1
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Giannachi C, Allen E, Egan G, Vucen S, Crean A. Colyophilized Sugar-Polymer Dispersions for Enhanced Processing and Storage Stability. Mol Pharm 2024. [PMID: 38758116 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Sucrose and trehalose pharmaceutical excipients are employed to stabilize protein therapeutics in a dried state. The mechanism of therapeutic protein stabilization is dependent on the sugars being present in an amorphous solid-state. Colyophilization of sugars with high glass transition polymers, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and poly(vinylpyrrolidone vinyl acetate) (PVPVA), enhances amorphous sugar stability. This study investigates the stability of colyophilized sugar-polymer systems in the frozen solution state, dried state postlyophilization, and upon exposure to elevated humidity. Binary systems of sucrose or trehalose with PVP or PVPVA were lyophilized with sugar/polymer ratios ranging from 2:8 to 8:2. Frozen sugar-PVPVA solutions exhibited a higher glass transition temperature of the maximally freeze-concentrated amorphous phase (Tg') compared to sugar-PVP solutions, despite the glass transition temperature (Tg) of PVPVA being lower than PVP. Tg values of all colyophilized systems were in a similar temperature range irrespective of polymer type. Greater hydrogen bonding between sugars and PVP and the lower hygroscopicity of PVPVA influenced polymer antiplasticization effects and the plasticization effects of residual water. Plasticization due to water sorption was investigated in a dynamic vapor sorption humidity ramping experiment. Lyophilized sucrose systems exhibited increased amorphous stability compared to trehalose upon exposure to the humidity. Recrystallization of trehalose was observed and stabilized by polymer addition. Lower concentrations of PVP inhibited trehalose recrystallization compared to PVPVA. These stabilizing effects were attributed to the increased hydrogen bonding between trehalose and PVP compared to trehalose and PVPVA. Overall, the study demonstrated how differences in polymer hygroscopicity and hydrogen bonding with sugars influence the stability of colyophilized amorphous dispersions. These insights into excipient solid-state stability are relevant to the development of stabilized biopharmaceutical solid-state formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Giannachi
- SSPC, the SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Evin Allen
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Gráinne Egan
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Sonja Vucen
- SSPC, the SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Abina Crean
- SSPC, the SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
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2
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Forysiak W, Lizak A, Szweda R. Sequence of monomers and position of stereocenters matter for thermal properties of stereocontrolled oligourethanes. Chemphyschem 2024:e202400366. [PMID: 38753463 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Polyurethanes are commodity materials used for multiple applications. In recent years, a new category of polyurethane material has emerged, characterized by the lack of polymer molar mass distribution, control of the monomer arrangement in the chain, and even full stereocontrol. Various multistep synthesis strategies have been developed to fabricate sequence-defined polyurethanes. However, synthesizing stereocontrolled polyurethanes with a controlled sequence is still a challenge. Polyurethanes with structural precision, as represented by biopolymers, i.e. proteins or nucleic acids, have opened new application directions for these groups of materials. It has been shown that polyurethanes can be used as biomimetics, information carriers, molecular tags, and materials with strictly controlled properties. Precise synthesis of macromolecules allows us to fine-tune the properties of polymers to specific needs. Therefore, it is essential to collect information on the sequence-structure relationship of polymers. In our work, we present synthetic pathways to make sequence and stereo-defined oligourethanes. We demonstrate that structural details, i.e., the monomer sequences and position of the stereocenter, have a tremendous effect on the thermal properties of model oligourethanes. We show that the introduction of chirality by constitutional isomerization can be used to program the thermal characteristics of polymers, which are key features for material applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roza Szweda
- Łukasiewicz Research Network - PORT Polish Center for Technology Development: Siec Badawcza Lukasiewicz - PORT Polski Osrodek Rozwoju Technologii, Materials Science & Engineering Center, Stablowicka 147, Wroclaw, 54-066, Wroclaw, POLAND
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3
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Guerrero-Ruiz F, Otaegi I, Verde-Sesto E, Bonardd S, Maiz J. Revealing Dynamic Behavior in High Dielectric Poly(thiourethane)-Based Vitrimer-like Materials. ACS Appl Polym Mater 2024; 6:5473-5484. [PMID: 38752014 PMCID: PMC11091852 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.4c00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Here, we have explored covalent adaptable networks (CANs) comprising poly(thiourethane)-based systems (PTUs). The PTUs were synthesized through the combination of thiol and isocyanate monomers in stoichiometric proportions, in the presence of dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL) as catalyst. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) provided detailed insight into the vitrimeric behavior. Through these investigations, we evaluated the viscoelastic, thermomechanical, and vitrimeric properties. Additionally, broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) revealed the various relaxation processes inherent in such vitrimer-like materials. We methodically examined the evolution of each relaxation in every prepared sample to comprehend the operational mechanisms in these vitrimer-like systems. Our findings underscore that depending on the PTU formulation, the glass transition temperature (Tg) and the topology freezing transition temperature (Tv) can be effectively distinguished and studied. Considering the high dipole moment of the dynamic bonds present in these systems, there is potential for utilizing them as dielectric materials working under the concept of dipolar glass polymers. Furthermore, the reversibility exhibited by their inner chemical structures positions them as promising candidates for active layers in capacitor devices, particularly for energy-related applications, with the ability to be recyclable while maintaining almost invariant both their mechanical and dielectric properties, thus promoting the extension of the lifespan of electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Guerrero-Ruiz
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CFM) (CSIC-UPV/EHU)-Materials Physics
Center (MPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Itziar Otaegi
- POLYMAT
and Department of Advanced Polymers and Materials: Physics, Chemistry
and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University
of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ester Verde-Sesto
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CFM) (CSIC-UPV/EHU)-Materials Physics
Center (MPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE-Basque
Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Sebastian Bonardd
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CFM) (CSIC-UPV/EHU)-Materials Physics
Center (MPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jon Maiz
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CFM) (CSIC-UPV/EHU)-Materials Physics
Center (MPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE-Basque
Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
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Park HJ, Kim M, Lee J, Kwak MK. Restoration Temperature Control through Glass Transition Temperature Modulation of Shape Memory Polymer for Thermally Switchable Adhesive. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2024:e2309393. [PMID: 38704689 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202309393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Shape memory polymers (SMPs) undergo changes between arbitrary shapes and programmed shapes upon exposure to specific stimulus, allowing them to restore their original shape. All kinds of external stimuli have a threshold to change the shape of the SMP. Especially, for the thermal type SMP, the critical temperature for shape restoration is typically near the glass transition temperature (Tg). In this study, the controllability of the restoration temperature is analyzed by adjusting the Tg of the polymer using Norland Optical Adhesive 63, which can be cured with UV irradiation. By varying the ambient temperature from 20 to 120 °C during UV exposure, Tg changes ranging from 35.84 to 50.50 °C are obtained, with corresponding changes in restoration temperature. As a practical application, a thermal-activated SMP dry adhesive is developed with programmable Tg and switchable adhesion. The fabricated SMP dry adhesive exhibited strong adhesion to substrates with various surface roughness. Additionally, the shape memory effect allowed for easy detachment through shape recovery, and different adhesive performances at different temperatures are achieved by programming various Tg values. Moreover, the simple manufacturing process of the SMP dry adhesive is confirmed to be suitable for continuous fabrication processes based on roll-to-roll methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Jun Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsu Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoon Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Kyu Kwak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
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Uddin MJ, Fan J. Interpretable Machine Learning Framework to Predict the Glass Transition Temperature of Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1049. [PMID: 38674969 PMCID: PMC11054142 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The glass transition temperature of polymers is a key parameter in meeting the application requirements for energy absorption. Previous studies have provided some data from slow, expensive trial-and-error procedures. By recognizing these data, machine learning algorithms are able to extract valuable knowledge and disclose essential insights. In this study, a dataset of 7174 samples was utilized. The polymers were numerically represented using two methods: Morgan fingerprint and molecular descriptor. During preprocessing, the dataset was scaled using a standard scaler technique. We removed the features with small variance from the dataset and used the Pearson correlation technique to exclude the features that were highly connected. Then, the most significant features were selected using the recursive feature elimination method. Nine machine learning techniques were employed to predict the glass transition temperature and tune their hyperparameters. The models were compared using the performance metrics of mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and coefficient of determination (R2). We observed that the extra tree regressor provided the best results. Significant features were also identified using statistical machine learning methods. The SHAP method was also employed to demonstrate the influence of each feature on the model's output. This framework can be adaptable to other properties at a low computational expense.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jitang Fan
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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Simon J, Schlapp-Hackl I, Sapkota J, Ristolainen M, Rosenau T, Potthast A. Towards Tailored Dialdehyde Cellulose Derivatives: A Strategy for Tuning the Glass Transition Temperature. ChemSusChem 2024; 17:e202300791. [PMID: 37923704 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The derivatization of dialdehyde cellulose (DAC) has received increasing attention in the development of sustainable thermoplastics. In this study, a series of dialcohol celluloses were generated by borohydride reduction, which exhibited glass transition temperature (Tg ) values ranging from 23 to 109 °C, depending on the initial degree of oxidation (DO) of the DAC intermediate. However, the DAC derivatives did not exhibit thermoplastic behavior when the DO of the modified DAC was below 26 %. The influence of introduced side chains was highlighted by comparing DAC-based thermoplastic materials obtained by either oximation or borohydride reduction. Our results provide insights into the generation of DAC-based thermoplastics and highlight a strategy for tailoring the Tg by adjusting the DO during the periodate oxidation step and selecting appropriate substituents in subsequent modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Simon
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Inge Schlapp-Hackl
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Janak Sapkota
- NE Research Center, UPM Pulp Research and Innovations, 53200, Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Matti Ristolainen
- NE Research Center, UPM Pulp Research and Innovations, 53200, Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Antje Potthast
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
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7
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Tsujioka T, Yamabayashi K, Kotani K. Surface Glass Transition Temperature Region of Diarylethene Films Determined by Nano-Marangoni Effect. Small 2024; 20:e2306145. [PMID: 37847904 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
For the last two decades, research has addressed whether the glass transition temperature and the molecular motions on the surface of organic films are significantly different from those inside the bulk glasses. It is reported that the surface of the photochromic diarylethene film prepared by vacuum deposition has fluidity and the vacuum deposition of small amount of rubrene molecules induces surface tension fluctuations, generating dents due to the Marangoni flow in nanoscale. The depth of the dents increases in proportion to these radii for the colorless diarylethene film with a bulk glass transition temperature (Tg) close to room temperature. On the other hand, in the colored diarylethene obtained by UV irradiation to the colorless film, the depth becomes constant at a certain level. The Tg distribution in the depth direction is clarified based on an analysis of the dent depth. By approximating the obtained Tg depth distribution with an exponential function, the outermost surface Tg is about 100 K lower than the bulk Tg in the case of photoisomerized diarylethene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Tsujioka
- Division of Math, Sciences, and Information Technology in Education, Osaka Kyoiku University, 4-698-2, Asahigaoka, Kashiwara, Osaka, 582-8582, Japan
| | - Keishi Yamabayashi
- Division of Math, Sciences, and Information Technology in Education, Osaka Kyoiku University, 4-698-2, Asahigaoka, Kashiwara, Osaka, 582-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuma Kotani
- Division of Math, Sciences, and Information Technology in Education, Osaka Kyoiku University, 4-698-2, Asahigaoka, Kashiwara, Osaka, 582-8582, Japan
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8
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Alamfard T, Lorenz T, Breitkopf C. Glass Transition Temperatures and Thermal Conductivities of Polybutadiene Crosslinked with Randomly Distributed Sulfur Chains Using Molecular Dynamic Simulation. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:384. [PMID: 38337272 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The thermal conductivities and glass transition temperatures of polybutadiene crosslinked with randomly distributed sulfur chains having different lengths from mono-sulfur (S1) to octa-sulfur (S8) were investigated. The thermal conductivities of the related models as a function of the heat flux autocorrelation function, applying an equilibrium molecular dynamic (EMD) simulation and the Green-Kubo method, were studied for a wide range of temperatures. The influence of the length of sulfur chains, degree of crosslinking, and molar mass of the crosslinker on the glass transition temperature and final values of thermal conductivities were studied. First, the degree of crosslinking is considered constant for the eight simulation models, from mono-sulfur (S1) to octa-sulfur (S8), while the molar mass of the sulfur is increases. The results show that the thermal conductivities of the crosslinked structure decrease with increasing temperature for each model. Moreover, by increasing the lengths of the sulfur chains and the molar weight of the crosslinker, thermal conductivity increases at a constant temperature. The MD simulation demonstrates that the glass transition temperature and density of the crosslinked structure enhance as the length of the sulfur chains and molar mass of the sulfur increase. Second, the molar weight of sulfur is considered constant in these eight models; therefore, the degree of crosslinking decreases with the increase in the lengths of the sulfur chains. The results show that the thermal conductivities of the crosslinked structure decrease with the increase in the temperature for each model. Moreover, by increasing the lengths of sulfur chains and thus decreasing the degree of crosslinking, the trend in changes in thermal conductivities are almost the same for all of these models, so thermal conductivity is constant for a specific temperature. In addition, the glass transition temperature and density of the crosslinked structure decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tannaz Alamfard
- Chair of Thermodynamics, Institute of Power Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tommy Lorenz
- Chair of Thermodynamics, Institute of Power Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Cornelia Breitkopf
- Chair of Thermodynamics, Institute of Power Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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Ju T, Treufeld I, Wolak M, Ponting M, Baer E, Zhu L. Effect of Glass Transition Temperature on Enhanced Dielectric Breakdown Strength and Lifetime of Multilayer Polymer Films. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:795-806. [PMID: 38149962 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
High temperature, high energy density, and low loss dielectric films are promising candidates for miniaturized capacitors in electric vehicles and high-speed trains. However, single-component polymers could not achieve these desired properties simultaneously. Polymer multilayer films (MLFs), which combine a high dielectric constant polymer [e.g., poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)] and a high breakdown/low loss polymer [e.g., polycarbonate (PC)] in a unique layered structure, have the potential achieve them at the same time. In this work, the effects of PC glass transition temperature (Tg) on the dielectric insulation properties (breakdown strength and lifetime) were investigated at high temperatures of 100-150 °C. Three PC materials had Tg values of 145 (PC1), 165 (PC2), and 185 °C (PC3), respectively. It is observed that MLF-PC3 with the highest Tg of PC exhibited the highest Weibull direct/alternating current (DC/AC) breakdown strength and the longest DC/AC lifetime, whereas MLF-PC1 with the lowest Tg showed the lowest Weibull DC/AC breakdown strength and the shortest DC/AC lifetime. A high-temperature high-volage leakage current study revealed that MLF-PC3 exhibited the lowest bulk conductivity at all temperatures under different electric fields. The knowledge obtained from this study will help us design better MLFs with high performance for next-generation miniaturized capacitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiong Ju
- Center for Layered Polymeric Systems (CLiPS) and Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
| | - Imre Treufeld
- Center for Layered Polymeric Systems (CLiPS) and Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
| | - Mason Wolak
- Peak Nano, LLC, 7700 Hub Parkway, Valley View, Ohio 44125, United States
| | - Michael Ponting
- Peak Nano, LLC, 7700 Hub Parkway, Valley View, Ohio 44125, United States
| | - Eric Baer
- Center for Layered Polymeric Systems (CLiPS) and Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
| | - Lei Zhu
- Center for Layered Polymeric Systems (CLiPS) and Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
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Torres A, Soto C, Carmona J, Comesaña-Gandara B, de la Viuda M, Palacio L, Prádanos P, Simorte MT, Sanz I, Muñoz R, Tena A, Hernández A. Gas Permeability through Polyimides: Unraveling the Influence of Free Volume, Intersegmental Distance and Glass Transition Temperature. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:13. [PMID: 38201678 PMCID: PMC10780579 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The relationships between gas permeability and free volume fraction, intersegmental distance, and glass transition temperature, are investigated. They are analyzed for He, CO2, O2, CH4, and N2 gases and for five similar polyimides with a wide range of permeabilities, from very low to extremely high ones. It has been established here that there is an exponential relationship between permeability and the free volume fraction, and between permeability and the most probable intersegmental distance as measured by WAXS; in both cases, with an exponential coefficient that depends on the kinetic gas diameter as a quadratic polynomial and with a preexponential positive constant. Moreover, it has been proven that the intersegmental distance increases linearly with the free volume fraction. Finally, it has been established that the free volume fraction increases with the glass transition temperature for the polymers tested, and that they depend on each other in an approximate linear way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Torres
- Surface and Porous Materials (SMAP), Associated Research Unit to CSIC, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (A.T.); (C.S.); (J.C.); (M.d.l.V.); (L.P.); (P.P.); (A.T.)
- Institute of Sustainable Processes (ISP), Dr. Mergelina s/n, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - Cenit Soto
- Surface and Porous Materials (SMAP), Associated Research Unit to CSIC, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (A.T.); (C.S.); (J.C.); (M.d.l.V.); (L.P.); (P.P.); (A.T.)
- Institute of Sustainable Processes (ISP), Dr. Mergelina s/n, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - Javier Carmona
- Surface and Porous Materials (SMAP), Associated Research Unit to CSIC, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (A.T.); (C.S.); (J.C.); (M.d.l.V.); (L.P.); (P.P.); (A.T.)
- Institute of Sustainable Processes (ISP), Dr. Mergelina s/n, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - Bibiana Comesaña-Gandara
- Department of Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain;
- UI Cinquima, University of Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Mónica de la Viuda
- Surface and Porous Materials (SMAP), Associated Research Unit to CSIC, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (A.T.); (C.S.); (J.C.); (M.d.l.V.); (L.P.); (P.P.); (A.T.)
- Institute of Sustainable Processes (ISP), Dr. Mergelina s/n, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain;
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Laura Palacio
- Surface and Porous Materials (SMAP), Associated Research Unit to CSIC, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (A.T.); (C.S.); (J.C.); (M.d.l.V.); (L.P.); (P.P.); (A.T.)
- Institute of Sustainable Processes (ISP), Dr. Mergelina s/n, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - Pedro Prádanos
- Surface and Porous Materials (SMAP), Associated Research Unit to CSIC, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (A.T.); (C.S.); (J.C.); (M.d.l.V.); (L.P.); (P.P.); (A.T.)
- Institute of Sustainable Processes (ISP), Dr. Mergelina s/n, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - María Teresa Simorte
- FCC Medio Ambiente, Avenida Camino de Santiago 40, Edificio 2–Planta 2, E-28050 Madrid, Spain; (M.T.S.); (I.S.)
| | - Inmaculada Sanz
- FCC Medio Ambiente, Avenida Camino de Santiago 40, Edificio 2–Planta 2, E-28050 Madrid, Spain; (M.T.S.); (I.S.)
| | - Raúl Muñoz
- Institute of Sustainable Processes (ISP), Dr. Mergelina s/n, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - Alberto Tena
- Surface and Porous Materials (SMAP), Associated Research Unit to CSIC, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (A.T.); (C.S.); (J.C.); (M.d.l.V.); (L.P.); (P.P.); (A.T.)
- Institute of Sustainable Processes (ISP), Dr. Mergelina s/n, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - Antonio Hernández
- Surface and Porous Materials (SMAP), Associated Research Unit to CSIC, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Paseo Belén 7, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (A.T.); (C.S.); (J.C.); (M.d.l.V.); (L.P.); (P.P.); (A.T.)
- Institute of Sustainable Processes (ISP), Dr. Mergelina s/n, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain;
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Capretti M, Giammaria V, Santulli C, Boria S, Del Bianco G. Use of Bio-Epoxies and Their Effect on the Performance of Polymer Composites: A Critical Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4733. [PMID: 38139984 PMCID: PMC10747679 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study comprehensively examines recent developments in bio-epoxy resins and their applications in composites. Despite the reliability of traditional epoxy systems, the increasing demand for sustainability has driven researchers and industries to explore new bio-based alternatives. Additionally, natural fibers have the potential to serve as environmentally friendly substitutes for synthetic ones, contributing to the production of lightweight and biodegradable composites. Enhancing the mechanical properties of these bio-composites also involves improving the compatibility between the matrix and fibers. The use of bio-epoxy resins facilitates better adhesion of natural composite constituents, addressing sustainability and environmental concerns. The principles and methods proposed for both available commercial and especially non-commercial bio-epoxy solutions are investigated, with a focus on promising renewable sources like wood, food waste, and vegetable oils. Bio-epoxy systems with a minimum bio-content of 20% are analyzed from a thermomechanical perspective. This review also discusses the effect of incorporating synthetic and natural fibers into bio-epoxy resins both on their own and in hybrid form. A comparative analysis is conducted against traditional epoxy-based references, with the aim of emphasizing viable alternatives. The focus is on addressing their benefits and challenges in applications fields such as aviation and the automotive industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Capretti
- School of Science and Technology, Mathematics Division, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.C.); (V.G.); (S.B.); (G.D.B.)
| | - Valentina Giammaria
- School of Science and Technology, Mathematics Division, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.C.); (V.G.); (S.B.); (G.D.B.)
| | - Carlo Santulli
- School of Science and Technology, Geology Division, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano 7, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Simonetta Boria
- School of Science and Technology, Mathematics Division, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.C.); (V.G.); (S.B.); (G.D.B.)
| | - Giulia Del Bianco
- School of Science and Technology, Mathematics Division, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.C.); (V.G.); (S.B.); (G.D.B.)
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12
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Grigoryeva O, Fainleib A, Starostenko O, Shulzhenko D, Rios de Anda A, Gouanve F, Espuche E, Grande D. Effect of Amino-Functionalized Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes on Structure-Property Relationships of Thermostable Hybrid Cyanate Ester Resin Based Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4654. [PMID: 38139906 PMCID: PMC10747541 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanocomposites of cyanate ester resin (CER) filled with three different reactive amino-functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) were synthesized and characterized. The addition of a small quantity (0.1 wt.%) of amino-POSS chemically grafted to the CER network led to the increasing thermal stability of the CER matrix by 12-15 °C, depending on the type of amino-POSS. A significant increase of the glass transition temperature, Tg (DSC data), and the temperature of α relaxation, Tα (DMTA data), by 45-55 °C of the CER matrix with loading of nanofillers was evidenced. CER/POSS films exhibited a higher storage modulus than that of neat CER in the temperature range investigated. It was evidenced that CER/aminopropylisobutyl (APIB)-POSS, CER/N-phenylaminopropyl (NPAP)-POSS, and CER/aminoethyl aminopropylisobutyl (AEAPIB)-POSS nanocomposites induced a more homogenous α relaxation phenomenon with higher Tα values and an enhanced nanocomposite elastic behavior. The value of the storage modulus, E', at 25 °C increased from 2.72 GPa for the pure CER matrix to 2.99-3.24 GPa for the nanocomposites with amino-functionalized POSS nanoparticles. Furthermore, CER/amino-POSS nanocomposites possessed a higher specific surface area, gas permeability (CO2, He), and diffusion coefficients (CO2) values than those for neat CER, due to an increasing free volume of the nanocomposites studied that is very important for their gas transport properties. Permeability grew by about 2 (He) and 3.5-4 times (CO2), respectively, and the diffusion coefficient of CO2 increased approximately twice for CER/amino-POSS nanocomposites in comparison with the neat CER network. The efficiency of amino-functionalized POSS in improving the thermal and transport properties of the CER/amino-POSS nanocomposites increased in a raw of reactive POSS containing one primary (APIB-POSS) < eight secondary (NPAP-POSS) < one secondary and one primary (AEAPIB-POSS) amino groups. APIB-POSS had the least strongly pronounced effect, since it could form covalent bonds with the CER network only by a reaction of one -NH2 group, while AEAPIB-POSS displayed the most highly marked effect, since it could easily be incorporated into the CER network via a reaction of -NH2 and -NH- groups with -O-C≡N groups from CER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Grigoryeva
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 48, Kharkivske Shose, 02155 Kyiv, Ukraine; (A.F.); (O.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Alexander Fainleib
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 48, Kharkivske Shose, 02155 Kyiv, Ukraine; (A.F.); (O.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Olga Starostenko
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 48, Kharkivske Shose, 02155 Kyiv, Ukraine; (A.F.); (O.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Diana Shulzhenko
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 48, Kharkivske Shose, 02155 Kyiv, Ukraine; (A.F.); (O.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Agustin Rios de Anda
- Université Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est, UMR 7182, 2 rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France; (A.R.d.A.); (D.G.)
| | - Fabrice Gouanve
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, UMR 5223, 15 Boulevard André Latarjet, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; (F.G.)
| | - Eliane Espuche
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, UMR 5223, 15 Boulevard André Latarjet, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; (F.G.)
| | - Daniel Grande
- Université Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est, UMR 7182, 2 rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France; (A.R.d.A.); (D.G.)
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13
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Ueda H, Hirakawa Y, Miyano T, Nakayama Y, Hatanaka Y, Uchiyama H, Tozuka Y, Kadota K. Improvement in Inhalation Properties of Theophylline and Levofloxacin by Co-Amorphization and Enhancement in Its Stability by Addition of Amino Acid as a Third Component. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:6368-6379. [PMID: 37942959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Co-amorphous systems are amorphous formulations stabilized by the miscible dispersion of small molecules. This study aimed to design a stable co-amorphous system for the co-delivery of two drugs to the lungs as an inhaled formulation. Theophylline (THE) and levofloxacin (LEV) were used as model drugs for treating lung infection with inflammation. Leucine (LEU) or tryptophan (TRP) was employed as the third component to improve the inhalation properties. The co-amorphous system containing THE and LEV in an equal molar ratio was successfully prepared via spray drying where reduction of the particle size and change to the spherical morphology were observed. The addition of LEU or TRP at a one-tenth molar ratio to THE-LEV did not affect the formation of the co-amorphous system, but only TRP acted as an antiplasticizer. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra revealed intermolecular interactions between THE and LEV in the co-amorphous system that were retained after the addition of LEU or TRP. The co-amorphous THE-LEV system exhibited better in vitro aerodynamic performance than a physical mixture of these compounds and permitted the simultaneous delivery of both drugs in various stages. The co-amorphous THE-LEV system crystallized at 40 °C, and this crystallization was not prevented by LEU. However, THE-LEV-TRP maintained its amorphous state for 1 month. Thus, TRP can act as a third component to improve the physical stability of the co-amorphous THE-LEV system, while maintaining the enhanced aerodynamic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ueda
- Analysis and Evaluation Laboratory, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Yuya Hirakawa
- Analysis and Evaluation Laboratory, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Miyano
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry Research, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Yuzuki Nakayama
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Yuta Hatanaka
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Uchiyama
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Yuichi Tozuka
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kadota
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
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14
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Chen J, Li S, Wang X, Fang L, Huang D, Ke L, Chen J, Wang Q, Zhang H, Wu Y, Zhu D, Li C, Hao X. Synthesis and Characterization of Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives Based on a Naphthyl Curing Agent. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4516. [PMID: 38231956 PMCID: PMC10707846 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The incorporation of a naphthyl curing agent (NCA) can enhance the thermal stability of pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs). In this study, a PSA matrix was synthesized using a solution polymerization process and consisted of butyl acrylate, acrylic acid, and an ethyl acrylate within an acrylic copolymer. Benzoyl peroxide was used as an initiator during the synthesis. To facilitate the UV curing of the solvent-borne PSAs, glycidyl methacrylate was added to introduce unsaturated carbon double bonds. The resulting UV-curable acrylic PSA tapes exhibited longer holding times at high temperatures (150 °C) compared to uncross-linked PSA tapes, without leaving any residues on the substrate surface. The thermal stability of the PSA was further enhanced by adding more NCA and increasing the UV dosage. This may be attributed to the formation of cross-linking networks within the polymer matrix at higher doses. The researchers successfully balanced the adhesion performance and thermal stability by modifying the amount of NCA and UV radiation, despite the peel strength declining and the holding duration shortening. This research also investigated the effects of cross-linking density on gel content, molecular weight, glass transition temperature, and other properties of the PSAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Chen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China; (J.C.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (L.F.); (D.H.); (L.K.); (J.C.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Health and Land Resource, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China
| | - Shiting Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China; (J.C.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (L.F.); (D.H.); (L.K.); (J.C.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Xuan Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China; (J.C.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (L.F.); (D.H.); (L.K.); (J.C.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Lili Fang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China; (J.C.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (L.F.); (D.H.); (L.K.); (J.C.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Dingding Huang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China; (J.C.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (L.F.); (D.H.); (L.K.); (J.C.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Lin Ke
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China; (J.C.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (L.F.); (D.H.); (L.K.); (J.C.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jinlian Chen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China; (J.C.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (L.F.); (D.H.); (L.K.); (J.C.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Qingwei Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China; (J.C.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (L.F.); (D.H.); (L.K.); (J.C.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - He Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China; (J.C.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (L.F.); (D.H.); (L.K.); (J.C.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Health and Land Resource, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China
| | - Yinping Wu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China; (J.C.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (L.F.); (D.H.); (L.K.); (J.C.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Health and Land Resource, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China
| | - Dongyu Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Chunsheng Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China; (J.C.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (L.F.); (D.H.); (L.K.); (J.C.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Health and Land Resource, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China
| | - Xiangying Hao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China; (J.C.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (L.F.); (D.H.); (L.K.); (J.C.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Health and Land Resource, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China
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15
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Hu J, Li Z, Lin J, Zhang L. Prediction and Interpretability of Glass Transition Temperature of Homopolymers by Data-Augmented Graph Convolutional Neural Networks. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:54006-54017. [PMID: 37934171 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c13698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Establishing the structure-property relationship by machine learning (ML) models is extremely valuable for accelerating the molecular design of polymers. However, existing ML models for the polymers are subject to scarcity issues of training data and fewer variations of graph structures of molecules. In addition, limited works have explored the interpretability of ML models to infer the latent knowledge in the field of polymer science that could inspire ML-assisted molecular design. In this contribution, we integrate graph convolutional neural networks (GCNs) with data augmentation strategy to predict the glass transition temperature Tg of polymers. It is demonstrated that the data-augmented GCN model outperforms the conventional models and achieves a higher accuracy for the prediction of Tg despite a small amount of training data. Furthermore, taking advantage of molecular graph representations, the data-augmented GCN model has the capability to infer the importance of atoms or substructures from the understanding of Tg, which generally agrees with the experimental findings in the field of polymer science. The inferred knowledge of the GCN model is used to advise on the design of functional polymers with specific Tg. The data-augmented GCN model possesses prominent superiorities in the establishment of structure-property relationship and also provides an efficient way for accelerating the rational design of polymer molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyang Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zean Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiaping Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Liangshun Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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16
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Ramirez JF, Kumara U, Arulsamy N, Boothby TC. Water content, transition temperature and fragility influence protection and anhydrobiotic capacity. bioRxiv 2023:2023.06.30.547256. [PMID: 38014150 PMCID: PMC10680572 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.30.547256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Water is essential for metabolism and all life processes. Despite this, many organisms distributed across the kingdoms of life survive near-complete desiccation or anhydrobiosis (Greek for "life without water"). Increased intracellular viscosity, leading to the formation of a vitrified state is necessary, but not sufficient, for survival while dry. What properties of a vitrified system make it desiccation-tolerant or -sensitive are unknown. We have analyzed 18 different in vitro vitrified systems, composed of one of three protective disaccharides (trehalose, sucrose, or maltose) and varying amounts of glycerol, quantifying their enzyme-protective capacity and their material properties in a dry state. We find that protection conferred by mixtures containing maltose correlates strongly with increased water content, increased glass-transition temperature, and reduced glass former fragility, while the protection of glasses formed with sucrose correlates with increased glass transition temperature and the protection conferred by trehalose glasses correlates with reduced glass former fragility. Thus, in vitro different vitrified sugars confer protection through distinct material properties. Extending on this, we have examined the material properties of a dry desiccation tolerant and intolerant life stage from three different organisms. In all cases, the dried desiccation tolerant life stage of an organism had an increased glass transition temperature relative to its dried desiccation intolerant life stage, and this trend is also seen in all three organisms when considering reduced glass former fragility. These results suggest that while drying of different protective sugars in vitro results in vitrified systems with distinct material properties that correlate with their enzyme-protective capacity, in nature organismal desiccation tolerance relies on a combination of these properties. This study advances our understanding of how protective and non-protective glasses differ in terms of material properties that promote anhydrobiosis. This knowledge presents avenues to develop novel stabilization technologies for pharmaceuticals that currently rely on the cold-chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F. Ramirez
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming. Laramie, WY 82071
| | - U.G.V.S.S. Kumara
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming. Laramie, WY 82071
| | | | - Thomas C. Boothby
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming. Laramie, WY 82071
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17
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Dai C, Shi Y, Li Z, Hu T, Wang X, Ding Y, Yan L, Liang Y, Cao Y, Wang P. The Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Epoxy Vitrimers with Enhanced Glass Transition Temperatures. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4346. [PMID: 38006071 PMCID: PMC10674896 DOI: 10.3390/polym15224346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of epoxy vitrimers (EVs) with enhanced glass transition temperatures (Tgs) were synthesized by curing epoxy resin E51 with different ratios of phthalic anhydride and sebacic acid as curing agents, and 1,5,7-triazabicyclic [4.4.0] dece-5-ene as a transesterification catalyst, and their curing dynamics, rheological properties, mechanical properties, and thermal stability were comprehensively investigated. By adjusting the molar ratio of the anhydride to the carboxylic acid in the curing agent, the Tgs of the EVs increased from 79 to 143 °C with the increase in the anhydride content. In particular, the material EV-5.5 with a high usable Tg of 98 °C could undergo stress relaxation through the transesterification reaction when exposed to high temperatures (160 to 200 °C), and the correlation between the relaxation time and temperature follows the Arrhenius equation. Moreover, EV-5.5 exhibited elastomeric behavior, where brittle fractures occurred before yielding, which demonstrated a tensile strength of 52 MPa. EV-5.5 also exhibited good thermal stability with a decomposition temperature (Td5) of 322 °C. This study introduces new possibilities for practical applications of thermoset epoxy resins under special environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunai Dai
- School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; (C.D.); (Y.S.); (X.W.); (Y.D.); (L.Y.)
| | - Yang Shi
- School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; (C.D.); (Y.S.); (X.W.); (Y.D.); (L.Y.)
| | - Zhen Li
- China Academy of Aerospace Science and Innovation, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Tingting Hu
- School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; (C.D.); (Y.S.); (X.W.); (Y.D.); (L.Y.)
| | - Xiao Wang
- School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; (C.D.); (Y.S.); (X.W.); (Y.D.); (L.Y.)
| | - Yi Ding
- School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; (C.D.); (Y.S.); (X.W.); (Y.D.); (L.Y.)
| | - Luting Yan
- School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; (C.D.); (Y.S.); (X.W.); (Y.D.); (L.Y.)
| | - Yaohua Liang
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Yingze Cao
- China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- China Academy of Aerospace Science and Innovation, Beijing 100088, China
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18
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Campbell S, Preciado Rivera N, Said S, Lam A, Weir L, Gour J, Smeets NMB, Hoare T. Injectable On-Demand Pulsatile Drug Delivery Hydrogels Using Alternating Magnetic Field-Triggered Polymer Glass Transitions. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:48892-48902. [PMID: 37816152 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Remote-controlled pulsatile or staged release has significant potential in a wide range of therapeutic treatments. However, most current approaches are hindered by the low resolution between the on- and off-states of drug release and the need for surgical implantation of larger controlled-release devices. Herein, we describe a method that addresses these limitations by combining injectable hydrogels, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) that heat when exposed to an alternating magnetic field (AMF), and polymeric nanoparticles with a glass transition temperature (Tg) just above physiological temperature. Miniemulsion polymerization was used to fabricate poly(methyl methacrylate-co-butyl methacrylate) (p(MMA-co-BMA)) nanoparticles loaded with a model hydrophobic drug and tuned to have a Tg value just above physiological temperature (∼43 °C). Co-encapsulation of these drug-loaded nanoparticles with SPIONs inside a carbohydrate-based injectable hydrogel matrix (formed by rapid hydrazone cross-linking chemistry) enables injection and immobilization of the nanoparticles at the target site. Temperature cycling facilitated a 2.5:1 to 6:1 on/off rhodamine release ratio when the nanocomposites were switched between 37 and 45 °C; release was similarly enhanced by exposing the nanocomposite hydrogel to an AMF to drive heating, with enhanced release upon pulsing observed even 1 week after injection. Coupled with the apparent cytocompatibility of all of the nanocomposite components, these injectable nanocomposite hydrogels are promising as minimally invasive but remotely actuated release delivery vehicles capable of complex release kinetics with high on-off resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Campbell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton L8S 4L7, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nahieli Preciado Rivera
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton L8S 4L7, Ontario, Canada
| | - Somiraa Said
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton L8S 4L7, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Angus Lam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton L8S 4L7, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauren Weir
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton L8S 4L7, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jared Gour
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton L8S 4L7, Ontario, Canada
| | - Niels M B Smeets
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton L8S 4L7, Ontario, Canada
| | - Todd Hoare
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton L8S 4L7, Ontario, Canada
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19
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Hess KU, Schawe JEK, Wilding M, Purgstaller B, Goetschl KE, Sturm S, Müller-Caspary K, Sturm EV, Schmahl W, Griesshaber E, Bissbort T, Weidendorfer D, Dietzel M, Dingwell DB. Glass transition temperatures and crystallization kinetics of a synthetic, anhydrous, amorphous calcium-magnesium carbonate. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2023; 381:20220356. [PMID: 37634535 PMCID: PMC10460641 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2022.0356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
We report the first calorimetric observations of glass transition temperatures and crystallization rates of anhydrous, amorphous calcium-magnesium carbonate using fast scanning differential scanning calorimetry. Hydrous amorphous Ca0.95Mg0.05CO3 · 0.5H2O (ACMC) solid was precipitated from a MgCl2-NaHCO3 buffered solution, separated from the supernatant, and freeze-dried. An aliquot of the freeze-dried samples was additionally dried at 250°C for up to 6 h in a furnace and in a high-purity N2 atmosphere to produce anhydrous ACMC. The glass transition temperature of the anhydrous Ca0.95Mg0.05CO3 was determined by applying different heating rates (1000-6000 K s-1) and correcting for thermal lag to be 376°C and the relaxational heat capacity was determined to be Cp = 0.16 J/(g K). Additionally, the heating rate dependence of the temperature that is associated with the corrected crystallization peaks is used to determine the activation energy of crystallization to be 275 kJ mol-1. A high-resolution transmission electron microscopy study on the hydrous and anhydrous samples provided further constraints on their compositional and structural states. This article is part of the theme issue 'Exploring the length scales, timescales and chemistry of challenging materials (Part 1)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Uwe Hess
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstraße 41/III, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Jürgen E. K. Schawe
- Mettler-Toledo GmbH, Heuwinkelstrasse 3, 8603, Nänikon, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Metal Physics and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Wilding
- UK Catalysis Hub, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Bettina Purgstaller
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Graz University of Technology, Rechbauerstrasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Katja E. Goetschl
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Graz University of Technology, Rechbauerstrasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sebastian Sturm
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Physikalische Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandstr. 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Knut Müller-Caspary
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Physikalische Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandstr. 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Elena V. Sturm
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstraße 41/III, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schmahl
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstraße 41/III, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Erika Griesshaber
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstraße 41/III, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Thilo Bissbort
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstraße 41/III, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Daniel Weidendorfer
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstraße 41/III, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Martin Dietzel
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Graz University of Technology, Rechbauerstrasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Donald B. Dingwell
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstraße 41/III, 80333 München, Germany
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20
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Weidendorfer D, Hess KU, Ruhekenya RM, Schawe JEK, Wilding MC, Dingwell DB. Effect of water on the glass transition of a potassium-magnesium carbonate melt. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2023; 381:20220355. [PMID: 37634532 PMCID: PMC10460640 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2022.0355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Calorimetric measurements of the glass transition temperatures (Tg) of hydrous carbonate melts are reported on a near-eutectic composition of 55 mol% K2CO3 - 45 mol% MgCO3 with up to 42 mol% bulk H2O dissolved in the carbonate melt. Hydrous melts were quenched from 750°C to transparent and crystal-free glasses and were subsequently analysed for water content before and after measuring Tg by high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry. The glass transition and limited fictive temperatures as a function of the water content were determined at 10 K/min cooling/heating rates resulting in Tg ranging from 245°C at nominally anhydrous conditions to 83°C in the presence of 42 mol% H2O in the glass. Through a generalized Gordon-Taylor analysis, the factors k (7.27), k0 (3.2) and the interaction parameter Ax (0.49) were derived. The limited fictive temperature of a hypothetically, zero water containing 55 mol% K2CO3 - 45 mol% MgCO3 glass is 232 ± 5°C (505 K). The high value of the interaction parameter A indicates strong specific molecular interactions between water and the carbonates in the glassy state and a large decrease in the excess enthalpy of mixing during the conversion of the glassy into the liquid state at the glass transition. This article is part of the theme issue 'Exploring the length scales, timescales and chemistry of challenging materials (Part 1)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Weidendorfer
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, LMU Munich, Theresienstrasse 41, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Hess
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, LMU Munich, Theresienstrasse 41, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Ruben M. Ruhekenya
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, LMU Munich, Theresienstrasse 41, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen E. K. Schawe
- Analytical, Mettler-Toledo GmbH, Heuwinkelstrasse 3,8603 Nänikon, Switzerland
- Department of Materials, Laboratory of Metal Physics and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin C. Wilding
- UK Catalysis Hub, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appelton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Harwell OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Donald B. Dingwell
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, LMU Munich, Theresienstrasse 41, 80333 Munich, Germany
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21
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Pruthi V, Akae Y, Théato P. Photoresponsive Spiropyran and DEGMA-Based Copolymers with Photo-Switchable Glass Transition Temperatures. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2300270. [PMID: 37358931 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Herein, novel photoresponsive spiropyran (SP)-based P(DEGMA-co-SpMA) copolymers with variable percentages of SP fractions are synthesized. The SP group present in these polymers exhibited the abilities of reversible photoisomerism. Their photoresponsive, structural, and thermal properties have been investigated and compared using various characterization techniques. These light-responsive copolymers are found to exhibit photoswitchable glass transition temperature (Tg ), high thermal stability (Td > 250°C), instant photochromism as well as fluorescence upon exposure to UV light. It is demonstrated that the Tg of these synthesized polymers increased when irradiated with UV light (λ = 365 nm), as a consequence of the photoisomerization of incorporated SP groups into their merocyanine form. This increase in Tg is attributed to an increase in polarity and a decrease in the overall entropy of the polymeric system when it switches from the ring-closed SP form (less-ordered state) to the ring-opened merocyanine form (more-ordered state). Therefore, such polymers with a unique feature of phototunable glass transition temperatures provide the possibility to be integrated into functional materials for various photoresponsive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Pruthi
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Yosuke Akae
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan
| | - Patrick Théato
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory, Institute for Biological Interfaces III, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Karlsruhe, Germany
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22
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Moeun BN, Fernandez SA, Collin S, Gauvin-Rossignol G, Lescot T, Fortin MA, Ruel J, Bégin-Drolet A, Leask RL, Hoesli CA. Improving the 3D Printability of Sugar Glass to Engineer Sacrificial Vascular Templates. 3D Print Addit Manuf 2023; 10:869-886. [PMID: 37886415 PMCID: PMC10599441 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2021.0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
A prominent obstacle in scaling up tissue engineering technologies for human applications is engineering an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients throughout artificial tissues. Sugar glass has emerged as a promising 3D-printable, sacrificial material that can be used to embed perfusable networks within cell-laden matrices to improve mass transfer. To characterize and optimize a previously published sugar ink, we investigated the effects of sucrose, glucose, and dextran concentration on the glass transition temperature (Tg), printability, and stability of 3D-printed sugar glass constructs. We identified a sucrose ink formulation with a significantly higher Tg (40.0 ± 0.9°C) than the original formulation (sucrose-glucose blend, Tg = 26.2 ± 0.4°C), which demonstrated a pronounced improvement in printability, resistance to bending, and final print stability, all without changing dissolution kinetics and decomposition temperature. This formulation allowed printing of 10-cm-long horizontal cantilever filaments, which can enable the printing of complex vascular segments along the x-, y-, and z-axes without the need for supporting structures. Vascular templates with a single inlet and outlet branching into nine channels were 3D printed using the improved formulation and subsequently used to generate perfusable alginate constructs. The printed lattice showed high fidelity with respect to the input geometry, although with some channel deformation after alginate casting and gelation-likely due to alginate swelling. Compared with avascular controls, no significant acute cytotoxicity was noted when casting pancreatic beta cell-laden alginate constructs around improved ink filaments, whereas a significant decrease in cell viability was observed with the original ink. The improved formulation lends more flexibility to sugar glass 3D printing by facilitating the fabrication of larger, more complex, and more stable sacrificial networks. Rigorous characterization and optimization methods for improving sacrificial inks may facilitate the fabrication of functional cellular constructs for tissue engineering, cellular biology, and other biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simon Collin
- Mechanical Engineering, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Theophraste Lescot
- Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CR-CHUQ), Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux Avancés (CERMA), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Département de Génie des Mines, de la Métallurgie et des Matériaux, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc-André Fortin
- Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CR-CHUQ), Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux Avancés (CERMA), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Département de Génie des Mines, de la Métallurgie et des Matériaux, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean Ruel
- Mechanical Engineering, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | - Corinne A. Hoesli
- Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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23
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Seidlová M, Hodul J, Žižková N, Borg RP. Possibilities of Influencing the Crystallization Process of Bisphenol A- and Bisphenol F-Based Epoxy Resins Used for Hydrophobic Coatings on Concrete. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3871. [PMID: 37835920 PMCID: PMC10575199 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Crystallization of bisphenol A (DGEBA)- and bisphenol F (DGEBF)-based epoxy resins is a natural property of these oligomers. However, manufacturers of coatings and other systems based on these epoxy resins are making efforts to slow down the crystallization process as much as possible, thereby extending the shelf life and improving the competitiveness of their products. This paper focuses on the kinetics of the crystallization process of epoxy resins and the effect of the presence of a certain degree of crystallinity on selected parameters of epoxy-based materials. Furthermore, an analysis of the impact of a certain degree of crystallinity of the epoxy base on the resulting coating parameters was carried out. The highest value of crystallinity (17%) was achieved in the sample containing the highest proportion of DGEBF in the crystallization phase "c", and the enthalpy of melting (Ht) of the crystalline DGEBF sample was 6.3 J/g. Mechanical parameters as well as chemical and thermal resistance of hydrophobic epoxy systems were investigated. The best abrasion resistance (1.5 cm3/50 cm2) was achieved with the blend containing only amorphous DGEBA. The adhesion of the epoxy samples on concrete was greater than 6.5 MPa. The chemical resistance tests performed showed that, in general, the chemical resistance of epoxy systems decreases with increasing crystallinity content. The tighter arrangement of molecules in the crystalline regions of the epoxy matrix results in an increase in density, strength and hardness. This study presents a comprehensive examination of the crystallization of DGEBA and DGEBF, which is, as yet virtually unavailable. It also contributes to knowledge by outlining the possibility of speeding up or slowing down the crystallization process of epoxy resins, including the principle of selecting nucleating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jakub Hodul
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno University of Technology, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Nikol Žižková
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno University of Technology, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Ruben Paul Borg
- Faculty for the Built Environment, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta;
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Sundararajan P, Moser J, Williams L, Chiang T, Riordan C, Metzger M, Zhang-Plasket F, Wang F, Collins J, Williams J. Driving Spray Drying towards Better Yield: Tackling a Problem That Sticks Around. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2137. [PMID: 37631351 PMCID: PMC10459734 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Powder deposition and accumulation on walls of spray drying chamber has been known to impact spray drying processes, resulting in lower yield, frequent shutdowns, and downtimes. Critical factors that impact the extent and rate of wall deposition have been studied extensively in the chemical and food industry. In this paper, we present an atypical process yield issue wherein acceptable yield is obtained during the first batch of spray drying but undergoes significant yield loss in consecutive batches. Through understanding the interplay of the process, material properties, and equipment, we identify key mechanisms that are playing a role in causing the process yield issue. These mechanisms include surface roughness of the inner wall of the spray dryer, variation in gas flow due to the introduction of process analytical technology, start-up and shutdown operating parameters that expose the wall deposited powder from the prior batch to temperatures close to the onset of glass transition temperature and cause depression of its glass transition temperature. These factors result in more wall accumulation and impact the yield in subsequent batches. By correcting for most of these factors, the yield reduction issue was mitigated, and processing efficiency was improved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin Moser
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA; (J.M.); (T.C.); (C.R.); (F.Z.-P.)
| | - Lisa Williams
- MSD, Ballydine, E91 V091 Clonmel, Ireland; (L.W.); (J.C.); (J.W.)
| | - Tiffany Chiang
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA; (J.M.); (T.C.); (C.R.); (F.Z.-P.)
| | - Colin Riordan
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA; (J.M.); (T.C.); (C.R.); (F.Z.-P.)
| | | | - Fan Zhang-Plasket
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA; (J.M.); (T.C.); (C.R.); (F.Z.-P.)
| | - Fang Wang
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA; (M.M.); (F.W.)
| | - John Collins
- MSD, Ballydine, E91 V091 Clonmel, Ireland; (L.W.); (J.C.); (J.W.)
| | - Joseph Williams
- MSD, Ballydine, E91 V091 Clonmel, Ireland; (L.W.); (J.C.); (J.W.)
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25
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Beresneviciute R, Gautam P, Nagar MR, Krucaite G, Tavgeniene D, Jou JH, Grigalevicius S. Naphtalimide-Based Bipolar Derivatives Enabling High-Efficiency OLEDs. Molecules 2023; 28:6027. [PMID: 37630279 PMCID: PMC10458866 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have revolutionized the world of technology, making significant contributions to enhancing our everyday lives. With their exceptional display and lighting capabilities, OLEDs have become indispensable in various industries such as smartphones, tablets, televisions, and automotives. They have emerged as a dominant technology, inspiring continuous advancements, and improvements. Taking inspiration from the remarkable advancements in OLED advancements, we have successfully developed naphtalimide-based compounds, namely RB-08, RB-09, RB-10, and RB-11. These compounds exhibit desirable characteristics such as a wide bandgap, high decomposition temperatures (306-366 °C), and very high glass transition temperatures (133-179 °C). Leveraging these exceptional properties, we have harnessed these compounds as green emitters in the aforementioned devices. Among the various fabricated OLEDs, the one incorporating the RB-11 emitter has exhibited superior performance. This specific configuration achieved maximum power efficacy of 7.7 lm/W, current efficacy of 7.9 cd/A, and external quantum efficiency of 3.3%. These results highlight the outstanding capabilities of our synthesized emitter and its potential for further advancements in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raminta Beresneviciute
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Plentas 19, LT50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Prakalp Gautam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Guangfu Rd., East District, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Mangey Ram Nagar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Guangfu Rd., East District, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Gintare Krucaite
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Plentas 19, LT50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Daiva Tavgeniene
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Plentas 19, LT50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jwo-Huei Jou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Guangfu Rd., East District, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Saulius Grigalevicius
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Plentas 19, LT50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
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26
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Zhang S, He X, Xia X, Xiao P, Wu Q, Zheng F, Lu Q. Machine-Learning-Enabled Framework in Engineering Plastics Discovery: A Case Study of Designing Polyimides with Desired Glass-Transition Temperature. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:37893-37902. [PMID: 37490394 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Great and continuous efforts have been made to discover high-performance engineering plastics with specific properties to replace traditional engineering materials in many fields. The utilization of machine learning (ML) has brought more opportunities for the discovery of high-performing engineering plastics. However, hindered by either the relatively small database or a lack of accurate structure descriptors with clear physical and chemical meanings relating to polymer properties, the current ML studies show some flaws in the accuracy and efficiency in polymer development. Herein, we collected a dataset of 878 polyimides (PI), one of the best engineering plastics, with experimentally measured glass-transition temperature (Tg) values, and developed a rapid and accurate ML approach to design PI candidates with the desired Tg value. After the conversion from PI structures into "mechanically identifiable" SMILES (Simplified molecular input line entry system) language, the eight most critical descriptors were ultimately obtained by multiple analysis methods. The physiochemical meaning of the key descriptors was further analyzed carefully to translate the implicit "machine language" to chemical knowledge. The artificial neural network (ANN)-based model gave the most accurate results with a root-mean-square error of ∼11 K among the studied ML methods. More importantly, three potential PI candidates with desired Tg (DPIs) were designed according to the chemical insight of the key descriptors, which were then verified by experiments. The experimental and predicted Tg values of DPIs have an acceptable average deviation of ca. 3.66%. This accuracy has reached the level of the traditional molecular simulation, but the time consumption and hold-up computing resource are tremendously reduced. Furthermore, the current ML approach could offer a scalable and adaptable framework in future engineer plastics innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyang Zhang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaojie He
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xuejian Xia
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Peng Xiao
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Shanghai Key Lab of Electrical & Thermal Aging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Feng Zheng
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Qinghua Lu
- Shanghai Key Lab of Electrical & Thermal Aging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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27
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Ding Q, Ding N, Chen X, Guo W, Zaïri F. Understanding the Effect of Grain Boundaries on the Mechanical Properties of Epoxy/Graphene Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3218. [PMID: 37571111 PMCID: PMC10421364 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This work presents a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation study on the effect of grain boundaries (GBs) on the mechanical properties of epoxy/graphene composites. Ten types of GB models were constructed and comparisons were made for epoxy/graphene composites containing graphene with GBs. The results showed that the tensile and compressive behaviors, the glass transition temperature (Tg), and the configurations of epoxy/graphene composites were significantly affected by GBs. The tensile yield strength of epoxy/graphene composites could be either enhanced or weakened by GBs under a tensile load parallel to the graphene sheet. The underlying mechanisms may be attributed to multi-factor coupling, including the tensile strength of the reinforcements, the interfacial interaction energy, and the inflection degree of reinforcements. A balance exists among these effect factors, resulting in the diversity in the tensile yield strength of epoxy/graphene composites. The compressive yield strength for epoxy/graphene composites is higher than their counterpart in tension. The tensile/compressive yield strength for the same configuration presents diversity in different directions. Both an excellent interfacial interaction and the appropriate inflection degree of wrinkles for GB configurations restrict the translational and rotational movements of epoxy chains during volume expansion, which eventually improves the overall Tg. Understanding the reinforcing mechanism for graphene with GBs from the atomistic level provides new physical insights to material design for epoxy-based composites containing defective reinforcements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyue Ding
- Engineering Research Center of Failure Analysis and Safety Assessment, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Engineering Research Center of Failure Analysis and Safety Assessment, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Failure Analysis and Safety Assessment, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Wenyue Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Fahmi Zaïri
- Civil Engineering and Geo-Environmental Laboratory (ULR 4515 LGCgE), Lille University, 59000 Lille, France
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28
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Idowu A, Thomas T, Bustillos J, Boesl B, Agarwal A. Electrically and Thermally Triggered Three-Dimensional Graphene-Foam-Reinforced Shape Memory Epoxy Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2903. [PMID: 37447547 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Shape memory polymer (SMP) epoxy composites have attracted significant attention due to their easy processing, lightweight nature, and ability to recover strain. However, their limited recovery rate and inferior mechanical properties have hindered their functional applications. This research explores the potential of three-dimensional (3D) graphene foam (GrF) as a highly efficient reinforcement for SMP epoxy composites. We demonstrated that the incorporation of a mere 0.13 wt.% GrF into mold-cast SMP epoxy leads to a 19% increase in the glass transition temperature (Tg). To elucidate the reinforcing mechanism, we fabricated and extensively analyzed composites with varying weight percentages of GrF. The GrF-based SMP epoxy composite exhibits a 57% increase in thermal conductivity, measuring 0.296 W mK-1 at 70 °C, due to the interconnected 3D graphene network within the matrix. Notably, this composite also demonstrates remarkable electrical conductivity, making it suitable for dual-triggering applications. The GrF-SMP epoxy composite achieves a maximum shape recovery ratio and a significant 23% improvement in the recovery rate, effectively addressing the issue of slow recovery associated with SMPs. We investigated the effect of switching temperatures on the shape recovery rate. We identified the optimal triggering temperature to initiate shape recovery for epoxy SMP and GrF-epoxy SMP as thermal energy equivalent to Tg + 20 °C. Additionally, we fabricated a bird-shaped composite using GrF reinforcement, which showcases self-healing capabilities through the crack opening and closure and serves as a tangible demonstration of the transformative potential of the composite. These GrF-epoxy SMP composites, responsive to stimuli, hold immense promise for diverse applications, such as mechanical systems, wearable sensors, morphing wings, foldable robots, and antennas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeyinka Idowu
- Plasma Forming Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA
| | - Tony Thomas
- Plasma Forming Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA
| | - Jenniffer Bustillos
- Plasma Forming Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA
| | - Benjamin Boesl
- Plasma Forming Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA
| | - Arvind Agarwal
- Plasma Forming Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA
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Asandulesa M, Solonaru AM, Resmerita AM, Honciuc A. Thermal and Dielectric Investigations of Polystyrene Nanoparticles as a Viable Platform-Toward the Next Generation of Fillers for Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2899. [PMID: 37447544 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles are often used as fillers for enhancing various properties of polymer composites such as mechanical, electrical, or dielectric. Among them, polymer nanoparticles are considered ideal contenders because of their compatibility with a polymer matrix. For this reason, it is important that they are synthesized in a surfactant-free form, to obtain predictable surface and structural properties. Here, we synthesized a series of polystyrene nanoparticles (PS NPs), by emulsion polymerization of styrene, using varying amounts of divinylbenzene as a crosslinking agent and sodium 4-vinylbenzenesulfonate as a copolymerizing monomer surfactant-"surfmer". Using "surfmers" we obtained surfactant-free nanoparticles that are monodisperse, with a high degree of thermal stability, as observed by scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric investigations. The prepared series of NPs were investigated by means of broadband dielectric spectroscopy and we demonstrate that by fine-tuning their chemical composition, fine changes in their dielectric and thermal properties are obtained. Further, we demonstrate that the physical transformations in the nanoparticles, such as the glass transition, can be predicted by performing the first derivative of dielectric permittivity for all investigated samples. The glass transition temperature of PS NPs appears to be inversely correlated with the dielectric permittivity and the average diameter of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Asandulesa
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ana-Maria Solonaru
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ana-Maria Resmerita
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Andrei Honciuc
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
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Khan RAA, Luo M, Alsaad AM, Qattan IA, Abedrabbo S, Hua D, Zulfqar A. The Role of Polymer Chain Stiffness and Guest Nanoparticle Loading in Improving the Glass Transition Temperature of Polymer Nanocomposites. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:1896. [PMID: 37446412 DOI: 10.3390/nano13131896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The impact of polymer chain stiffness characterized by the bending modulus (kθ) on the glass transition temperature (Tg) of pure polymer systems, as well as polymer nanocomposites (PNCs), is investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. At small kθ values, the pure polymer system and respective PNCs are in an amorphous state, whereas at large kθ values, both systems are in a semicrystalline state with a glass transition at low temperature. For the pure polymer system, Tg initially increases with kθ and does not change obviously at large kθ. However, the Tg of PNCs shows interesting behaviors with the increasing volume fraction of nanoparticles (fNP) at different kθ values. Tg tends to increase with fNP at small kθ, whereas it becomes suppressed at large kθ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Azhar Ashraaf Khan
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Mengbo Luo
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ahmad M Alsaad
- Department of Physics, Jordan University of Science & Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Issam A Qattan
- Department of Physics, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sufian Abedrabbo
- Department of Physics, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Daoyang Hua
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Afsheen Zulfqar
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
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31
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Brandt J, Kanaki E, Fischer D, Herm C. Evaluation of the Composition, Thermal and Mechanical Behavior, and Color Changes of Artificially and Naturally Aged Polymers for the Conservation of Stained Glass Windows. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2595. [PMID: 37376241 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigations of historical conservation materials on historical stained glass windows of the Naumburg Cathedral in Germany offered an opportunity for the study of polymers, naturally aged in a non-controlled environment. This allowed the conservation history of the cathedral to be traced and expanded by valuable insights. The historical materials were characterized through the use of spectroscopy (FTIR, Raman), thermal analysis, PY-GC/MS, and SEC on taken samples. The analyses show that acrylate resins were predominantly used for conservation. The lamination material from the 1940s is particularly noteworthy. Epoxy resins were also identified in isolated cases. Artificial aging was used to investigate the influence of environmental influences on the properties of the identified materials. Through a multi-stage aging program, influences of UV radiation, high temperatures and high humidity can be considered in isolation. Piaflex F20, Epilox, Paraloid B72 as a modern material and combinations of Paraloid B72/diisobutyl phthalate and PMA/diisobutyl phthalate were investigated. The parameters yellowing, FTIR spectra, Raman spectra, molecular mass and conformation, glass transition temperature, thermal behavior, and adhesive strength on glass were determined. The effects of the environmental parameters on the investigated materials are differentiated. UV and extreme temperatures tend to show a stronger influence than humidity. The comparison of the artificially aged samples with the naturally aged samples from the cathedral shows that the latter were less aged. Recommendations for the conservation of the historical stained glass windows were derived from the results of the investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Brandt
- Center Macromolecular Structure Analysis, Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Elisavet Kanaki
- Center Macromolecular Structure Analysis, Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dieter Fischer
- Center Macromolecular Structure Analysis, Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christoph Herm
- Study Program of Restoration, Dresden University of Fine Arts, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Jiang K, Li Y, Wang H, Jia H, Jiang H, Li H, Sheng A. Preparation and Properties of a Lightweight, High-Strength, and Heat-Resistant Rigid Cross-Linked PVC Foam. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15112471. [PMID: 37299272 DOI: 10.3390/polym15112471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A rigid poly(vinyl chloride) foam with a cross-linked network structure was prepared by adding 3-glycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane (KH-561) into the universal formulation. The resulting foam had excellent heat resistance because of the increasing degree of cross-linking and number of Si-O bonds with a high heat resistance. The as-prepared foam was verified using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and foam residue (gel) analysis, which demonstrated that KH-561 was successfully grafted and cross-linked on the PVC chains. Finally, the effects of different KH-561 and NaHSO3 additions on the mechanical properties and heat resistance of the foams were studied. The results showed that the mechanical properties of the rigid cross-linked PVC foam were raised after adding a certain amount of KH-561 and NaHSO3. The residue (gel), decomposition temperature, and chemical stability of the foam significantly improved compared to the universal rigid cross-linked PVC foam (Tg = 72.2 °C). The Tg of the foam could reach 78.1 °C without any mechanical degradation. The results have important engineering application value regarding the preparation of lightweight, high-strength, heat-resistant, and rigid cross-linked PVC foam materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Yingchun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Heyun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Hao Jia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Haoji Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Hao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Ao Sheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
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Kawano Y, Masai H, Nakagawa S, Yoshie N, Terao J. Effects of Alkyl Ester Chain Length on the Toughness of PolyAcrylate-Based Network Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102389. [PMID: 37242964 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyacrylate-based network materials are widely used in various products owing to their facile synthesis via radical polymerization reactions. In this study, the effects of alkyl ester chains on the toughness of polyacrylate-based network materials were investigated. Polymer networks were fabricated via the radical polymerization of methyl acrylate (MA), ethyl acrylate (EA), and butyl acrylate (BA) in the presence of 1,4-butanediol diacrylate as a crosslinker. Differential scanning calorimetry and rheological measurements revealed that the toughness of MA-based networks drastically increased compared with that of EA- and BA-based networks; the fracture energy of the MA-based network was approximately 10 and 100 times greater than that of EA and BA, respectively. The high fracture energy was attributed to the glass transition temperature of the MA-based network (close to room temperature), resulting in large energy dissipation via viscosity. Our results set a new basis for expanding the applications of polyacrylate-based networks as functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Kawano
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Masai
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Shintaro Nakagawa
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Naoko Yoshie
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Jun Terao
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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Kharatyan T, Igawa S, Gopireddy SR, Ogawa T, Kodama T, Scherließ R, Urbanetz NA. Impact of Post-Freeze Annealing on Shrinkage of Sucrose and Trehalose Lyophilisates. Int J Pharm 2023; 641:123051. [PMID: 37196881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Freeze-drying of pharmaceuticals produces lyophilisates with properties that depend on both the formulation and the process. Characterisation of the lyophilisate in terms of appearance is necessary not only to produce a visually appealing product, but also to gain insight into the freeze-drying process. The present study investigates the impact of post-freeze annealing on the volume of lyophilisates. For this purpose, sucrose and trehalose solutions were freeze-dried with different annealing conditions and the resulting lyophilisates were analysed with a 3D structured light scanner. The external structure of the lyophilisates was found to be dependent on the bulk materials as well as the choice of vials, while the volume was influenced by the annealing time and temperature. Additionally, differential scanning calorimetry was used to determine glass transition temperatures of frozen samples. As a novelty, the volumes of the lyophilisates and their corresponding glass transition temperatures were compared. This resulted in a correlation supporting the theory that the shrinkage of lyophilisates depends on the amount of residual water in the freeze-concentrated amorphous phase before drying. Understanding the volume change of lyophilisates, in combination with material properties such as glass transition temperature, forms the basis for relating physicochemical properties to process parameters in lyophilisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tigran Kharatyan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany; Pharmaceutical Development, Daiichi-Sankyo Europe GmbH, 85276 Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm, Germany.
| | - Shunya Igawa
- Formulation Technology Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co. Ltd., Hiratsuka 254-0014, Japan.
| | - Srikanth R Gopireddy
- Pharmaceutical Development, Daiichi-Sankyo Europe GmbH, 85276 Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm, Germany.
| | - Toru Ogawa
- Pharmaceutical Development, Daiichi-Sankyo Europe GmbH, 85276 Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm, Germany.
| | - Tatsuhiro Kodama
- Formulation Technology Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co. Ltd., Hiratsuka 254-0014, Japan.
| | - Regina Scherließ
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Nora A Urbanetz
- Pharmaceutical Development, Daiichi-Sankyo Europe GmbH, 85276 Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm, Germany.
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35
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Chen X, Hu C, Wang Y, Li T, Jiang J, Huang J, Wang S, Liu T, Dong W, Qiao J. Tunable Red Clusteroluminescence Polymers Prepared by a Simple Heating Process. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:23824-23833. [PMID: 37144739 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Clusteroluminescence (CL) has drawn much attention in recent years. However, the design of red emission clusteroluminogens (CLgens) with tunable CL is still in its infancy. Herein, we report a simple heating process to prepare red emission poly(maleic anhydride-alt-vinyl acetate) (PMV) derivatives with a tunable maximum emission wavelength between 620 and 675 nm. First, heating above the glass transition temperature (Tg) would promote the movement of polymer chains and facilitate the formation of clusters in both solid and solution states. Then, heating beyond the decomposition temperature at which vinyl acetate converts into C═C is favorable to the formation of new clusters and large through-space conjugation among subgroups in polymer chains. Their synergistic effects realize the adjustable emission wavelength and higher quantum yield of polymers. Additionally, low-cost and eco-friendly core-shell PMV particles are prepared as agricultural light conversion agents and exhibit great compatibility with polyethylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Chenxi Hu
- SINOPEC, Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Yang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ting Li
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jing Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Shibo Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Tianxi Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Weifu Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jinliang Qiao
- SINOPEC, Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Beijing 100013, China
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36
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Backmann V, Dorner F, Drechsler K. An Edge-Filtered Optical Fiber Interrogator for Thermoplastic Polymer Analysis. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:3300. [PMID: 36992011 PMCID: PMC10056779 DOI: 10.3390/s23063300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The present paper deals with the determination of thermodynamic quantities of thermoplastic polymers by using an optical fiber interrogator. Typically, laboratory methods such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) or thermomechanical analysis (TMA) are a reliable state-of-the-art option for thermal polymer analysis. The related laboratory commodities for such methods are of high cost and are impractical for field applications. In this work, an edge-filter-based optical fiber interrogator, which was originally developed to detect the reflection spectrum of fiber Bragg grating sensors, is utilized for the detection of the boundary reflection intensities of the cleaved end of a standard telecommunication optical fiber (SMF28e). By means of the Fresnel equations, the temperature-dependent refractive index of thermoplastic polymer materials is measured. Demonstrated with the amorphous thermoplastic polymers polyetherimide (PEI) and polyethersulfone (PES), an alternative to DSC and TMA is presented as the glass transition temperatures and coefficients of thermal expansion are derived. A DSC alternative in the semi-crystalline polymer analysis with the absence of a crystal structure is shown as the melting temperature and cooling-rate-dependent crystallization temperatures of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) are detected. The proposed method shows that thermal thermoplastic analysis can be performed with a flexible, low-cost and multipurpose device.
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Tavgeniene D, Zhang B, Grigalevicius S. Di(arylcarbazole) Substituted Oxetanes as Efficient Hole Transporting Materials with High Thermal and Morphological Stability for OLEDs. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052282. [PMID: 36903529 PMCID: PMC10005742 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A group of di(arylcarbazole)-substituted oxetanes has been prepared in Suzuki reactions by using the key starting material 3,3-di[3-iodocarbazol-9-yl]methyloxetane and various boronic acids (fluorophenylboronic acid, phenylboronic acid or naphthalene-1-boronic acid). Full characterization of their structure has been presented. The low molar mass compounds represent materials having high thermal stability with 5% mass loss thermal degradation temperatures in the range of 371-391 °C. Glass transition temperatures of the materials are also very high and range from 107 °C to 142 °C, which is a big advantage for formation of stable amorphous layers for optoelectronic devices, i.e., organic light emitting diodes. Hole transporting properties of the prepared materials were confirmed in formed organic light emitting diodes with tris(quinolin-8-olato)aluminium (Alq3) as a green emitter, which also served as an electron transporting layer. In the device's materials, 3,3-di[3-phenylcarbazol-9-yl]methyloxetane (5) and 3,3-di[3-(1-naphthyl)carbazol-9-yl]methyloxetane (6) demonstrated superior hole transporting properties than that of material 3,3-di[3-(4-flourophenyl)carbazol-9-yl]methyloxetane (4) based device. When material 5 was used in the device structure, the OLED demonstrated rather low turn-on voltage of 3.7 V, luminous efficiency of 4.2 cd/A, power efficiency of 2.6 lm/W and maximal brightness exceeding 11670 cd/m2. HTL of 6 based device also showed exclusive OLED characteristics. The device was characterized by turn-on voltage of 3.4 V, maximum brightness of 13193 cd/m2, luminous efficiency of 3.8 cd/A and power efficiency of 2.6 lm/W. An additional hole injecting-transporting layer (HI-TL) of PEDOT considerably improved functions of the device with HTL of compound 4. The modified OLED with a layer of the derivative 4 demonstrated exclusive characteristics with turn-on voltage of 3.9 V, high luminous efficiency of 4.7 cd/A, power efficiency of 2.6 lm/W and maximal brightness exceeding 21,000 cd/m2. These observations confirmed that the prepared materials have a big potential in the field of optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiva Tavgeniene
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Plentas 19, LT50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Correspondence: (D.T.); (S.G.)
| | - Baohua Zhang
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Saulius Grigalevicius
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Plentas 19, LT50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Correspondence: (D.T.); (S.G.)
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Zhu G, Yu T, Chen J, Hu R, Yang G, Zeng Y, Li Y. Dipyrene-Terminated Oligosilanes Enable Ratiometric Fluorescence Response in Polymers toward Mechano- and Thermo-Stimuli. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:11033-11041. [PMID: 36802470 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Developing fluorescent motifs capable of displaying mechano- and thermo-stimuli reversibly and ratiometrically is appealing for monitoring the deformation or temperature to which polymers are subjected. Here, a series of excimer-type chromophores Sin-Py (n = 1-3) consisting of two pyrenes linked with oligosilanes of one to three silicon atoms is developed as the fluorescent motif incorporated in a polymer. The fluorescence of Sin-Py is steered with the linker length where Si2-Py and Si3-Py with disilane and trisilane linkers display prominent excimer emission accompanied by pyrene monomer emission. Covalent incorporation of Si2-Py and Si3-Py in polyurethane gives fluorescent polymers PU-Si2-Py and PU-Si3-Py, respectively, where intramolecular pyrene excimers and corresponding combined emission of excimer and monomer are obtained. Polymer films of PU-Si2-Py and PU-Si3-Py display instant and reversible ratiometric fluorescence change during the uniaxial tensile test. The mechanochromic response arises from the reversible suppression of excimer formation during the mechanically induced separation of the pyrene moieties and relaxation. Furthermore, PU-Si2-Py and PU-Si3-Py show thermochromic response toward temperature, and the inflection point from the ratiometric emission as a function of temperature gives an indication of the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polymers. The design of the excimer-based mechanophore with oligosilane provides a generally implementable way to develop mechano- and thermo-dual-responsive polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tianjun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rui Hu
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Guoqiang Yang
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
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Prado MO, Benedetto FE. Assigning Viscosity Values in the Glass Softening Temperature Range. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:1596. [PMID: 36837230 PMCID: PMC9965256 DOI: 10.3390/ma16041596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A new optical method for assigning glass viscosity values in the softening temperature range is presented. In this method, an irregular particle, a few millimeters in size, laying on an alumina plate, is heated up to temperature T, and then remains at this temperature. T should be within the softening temperature range of the glass. There are no external applied shear stresses, the only acting shear forces are those coming from the particle's own surface energy. At the fixed temperature T, the surface free energy of the sample decreases by viscous flow while its shape evolves from a polyhedron or irregular shape towards a spherical or rounded shape. This shape evolution is recorded using a photographic camera. From each image, the sample's roundness is determined, obtaining a characteristic time τ from the roundness against time. Simultaneously, using the available software, a value for the viscosity η was calculated, at temperature T, allowing for building sets of T, τ, η, namely three data values. Accordingly, if T, τ are considered as independent variables, a master function η = η (T, τ) can be built. Now, if we measure T, τ data on a glass of an unknown viscosity, the master function makes it possible to assign a η value. When incipient crystallization or liquid-liquid phase separations are present, effective viscosity values are obtained. This method requires a high temperature microscope, as well as tridimmensional samples with a few cubic millimeters of volume. Each isothermal τ determination can take from minutes to several hours. We tested the method with two glasses of known viscosity values: borosilicate glass (VG98) and alumimoborosilicate glass (SG7), both of which are used for radioactive waste immobilization and have assigned log(η) values between 6 and 7.3 with η in Pa s. The discrepancy between the log(η) values assigned here and those values fitted with a VFT function on the values measured for the SG7 and VG98 glasses were within ±14%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel O. Prado
- Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, San Carlos de Bariloche 8400, Río Negro, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, San Carlos de Bariloche 8400, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Franco E. Benedetto
- Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, San Carlos de Bariloche 8400, Río Negro, Argentina
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Sharma P, Fialho L, Figueiredo NM, Serra R, Cavaleiro A, Carvalho S. Antimicrobial Polymeric Surfaces Using Embedded Silver Nanoparticles. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020207. [PMID: 36830118 PMCID: PMC9951980 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens (disease-causing microorganisms) can survive up to a few days on surfaces and can propagate through surfaces in high percentages, and thus, these surfaces turn into a primary source of pathogen transmission. To prevent and mitigate pathogen transmission, antimicrobial surfaces seem to be a promising option that can be prepared by using resilient, mass-produced polymers with partly embedded antimicrobial nanoparticles (NPs) with controlled size. In the present study, a 6 nm thick Ag nanolayer was sputter deposited on polycarbonate (PC) substrate and then thermally annealed, in a first step at 120 °C (temperature below Tg) for two hours, for promoting NP diffusion and growth, and in a second step at 180 °C (temperature above Tg) for 22 h, for promoting thermal embedding of the NPs into the polymer surface. The variation in the height of NPs on the polymer surface with thermal annealing confirms the embedding of NPs. It was shown that the incorporation of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) had a great impact on the antibacterial capacity, as the Ag NP-embedded polymer surface presented an inhibition effect on the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The tested surface-engineering process of incorporating antimicrobial Ag NPs in a polymer surface is both cost-effective and highly scalable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Sharma
- CEMMPRE, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Coimbra, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal
- CFUM-UP, Centro de Física das Universidades do Minho e do Porto, University of Minho, Campus of Azurém, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Luisa Fialho
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Miguel Figueiredo
- CEMMPRE, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Coimbra, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Serra
- CEMMPRE, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Coimbra, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Albano Cavaleiro
- CEMMPRE, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Coimbra, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal
- IPN—LED&MAT, Instituto Pedro Nunes, Rua Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra Carvalho
- CEMMPRE, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Coimbra, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal
- CFUM-UP, Centro de Física das Universidades do Minho e do Porto, University of Minho, Campus of Azurém, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal
- IPN—LED&MAT, Instituto Pedro Nunes, Rua Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal
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Ruíz de Azúa O, Agulló N, Arbusà J, Borrós S. Improving Glass Transition Temperature and Toughness of Epoxy Adhesives by a Complex Room-Temperature Curing System by Changing the Stoichiometry. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020252. [PMID: 36679133 PMCID: PMC9864282 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The glass transition temperature (Tg) of room-temperature curing epoxy adhesives is limited by the temperature used during curing. It is already known that the excess of epoxy groups can undergo a homopolymerization reaction initiated by tertiary amines at elevated temperatures, resulting in an increase in Tg. However, there is no evidence of this reaction occurring at room temperature. In the present work, the influence of formulation stoichiometry on Tg and mechanical properties was investigated. Dynamomechanical, rheological and mechanical properties of epoxy adhesives were determined by DSC, DMA, rheometer and tensile and shear strength testing. It has been probed that an excess of epoxy resin combined with a complex curing system composed of a primary amine, a polymercaptan and a tertiary amine leads to an increase in Tg up to 70 °C due to the homopolymerization reaction that takes place at room temperature. However, as the excess of epoxy resin is increased, gel time becomes slower. Regarding mechanical properties, it has been proven that an excess of epoxy resin provides a tighter and tougher material but maintains flexibility of the stoichiometric formulation, which is meant to enhance the resistance to impact-type forces, thermal shock and thermal cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oiane Ruíz de Azúa
- Grup d’Engineyeria de Materials (GEMAT), Institut Quimic de Sarria (IQS), Universitat Ramon Lull, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Agulló
- Grup d’Engineyeria de Materials (GEMAT), Institut Quimic de Sarria (IQS), Universitat Ramon Lull, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Arbusà
- Sailing Techcnologies, S.L., 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salvador Borrós
- Grup d’Engineyeria de Materials (GEMAT), Institut Quimic de Sarria (IQS), Universitat Ramon Lull, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-932672000
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Bashir O, Hussain SZ, Ameer K, Amin T, Beenish, Ahmed IAM, Aljobair MO, Gani G, Mir SA, Ayaz Q, Nazir N. Influence of Anticaking Agents and Storage Conditions on Quality Characteristics of Spray Dried Apricot Powder: Shelf Life Prediction Studies Using Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB) Model. Foods 2022; 12. [PMID: 36613387 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Apricot powder was developed through spray drying using gum arabic as an encapsulating material at a concentration of 19%. Inlet air temperature, feed total soluble solids (TSS), feed flow rate, and atomization speed were 190 °C, 23.0 °C, 300.05 mL/h, and 17,433 rpm, respectively. This study was therefore conducted to investigate the influence of anticaking agents (tricalcium phosphate and silicon dioxide) and storage conditions (ambient and accelerated) on physicochemical, micrometric, and thermal characteristics of spray-dried apricot powder (SDAP) packaged in aluminum laminates. Both tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) improved the shelf life and quality of SDAP, with TCP being more effective, since a lower increase in water activity (aw), moisture content, degree of caking, hygroscopicity, and rehydration time was observed in TCP-treated samples followed by SiO2-treated samples than the control. Furthermore, flowability, glass transition temperature (Tg), and sticky-point temperature (Ts) of SDAP tended to decrease in a significant manner (p < 0.05) under both storage conditions. However, the rate of decrease was higher during accelerated storage. The water activity of treated samples under ambient conditions did not exceed 0.60 and had a total plate count within the permissible range of 40,000 CFU/g, indicating shelf stability of the powder. The predicted shelf life of powder obtained from the Guggenheim−Anderson−de Boer (GAB) model and experimental values were very similar, with TCP-treated samples having a predicted shelf life of 157 days and 77 days under ambient and accelerated storage conditions, respectively. However, the respective experimental shelf life under the same conditions was 150 and 75 days, respectively. Similarly, the predicted shelf life of SiO2-treated samples under ambient and accelerated storage was 137 and 39 days, respectively, whereas the experimental values were 148 and 47 days, respectively. In conclusion, TCP proved more effective than SiO2 at preserving shelf life by preventing moisture ingress.
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Aikawa S, Tanaka H, Ueda H, Maruyama M, Higaki K. Formation of a Stable Co-Amorphous System for a Brick Dust Molecule by Utilizing Sodium Taurocholate with High Glass Transition Temperature. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:84. [PMID: 36678713 PMCID: PMC9864160 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Brick dust molecules are usually poorly soluble in water and lipoidal components, making it difficult to formulate them in dosage forms that provide efficient pharmacological effects. A co-amorphous system is an effective strategy to resolve these issues. However, their glass transition temperatures (Tg) are relatively lower than those of polymeric amorphous solid dispersions, suggesting the instability of the co-amorphous system. This study aimed to formulate a stable co-amorphous system for brick dust molecules by utilizing sodium taurocholate (NaTC) with a higher Tg. A novel neuropeptide Y5 receptor antagonist (AntiY5R) and NaTC with Tg of 155 °C were used as the brick dust model and coformer, respectively. Ball milling formed a co-amorphous system for AntiY5R and NaTC (AntiY5R-NaTC) at various molar ratios. Deviation from the theoretical Tg value and peak shifts in Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy indicated intermolecular interactions between AntiY5R and NaTC. AntiY5R-NaTC at equal molar ratios resulting in an 8.5-fold increase in AntiY5R solubility over its crystalline form. The co-amorphous system remained amorphous for 1 month at 25 °C and 40 °C. These results suggest that the co-amorphous system formed by utilizing NaTC as a coformer could stably maintain the amorphous state and enhance the solubility of brick dust molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Aikawa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- Formulation Research Department, Formulation R&D Laboratory, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Hyogo 660-0813, Japan
| | - Hironori Tanaka
- Formulation Research Department, Formulation R&D Laboratory, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Hyogo 660-0813, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ueda
- Bioanalytical, Analysis and Evaluation Laboratory, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Masato Maruyama
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Higaki
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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Jang HJ, Lee JY. Key Factor Managing the Horizontal Emitting Dipole Orientation of a Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitter in a Mixed Host. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:54907-54913. [PMID: 36453592 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c20210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Horizontal emitting dipole orientation (EDO) of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) molecules in a mixed host was studied by altering the host materials and host composition of the mixed host to gain insight into the important parameter of the host governing the EDO of TADF emitters. Five different host materials were combined with 1,3-bis(carbazol-9-yl)benzene (mCP), demonstrating that the host-dopant interaction is crucial to the absolute value of the horizontal EDO of the TADF emitters, whereas the glass transition temperature (Tg) is the important parameter determining the EDO dependence upon host composition. The mixed host of mCP with a high Tg host maintained high horizontal EDO in the mCP poor host composition, while that of mCP with a low Tg host showed average horizontal EDO of two hosts. Therefore, the combination of a high Tg n-type host enabling a strong host-dopant interaction with the p-type host with the usage of the n-type-host-rich composition is effective to achieve high horizontal EDO in the mixed-host-based TADF emitting layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Jin Jang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Korea
| | - Jun Yeob Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Korea
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45
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Jiang W, Zhao G, Tian W, Sun Y. Aggregation-Induced Intermolecular Charge Transfer Emission for Solution-Processable Bipolar Host Material via Adjusting the Length of Alkyl Chain. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27228099. [PMID: 36432201 PMCID: PMC9698787 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27228099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Molecules with donor-spacer-acceptor configuration have been developed rapidly given their peculiar properties. How to utilize intermolecular interactions and charge transfers for solution-processed organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) greatly relies on molecular design strategy. Herein, soluble luminophores with D-spacer-A motif were constructed via shortening the alkyl chain from nonane to propane, where the alkyl chain was utilized as a spatial linker between the donor and acceptor. The alkyl chain blocks the molecular conjugation and induces the existence of aggregation-induced intermolecular CT emission, as well as the improved solubility and morphology in a solid-state film. In addition, the length of the alkyl chain affects the glass transition temperature, carrier transport and balance properties. The mCP-3C-TRZ with nonane as the spacer shows better thermal stability and bipolar carrier transport ability, so the corresponding solution-processable phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes exhibit superior external quantum efficiency of 9.8% when using mCP-3C-TRZ as a host material. This work offers a promising strategy to establish a bipolar host via utilizing intermolecular charge transfer process in an aggregated state.
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46
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Szabó E, Haraszti A, Záhonyi P, Vadas D, Csontos I, Nagy ZK, Van den Mooter G, Marosi G. Evaluation of Different Thermoanalytical Methods for the Analysis of the Stability of Naproxen-Loaded Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14. [PMID: 36432698 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research was to investigate three thermoanalytical techniques from the glass transition temperature (Tg) determination point of view. In addition, the examination of the correlation between the measured Tg values and the stability of the amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) was also an important part of the work. The results showed that a similar tendency of the Tg can be observed in the case of the applied methods. However, Tg values measured by thermally stimulated depolarization currents showed higher deviation from the theoretical calculations than the values measured by modulated differential scanning calorimetry, referring better to the drug-polymer interactions. Indeed, the investigations after the stress stability tests revealed that micro-thermal analysis can indicate the most sensitive changes in the Tg values, better indicating the instability of the samples. In addition to confirming that the active pharmaceutical ingredient content is a crucial factor in the stability of ASDs containing naproxen and poly(vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate), it is worthwhile applying orthogonal techniques to better understand the behavior of ASDs. The development of stable ASDs can be facilitated via mapping the molecular mobilities with suitable thermoanalytical methods.
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47
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Marx F, Pal S, Sautaux J, Pallab N, Stoclet G, Weder C, Schrettl S. Plasticization of a Semicrystalline Metallosupramolecular Polymer Network. ACS Polym Au 2022; 3:132-140. [PMID: 36785838 PMCID: PMC9912337 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.2c00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The assembly of ligand-functionalized (macro)monomers with suitable metal ions affords metallosupramolecular polymers (MSPs). On account of the reversible and dynamic nature of the metal-ligand complexes, these materials can be temporarily (dis-)assembled upon exposure to a suitable stimulus, and this effect can be exploited to heal damaged samples, to facilitate processing and recycling, or to enable reversible adhesion. We here report on the plasticization of a semicrystalline, stimuli-responsive MSP network that was assembled by combining a low-molecular-weight building block carrying three 2,6-bis(1'-methylbenzimidazolyl) pyridine (Mebip) ligands and zinc bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (Zn(NTf2)2). The pristine material exhibits high melting (T m = 230 °C) and glass transition (T g ≈ 157 °C) temperatures and offers robust mechanical properties between these temperatures. We show that this regime can be substantially extended through plasticization. To achieve this, the MSP network was blended with diisodecyl phthalate. The weight fraction of this plasticizer was systematically varied, and the thermal and mechanical properties of the resulting materials were investigated. We show that the T g can be lowered by more than 60 °C and the toughness above the T g is considerably increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Marx
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - Subhajit Pal
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - Julien Sautaux
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - Nazim Pallab
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - Grégory Stoclet
- CNRS,
INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux
et Transformations, Univ. Lille, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland,
| | - Stephen Schrettl
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland,TUM
School of Life Sciences, Technical University
of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, Freising 85354, Germany,
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48
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Zhao JH, Kumar PK, Sablani SS. Glass transitions in frozen systems as influenced by molecular weight of food components. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:4683-4715. [PMID: 36156387 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Freezing is a frequently used way to expand the storage life of foods with high water content. Under suitable cooling rates, frozen systems attain a condition of maximum freeze concentration, which is characterized by the glass transition temperature (Tg '), end point of freezing or onset of melting (Tm '), and concentration of solids (Xs ') in the maximum-freeze-concentrated matrix. The value of Tg ', Tm ', and Xs ' depends on the chemical composition of frozen system. Below Tg ', the rates of deteriorative reactions are significantly reduced. In this article, the data for Tg ', Tm ', and Xs ' of different frozen systems including sugars, starches, proteins, and food are collected and compiled. The trends in Tg ' and Tm ' data of food are investigated using molecular weight (MW) of food components. The Tg ' and Tm ' of most starches (increased by 2.46% to 87.3% and 10.8% to 85.0%) and some protein-rich foods (increased by 5.00% to 53.4% and 25.0% to 52.9%) were higher than the maximum values of sugar-rich foods. Both Tg ' and Tm ' values increased with increasing MW of solids in frozen food, reaching an asymptotic value. Moreover, there were exponential relationships between Tg ' or Tm ' values and MW for sugar and starch-rich foods taken together. Some studies found that frozen storage below Tg ' maintains the higher quality of food that was achieved by fast freezing. However, other studies found that there was no significant difference in the quality of frozen foods between storage temperature below and above Tg '. Therefore, storage below Tg ' is not the only factor for predicting the stability of frozen foods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pavitra Krishna Kumar
- Biological Systems Engineering Department, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Shyam S Sablani
- Biological Systems Engineering Department, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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Glaskova-Kuzmina T, Stankevics L, Tarasovs S, Sevcenko J, Špaček V, Sarakovskis A, Zolotarjovs A, Shmits K, Aniskevich A. Effect of Core-Shell Rubber Nanoparticles on the Mechanical Properties of Epoxy and Epoxy-Based CFRP. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:7502. [PMID: 36363094 PMCID: PMC9656058 DOI: 10.3390/ma15217502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the research was to estimate the effect of core-shell rubber (CSR) nanoparticles on the tensile properties, fracture toughness, and glass transition temperature of the epoxy and epoxy-based carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP). Three additives containing CSR nanoparticles were used for the research resulting in a filler fraction of 2-6 wt.% in the epoxy resin. It was experimentally confirmed that the effect of the CSR nanoparticles on the tensile properties of the epoxy resin was notable, leading to a reduction of 10-20% in the tensile strength and elastic modulus and an increase of 60-108% in the fracture toughness for the highest filler fraction. The interlaminar fracture toughness of CFRP was maximally improved by 53% for ACE MX 960 at CSR content 4 wt.%. The glass transition temperature of the epoxy was gradually improved by 10-20 °C with the increase of CSR nanoparticles for all of the additives. A combination of rigid and soft particles could simultaneously enhance both the tensile properties and the fracture toughness, which cannot be achieved by the single-phase particles independently.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leons Stankevics
- Institute for Mechanics of Materials, University of Latvia, Jelgavas 3, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Sergejs Tarasovs
- Institute for Mechanics of Materials, University of Latvia, Jelgavas 3, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Jevgenijs Sevcenko
- Institute for Mechanics of Materials, University of Latvia, Jelgavas 3, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Vladimir Špaček
- Synpo, S. K. Neumanna 1316, 530 02 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | - Andrey Aniskevich
- Institute for Mechanics of Materials, University of Latvia, Jelgavas 3, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
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50
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Tambe S, Jain D, Meruva SK, Rongala G, Juluri A, Nihalani G, Mamidi HK, Nukala PK, Bolla PK. Recent Advances in Amorphous Solid Dispersions: Preformulation, Formulation Strategies, Technological Advancements and Characterization. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2203. [PMID: 36297638 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) are among the most popular and widely studied solubility enhancement techniques. Since their inception in the early 1960s, the formulation development of ASDs has undergone tremendous progress. For instance, the method of preparing ASDs evolved from solvent-based approaches to solvent-free methods such as hot melt extrusion and Kinetisol®. The formulation approaches have advanced from employing a single polymeric carrier to multiple carriers with plasticizers to improve the stability and performance of ASDs. Major excipient manufacturers recognized the potential of ASDs and began introducing specialty excipients ideal for formulating ASDs. In addition to traditional techniques such as differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and X-ray crystallography, recent innovations such as nano-tomography, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray microscopy support a better understanding of the microstructure of ASDs. The purpose of this review is to highlight the recent advancements in the field of ASDs with respect to formulation approaches, methods of preparation, and advanced characterization techniques.
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