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Yogev Y, Schaffer M, Shlapobersky M, Jean MM, Wormser O, Drabkin M, Halperin D, Kassem R, Livoff A, Tsitrina AA, Asna N, Birk OS. A role of BPTF in viral oncogenicity delineated through studies of heritable Kaposi sarcoma. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29436. [PMID: 38380509 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma (KS), caused by Herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8; KSHV), shows sporadic, endemic, and epidemic forms. While familial clustering of KS was previously recorded, the molecular basis of hereditary predilection to KS remains largely unknown. We demonstrate through genetic studies that a dominantly inherited missense mutation in BPTF segregates with a phenotype of classical KS in multiple immunocompetent individuals in two families. Using an rKSHV.219-infected CRISPR/cas9-model, we show that BPTFI2012T mutant cells exhibit higher latent-to-lytic ratio, decreased virion production, increased LANA staining, and latent phenotype in viral transcriptomics. RNA-sequencing demonstrated that KSHV infection dysregulated oncogenic-like response and P53 pathways, MAPK cascade, and blood vessel development pathways, consistent with KS. BPTFI2012T also enriched pathways of viral genome regulation and replication, immune response, and chemotaxis, including downregulation of IFI16, SHFL HLAs, TGFB1, and HSPA5, all previously associated with KSHV infection and tumorigenesis. Many of the differentially expressed genes are regulated by Rel-NF-κB, which regulates immune processes, cell survival, and proliferation and is pivotal to oncogenesis. We thus demonstrate BPTF mutation-mediated monogenic hereditary predilection of KSHV virus-induced oncogenesis, and suggest BPTF as a drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Yogev
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics at the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Moshe Schaffer
- Department of Oncology, Barzilai University Medical Center, Ashkelon, and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Mark Shlapobersky
- Department of Pathology, Barzilai University Medical Center, Ashkelon, and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Matan M Jean
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics at the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Ohad Wormser
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics at the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Max Drabkin
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics at the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Daniel Halperin
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics at the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Riad Kassem
- Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Alejandro Livoff
- Department of Pathology, Barzilai University Medical Center, Ashkelon, and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- Department of Pathology, Galilee Medical Center, and The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Alexandra A Tsitrina
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Noam Asna
- Department of Oncology, Barzilai University Medical Center, Ashkelon, and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ohad S Birk
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics at the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- Genetics Institute, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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2
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Kundu JK, Zhang HM, Chakraborty S. Editorial: Plant-virus interactions: crop resistance in focus. Front Plant Sci 2024; 14:1354316. [PMID: 38259915 PMCID: PMC10800507 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1354316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiban Kumar Kundu
- Plant Virus and Vector Interactions-Centre for Plant Virus Research, Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czechia
- Laboratory of Virology-Centre for Plant Virus Research, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Heng-Mu Zhang
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Supriya Chakraborty
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Undi RB, Ahsan N, Larabee JL, Darlene-Reuter N, Papin J, Dogra S, Hannafon BN, Bronze MS, Houchen CW, Huycke MM, Ali N. Blocking of doublecortin-like kinase 1-regulated SARS-CoV-2 replication cycle restores cell signaling network. J Virol 2023; 97:e0119423. [PMID: 37861336 PMCID: PMC10688311 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01194-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Severe COVID-19 and post-acute sequelae often afflict patients with underlying co-morbidities. There is a pressing need for highly effective treatment, particularly in light of the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants. In a previous study, we demonstrated that DCLK1, a protein associated with cancer stem cells, is highly expressed in the lungs of COVID-19 patients and enhances viral production and hyperinflammatory responses. In this study, we report the pivotal role of DCLK1-regulated mechanisms in driving SARS-CoV-2 replication-transcription processes and pathogenic signaling. Notably, pharmacological inhibition of DCLK1 kinase during SARS-CoV-2 effectively impedes these processes and counteracts virus-induced alternations in global cell signaling. These findings hold significant potential for immediate application in treating COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Babu Undi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Nagib Ahsan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
- Mass Spectrometry, Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Jason L. Larabee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Nicole Darlene-Reuter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - James Papin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Samrita Dogra
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Bethany N. Hannafon
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Michael S. Bronze
- Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Courtney W. Houchen
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Mark M. Huycke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Naushad Ali
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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4
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Lin QF, Wong CXL, Eaton HE, Pang X, Shmulevitz M. Reovirus genomic diversity confers plasticity for protease utility during adaptation to intracellular uncoating. J Virol 2023; 97:e0082823. [PMID: 37747236 PMCID: PMC10617468 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00828-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Reoviruses infect many mammals and are widely studied as a model system for enteric viruses. However, most of our reovirus knowledge comes from laboratory strains maintained on immortalized L929 cells. Herein, we asked whether naturally circulating reoviruses possess the same genetic and phenotypic characteristics as laboratory strains. Naturally circulating reoviruses obtained from sewage were extremely diverse genetically. Moreover, sewage reoviruses exhibited poor fitness on L929 cells and relied heavily on gut proteases for viral uncoating and productive infection compared to laboratory strains. We then examined how naturally circulating reoviruses might adapt to cell culture conditions. Within three passages, virus isolates from the parental sewage population were selected, displaying improved fitness and intracellular uncoating in L929 cells. Remarkably, selected progeny clones were present at 0.01% of the parental population. Altogether, using reovirus as a model, our study demonstrates how the high genetic diversity of naturally circulating viruses results in rapid adaptation to new environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Feng Lin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Casey X. L. Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Heather E. Eaton
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xiaoli Pang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Public Health Laboratories (ProvLab), Alberta Precision Laboratories (APL), Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maya Shmulevitz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Locatelli M, Faure-Dupuy S. Virus hijacking of host epigenetic machinery to impair immune response. J Virol 2023; 97:e0065823. [PMID: 37656959 PMCID: PMC10537592 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00658-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA hypermethylation, histone acetylation/methylation, or nucleosome positioning, result in differential gene expression. These modifications can have an impact on various pathways, including host antiviral immune responses. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of epigenetic modifications induced by viruses to counteract host antiviral immune responses, which are crucial for establishing and maintaining infection of viruses. Finally, we provide insights into the potential use of epigenetic modulators in combating viral infections and virus-induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëlle Locatelli
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Suzanne Faure-Dupuy
- Université de Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France
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6
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Lo R, Gonçalves-Carneiro D. Sensing nucleotide composition in virus RNA. Biosci Rep 2023; 43:BSR20230372. [PMID: 37606964 PMCID: PMC10500230 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20230372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide composition plays a crucial role in the structure, function and recognition of RNA molecules. During infection, virus RNA is exposed to multiple endogenous proteins that detect local or global compositional biases and interfere with virus replication. Recent advancements in RNA:protein mapping technologies have enabled the identification of general RNA-binding preferences in the human proteome at basal level and in the context of virus infection. In this review, we explore how cellular proteins recognise nucleotide composition in virus RNA and the impact these interactions have on virus replication. Protein-binding G-rich and C-rich sequences are common examples of how host factors detect and limit infection, and, in contrast, viruses may have evolved to purge their genomes from such motifs. We also give examples of how human RNA-binding proteins inhibit virus replication, not only by destabilising virus RNA, but also by interfering with viral protein translation and genome encapsidation. Understanding the interplay between cellular proteins and virus RNA composition can provide insights into host-virus interactions and uncover potential targets for antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymon Lo
- Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, U.K
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7
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Bagchi P. Editorial: Cell organelle exploitation by viruses during infection, volume II. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1251168. [PMID: 37779726 PMCID: PMC10540063 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1251168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
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8
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Rajput M, Thakur N. Editorial: Advances in host-pathogen interactions for diseases in animals and birds. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1282110. [PMID: 37766859 PMCID: PMC10520279 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1282110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mrigendra Rajput
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States
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9
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de Medeiros RM, Valverde-Villegas JM, Ellwanger JH. Editorial: Host-virus interaction at the omics and ecology levels. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1209532. [PMID: 37207198 PMCID: PMC10189102 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1209532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rúbia Marília de Medeiros
- Independent Researcher, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Rúbia Marília de Medeiros,
| | | | - Joel Henrique Ellwanger
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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10
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Rizvi I, Hisamuddin M, Malik A, Khan RH. Identification of mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) Rep interacting partners using phage display and influence of Arabidopsis thaliana MCM3 on geminivirus DNA replication. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:10507-10517. [PMID: 34121621 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1935319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Geminiviruses consist of a single-stranded DNA genome that replicates by a rolling circle (RCR) and recombination-dependent (RDR) modes of replication. The AC1 or Rep is the indispensable viral protein required for the RCR mode of replication. Since these viruses encode only a few proteins, they depend on several host factors for replication, transcription, and other physiological processes. To get insights into the repertoire of host factors influencing the replication of geminiviruses, we performed phage display experiments which led to the identification of putative mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) Rep interacting host proteins. These proteins might directly or indirectly participate in geminivirus biology. MCM3 was one of the Rep-interacting partners obtained in the phage display results. Using bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC), the interaction of the MYMIV Rep with Arabidopsis thaliana MCM3 (AtMCM3) was confirmed. We report the involvement of AtMCM3 in the replication of MYMIV DNA through an ex vivo system. The physiological relevance of the interaction between AtMCM3 and MYMIV Rep is reflected by yeast replication assay.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irum Rizvi
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.,International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Malik Hisamuddin
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Ajamaluddin Malik
- Department of Biochemistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rizwan Hasan Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
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Kim T, Abraham R, Pieterse L, Yeh JX, Griffin DE. Cell-Type-Dependent Role for nsP3 Macrodomain ADP-Ribose Binding and Hydrolase Activity during Chikungunya Virus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122744. [PMID: 36560748 PMCID: PMC9787352 DOI: 10.3390/v14122744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) causes outbreaks of rash, arthritis, and fever associated with neurologic complications, where astrocytes are preferentially infected. A determinant of virulence is the macrodomain (MD) of nonstructural protein 3 (nsP3), which binds and removes ADP-ribose (ADPr) from ADP-ribosylated substrates and regulates stress-granule disruption. We compared the replication of CHIKV 181/25 (WT) and MD mutants with decreased ADPr binding and hydrolase (G32S) or increased ADPr binding and decreased hydrolase (Y114A) activities in C8-D1A astrocytic cells and NSC-34 neuronal cells. WT CHIKV replication was initiated more rapidly with earlier nsP synthesis in C8-D1A than in NSC-34 cells. G32S established infection, amplified replication complexes, and induced host-protein synthesis shut-off less efficiently than WT and produced less infectious virus, while Y114A replication was close to WT. However, G32S mutation effects on structural protein synthesis were cell-type-dependent. In NSC-34 cells, E2 synthesis was decreased compared to WT, while in C8-D1A cells synthesis was increased. Excess E2 produced by G32S-infected C8-D1A cells was assembled into virus particles that were less infectious than those from WT or Y114A-infected cells. Because nsP3 recruits ADP-ribosylated RNA-binding proteins in stress granules away from translation-initiation factors into nsP3 granules where the MD hydrolase can remove ADPr, we postulate that suboptimal translation-factor release decreased structural protein synthesis in NSC-34 cells while failure to de-ADP-ribosylate regulatory RNA-binding proteins increased synthesis in C8-D1A cells.
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12
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Vavougios GD, de Erausquin GA, Snyder HM. Type I interferon signaling in SARS-CoV-2 associated neurocognitive disorder (SAND): Mapping host-virus interactions to an etiopathogenesis. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1063298. [PMID: 36570454 PMCID: PMC9771386 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1063298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological, clinical, and radiological studies have provided insights into the phenomenology and biological basis of cognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors. Furthermore, its association with biomarkers associated with neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration supports the notion that it is a distinct aspect of LongCOVID syndrome with specific underlying biology. Accounting for the latter, translational studies on SARS-CoV-2's interactions with its hosts have provided evidence on type I interferon dysregulation, which is seen in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. To date, studies attempting to describe this overlap have only described common mechanisms. In this manuscript, we attempt to propose a mechanistic model based on the host-virus interaction hypothesis. We discuss the molecular basis for a SARS-CoV-2-associated neurocognitive disorder (SAND) focusing on specific genes and pathways with potential mechanistic implications, several of which have been predicted by Vavougios and their research group. Furthermore, our hypothesis links translational evidence on interferon-responsive gene perturbations introduced by SARS-CoV-2 and known dysregulated pathways in dementia. Discussion emphasizes the crosstalk between central and peripheral immunity via danger-associated molecular patterns in inducing SAND's emergence in the absence of neuroinfection. Finally, we outline approaches to identifying targets that are both testable and druggable, and could serve in the design of future clinical and translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- George D. Vavougios
- Department of Neurology, University of Cyprus, Lefkosia, Cyprus,Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larisa, Greece,*Correspondence: George D. Vavougios ;
| | - Gabriel A. de Erausquin
- The Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, UTHSA, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Heather M. Snyder
- Division of Medical and Scientific Relations, Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL, United States
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13
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Lv L, Zhang T, Jia H, Zhang Y, Ahsan A, Zhao X, Chen T, Shen Z, Shen N. Temporally integrated transcriptome analysis reveals ASFV pathology and host response dynamics. Front Immunol 2022; 13:995998. [PMID: 36544767 PMCID: PMC9761332 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.995998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a lethal swine hemorrhagic disease and is currently responsible for widespread damage to the pig industry. The pathogenesis of ASFV infection and its interaction with host responses remain poorly understood. In this study, we profiled the temporal viral and host transcriptomes in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) with virulent and attenuated ASFV strains. We identified profound differences in the virus expression programs between SY18 and HuB20, which shed light on the pathogenic functions of several ASFV genes. Through integrated computational analysis and experimental validation, we demonstrated that compared to the virulent SY18 strain, the attenuated HuB20 quickly activates expression of receptors, sensors, regulators, as well as downstream effectors, including cGAS, STAT1/2, IRF9, MX1/2, suggesting rapid induction of a strong antiviral immune response in HuB20. Surprisingly, in addition to the pivotal DNA sensing mechanism mediated by cGAS-STING pathway, infection of the DNA virus ASFV activates genes associated with RNA virus response, with stronger induction by HuB20 infection. Taken together, this study reveals novel insights into the host-virus interaction dynamics, and provides reference for future mechanistic studies of ASFV pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lv
- Department of Infectious Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tianyun Zhang
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hanying Jia
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Asif Ahsan
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhao
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Teng Chen
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China,*Correspondence: Teng Chen, ; Zhiqiang Shen, ; Ning Shen,
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- Shandong Binzhou Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Binzhou, Shandong, China,Shandong Lvdu Bio-Sciences and Technology Co., Ltd., Binzhou, Shandong, China,*Correspondence: Teng Chen, ; Zhiqiang Shen, ; Ning Shen,
| | - Ning Shen
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,*Correspondence: Teng Chen, ; Zhiqiang Shen, ; Ning Shen,
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Jia Q, Fu Y. microRNA-34-5p encoded by Spodoptera frugiperda regulates the replication and infection of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus by targeting odv-e66, ac78 and ie2. Pest Manag Sci 2022; 78:5379-5389. [PMID: 36057111 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spodoptera frugiperda is one of the significant migratory pests in the Global Alert issued by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. As an insect-specific microbial insecticide, baculovirus has been used to control various pests. MicroRNA-34-5p (miR-34-5p) is involved in regulating growth, reproduction and innate immunity to pathogens in insects, playing an essential role in host-virus interactions. In this study, we explored the critical function of miR-34-5p encoded by S. frugiperda in the anti-Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV), providing a reference for the design of a miR-34-5p target biopesticide against S. frugiperda and a theoretical basis for the wide application of microRNAs (miRNAs) in green pest control technology. RESULTS We focused on miR-34-5p identified as downregulated in Sf9 cells and S. frugiperda larvae infected by AcMNPV. The regulatory function of miR-34-5p in AcMNPV-S. frugiperda interactions was studied by transfecting synthetic mimics and inhibitors, and constructing recombinant bacmids with miR-34-5p overexpression. miR-34-5p inhibited the production of infectious budded virions at the cellular and insect levels, inhibited the replication of the viral DNA and glucose metabolism, and increased the transcription of the antimicrobial peptide gloverin. Furthermore, the virus genes odv-e66, ac78 and ie2 were shown to be direct targets. CONCLUSION We systematically revealed the mechanism by which miR-34-5p is involved in the insect antiviral process. miR-34-5p inhibited the replication and infection of AcMNPV by directly targeting AcMNPV genes, especially ac78 and ie2. Our study provides a new direction and thinking for the prevention and green control of lepidopteran pests. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaojin Jia
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Fenyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuejun Fu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
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15
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Lin S, Zhang SL, Yin HT, Zhao ZM, Chen ZK, Shen MM, Zhang ZD, Guo XJ, Wu P. Cellular Lnc_209997 suppresses Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus replication by targeting miR-275-5p in B. mori. Insect Mol Biol 2022; 31:308-316. [PMID: 35060217 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is a type of non-coding RNA molecule, which exceeds 200 nucleotides in length and participates in the regulation of a variety of life activities. Recent studies showed that lncRNAs play important roles in viral infection and host immunity. At present, the researches on insect lncRNAs are relatively few. In this study, we found the expression of Lnc_209997 was significantly down-regulated in silkworm fat body infected with Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrosis virus (BmNPV). Inhibition of Lnc_209997 promoted BmNPV replication. Enhancing the expression of Lnc_209997 inhibited the proliferation of BmNPV. miR-275-5p was up-regulated in silkworm fat body infected with BmNPV. Dual luciferase reporter gene system confirmed the interaction between Lnc_209997 and miR-275-5p. Over-expression of Lnc_209997 inhibited the expression of miR-275-5p, while inhibition of Lnc_209997 enhanced the expression of miR-275-5p. Further, over-expression of miR-275-5p can facilitate the replication of BmNPV. These results suggested that BmNPV could increase the expression of miR-275-5p by inhibiting cellular Lnc_209997 expression to promote their own proliferation. Our results are helpful for better understanding the role of lncRNAs in BmNPV infection, and provide insights into elucidating the molecular mechanism of interaction between Bombyx mori and virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Lin
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shao Lun Zhang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Tong Yin
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhi Meng Zhao
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zi Kang Chen
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Man Man Shen
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zheng Dong Zhang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xi Jie Guo
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping Wu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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16
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Fang J, Pietzsch C, Tsaprailis G, Crynen G, Cho KF, Ting AY, Bukreyev A, de la Torre JC, Saphire EO. Functional interactomes of the Ebola virus polymerase identified by proximity proteomics in the context of viral replication. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110544. [PMID: 35320713 PMCID: PMC10496643 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) critically depends on the viral polymerase to replicate and transcribe the viral RNA genome in the cytoplasm of host cells, where cellular factors can antagonize or facilitate the virus life cycle. Here we leverage proximity proteomics and conduct a small interfering RNA (siRNA) screen to define the functional interactome of EBOV polymerase. As a proof of principle, we validate two cellular mRNA decay factors from 35 identified host factors: eukaryotic peptide chain release factor subunit 3a (eRF3a/GSPT1) and up-frameshift protein 1 (UPF1). Our data suggest that EBOV can subvert restrictions of cellular mRNA decay and repurpose GSPT1 and UPF1 to promote viral replication. Treating EBOV-infected human hepatocytes with a drug candidate that targets GSPT1 for degradation significantly reduces viral RNA load and particle production. Our work demonstrates the utility of proximity proteomics to capture the functional host interactome of the EBOV polymerase and to illuminate host-dependent regulation of viral RNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Fang
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Colette Pietzsch
- Department of Pathology and Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | | | - Gogce Crynen
- Bioinformatics and Statistics Core, Scripps Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Kelvin Frank Cho
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alice Y Ting
- Department of Genetics, Department of Biology, and Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology and Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA.
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17
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Sharma HN, Latimore COD, Matthews QL. Biology and Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2: Understandings for Therapeutic Developments against COVID-19. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091218. [PMID: 34578250 PMCID: PMC8470303 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are positive sense, single-stranded, enveloped, and non-segmented RNA viruses that belong to the Coronaviridae family within the order Nidovirales and suborder Coronavirinae. Two Alphacoronavirus strains: HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63 and five Betacoronaviruses: HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-OC43, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 have so far been recognized as Human Coronaviruses (HCoVs). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 is currently the greatest concern for humanity. Despite the overflow of research on SARS-CoV-2 and other HCoVs published every week, existing knowledge in this area is insufficient for the complete understanding of the viruses and the diseases caused by them. This review is based on the analysis of 210 published works, and it attempts to cover the basic biology of coronaviruses, including the genetic characteristics, life cycle, and host-pathogen interaction, pathogenesis, the antiviral drugs, and vaccines against HCoVs, especially focusing on SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, we will briefly discuss the potential link between extracellular vesicles (EVs) and SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homa Nath Sharma
- Microbiology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA;
| | | | - Qiana L. Matthews
- Microbiology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA;
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA;
- Correspondence:
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18
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Greenan E, Gallagher S, Khalil R, Murphy CC, Ní Gabhann-Dromgoole J. Advancing Our Understanding of Corneal Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Immune Evasion Mechanisms and Future Therapeutics. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091856. [PMID: 34578437 PMCID: PMC8473450 DOI: 10.3390/v13091856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes stromal keratitis (HSK) is a disease that commonly affects the cornea and external eye and is caused by Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1). This virus infects approximately 66% of people worldwide; however, only a small portion of these people will develop symptoms in their lifetime. There is no cure or vaccine available for HSV-1; however, there are treatments available that aim to control the inflammation caused by the virus and prevent its recurrence. While these treatments are beneficial to those suffering with HSK, there is a need for more effective treatments to minimise the need for topical steroids, which can have harmful effects, and to prevent bouts of disease reactivation, which can lead to progressive corneal scarring and visual impairment. This review details the current understanding of HSV-1 infection and discusses potential novel treatment options including microRNAs, TLRs, mAbs, and aptamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Greenan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 XK51 Dublin, Ireland; (E.G.); (C.C.M.)
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences (PBS), RSCI Research Institute, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 XK51 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Sophie Gallagher
- School of Biological and Health Sciences, Technological University (TU) Dublin, Kevin Street, D02 XK51 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Rana Khalil
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences (PBS), RSCI Research Institute, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 XK51 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Conor C. Murphy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 XK51 Dublin, Ireland; (E.G.); (C.C.M.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victoria Eye and Ear Hospital, D02 XK51 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joan Ní Gabhann-Dromgoole
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 XK51 Dublin, Ireland; (E.G.); (C.C.M.)
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences (PBS), RSCI Research Institute, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 XK51 Dublin, Ireland;
- Correspondence:
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19
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Choksupmanee O, Tangkijthavorn W, Hodge K, Trisakulwattana K, Phornsiricharoenphant W, Narkthong V, Tulakarnwong S, Ngamphiw C, Tongsima S, Chimnaronk S. Specific Interaction of DDX6 with an RNA Hairpin in the 3' UTR of the Dengue Virus Genome Mediates G 1 Phase Arrest. J Virol 2021; 95:e0051021. [PMID: 34132569 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00510-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The extent to which viral genomic RNAs interact with host factors and contribute to host response and disease pathogenesis is not well known. Here, we report that the human RNA helicase DDX6 specifically binds to the viral most conserved RNA hairpin in the A3 element in the dengue 3' UTR, with nanomolar affinities. DDX6 CLIP confirmed the interaction in HuH-7 cells infected by dengue virus serotype 2. This interaction requires three conserved residues-Lys307, Lys367, and Arg369-as well as the unstructured extension in the C-terminal domain of DDX6. Interestingly, alanine substitution of these three basic residues resulted in RNA-independent ATPase activity, suggesting a mechanism by which RNA-binding and ATPase activities are coupled in DEAD box helicases. Furthermore, we applied a cross-omics gene enrichment approach to suggest that DDX6 is functionally related to cell cycle regulation and viral pathogenicity. Indeed, infected cells exhibited cell cycle arrest in G1 phase and a decrease in the early S phase. Exogenous expression of intact DDX6, but not A3-binding-deficient mutants, alleviated these effects by rescue of the DNA preinitiation complex expression. Disruption of the DDX6-binding site was found in dengue and Zika live-attenuated vaccine strains. Our results suggested that dengue virus has evolved an RNA aptamer against DDX6 to alter host cell states and defined DDX6 as a new regulator of G1/S transition. IMPORTANCE Dengue virus (DENV) is transmitted by mosquitoes to humans, infecting 390 million individuals per year globally. About 20% of infected patients shows a spectrum of clinical manifestation, ranging from a mild flu-like syndrome, to dengue fever, to life-threatening severe dengue diseases, including dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. There is currently no specific treatment for dengue diseases, and the molecular mechanism underlying dengue pathogenesis remains poorly understood. In this study, we combined biochemical, bioinformatics, high-content analysis and RNA sequencing approaches to characterize a highly conserved interface of the RNA genome of DENV with a human factor named DDX6 in infected cells. The significance of our research is in identifying the mechanism for a viral strategy to alter host cell fates, which conceivably allows us to generate a model for live-attenuated vaccine and the design of new therapeutic reagent for dengue diseases.
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20
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Cech GM, Szalewska-Pałasz A, Potrykus K, Kloska A. Virus-Host Interaction Gets Curiouser and Curiouser. PART II: Functional Transcriptomics of the E. coli DksA-Deficient Cell upon Phage P1 vir Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6159. [PMID: 34200430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The virus–host interaction requires a complex interplay between the phage strategy of reprogramming the host machinery to produce and release progeny virions, and the host defense against infection. Using RNA sequencing, we investigated the phage–host interaction to resolve the phenomenon of improved lytic development of P1vir phage in a DksA-deficient E. coli host. Expression of the ant1 and kilA P1vir genes in the wild-type host was the highest among all and most probably leads to phage virulence. Interestingly, in a DksA-deficient host, P1vir genes encoding lysozyme and holin are downregulated, while antiholins are upregulated. Gene expression of RepA, a protein necessary for replication initiating at the phage oriR region, is increased in the dksA mutant; this is also true for phage genes responsible for viral morphogenesis and architecture. Still, it seems that P1vir is taking control of the bacterial protein, sugar, and lipid metabolism in both, the wild type and dksA− hosts. Generally, bacterial hosts are reacting by activating their SOS response or upregulating the heat shock proteins. However, only DksA-deficient cells upregulate their sulfur metabolism and downregulate proteolysis upon P1vir infection. We conclude that P1vir development is enhanced in the dksA mutant due to several improvements, including replication and virion assembly, as well as a less efficient lysis.
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21
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Meng Y, Yu X, You C, Zhang W, Sun Y, Li L, Jin T, Pan P, Xie A. Chicken Heat Shock Protein 70 Is an Essential Host Protein for Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Infection In Vitro. Pathogens 2021; 10:664. [PMID: 34071696 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection causes pathogenicity and mortality in chickens, leading to huge economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. Studies of host-virus interaction can help us to better understand the viral pathogenicity. As a highly conservative host factor, heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is observed to be involved in numerous viral infections. However, there is little information about the role of chicken Hsp70 (cHsp70) in IBDV infection. In the present study, the increased expression of cHsp70 was observed during IBDV-infected DF-1 cells. Further studies revealed that Hsp70 had similar locations with the viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), and the result of pull-down assay showed the direct interaction between cHsp70 with dsRNA, viral proteins (vp)2 and 3, indicating that maybe cHsp70 participates in the formation of the replication and transcription complex. Furthermore, overexpression of cHsp70 promoted IBDV production and knockdown of cHsp70 using small interfering RNAs (siRNA) and reducedviral production, implying the necessity of cHsp70 in IBDV infection. These results reveal that cHsp70 is essential for IBDV infection in DF-1 cells, suggesting that targeting cHsp70 may be applied as an antiviral strategy.
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22
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Tripathi V, Chatterjee KS, Das R. Non-covalent Interaction With SUMO Enhances the Activity of Human Cytomegalovirus Protein IE1. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:662522. [PMID: 34055792 PMCID: PMC8155523 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.662522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses interact with the host cellular pathways to optimize cellular conditions for replication. The Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) Immediate-Early protein 1 (IE1) is the first viral protein to express during infection. It is a multifunctional and conditionally essential protein for HCMV infection. SUMO signaling regulates several cellular pathways that are also targets of IE1. Consequently, IE1 exploits SUMO signaling to regulate these pathways. The covalent interaction of IE1 and SUMO (IE1-SUMOylation) is well studied. However, the non-covalent interactions between SUMO and IE1 are unknown. We report two SUMO-Interacting Motifs (SIMs) in IE1, one at the end of the core domain and another in the C-terminal domain. NMR titrations showed that IE1-SIMs bind to SUMO1 but not SUMO2. Two critical functions of IE1 are inhibition of SUMOylation of Promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) and transactivation of viral promoters. Although the non-covalent interaction of IE1 and SUMO is not involved in the inhibition of PML SUMOylation, it contributes to the transactivation activity. The transactivation activity of IE1 was previously correlated to its ability to inhibit PML SUMOylation. Our results suggest that transactivation and inhibition of PML SUMOylation are independent activities of IE1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasvi Tripathi
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Bengaluru, India
| | - Kiran Sankar Chatterjee
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Bengaluru, India
| | - Ranabir Das
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Bengaluru, India
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23
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Bamunuarachchi G, Pushparaj S, Liu L. Interplay between host non-coding RNAs and influenza viruses. RNA Biol 2021; 18:767-784. [PMID: 33404285 PMCID: PMC8078518 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2021.1872170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infection through seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics has been a major public health concern for decades. Incomplete protection from vaccination and increased antiviral resistance due to frequent mutations of influenza viruses have led to a continuous need for new therapeutic options. The functional significance of host protein and influenza virus interactions has been established, but relatively less is known about the interaction of host noncoding RNAs, including microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs, with influenza viruses. In this review, we summarize host noncoding RNA profiles during influenza virus infection and the regulation of influenza virus infection by host noncoding RNAs. Influenza viral non-coding RNAs are briefly discussed. Increased understanding of the molecular regulation of influenza viral replication will be beneficial in identifying potential therapeutic targets against the influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayan Bamunuarachchi
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, USA
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, USA
| | - Samuel Pushparaj
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, USA
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, USA
| | - Lin Liu
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, USA
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Bagchi P, Banerjee I, Martín-Acebes MA. Editorial: Cell Organelle Exploitation by Viruses During Infection. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:675152. [PMID: 33968008 PMCID: PMC8102777 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.675152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Parikshit Bagchi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Indranil Banerjee
- Cellular Virology Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, India
| | - Miguel A Martín-Acebes
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
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25
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Ye M, Lin L, Yang W, Gopinath SCB. Enhancing erythrocyte-influenza virus specificity by glycan-conjugated gold nanoparticle: Validation of hemagglutination by aptamer and neuraminidases. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2021; 69:798-807. [PMID: 33769582 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrated the terminated sialo-sugar chains (Neu5Acα2,6Gal and Neu5Acα2,3Gal)-mediated specificity enhancement of influenza virus and chicken red blood cell (RBC) by hemagglutination assay. These glycan chains were immobilized on the gold nanoparticle (GNP) to withhold the higher numbers. With the preliminary optimization, a clear button formation with 0.5% RBC was visualized. On the other hand, intact B/Tokio/53/99 with 750 nM hemagglutinin (HA) displayed a nice hemagglutination. The interference on the specificity of RBC and influenza virus was observed by anti-influenza aptamer at the concentration 31 nM; however, there is no hemagglutination prevention was noticed in the presence of complementary aptamer sequences. Spiking GNP-conjugated Neu5Acα2,6Gal or Neu5Acα2,3Gal or a mixture of these two to the reaction promoted the hemagglutination to 63-folds higher with 12 nM virus, whereas under the same condition the heat-inactivated viruses were lost the hemagglutination. Neuraminidases from Clostridium perfringens and Arthrobacter ureafaciens at 0.0025 neuraminidase units are able to abolish the hemagglutination. Other enzymes, Glycopeptidase F (Elizabethkingia meningoseptica) and Endoglycosidase H (Streptomyces plicatus) did not show the changes with agglutination. Obviously, sialyl-Gal-terminated glycan-conjugated GNP amendment has enhanced the specificity of erythrocyte-influenza virus and able to be controlled by aptamer or neuraminidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyi Ye
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Dayi County People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lei Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Dayi County People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Dayi County People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Subash C B Gopinath
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau, Perlis, 02600, Malaysia.,Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, 01000, Malaysia
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26
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Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 is a positive-sense RNA virus, a causal agent of ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. ACE2R methylation across three CpG sites (cg04013915, cg08559914, cg03536816) determines the host cell's entry. It regulates ACE2 expression by controlling the SIRT1 and KDM5B activity. Further, it regulates Type I and III IFN response by modulating H3K27me3 and H3K4me3 histone mark. SARS-CoV-2 protein with bromodomain and protein E mimics bromodomain histones and evades from host immune response. The 2'-O MTases mimics the host's cap1 structure and plays a vital role in immune evasion through Hsp90-mediated epigenetic process to hijack the infected cells. Although the current review highlighted the critical epigenetic events associated with SARS-CoV-2 immune evasion, the detailed mechanism is yet to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bimal P Jit
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Sahar Qazi
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Rakesh Arya
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Ankit Srivastava
- Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 220115, India
| | - Nimesh Gupta
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ashok Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
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27
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Abstract
Enhancing virus multiplication could assist in the rapid production of vaccines against viral diseases. Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP), a physical approach relying on reactive oxygen species to achieve the desirable cellular outcome, was shown to be effective in enhancing virus propagation, where bovine rhinotrachieitis virus and Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney cells were used as the modeling virus and cell line, respectively. CAP was shown to create synergies with virus infection in arresting host cells at the G2/M stage, decreasing cell membrane potential, increasing intracellular calcium level, and inducing selective autophagy. In addition, CAP was demonstrated to suppress virus-triggered immunogenic signaling as evaluated by IRF7 expression. We presented evidences on CAP-triggered maximization of host resources toward virus multiplication that is advantageous for viral vaccine production, and opened a novel regime for applying CAP in the sector of medical care and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Miao
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University , Wuxi, China
| | - Peiyu Han
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi, China
| | - Dong Hua
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University , Wuxi China
| | - Renwu Zhou
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney , Sydney, Australia
| | - Zhengbing Guan
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University , Wuxi, China
| | - Qing Lv
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University , Wuxi China
| | - Xiaofeng Dai
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi, China
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28
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Rovnak J, St Clair LA, McAlister C, Ogbu CP, Smolenske J, Cohrs RJ, Perera R. The 20th Anniversary Meeting of the Rocky Mountain Virology Association. Viruses 2020; 13:v13010038. [PMID: 33383821 PMCID: PMC7824690 DOI: 10.3390/v13010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and multiple devastating forest fires, the 2020 meeting of the Rocky Mountain Virology Association was held virtually. The three-day gathering featured talks describing recent advances in virology and prion research. The keynote presentation described the measles virus paradox of immune suppression and life-long immunity. Special invited speakers presented information concerning visualizing antiviral effector cell biology in mucosal tissues, uncovering the T-cell tropism of Epstein-Barr virus type 2, a history and current survey of coronavirus spike proteins, a summary of Zika virus vaccination and immunity, the innate immune response to flavivirus infections, a discussion concerning prion disease as it relates to multiple system atrophy, and clues for discussing virology with the non-virologist. On behalf of the Rocky Mountain Virology Association, this report summarizes selected presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Rovnak
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
| | - Laura A. St Clair
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (L.A.S.C.); (C.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Carley McAlister
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (L.A.S.C.); (C.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Chinemerem P. Ogbu
- Department of Biochemistry and Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
| | - Jessica Smolenske
- Mountain Campus Program Support, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
| | - Randall J. Cohrs
- Departments of Neurology and Immunology/Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Rushika Perera
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (L.A.S.C.); (C.M.); (R.P.)
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29
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Abstract
The time to the onset of AIDS symptoms in an HIV infected individual is known to correlate inversely with viremia and the level of immune activation. The correlation exists against the background of strong individual fluctuations demonstrating the existence of hidden variables depending on patient and virus parameters. At the moment, prognosis of the time to AIDS based on patient parameters is not possible. In addition, it is of paramount importance to understand the reason of progression to AIDS in untreated patients to be able to learn to control it by means other than anti-retroviral therapy. Here we develop a mechanistic mathematical model to predict the speed of progression to AIDS in individual untreated patients and patients treated with suboptimal therapy, based on a single-time measurement of several virological and immunological parameters. We show that the gradual increase in virus fitness during a chronic infection causes slow gradual depletion of CD4 T cells. Using the existing evolution models of HIV, we obtain general expressions predicting the time to the onset of AIDS symptoms in terms of the patient parameters, for low-viremia and high-viremia patients separately. We show that the evolution model of AIDS fits the existing data on virus-time correlations better than the alternative model of the deregulation of homeostatic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor M Rouzine
- Laboratory of Computational and Quantitative Biology, 7238 CNRS-UPMC, Institut Biologie Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Université, Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
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30
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Sharma A, Batra J, Stuchlik O, Reed MS, Pohl J, Chow VTK, Sambhara S, Lal SK. Influenza A Virus Nucleoprotein Activates the JNK Stress-Signaling Pathway for Viral Replication by Sequestering Host Filamin A Protein. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:581867. [PMID: 33101257 PMCID: PMC7546217 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.581867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) poses a major threat to global public health and is known to employ various strategies to usurp the host machinery for survival. Due to its fast-evolving nature, IAVs tend to escape the effect of available drugs and vaccines thus, prompting the development of novel antiviral strategies. High-throughput mass spectrometric screen of host-IAV interacting partners revealed host Filamin A (FLNA), an actin-binding protein involved in regulating multiple signaling pathways, as an interaction partner of IAV nucleoprotein (NP). In this study, we found that the IAV NP interrupts host FLNA-TRAF2 interaction by interacting with FLNA thus, resulting in increased levels of free, displaced TRAF2 molecules available for TRAF2-ASK1 mediated JNK pathway activation, a pathway critical to maintaining efficient viral replication. In addition, siRNA-mediated FLNA silencing was found to promote IAV replication (87% increase) while FLNA-overexpression impaired IAV replication (65% decrease). IAV NP was observed to be a crucial viral factor required to attain FLNA mRNA and protein attenuation post-IAV infection for efficient viral replication. Our results reveal FLNA to be a host factor with antiviral potential hitherto unknown to be involved in the IAV replication cycle thus, opening new possibilities of FLNA-NP interaction as a candidate anti-influenza drug development target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshika Sharma
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Jyoti Batra
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Olga Stuchlik
- National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Matthew S Reed
- National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jan Pohl
- National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Vincent T K Chow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Suryaprakash Sambhara
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sunil K Lal
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia.,Tropical Medicine and Biology Multidisciplinary Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
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31
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Delcuve GP, Lakowski TM, Su RC, Beacon TH, Davie JR. SARS-CoV-2 multifaceted interaction with human host. Part I: What we have learnt and done so far, and the still unknown realities. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:2313-2330. [PMID: 32918855 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the causing agent of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, is a beta-coronavirus which has 80% genetic homology with SARS-CoV, but displays increased virulence and transmissibility. Initially, SARS-CoV-2 was considered a respiratory virus generally causing a mild disease, only severe and fatal in the elderly and individuals with underlying conditions. Severe illnesses and fatalities were attributed to a cytokine storm, an excessive response from the host immune system. However, with the number of infections over 10 millions and still soaring, the insidious and stealthy nature of the virus has emerged, as it causes a vast array of diverse unexpected symptoms among infected individuals, including the young and healthy. It has become evident that besides infecting the respiratory tract, SARS-CoV-2 can affect many organs, possibly through the infection of the endothelium. This review presents an overview of our learning curve with the novel virus emergence, transmission, pathology, biological properties and host-interactions. It also briefly describes remedial measures taken until an effective vaccine is available, that is non-pharmaceutical interventions to reduce the viral spread and the repurposing of existing drugs, approved or in development for other conditions to eliminate the virus or mitigate the cytokine storm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève P Delcuve
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ted M Lakowski
- College of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Analysis Laboratory, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ruey-Chyi Su
- National HIV and Retrovirology Laboratory, JC Wilt Infectious Disease Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Tasnim H Beacon
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - James R Davie
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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32
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López P, Girardi E, Mounce BC, Weiss A, Chane-Woon-Ming B, Messmer M, Kaukinen P, Kopp A, Bortolamiol-Becet D, Fendri A, Vignuzzi M, Brino L, Pfeffer S. High-Throughput Fluorescence-Based Screen Identifies the Neuronal MicroRNA miR-124 as a Positive Regulator of Alphavirus Infection. J Virol 2020; 94:e02145-19. [PMID: 32102877 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02145-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory RNAs which act by modulating the expression of target genes. In addition to their role in maintaining essential physiological functions in the cell, miRNAs can also regulate viral infections. They can do so directly by targeting RNAs of viral origin or indirectly by targeting host mRNAs, and this can result in a positive or negative outcome for the virus. Here, we performed a fluorescence-based miRNA genome-wide screen in order to identify cellular miRNAs involved in the regulation of arbovirus infection in human cells. We identified 16 miRNAs showing a positive effect on Sindbis virus (SINV) expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP), among which were a number of neuron-specific ones such as miR-124. We confirmed that overexpression of miR-124 increases both SINV structural protein translation and viral production and that this effect is mediated by its seed sequence. We further demonstrated that the SINV genome possesses a binding site for miR-124. Both inhibition of miR-124 and silent mutations to disrupt this binding site in the viral RNA abolished positive regulation. We also proved that miR-124 inhibition reduces SINV infection in human differentiated neuronal cells. Finally, we showed that the proviral effect of miR-124 is conserved in other alphaviruses, as its inhibition reduces chikungunya virus (CHIKV) production in human cells. Altogether, our work expands the panel of positive regulation of the viral cycle by direct binding of host miRNAs to the viral RNA and provides new insights into the role of cellular miRNAs as regulators of alphavirus infection.IMPORTANCE Arthropod-borne (arbo) viruses are part of a class of pathogens that are transmitted to their final hosts by insects. Because of climate change, the habitat of some of these insects, such as mosquitoes, is shifting, thereby facilitating the emergence of viral epidemics. Among the pathologies associated with arbovirus infection, neurological diseases such as meningitis and encephalitis represent a significant health burden. Using a genome-wide miRNA screen, we identified neuronal miR-124 as a positive regulator of the Sindbis and chikungunya alphaviruses. We also showed that this effect was in part direct, thereby opening novel avenues to treat alphavirus infections.
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33
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Shang Q, Wu P, Huang HL, Zhang SL, Tang XD, Guo XJ. Inhibition of heat shock protein 90 suppresses Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus replication in B. mori. Insect Mol Biol 2020; 29:205-213. [PMID: 31621968 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) plays a very important role in facilitating the replication of many viruses. Until now, little has been known about the role of Hsp90 in Bombyx mori virus infection. In this study, we explored the role of BmHsp90 in B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) replication. We found that BmHsp90 inhibition by geldanamycin (GA) significantly reduced the BmNPV titre, the protein expression level of BmNPV nucleocapsid protein 39 (VP39) and the transcript level of BmNPV genes. Silencing the hsp90 gene in BmN cells by small interfering RNA suppressed BmNPV replication whereas overexpression of hsp90 promoted the replication of BmNPV. After inhibition of Hsp90, the expression of three key genes [signal transducing activator of transcription (stat), suppressor of cytokine signalling protein 2 (socs2), socs6] involved in the Janus kinase/STAT pathway significantly changed, with up-regulation of stat and down-regulation of socs2 and socs6. In addition, the expression of two antiapoptosis genes, BmNPV inhibitor of apoptosis protein1 (BmNPV-iap1) and Bmiap2, was greatly decreased in GA-treated cells, whereas their expression was significantly increased in hsp90-overexpressed silkworm larvae. Our results indicated that inhibition of Hsp90 can suppress BmNPV proliferation in B. mori. Our findings may provide new clues to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of silkworm-virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Shang
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - P Wu
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, China
- Quality inspection center for sericultural products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhenjiang, China
| | - H L Huang
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - S L Zhang
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - X D Tang
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, China
| | - X J Guo
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, China
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34
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Rovnak J, St. Clair LA, Lian E, McAlister C, Perera R, Cohrs RJ. The 19th Rocky Mountain Virology Association Meeting. Viruses 2020; 12:v12010085. [PMID: 31940824 PMCID: PMC7019928 DOI: 10.3390/v12010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This autumn, 95 scientists and students from the Rocky Mountain area, along with invited speakers from Colorado, California, Montana, Florida, Louisiana, New York, Maryland, and India, attended the 19th annual meeting of the Rocky Mountain Virology Association that was held at the Colorado State University Mountain Campus located in the Rocky Mountains. The two-day gathering featured 30 talks and 13 posters—all of which focused on specific areas of current virology and prion protein research. The keynote presentation reviewed new tools for microbial discovery and diagnostics. This timely discussion described the opportunities new investigators have to expand the field of microbiology into chronic and acute diseases, the pitfalls of sensitive molecular methods for pathogen discovery, and ways in which microbiology help us understand disruptions in the social fabric that pose pandemic threats at least as real as Ebola or influenza. Other areas of interest included host factors that influence virus replication, in-depth analysis of virus transcription and its effect on host gene expression, and multiple discussions of virus pathology, epidemiology as well as new avenues of diagnosis and treatment. The meeting was held at the peak of fall Aspen colors, surrounded by five mountains >11,000 ft (3.3 km), where the secluded campus provided the ideal setting for extended discussions, outdoor exercise and stargazing. On behalf of the Rocky Mountain Virology Association, this report summarizes 43 selected presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Rovnak
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
| | - Laura A. St. Clair
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (L.A.S.C.); (E.L.); (C.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Elena Lian
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (L.A.S.C.); (E.L.); (C.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Carley McAlister
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (L.A.S.C.); (E.L.); (C.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Rushika Perera
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (L.A.S.C.); (E.L.); (C.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Randall J. Cohrs
- Departments of Neurology and Immunology/Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Correspondence:
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35
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Mohd-Ismail NK, Lim Z, Gunaratne J, Tan YJ. Mapping the Interactions of HBV cccDNA with Host Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174276. [PMID: 31480501 PMCID: PMC6747236 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major health problem affecting about 300 million people globally. Although successful administration of a prophylactic vaccine has reduced new infections, a cure for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is still unavailable. Current anti-HBV therapies slow down disease progression but are not curative as they cannot eliminate or permanently silence HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). The cccDNA minichromosome persists in the nuclei of infected hepatocytes where it forms the template for all viral transcription. Interactions between host factors and cccDNA are crucial for its formation, stability, and transcriptional activity. Here, we summarize the reported interactions between HBV cccDNA and various host factors and their implications on HBV replication. While the virus hijacks certain cellular processes to complete its life cycle, there are also host factors that restrict HBV infection. Therefore, we review both positive and negative regulation of HBV cccDNA by host factors and the use of small molecule drugs or sequence-specific nucleases to target these interactions or cccDNA directly. We also discuss several reporter-based surrogate systems that mimic cccDNA biology which can be used for drug library screening of cccDNA-targeting compounds as well as identification of cccDNA-related targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur K Mohd-Ismail
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Zijie Lim
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Jayantha Gunaratne
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Yee-Joo Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore.
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138673, Singapore.
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36
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Weston S, Matthews KL, Lent R, Vlk A, Haupt R, Kingsbury T, Frieman MB. A Yeast Suppressor Screen Used To Identify Mammalian SIRT1 as a Proviral Factor for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Replication. J Virol 2019; 93:e00197-19. [PMID: 31142674 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00197-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) initially emerged in 2012 and has since been responsible for over 2,300 infections, with a case fatality ratio of approximately 35%. We have used the highly characterized model system of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to investigate novel functional interactions between viral proteins and eukaryotic cells that may provide new avenues for antiviral intervention. We identify a functional link between the MERS-CoV ORF4a proteins and the YDL042C/SIR2 yeast gene. The mammalian homologue of SIR2 is SIRT1, an NAD-dependent histone deacetylase. We demonstrate for the first time that SIRT1 is a proviral factor for MERS-CoV replication and that ORF4a has a role in modulating its activity in mammalian cells. Viral proteins must intimately interact with the host cell machinery during virus replication. Here, we used the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a system to identify novel functional interactions between viral proteins and eukaryotic cells. Our work demonstrates that when the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) ORF4a accessory gene is expressed in yeast it causes a slow-growth phenotype. ORF4a has been characterized as an interferon antagonist in mammalian cells, and yet yeast lack an interferon system, suggesting further interactions between ORF4a and eukaryotic cells. Using the slow-growth phenotype as a reporter of ORF4a function, we utilized the yeast knockout library collection to perform a suppressor screen where we identified the YDL042C/SIR2 yeast gene as a suppressor of ORF4a function. The mammalian homologue of SIR2 is SIRT1, an NAD-dependent histone deacetylase. We found that when SIRT1 was inhibited by either chemical or genetic manipulation, there was reduced MERS-CoV replication, suggesting that SIRT1 is a proviral factor for MERS-CoV. Moreover, ORF4a inhibited SIRT1-mediated modulation of NF-κB signaling, demonstrating a functional link between ORF4a and SIRT1 in mammalian cells. Overall, the data presented here demonstrate the utility of yeast studies for identifying genetic interactions between viral proteins and eukaryotic cells. We also demonstrate for the first time that SIRT1 is a proviral factor for MERS-CoV replication and that ORF4a has a role in modulating its activity in cells. IMPORTANCE Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) initially emerged in 2012 and has since been responsible for over 2,300 infections, with a case fatality ratio of approximately 35%. We have used the highly characterized model system of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to investigate novel functional interactions between viral proteins and eukaryotic cells that may provide new avenues for antiviral intervention. We identify a functional link between the MERS-CoV ORF4a proteins and the YDL042C/SIR2 yeast gene. The mammalian homologue of SIR2 is SIRT1, an NAD-dependent histone deacetylase. We demonstrate for the first time that SIRT1 is a proviral factor for MERS-CoV replication and that ORF4a has a role in modulating its activity in mammalian cells.
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37
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Sharma G, Tripathi SK, Das S. lncRNA HULC facilitates efficient loading of HCV-core protein onto lipid droplets and subsequent virus-particle release. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13086. [PMID: 31290220 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cellular lipid pool plays a central role in hepatitis C virus (HCV) life cycle, from establishing infection to virus propagation. Here, we show that a liver abundant long noncoding RNA, highly upregulated in liver carcinoma (HULC), is upregulated during HCV infection and manipulates the lipid pool to favour virus life cycle. Interestingly, HULC was found to be crucial for the increase in number of lipid droplets in infected cells. This effect was attributed to the role of HULC in lipid biogenesis. Further, we demonstrated that HULC knockdown decreases the association of HCV-core protein with lipid droplets. This exhibited a direct consequence on the release of HCV particles. The role of HULC in HCV-particle release was further substantiated by additional knockdown and mutation experiments. Additionally, we found that increased level of HULC in HCV-infected cells was a result of Retinoid X Receptor Alpha (RXRA)-mediated transcription, which seemed to be aided by HCV-core protein. Taken together, the results identify a distinct role of long noncoding RNA HULC in lipid dynamics during HCV infection, which provides new insights into the complex process of HCV propagation and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetika Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Tripathi
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Saumitra Das
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
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38
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Abstract
Human coronavirus (HCoV) infection causes respiratory diseases with mild to severe outcomes. In the last 15 years, we have witnessed the emergence of two zoonotic, highly pathogenic HCoVs: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Replication of HCoV is regulated by a diversity of host factors and induces drastic alterations in cellular structure and physiology. Activation of critical signaling pathways during HCoV infection modulates the induction of antiviral immune response and contributes to the pathogenesis of HCoV. Recent studies have begun to reveal some fundamental aspects of the intricate HCoV-host interaction in mechanistic detail. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of host factors co-opted and signaling pathways activated during HCoV infection, with an emphasis on HCoV-infection-induced stress response, autophagy, apoptosis, and innate immunity. The cross talk among these pathways, as well as the modulatory strategies utilized by HCoV, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- To Sing Fung
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control and Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China;
| | - Ding Xiang Liu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control and Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China;
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Garcia-Moreno M, Noerenberg M, Ni S, Järvelin AI, González-Almela E, Lenz CE, Bach-Pages M, Cox V, Avolio R, Davis T, Hester S, Sohier TJM, Li B, Heikel G, Michlewski G, Sanz MA, Carrasco L, Ricci EP, Pelechano V, Davis I, Fischer B, Mohammed S, Castello A. System-wide Profiling of RNA-Binding Proteins Uncovers Key Regulators of Virus Infection. Mol Cell 2019; 74:196-211.e11. [PMID: 30799147 PMCID: PMC6458987 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The compendium of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) has been greatly expanded by the development of RNA-interactome capture (RIC). However, it remained unknown if the complement of RBPs changes in response to environmental perturbations and whether these rearrangements are important. To answer these questions, we developed “comparative RIC” and applied it to cells challenged with an RNA virus called sindbis (SINV). Over 200 RBPs display differential interaction with RNA upon SINV infection. These alterations are mainly driven by the loss of cellular mRNAs and the emergence of viral RNA. RBPs stimulated by the infection redistribute to viral replication factories and regulate the capacity of the virus to infect. For example, ablation of XRN1 causes cells to be refractory to SINV, while GEMIN5 moonlights as a regulator of SINV gene expression. In summary, RNA availability controls RBP localization and function in SINV-infected cells. A quarter of the RBPome changes upon SINV infection Alterations in RBP activity are largely explained by changes in RNA availability Altered RBPs are crucial for viral infection efficacy GEMIN5 binds to the 5′ end of SINV RNAs and regulates viral gene expression
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marko Noerenberg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3QU Oxford, UK
| | - Shuai Ni
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aino I Järvelin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3QU Oxford, UK
| | - Esther González-Almela
- Centro de Biologia Molecular "Severo Ochoa," Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Caroline E Lenz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3QU Oxford, UK
| | - Marcel Bach-Pages
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3QU Oxford, UK
| | - Victoria Cox
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3QU Oxford, UK
| | - Rosario Avolio
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3QU Oxford, UK; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Thomas Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3QU Oxford, UK
| | - Svenja Hester
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3QU Oxford, UK
| | - Thibault J M Sohier
- Université de Lyon, ENSL, UCBL, CNRS, INSERM, LBMC, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Bingnan Li
- SciLifeLab, Department of Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Solna, Sweden
| | - Gregory Heikel
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK; Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Gracjan Michlewski
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK; Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK; Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, 718 East Haizhou Road, Haining, Zhejiang 314400, People's Republic of China
| | - Miguel A Sanz
- Centro de Biologia Molecular "Severo Ochoa," Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Carrasco
- Centro de Biologia Molecular "Severo Ochoa," Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emiliano P Ricci
- Université de Lyon, ENSL, UCBL, CNRS, INSERM, LBMC, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Vicent Pelechano
- SciLifeLab, Department of Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Solna, Sweden
| | - Ilan Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3QU Oxford, UK
| | - Bernd Fischer
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shabaz Mohammed
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3QU Oxford, UK; Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Alfredo Castello
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3QU Oxford, UK.
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Zdziarski P. CMV-Specific Immune Response-New Patients, New Insight: Central Role of Specific IgG during Infancy and Long-Lasting Immune Deficiency after Allogenic Stem Cell Transplantation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E271. [PMID: 30641912 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the existing paradigm states that cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation is under the control of the cellular immune response, the role of humoral and innate counterparts are underestimated. The study analyzed the host–virus interaction i.e., CMV-immune response evolution during infection in three different clinical situations: (1) immunodeficient CMV-positive human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched bone marrow recipients after immunoablative conditioning as well as immunocompetent, (2) adult, and (3) infant with primary immune response. In the first situation, a fast and significant decrease of specific immunity was observed but reconstitution of marrow-derived B and natural killer (NK) cells was observed prior to thymic origin of T cells. The lowest CMV-IgG (93.2 RU/mL) was found just before CMV viremia. It is noteworthy that the sole and exclusive factor of CMV-specific immune response is a residual recipient antibody class IgG. The CMV-quantiferon increase was detected later, but in the first phase, phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced IFN-γ release was significantly lower than that of CMV-induced (“indeterminate” results). It corresponds with the increase of NK cells at the top of lymphocyte reconstitution and undetected CMV-specific CD8 cells using a pentamer technique. In immunocompetent adult (CMV-negative donor), the cellular and humoral immune response increased in a parallel manner, but symptoms of CMV mononucleosis persisted until the increase of specific IgG. During infancy, the decrease of the maternal CMV-IgG level to 89.08 RU/mL followed by clinical sequel, i.e., CMV replication, were described. My observations shed light on a unique host-CMV interaction and CMV-IgG role: they indicate that its significant decrease predicts CMV replication. Before primary cellular immune response development, the high level of residual CMV-IgG (about >100 R/mL) from mother or recipient prevents virus reactivation. The innate immune response and NK-dependent IFN-secretion should be further investigated.
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Sharma G, Raheja H, Das S. Hepatitis C virus: Enslavement of host factors. IUBMB Life 2018; 70:41-49. [PMID: 29281185 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has infected over 170 million people world-wide. This infection causes severe liver damage that can progress to hepatocellular carcinoma leading to death of the infected patients. Development of a cell culture model system for the study of HCV infection in the recent past has helped the researchers world-wide to understand the biology of this virus. Studies over the past decade have revealed the tricks played by the virus to sustain itself, for as long as 40 years, in the host setup without being eliminated by the immune system. Today we understand that the host organelles and different cellular proteins are affected during HCV infection. This cytoplasmic virus has all the cellular organelles at its disposal to successfully replicate, from ribosomes and intracellular membranous structures to the nucleus. It modulates these organelles at both the structural and the functional levels. The vast knowledge about the viral genome and viral proteins has also helped in the development of drugs against the virus. Despite the achieved success rate to cure the infected patients, we struggle to eliminate the cases of recurrence and the non-responders. Such cases might emerge owing to the property of the viral genome to accumulate mutations during its succeeding replication cycles which favours its survival. The current situation calls an urgent need for alternate therapeutic strategies to counter this major problem of human health. © 2017 IUBMB Life, 70(1):41-49, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetika Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Harsha Raheja
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Saumitra Das
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, Karnataka, India
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Fabozzi G, Oler AJ, Liu P, Chen Y, Mindaye S, Dolan MA, Kenney H, Gucek M, Zhu J, Rabin RL, Subbarao K. Strand-Specific Dual RNA Sequencing of Bronchial Epithelial Cells Infected with Influenza A/H3N2 Viruses Reveals Splicing of Gene Segment 6 and Novel Host-Virus Interactions. J Virol 2018; 92:e00518-18. [PMID: 29976658 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00518-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Host-influenza virus interplay at the transcript level has been extensively characterized in epithelial cells. Yet, there are no studies that simultaneously characterize human host and influenza A virus (IAV) genomes. We infected human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells with two seasonal IAV/H3N2 strains, Brisbane/10/07 and Perth/16/09 (reference strains for past vaccine seasons) and the well-characterized laboratory strain Udorn/307/72. Strand-specific RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of the infected BEAS-2B cells allowed for simultaneous analysis of host and viral transcriptomes, in addition to pathogen genomes, to reveal changes in mRNA expression and alternative splicing (AS). In general, patterns of global and immune gene expression induced by the three IAVs were mostly shared. However, AS of host transcripts and small nuclear RNAs differed between the seasonal and laboratory strains. Analysis of viral transcriptomes showed deletions of the polymerase components (defective interfering-like RNAs) within the genome. Surprisingly, we found that the neuraminidase gene undergoes AS and that the splicing event differs between seasonal and laboratory strains. Our findings reveal novel elements of the host-virus interaction and highlight the importance of RNA-seq in identifying molecular changes at the genome level that may contribute to shaping RNA-based innate immunity.IMPORTANCE The use of massively parallel RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) has revealed insights into human and pathogen genomes and their evolution. Dual RNA-seq allows simultaneous dissection of host and pathogen genomes and strand-specific RNA-seq provides information about the polarity of the RNA. This is important in the case of negative-strand RNA viruses like influenza virus, which generate positive (complementary and mRNA) and negative-strand RNAs (genome) that differ in their potential to trigger innate immunity. Here, we characterize interactions between human bronchial epithelial cells and three influenza A/H3N2 strains using strand-specific dual RNA-seq. We focused on this subtype because of its epidemiological importance in causing significant morbidity and mortality during influenza epidemics. We report novel elements that differ between seasonal and laboratory strains highlighting the complexity of the host-virus interplay at the RNA level.
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Abstract
Viruses vectored by insects cause severe medical and agricultural burdens. The process of virus infection of insects regulates and is regulated by a complex interplay of biomolecules including the small, non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs). Considered an anomaly upon its discovery only around 25 years ago, miRNAs as a class have challenged the molecular central dogma which essentially typifies RNAs as just intermediaries in the flow of information from DNA to protein. miRNAs are now known to be common modulators or fine-tuners of gene expression. While recent years has seen an increased emphasis on understanding the role of miRNAs in host-virus associations, existing literature on the interaction between insects and their arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) is largely restricted to miRNA abundance profiling. Here we analyse the commonalities and contrasts between miRNA abundance profiles with different host-arbovirus combinations and outline a suggested pipeline and criteria for functional analysis of the contribution of miRNAs to the insect vector-virus interaction. Finally, we discuss the potential use of the model organism, Drosophila melanogaster, in complementing research on the role of miRNAs in insect vector-virus interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verna Monsanto-Hearne
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
| | - Karyn N Johnson
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
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Abstract
Host-virus interaction via host cellular components has been an important field of research in recent times. RNA interference mediated by short interfering RNAs and microRNAs (miRNA), is a widespread anti-viral defense strategy. Importantly, viruses also encode their own miRNAs. In recent times miRNAs were identified as key players in host-virus interaction. Furthermore, viruses were shown to exploit the host miRNA networks to suite their own need. The complex cross-talk between host and viral miRNAs and their cellular and viral targets forms the environment for viral pathogenesis. Apart from protein-coding mRNAs, non-coding RNAs may also be targeted by host or viral miRNAs in virus infected cells, and viruses can exploit the host miRNA mediated gene regulatory network via the competing endogenous RNA effect. A recent report showed that viral U-rich non-coding RNAs called HSUR, expressed in primate virus herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) infected T cells, were able to bind to three host miRNAs, causing significant alteration in cellular level for one of the miRNAs. We have predicted protein coding and non protein-coding targets for viral and human miRNAs in virus infected cells. We identified viral miRNA targets within host non-coding RNA loci from AGO interacting regions in three different virus infected cells. Gene ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analysis of the genes comprising the ceRNA networks in the virus infected cells revealed enrichment of key cellular signaling pathways related to cell fate decisions and gene transcription, like Notch and Wnt signaling pathways, as well as pathways related to viral entry, replication and virulence. We identified a vast number of non-coding transcripts playing as potential ceRNAs to the immune response associated genes; e.g., APOBEC family genes, in some virus infected cells. All these information are compiled in HumanViCe (http://gyanxet-beta.com/humanvice), a comprehensive database that provides the potential ceRNA networks in virus infected human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Ghosal
- Computational Biology Group, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Kolkata, India
| | - Shaoli Das
- Computational Biology Group, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Kolkata, India
| | | | - Jayprokas Chakrabarti
- Computational Biology Group, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Kolkata, India ; Gyanxet Kolkata, India
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Abstract
Human enteroviruses (HEV), very common and important human pathogens, cause infections in diverse ways. Recently, the large epidemic of HFMD caused by HEV infection became a growing threat to public health in China. As the first line of immune response, the type I interferon (IFN-α/β) pathway plays an essential role in antiviral infection, particularly in limiting both the early and late stages of infection. Because of co-evolution with the host, the viruses have evolved multiple strategies to evade or subvert the host immunity to ensure their survival. In this paper, we systematically reviewed and summarized the interaction between HEV infections and host type I IFN responses. We firstly described the recent findings of HEV recognition and IFN induction, specifically on host pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) in HEV infection. Then we discussed the antiviral effect of IFN in HEV infection. Finally, we timely summarized the mechanisms of HEV to circumvent the IFN responses. Clarification of the complexity in this battle may provide us new strategies for prevention and antiviral treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- Center for Diseases Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province , Guangzhou , China
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Hillung J, Cuevas JM, Elena SF. Transcript Profiling of Different Arabidopsis thaliana Ecotypes in Response to Tobacco etch potyvirus Infection. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:229. [PMID: 22737149 PMCID: PMC3382383 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of high-throughput transcript profiling techniques has opened the possibility of identifying, in a single experiment, multiple host mRNAs whose levels of accumulation are altered in response to virus infection. Several studies have used this approach to analyze the response of Arabidopsis thaliana to the infection by different RNA and DNA viruses. However, the possible differences in response of genetically heterogeneous ecotypes of the plant to the same virus have never been addressed before. Here we have used a strain of Tobacco etch potyvirus (TEV) experimentally adapted to A. thaliana ecotype Ler-0 and a set of seven plant ecotypes to tackle this question. Each ecotype was inoculated with the same amount of the virus and the outcome of infection characterized phenotypically (i.e., virus infectivity, accumulation, and symptoms development). Using commercial microarrays containing probes for more than 43,000 A. thaliana transcripts, we explored the effect of viral infection on the plant transcriptome. In general, we found that ecotypes differ in the way they perceive and respond to the virus. Some ecotypes developed strong symptoms and accumulated large amounts of viral genomes, while others only developed mild symptoms and accumulated less virus. At the transcriptomic level, ecotypes could be classified into two groups according to the particular genes whose expression was altered upon infection. Moreover, a functional enrichment analyses showed that the two groups differed in the nature of the altered biological processes. For the group constituted by ecotypes developing milder symptoms and allowing for lower virus accumulation, genes involved in abiotic stresses and in the construction of new tissues tend to be up-regulated. For those ecotypes in which infection was more severe and productive, defense genes tend to be up-regulated, deviating the necessary resources from building new tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hillung
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de ValenciaValencia, Spain
| | - José M. Cuevas
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de ValenciaValencia, Spain
| | - Santiago F. Elena
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de ValenciaValencia, Spain
- The Santa Fe InstituteSanta Fe, NM, USA
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Abstract
Some cellular editing functions can restrict the replication of some viruses but contribute to completion of the life cycle of others. A recent study has identified an isoform of the adenosine deaminase acting on RNA type 1 (ADAR 1) as required for embryogenesis, and as a restriction factor for a number of important RNA virus pathogens [1]. The dual implication of key cellular functions in the innate immunity against viruses, or, paradoxically, as mediators of virus replication is interpreted in the light of the concept of virus-host coevolution and tinkering proposed for general evolution by François Jacob decades ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Domingo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), C/ Nicolás Cabrera, 1, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona 08036, Spain; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +34-91-1964540; Fax: +34-91-1964420
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48
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Abstract
Plant viruses exploit cellular factors, including host proteins, membranes and metabolites, for their replication in infected cells and to establish systemic infections. Besides traditional genetic, molecular, cellular and biochemical methods studying plant-virus interactions, both global and specialized proteomics methods are emerging as useful approaches for the identification of all the host proteins that play roles in virus infections. The various proteomics approaches include measuring differential protein expression in virus infected versus noninfected cells, analysis of viral and host protein components in the viral replicase or other virus-induced complexes, as well as proteome-wide screens to identify host protein - viral protein interactions using protein arrays or yeast two-hybrid assays. In this review, we will discuss the progress made in plant virology using various proteomics methods, and highlight the functions of some of the identified host proteins during viral infections. Since global proteomics approaches do not usually identify the molecular mechanism of the identified host factors during viral infections, additional experiments using genetics, biochemistry, cell biology and other approaches should also be performed to characterize the functions of host factors. Overall, the ever-improving proteomics approaches promise further understanding of plant-virus interactions that will likely result in new strategies for viral disease control in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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