonstrated to cause pneumonia in these animals. A juvenile male koala died following an episode of respiratory disease. At necropsy examination, the lung tissue was consolidated. Microscopical lesions in the lung included pyogranulomatous bronchopneumonia, proliferation of bronchiolar and alveolar epithelium and interstitial fibrosis. Hyperplastic bronchiolar epithelial cells contained aggregates of small basophilic punctate organisms, which were confirmed as chlamydiae by transmission electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Real-time polymerase chain reaction identified these as Chlamydia pecorum. This report provides the best evidence to date of chlamydial infection causing pneumonia in a koala, and the first evidence that C. pecorum is capable of infecting the bronchiolar epithelium of the koala.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Mackie
- Vepalabs, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.
| | - A K Gillett
- Australia Zoo Wildlife Hospital, Beerwah, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - T Feng
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - D P Higgins
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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18
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Johnston SD, Deif HH, McKinnon A, Theilemann P, Griffith JE, Higgins DP. Orchitis and Epididymitis in Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) Infected With Chlamydia pecorum. Vet Pathol 2015; 52:1254-7. [PMID: 25637084 DOI: 10.1177/0300985815570069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although Chlamydia causes disease of the urethra and prostate of male koalas, its impact on the testis and epididymis has not been examined. This study describes chronic-active and granulomatous orchitis and epididymitis with interstitial fibrosis associated with infection by Chlamydia pecorum in 2 of 18 adult male koalas being euthanized at a koala hospital, 8 of which also had chlamydial prostatitis. By immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy, chlamydial inclusions were demonstrated within Sertoli cells directly associated with mild inflammation surrounding intact seminiferous and epididymal tubules, marked pyogranulomatous inflammation around disrupted tubules, replacement of tubules by interstitial fibrosis, and aspermia. The presence of C. pecorum but not Chlamydia pneumoniae was detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction of formalin-fixed tissues of the left and right testes and right epididymis in 1 animal. This is the first report of orchitis and epididymitis in a koala infected with C. pecorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Johnston
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| | - H H Deif
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| | - A McKinnon
- Environmental Protection Agency, Queensland, Australia
| | - P Theilemann
- Environmental Protection Agency, Queensland, Australia
| | - J E Griffith
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - D P Higgins
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Australia
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19
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Chahota R, Gupta S, Bhardwaj B, Malik P, Verma S, Sharma AM. Seroprevalence studies on animal chlamydiosis amongst ruminants in five states of India. Vet World 2015; 8:72-5. [PMID: 27047000 PMCID: PMC4777815 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.72-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Animal chlamydiosis, caused by different chlamydial species, is characterized by clinical or subclinical disease manifestations in cattle, buffalo, ovine, caprine and wild animal species. Animal chlamydiosis often remains underdiagnosed or undiagnosed, and its status in many parts of India is still unknown. Hence, the present study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of animal chlamydiosis amongst ruminant livestock species of five states of India. MATERIALS AND METHODS Totally, 2127 randomly selected serum samples collected from ruminant livestock species viz. cattle (n=430), buffaloes (n=429), sheep (906) and goats (n=362), were tested by agar gel precipitation test for chlamydiosis between 2002 and 2011. Precipitating antigen was prepared from locally isolated strain of Chlamydia psittaci after treatment with sodium deoxycholate. RESULTS The chlamydial seroprevalence detected amongst ruminants in five states of India was: Himachal Pradesh: Cattle-10.90%, sheep-10.60% and goats- 22.46%; Punjab: Cattle-1.45%; Andhra Pradesh: Cattle-2.80%, buffaloes-0.93%, sheep-8.90% and goats-9.46%; Maharashtra: goats-8.33%; Jammu and Kashmir: sheep-12.50%. The mean seroprevalence values of each animal species are: Cattle-4.65%, buffaloes-0.93%, sheep-9.82% and goats-19.33%. CONCLUSION The results indicate the endemic nature of animal chlamydiosis across five states in India. Hence, it requires further extensive studies in other parts of India also using chlamydial species-specific diagnostics to ascertain overall countrywide prevalence of the disease. The zoonotic nature of the chlamydiae of ruminant origin further adds significance to such prevalence studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chahota
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - S Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - B Bhardwaj
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - P Malik
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - S Verma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - And M Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Beckmann KM, Borel N, Pocknell AM, Dagleish MP, Sachse K, John SK, Pospischil A, Cunningham AA, Lawson B. Chlamydiosis in British Garden Birds (2005-2011): retrospective diagnosis and Chlamydia psittaci genotype determination. Ecohealth 2014; 11:544-63. [PMID: 24947738 PMCID: PMC4368850 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-014-0951-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The significance of chlamydiosis as a cause of mortality in wild passerines (Order Passeriformes), and the role of these birds as a potential source of zoonotic Chlamydia psittaci infection, is unknown. We reviewed wild bird mortality incidents (2005-2011). Where species composition or post-mortem findings were indicative of chlamydiosis, we examined archived tissues for C. psittaci infection using PCR and ArrayTube Microarray assays. Twenty-one of 40 birds tested positive: 8 dunnocks (Prunella modularis), 7 great tits (Parus major), 3 blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus), 2 collared doves (Streptopelia decaocto, Order Columbiformes), and 1 robin (Erithacus rubecula). Chlamydia psittaci genotype A was identified in all positive passerines and in a further three dunnocks and three robins diagnosed with chlamydiosis from a previous study. Two collared doves had genotype E. Ten of the 21 C. psittaci-positive birds identified in the current study had histological lesions consistent with chlamydiosis and co-localizing Chlamydia spp. antigens on immunohistochemistry. Our results indicate that chlamydiosis may be a more common disease of British passerines than was previously recognized. Wild passerines may be a source of C. psittaci zoonotic infection, and people should be advised to take appropriate hygiene precautions when handling bird feeders or wild birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. M. Beckmann
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, NW1 4RY UK
| | - N. Borel
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A. M. Pocknell
- Finn Pathologists, One Eyed Lane, Weybread, Diss, Norfolk, IP21 5TT UK
| | - M. P. Dagleish
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ Scotland, UK
| | - K. Sachse
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - S. K. John
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, NW1 4RY UK
| | - A. Pospischil
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A. A. Cunningham
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, NW1 4RY UK
| | - B. Lawson
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, NW1 4RY UK
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Wu SM, Huang SY, Xu MJ, Zhou DH, Song HQ, Zhu XQ. Chlamydia felis exposure in companion dogs and cats in Lanzhou, China: a public health concern. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:104. [PMID: 23694730 PMCID: PMC3666960 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlamydiaceae is a family of obligate intracellular pathogens with a worldwide distribution in many animal species, including humans. No information exists on the prevalence of Chlamydia felis infections in cats and dogs in Lanzhou, the geographical center of China. The aim of this study was to carry out a census of cats and dogs in Lanzhou and document the seroprevalence of C. felis exposure in these companion animals. RESULTS In this study, blood samples were collected from 485 animals (221 cats and 264 pet dogs) in Lanzhou between November 2010 and July 2011 to identify antibodies against C. felis. Thirteen of 221 (5.9%) cats and 32 of 264 (12.1%) pet dogs were positive for C. felis infection using indirect hemagglutination at a cutoff of 1:16. The seroprevalence in household and stray cats was 3.9% and 14.3%, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Among different age groups, the seroprevalence in cats varied from 1.9 to 7.9%, and that in dogs ranged from 9.6 to 20.4%; however, the differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of the seroprevalence of C. felis exposure in cats and dogs in Lanzhou, northwestern China. Our results indicate that the presence of C. felis exposure in cats and dogs may pose a potential threat to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Ming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
| | - Si-Yang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
| | - Min-Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
| | - Dong-Hui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
| | - Hui-Qun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province 163319, PR China
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen O'Shea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology.
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Pinheiro Junior JW, Mota RA, Piatti RM, Oliveira AADF, da Silva AM, de Oliveira Abreu SR, Anderlini GA, Valença RMB. Seroprevalence of antibodies to Chlamydophila abortus in Ovine in the State of Alagoas, Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2010; 41:358-64. [PMID: 24031504 PMCID: PMC3768687 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220100002000015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Revised: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to perform a seroepidemiological investigation and to identify risk factors associated with infection of Chlamydophila abortus of sheep herds in the Brazilian state of Alagoas. The study was conducted with samples of 274 ewes with ages equal to or higher than 24 months in 25 herds and in 23 towns located in three regions of the state (Sertão, Agreste and Eastern Alagoas). Anti-C.abortus antibodies were detected using the microcomplement fixation test. The risk factors, were determined based on questionnaires consisting of objective questions, about the farmer and general characteristics of the herd like size, sanitary situation and reproductive management. Among 274 sera samples analyzed for C. abortus, 59 (21.5%) were positive with titers ≥32, 187 (68.3%) negative and 28 (10.2%) suspect with titers ≥16. In the 23 towns studied, 20 had positive animals. Among herds 21 (77.7%) of had positive animals. The only variable which appeared to be significant in the multivariate analysis was the region, and Sertão was the most significant (p<0.001; OR=3.48; T.I. 1.79 – 6.76). Results indicate that infection by Chlamydophila abortus is widespread on sheep farms in the State of Alagoas. Others studies, however, have to be conducted to isolate the agent in order to confirm the role of the bacteria is reproductive disturbances in sheeps. In addition to that, control and prophylactic measures along with health promoting programs have to be encouraged on the studied farms so that infection reates are reduced.
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European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) on a request from the Commission related with animal health and welfare risks associated with the import of wild birds other than poultry into the European Union. EFSA J 2006; 4:410. [PMID: 32313576 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2006.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
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