1
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Soderstrom J, Grigg J, McWilliam O, Fatovich D. Brain and body disconnect: A retrospective case series of subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord from chronic nitrous oxide use in Perth, Western Australia. Drug Alcohol Rev 2024. [PMID: 38740512 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic nitrous oxide (N2O) use causes inactivation of vitamin B12, resulting in neurological and psychiatric symptoms. This case series presents all N2O-related presentations to the emergency department at Royal Perth Hospital between June 2019 and June 2021, alongside the costs of these admissions. CASE PRESENTATION Twenty-two patients were identified; 68% (n = 15) were male. The median age was 22.4 years (interquartile range [IQR], 20-30). Median daily number of N2O bulbs inhaled was 150 (IQR, 64-300) with a median duration of use of 9 months (IQR, 3-12). Presentations included ataxia, paraesthesia and falls (n = 18), urinary retention (n = 3) and psychotic symptoms (n = 2). Fourteen patients had severe symptoms prompting a magnetic resonance imaging of brain and spine, confirming 12 cases of subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord. All patients had IMI vitamin B12 therapy, while 14 had oral methionine therapy. The median length of admission was 4 days (IQR 1-23 days). The median cost of admission per day for patients where costs were accessible (n = 7) was $2061 (IQR, $1903-$2860). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS A case series of symptomatic chronic N2O use with severe neurological sequelae and significant costs associated per admission. Triangulation of emergency department and Ecstasy and Related Drugs Reporting System data helped prompt a swift public health response, including mandatory warning labels, limits to transaction amounts and legislative changes to the Medicines and Poisons Act to make it illegal for sale if there is a suspicion that it will be abused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessamine Soderstrom
- Emergency Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Research in Emergency Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, Australia
| | - Jodie Grigg
- National Drug Research Institute and enAble Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Owen McWilliam
- Emergency Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Daniel Fatovich
- Emergency Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Research in Emergency Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, Australia
- Emergency Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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2
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Chen Z, Akanbi F, Lucas DR, Walton DM, Benavides E, Soki FN, Siegel GW, McCauley LK, Clines GA. A skeleton in a huff: insights in etiologies of osteosclerosis. J Bone Miner Res 2024; 39:79-84. [PMID: 38477819 DOI: 10.1093/jbmr/zjad021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
A 30-yr-old man developed right lower leg pain and a palpable solid mass. Radiographic imaging revealed a periosteal reaction with an exostotic mass arising from the right distal fibula. Generalized skeletal osteosclerosis with periosteal reaction was discovered on a radiographic skeletal survey. A biopsy of the right fibular mass revealed reactive woven bone. The patient was referred to a metabolic bone disease clinic, where laboratory values were consistent with secondary hyperparathyroidism and increased bone turnover. A DXA bone density scan revealed high bone density, with an L1-4 spine Z-score of +9.3, a left femoral neck Z-score of +8.5, and a total hip Z-score of +6.5. A dental exam revealed generalized gingival inflammation, teeth mobility, generalized horizontal alveolar bone loss and widening of the periodontal ligament space, increased bone density around the teeth, and thickening of the radicular lamina dura. An extensive evaluation was performed, with the result of a single test revealing the diagnosis. The differential diagnoses of osteosclerosis affecting the skeleton, teeth, and oral cavity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozhao Chen
- Department of Periodontics & Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Folake Akanbi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - David R Lucas
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - David M Walton
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Erika Benavides
- Department of Periodontics & Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Fabiana N Soki
- Department of Periodontics & Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Geoffrey W Siegel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Laurie K McCauley
- Department of Periodontics & Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Gregory A Clines
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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3
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Chandrakar R, Srivastav S, Babhulkar V, Gupta S, Agrawal S, Jaiswal A, Prasad R, Wanjari MB. The Need for Action: Addressing Inhalant Abuse and Whitener Addiction Among Adolescents. Cureus 2023; 15:e40339. [PMID: 37456429 PMCID: PMC10338889 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.40339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhalant abuse and whitener addiction are serious problems among adolescents that have significant consequences for physical and mental health, as well as for families, communities, and society as a whole. This review article discusses the causes and health consequences of inhalant abuse and whitener addiction among adolescents, as well as the challenges in addressing the problem. The paper also outlines strategies for addressing inhalant abuse and whitener addiction, including education and awareness campaigns; early intervention and treatment; collaboration between schools, healthcare providers, and community organizations; and support for families affected by inhalant abuse and addiction. The paper concludes with a call to action for policymakers, healthcare providers, and community members to prioritize and address inhalant abuse and whitener addiction among adolescents. By working together, we can help to prevent substance abuse and promote the health and well-being of our youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashi Chandrakar
- Department of Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Samriddhi Srivastav
- Department of Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Vaishnavi Babhulkar
- Department of Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Shalvi Gupta
- Department of Surgery, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Sristy Agrawal
- Department of Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Arpita Jaiswal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Roshan Prasad
- Departments of Medicine and Surgery, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Mayur B Wanjari
- Department of Research and Development, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
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4
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Young R, Carter C, Cardinali S, Khan Z, Bennett K, Jarosz A, Sobecki J, Sharma R, Martin R. Recognizing Ethyl Chloride Neurotoxicity: Inhalant Abuse Hidden in Plain Sight. Cureus 2023; 15:e37795. [PMID: 37214062 PMCID: PMC10195209 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.37795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethyl chloride is a common topical anesthetic. However, when abused as an inhalant, effects can range from headaches and dizziness to debilitating neurotoxicity requiring intubation. While previous case reports describe the short-term reversible neurotoxicity of ethyl chloride, ours show chronic morbidity and mortality outcome. During the initial evaluation, it is essential to consider the rising trend of commercially available inhalants being used as recreational drugs. We present a case of a middle-aged man presenting with subacute neurotoxicity due to repeated abuse of ethyl chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Young
- Graduate Medical Education, OhioHealth Doctors Hospital, Columbus, USA
| | - Cody Carter
- Graduate Medical Education, OhioHealth Doctors Hospital, Columbus, USA
| | - Serge Cardinali
- Graduate Medical Education, OhioHealth Doctors Hospital, Columbus, USA
| | - Zeryab Khan
- Graduate Medical Education, OhioHealth Doctors Hospital, Columbus, USA
| | - Katelyn Bennett
- Graduate Medical Education, OhioHealth Doctors Hospital, Columbus, USA
| | - Amy Jarosz
- Neurology, OhioHealth Doctors Hospital, Columbus, USA
| | - Jeffery Sobecki
- Graduate Medical Education, OhioHealth Doctors Hospital, Columbus, USA
| | - Rupali Sharma
- Graduate Medical Education, OhioHealth Doctors Hospital, Columbus, USA
| | - Ryan Martin
- Graduate Medical Education, OhioHealth Doctors Hospital, Columbus, USA
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5
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Mohideen H, Dahiya DS, Parsons D, Hussain H, Ahmed RS. Skeletal Fluorosis: A Case of Inhalant Abuse Leading to a Diagnosis of Colon Cancer. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep 2022; 10:23247096221084919. [PMID: 35343855 PMCID: PMC8966097 DOI: 10.1177/23247096221084919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal fluorosis is a long-term bone disease that develops when prolonged fluoride toxicity leads to osteosclerosis and bone deformities that result in crippling pain and debility. The disease is endemic to many countries due to environmental or industrial exposures. However, rare cases in the United States have been reported from various causes including heavy toothpaste ingestion, excessive tea consumption, voriconazole use, and inhalant abuse. Here, we present a case of a 41-year-old man who presented for weight loss and severe joint pains due to bony sclerotic lesions found on X-rays. Social history revealed that he had been recreationally inhaling compressed air dusters used for cleaning electronics. Owing to concern for malignancy, he underwent an extensive work-up which led to a diagnosis of colon cancer, but positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) and bone biopsy were unexpectedly negative for metastatic bone disease. Further characterization of his lesions by skeletal survey led to a diagnosis of skeletal fluorosis secondary to inhalant abuse. As in this patient, the disease can be difficult for clinicians to recognize as it can be mistaken for various boney diseases such as metastatic cancer. However, once there is clinical suspicion for skeletal fluorosis, various tests to help confirm the diagnosis can include serum and urine fluoride levels, skeletal survey, and bone ash fluoride concentration. Treatment of skeletal fluorosis primarily involves cessation of fluoride exposure, and recovery can take years. Ultimately, further study is required to develop recommendations and guidelines for diagnosis, management, and prognosis of the disease in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dustin Parsons
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
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6
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George N, Chin B, Neeki AS, Dong F, Neeki MM. Acute Inhalant-Induced Atrial Fibrillation With Severe Hypocalcemia: A Case Report and Review of the Pathophysiology. Cureus 2021; 13:e19897. [PMID: 34966608 PMCID: PMC8710132 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.19897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The recreational use of inhalants is associated with various detrimental health effects ranging from inebriation to cardiac arrest. It also presents a challenging clinical problem as the diagnosis is made by the presentation and patient’s history, which is often difficult to obtain in an intoxicated or obtunded individual. The incidence of inhalant use is relatively high. National surveys have reported that nearly 21.7 million Americans aged 12 and older have used inhaled substances at least once in their lives. There is no reversal agent or antidote for inhalants and supportive care is generally recommended. We present a case of a young patient presenting with acute inhalant toxicity accompanied by atrial fibrillation with a rapid ventricular response and severe hypocalcemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas George
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Arrowhead Regional Medical Center, Colton, USA
| | - Brian Chin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Arrowhead Regional Medical Center, Colton, USA
| | - Arianna S Neeki
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Arrowhead Regional Medical Center, Colton, USA
| | - Fanglong Dong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Arrowhead Regional Medical Center, Colton, USA
| | - Michael M Neeki
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Arrowhead Regional Medical Center, Colton, USA.,Department of Emergency Medicine, California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, USA
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Chiew Angela L, Raubenheimer Jacques E, Ingrid B, Buckley Nicholas A, Therese B, Betty C, Jonathan B. Just "nanging" around - harmful nitrous oxide use. A retrospective case series and review of internet searches, social media posts and the coroner's database. Intern Med J 2021; 52:1724-1732. [PMID: 34029427 DOI: 10.1111/imj.15391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The chronic recreational inhalation of nitrous oxide (N2 O) "nanging", can have adverse neurological and psychiatric effects. This study evaluated cases of N2 O abuse presenting to two hospitals, N2 O-related deaths, and N2 O-related internet and social media trends. METHODS Retrospective review of two toxicology units, from July 2017-Oct 2020, of patients presenting with chronic N2 O use and neurological and/or psychiatric symptoms. We evaluated 10 y (2010-2019) of internet search and social media trends involving N2 O, and the National Coronial Information System (NCIS) database for deaths across Australia. RESULTS Twenty-two patients were identified: median age 22 y, half female, 17 Asian background and 15 students. Presentations included decreased mobility or unsteady gait (n = 15) and psychiatric symptoms (n = 5). The median reported bulb use/day was 300 (IQR:200-370), for a median of 6 months (IQR:3-24). On MRI 10/18 had subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord and 7/7 sensorimotor neuropathy on nerve conduction studies. All received high-dose intramuscular vitamin B12 and 11 methionine. Despite prolonged rehabilitation, nine required walking aids on discharge. Since 2017 social media posts and internet searches for N2 O increased rapidly, the latter mostly directed at obtaining N2 O canisters. From the NCIS, 36 deaths were identified, 12 unintentional (recreational drug-use), 20 intentional self-harm and 4 traumatic. CONCLUSION We report a case series of symptomatic chronic N2 O use, many with ongoing neurological sequelae. Furthermore, a sharp increase in internet searches to obtain N2 O cannisters was noted. Education of high-risk student groups on the long-term sequalae is important. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chiew Angela
- Clinical Toxicology Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Australia.,NSW Poisons Information Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Berling Ingrid
- NSW Poisons Information Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Emergency Medicine and the Department of Clinical Toxicology and Pharmacology, Calvary Mater Newcastle, NSW, Australia; and Newcastle University, Newcastle, Australia, New South Wales, Australia
| | - A Buckley Nicholas
- NSW Poisons Information Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Discipline of Biomedical Informatics and Digital Health
| | - Becker Therese
- Clinical Toxicology Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Australia
| | - Chan Betty
- Clinical Toxicology Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Australia.,NSW Poisons Information Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brett Jonathan
- NSW Poisons Information Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Pharmacology and Addiction Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital
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8
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Thulasirajah S, Michaud J, Doja A, McMillan HJ. Inhaled Solvent Abuse Mimicking Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy. Child Neurol Open 2020; 7:2329048X20934914. [PMID: 32613026 PMCID: PMC7307582 DOI: 10.1177/2329048x20934914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to n-hexane or toluene-containing solvents such as glue or gasoline can
produce clinical symptoms and neurophysiological findings that can mimic chronic
inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. The authors present a case of a boy
with severe sensorimotor polyneuropathy with demyelinating features.
Cerebrospinal fluid testing and magnetic resonance imaging spine did not show
findings typical of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. His lack
of response to immunosuppressive therapy prompted a nerve biopsy which was
instrumental in confirming a diagnosis of chronic organic solvent exposure,
subsequently confirmed on history. This case highlights the importance of
additional testing to ensure diagnostic certainty which allows appropriate
treatment and/or disease management to be tailored appropriately including in
this instance, the involvement of mental health counseling and avoidance of
immunosuppressant medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salini Thulasirajah
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean Michaud
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Asif Doja
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hugh J McMillan
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Liane BJ, Chow A, Kline D. Skeletal Fluorosis: An Unusual Manifestation of Computer Cleaner Inhalant Abuse. Cureus 2020; 12:e8461. [PMID: 32642369 PMCID: PMC7336600 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.8461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal fluorosis is a metabolic bone disease caused by accumulation of fluoride and is generally associated with chronic exposure to fluoride-contaminated groundwater, a phenomenon endemic to developing countries. Whereas elevated water fluoride concentrations do not constitute a public health issue in the United States, emergence of skeletal fluorosis as a sequela of chronic recreational exposures has been described. In this case report, our 33-year-old male patient with a history of major depressive disorder and substance abuse was hospitalized for hyperkalemia and acute kidney injury discovered on routine bloodwork due to concomitant nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and antihypertensive use. Upon hospital admission, he was found to be anemic with a significantly elevated alkaline phosphatase. Given a history of low back pain in the setting of these laboratory abnormalities, lower spine and pelvic imaging revealed diffusely increased bone density and sclerosis. Hematologic evaluation ensued to include a peripheral smear and bone marrow biopsy. Given the patient’s history of computer cleaner inhalant abuse, serum and urinary fluoride levels were obtained. Serum fluoride returned within normal limits though urinary fluoride was increased. Bone marrow histopathology revealed prominent diffuse sclerosis which in conjunction with urinary fluoride levels and computer cleaner inhalant abuse history supported the diagnosis of skeletal fluorosis. Skeletal fluorosis in the United States is rare and presents with non-specific findings requiring a high index of suspicion based on a detailed patient history for expedient diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy-Joe Liane
- Internal Medicine, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, USA
| | - Annie Chow
- Anesthesiology, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, USA
| | - David Kline
- Internal Medicine, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, USA
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10
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Abstract
Inhalant abuse, also known as huffing, is common among teenagers and adolescents in the United States and worldwide. Inhaled aerosols are dangerous due to both the presence of volatile hydrocarbons causing direct organ damage and the risk of the compressed air causing physical trauma (e.g. expansion, barotrauma) or skin trauma from chemical or temperature burn. Here, we present the case of a 35-year-old man who was inhaling multiple canisters of Dust-Off (Falcon Safety Products Inc., Branchburg, NJ) keyboard air duster daily for approximately one month. He presented with intermittent burning chest pains, and was found to have elevated troponin (peak 17 ng/mL, normal range 0-0.5 ng/mL) without ST-segment elevations, concerning for non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) as well as elevated aminotransferases and elevated serum creatinine. He was treated conservatively with supportive measures, with successful resolution of his laboratory abnormalities as well as his chest pain. Clinicians should be aware of the possible medical complications of inhalant abuse, and the expected clinical course. In this case, we aim to demonstrate the acute onset and self-resolution of significant cardiomyocyte damage in a young male patient abusing duster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiliang A Cao
- Anesthesiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA.,Internal Medicine, Signature Healthcare Brockton Hospital, Brockton, USA.,Anesthesiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Madhab Ray
- Internal Medicine, Signature Healthcare Brockton Hospital, Brockton, USA
| | - Nikolai Klebanov
- Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA.,Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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11
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Liu YS, Lin KY, Masur J, Barby S, Chuang R, Johnson DW, Lucyk SN, Sivilotti MLA, Yarema MC. Outcomes After Recurrent Intentional Methanol Exposures Not Treated With Alcohol Dehydrogenase Inhibitors Or Hemodialysis. J Emerg Med 2020; 58:910-916. [PMID: 32307216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relying on a treatment threshold for methanol poisoning of 20 mg/dL (6.2 mmol/L) as a stand-alone criterion may lead to unnecessary and invasive treatment because it is likely too conservative, especially for patients with repeated, intentional methanol exposures. OBJECTIVE We investigated how often patients with recurrent intentional methanol exposures above this threshold developed biochemical or overt clinical toxicity despite not being treated with either an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor (ADHi) or hemodialysis. METHODS We identified patients with ≥3 methanol-related emergency visits from 2002 to 2015 and selected every visit in which neither ADHi nor hemodialysis were administered despite serum methanol >20 mg/dL but neither metabolic acidosis nor end organ toxicity at presentation. The primary outcome was the incidence of visual deterioration or death. RESULTS Four patients accounted for the 17 visits that met inclusion criteria. All exposures were intentional substance misuse, and 7 of 17 were via inhalation (i.e., huffing). Initial methanol concentrations ranged from 22 mg/dL to 35 mg/dL (7-11 mmol/L). Four of these 17 visits had undetectable initial ethanol concentrations at presentation, including 1 with an initial methanol concentration of 35 mg/dL. No patients developed visual deterioration, and all were known to have survived the exposure. CONCLUSION Following recurrent, intentional methanol exposure, isolated serum methanol concentrations as high as 35 mg/dL (11 mmol/L) appear to be well-tolerated without treatment in the absence of metabolic acidosis or end-organ toxicity. To better define the methanol treatment threshold, prospective studies are warranted in which patients are followed closely while fomepizole is withheld.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Steven Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Katie Y Lin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joanne Masur
- Poison and Drug Information Service, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shalyn Barby
- Poison and Drug Information Service, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ryan Chuang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Safety, Denver Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - David W Johnson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Poison and Drug Information Service, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Scott N Lucyk
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Poison and Drug Information Service, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marco L A Sivilotti
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Ontario Poison Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark C Yarema
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Poison and Drug Information Service, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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12
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Abstract
Inhalants are often abused due to their ability to acutely induce feelings of euphoria. Difluoroethane is a toxic lipophilic hydrocarbon that crosses the blood-brain barrier and inhibits the central nervous system. Studies have shown the cardiac, renal, and respiratory effects it has when abused; however, our literature review yielded no previous report of acute psychosis after difluoroethane inhalation. In order to prevent poor outcomes by missed diagnosis, we present a case of difluoroethane-induced acute psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara B Novotny
- Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, USA
| | - Sarah Irvin
- Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, USA
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13
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Crossin R, Qama A, Andrews ZB, Lawrence AJ, Duncan JR. The effect of adolescent inhalant abuse on energy balance and growth. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2019; 7:e00498. [PMID: 31384470 PMCID: PMC6664821 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The abuse of volatile solvents such as toluene is a significant public health concern, predominantly affecting adolescents. To date, inhalant abuse research has primarily focused on the central nervous system; however, inhalants also exert effects on other organ systems and processes, including metabolic function and energy balance. Adolescent inhalant abuse is characterized by a negative energy balance phenotype, with the peak period of abuse overlapping with the adolescent growth spurt. There are multiple components within the central and peripheral regulation of energy balance that may be affected by adolescent inhalant abuse, such as impaired metabolic signaling, decreased food intake, altered dietary preferences, disrupted glucose tolerance and insulin release, reduced adiposity and skeletal density, and adrenal hypertrophy. These effects may persist into abstinence and adulthood, and the long-term consequences of inhalant-induced metabolic dysfunction are currently unknown. The signs and symptoms resulting from chronic adolescent inhalant abuse may result in a propensity for the development of adult-onset metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes, however, further research investigating the long-term effects of inhalant abuse upon energy balance and metabolism are needed. This review addresses several aspects of the short- and long-term effects of inhalant abuse relating to energy and metabolic processes, including energy balance, intake and expenditure; dietary preferences and glycemic control; and the dysfunction of metabolic homeostasis through altered adipose tissue, bone, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Crossin
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkvilleVIC
- Turning Point, Eastern HealthRichmondVIC
- Eastern Health Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityBox HillVIC
| | - Ashleigh Qama
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkvilleVIC
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Viral HepatitisPeter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneVIC
| | - Zane B. Andrews
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVIC
| | - Andrew J. Lawrence
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkvilleVIC
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVIC
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Hawash
- Department of Dermatology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Jeffrey B Travers
- Department of Dermatology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio.,Dayton VA Medical Center, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Sibel Gokce
- Department of Dermatology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
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15
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Abstract
We report a case of a 32-year-old man with a past medical history of ethanol use disorder who was brought in unresponsive after inhaling six to 10 cans of the computer cleaning product, Dust-Off. After regaining consciousness, he endorsed severe, pleuritic chest and anterior neck pain. Labs were notable for elevated cardiac enzymes, acute kidney injury, and his initial electrocardiogram (ECG) revealed a partial right bundle branch block with a prolonged corrected QT interval (QTc). On chest X-ray as well as chest computed tomography, the patient was found to have pneumomediastinum, pneumopericardium, and subcutaneous emphysema. The patient’s course was uneventful and he was discharged home two days later after extensive substance abuse cessation counseling. Intentionally inhaling toxic substances, also known as “huffing,” is a dangerous new trend with significant consequences that clinicians need to be aware of and suspect in young patients presenting with chest pain. We present a rare case of pneumopericardium induced by inhalation of Dust-Off (1-1-difluoroethane).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose Soriano
- Internal Medicine, Saint Francis Hosptial and Medical Center, Hartford, USA
| | - Deep Phachu
- Internal Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, USA
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16
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Zammit N, Maatoug J, Ghammam R, Bhiri S, Ghannem H. Tobacco use: the main predictor of illicit substances use among young adolescents in Sousse, Tunisia. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2018; 32:ijamh-2017-0213. [PMID: 30367795 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2017-0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Early adolescence is a critical period usually associated with experimentation with illicit substances. In Tunisia few studies explored these risk behaviors among young adolescents. Aims To evaluate the prevalence and the predictors of the use of illicit substances among the young adolescents of Sousse. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in the region of Sousse, Tunisia during the 2013/2014 school year among 4272 schoolchildren in 16 public middle schools. Data about psychosocial characteristics and risk behaviors among the schoolchildren, their parents, their siblings and their friends were collected anonymously using a self-administrated questionnaire. Results Females represented 50.5% of participants. The mean age of schoolchildren was 13.3 (±1.2) years. Lifetime illicit substances use prevalence was 2.9% [confidence interval (CI) 95%: (2.4%-3.4%)] and lifetime use of tobacco prevalence was 12.9% [CI 95%: (11.9%-13.9%)]. The age of tobacco onset was significantly younger to the age of experimentation with illicit substances. Insomnia, sadness and illicit substances use among peers were associated with illicit substances use among participants. While the most influential risk factor on illicit substances use was current cigarette smoking with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 7.2 [CI 95%: (4.5-11.2)]. Conclusion A national substances use prevention program should be implemented in the schools of Tunisia with an emphasis on tobacco use prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawel Zammit
- Department of Epidemiology, Farhat Hached University Hospital, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia, Phone: 00216 97 226 340
| | - Jihen Maatoug
- Department of Epidemiology, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Rim Ghammam
- Department of Epidemiology, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Sana Bhiri
- Department of Epidemiology, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Hassen Ghannem
- Department of Epidemiology, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
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17
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Furlong TM, Duncan JR, Corbit LH, Rae CD, Rowlands BD, Maher AD, Nasrallah FA, Milligan CJ, Petrou S, Lawrence AJ, Balleine BW. Toluene inhalation in adolescent rats reduces flexible behaviour in adulthood and alters glutamatergic and GABAergic signalling. J Neurochem 2016; 139:806-822. [PMID: 27696399 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Toluene is a commonly abused inhalant that is easily accessible to adolescents. Despite the increasing incidence of use, our understanding of its long-term impact remains limited. Here, we used a range of techniques to examine the acute and chronic effects of toluene exposure on glutameteric and GABAergic function, and on indices of psychological function in adult rats after adolescent exposure. Metabolomics conducted on cortical tissue established that acute exposure to toluene produces alterations in cellular metabolism indicative of a glutamatergic and GABAergic profile. Similarly, in vitro electrophysiology in Xenopus oocytes found that acute toluene exposure reduced NMDA receptor signalling. Finally, in an adolescent rodent model of chronic intermittent exposure to toluene (10 000 ppm), we found that, while toluene exposure did not affect initial learning, it induced a deficit in updating that learning when response-outcome relationships were reversed or degraded in an instrumental conditioning paradigm. There were also group differences when more effort was required to obtain the reward; toluene-exposed animals were less sensitive to progressive ratio schedules and to delayed discounting. These behavioural deficits were accompanied by changes in subunit expression of both NMDA and GABA receptors in adulthood, up to 10 weeks after the final exposure to toluene in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and ventromedial striatum; regions with recognized roles in behavioural flexibility and decision-making. Collectively, our data suggest that exposure to toluene is sufficient to induce adaptive changes in glutamatergic and GABAergic systems and in adaptive behaviour that may underlie the deficits observed following adolescent inhalant abuse, including susceptibility to further drug-use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teri M Furlong
- Brain & Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jhodie R Duncan
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura H Corbit
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Caroline D Rae
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of NSW, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Benjamin D Rowlands
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of NSW, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony D Maher
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Carol J Milligan
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steven Petrou
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew J Lawrence
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bernard W Balleine
- Brain & Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Psychology, University of NSW, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
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18
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Abstract
Multiple reports of toxic myocarditis from inhalant abuse have been reported. We now report the case of a 23-year-old man found to have toxic myocarditis from inhalation of a hydrocarbon. The diagnosis was made by means of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging with delayed enhancement. The use of cardiac magnetic resonance to diagnose myocarditis has become increasingly common in clinical medicine, although there is not a universally accepted criterion for diagnosis. We appear to be the first to document a case of toxic myocarditis diagnosed by cardiac magnetic resonance. In patients with a history of drug abuse who present with clinical findings that suggest myocarditis or pericarditis, cardiac magnetic resonance can be considered to support the diagnosis.
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19
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Abstract
The steady increase of inhalant abuse is a great challenge for analytical toxicologists. This review describes an overview of inhalant abuse including the extent of the problem, types of products abused, modes of administration, pharmacology and effects of inhalants, the role of laboratory, interpretation of laboratory results and clinical considerations. Regular laboratory screening for inhalant abuse as well as other substance abuse and health risk behaviors must be a part of standard clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raka Jain
- National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Arpita Verma
- National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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20
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Campos-Ordonez T, Gonzalez-Perez O. Cyclohexane, a Potential Drug of Abuse with Pernicious Effects on the Brain. Front Pharmacol 2016; 6:291. [PMID: 26779017 PMCID: PMC4703816 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclohexane is a volatile solvent used as a harmless substitute for dangerous organic solvents in several products, such as paint thinners, gasoline and adhesives. Many of these products are used as drugs of abuse and can severely damage neural tissue and impair neurological functions. However, there is very little information on the effects of cyclohexane on the brain. In humans, cyclohexane produces headaches, sleepiness, dizziness, limb weakness, motor changes, and verbal memory impairment. Recent studies in mice have demonstrated behavioral alterations, reactive gliosis, microglial reactivity, and oxidative stress in the brains of cyclohexane-exposed animals. This indicates that cyclohexane may represent a potential problem for public health. Therefore, studies are needed to clarify the neurobiological effects of this volatile compound, including the cellular and molecular mechanisms of neurotoxicity, and to minimize the human health risk posed by the intentional or accidental inhalation of this potential drug of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Campos-Ordonez
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Colima Colima, Mexico
| | - Oscar Gonzalez-Perez
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Colima Colima, Mexico
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21
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Quraishi R, Pattanayak RD, Jain R, Dhawan A. A descriptive study of clinical, hematological, and biochemical parameters of inhalant users seeking treatment at a tertiary care center in India. Indian J Psychol Med 2013; 35:174-9. [PMID: 24049229 PMCID: PMC3775050 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7176.116249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhalant (or solvent) abuse is the purposeful inhalation of vapors or gases, intended to produce pleasurable psychoactive effects. There is a dearth of Indian studies on inhalant users. AIM The present study aimed to describe the socio-demographic, clinical, and psychosocial characteristics of inhalant users visiting a Tertiary Care Center in North India. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was a retrospective chart review for 50 inhalant users who sought treatment for the first time from the center over a period of 2 years. All patients seeking treatment for inhalant use at the center were evaluated by a psychiatrist. RESULTS Mean age of the sample was 17.16±4.09 years and majority comprised of children and adolescents (72.2%). There were only three girls (6%). Majority comprised of school drop-outs (82%), from lower socio-economic status (80%). Mean age of initiation of first substance was 14.13±4.27 years and inhalants were first drugs for 38%. Duration of inhalant use ranged between 1 month and 7.5 years. Use was mostly uninterrupted, and 88% were dependent users. Correction fluid was the commonest product, used by huffing or sniffing. A large majority (86%) had used at least one other substance besides inhalants, and 8% reported involvement in high-risk sexual behaviors. Comorbid psychiatric disorder was seen in 8% of sample. Positive family history was observed in 30% of the sample. The mean hemoglobin of the sample was 11.88±0.60, with low hemoglobin in 25% of users. Neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and monocytes were elevated beyond normal in 10.8%, 6.5%, 15.2%, and 7.5%, respectively. There was no evidence of leucopenia. Bilirubin and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase was elevated in 6.6% and 13% of inhalant users, respectively. CONCLUSION The study adds to the limited date available on the treatment-seeking inhalant users from Indian settings. There is a need to examine the pattern of inhalant use in larger samples, across multiple sites in a prospective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwana Quraishi
- Department of Psychiatry, National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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22
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Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to understand the sociodemographic and clinical profile of inhalant abusers seeking treatment from a tertiary care psychiatric hospital in South India. MATERIALS AND METHODS The clinical charts of patients who utilized the psychiatric services of a tertiary care center in India for over 10 years were examined for the study. RESULTS The sample had an urban predominance, was mostly unemployed, and was all male. Most of them had an adolescent age of onset of inhalant use (mean - 16.23 years). All patients reported the use of volatile solvents as inhalants. One other substance dependence was identified in more than half of the sample. The psychiatric comorbidity included psychosis and depression. A comparison was made between patients who presented with inhalant dependence only (I) and inhalant-dependent individuals who also used other psychoactive substances apart from nicotine (IP). The inhalant-only group (I) had an earlier mean age at onset of substance use as compared to the IP group. All patients in the I group reported withdrawal symptoms compared to 77% of patients in the (IP) group (P=0.048). The IP group reported a significantly higher occurrence of aggression (54.5 vs. 19%, P=0.02), externalizing symptoms (77.3 vs. 42.9%, P=0.03), and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (50 vs. 14.3%, P=0.02). CONCLUSION Inhalant dependence is a serious health problem in adolescent subjects and is associated with high comorbidity of other substance dependence, psychiatric disorder, and externalizing spectrum disorder. There is a need for community-based prospective studies in this area from India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janardhanan C Narayanaswamy
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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23
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Morris MD, Case P, Robertson AM, Lozada R, Vera A, Clapp JD, Medina-Mora ME, Strathdee SA. Prevalence and correlates of 'agua celeste' use among female sex workers who inject drugs in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico. Drug Alcohol Depend 2011; 117:219-25. [PMID: 21441001 PMCID: PMC3148352 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 02/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Agua celeste, or "heavenly water", is the street name for a sky-blue colored solvent reportedly inhaled or ingested to produce an intoxicating effect. Study aims were to (1) describe prevalence of agua celestse (AC) use, and (2) identify correlates of lifetime and recent use of AC use among female sex workers who also inject drugs (FSW-IDUs) in northern Mexico. METHODS Between 2008 and 2010, baseline data from FSW-IDUs≥18 years old living in Tijuana or Ciudad Juarez participating in a longitudinal behavioral intervention were analyzed using logistic regression. RESULTS Among 623 FSW-IDUs (307 from Tijuana and 316 from Ciudad Juarez (CJ)), 166 (26%) reported ever using AC, all of whom lived in CJ. Among the CJ sample, lifetime prevalence of AC use was 53%, median age of first use was 16 years (IQR: 14-23), and 10% reported it as their first abused substance. Ever using AC was independently associated with ever being physically abused and younger age, and was marginally associated with initiating injection drug use and regular sex work at age eighteen or younger. Among those ever using AC, 70/166 (42.2%) reported using it within the last 6 months, which was independently associated with using drugs with clients before or during sex, being on the street more than 8h per day, and younger age. DISCUSSION We observed considerable geographic variation in the use of AC in northern Mexico. Future studies exploring factors influencing use, its precise formulation(s), and its potential health effects are needed to guide prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Remedios Lozada
- Prevencasa, AC, Baja California, Mexico, ISESALUD, Baja California, Mexico
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24
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Abstract
CONTEXT Inhalant abuse is the deliberate inhalation of a volatile substance to achieve an altered mental state. Inhalants continue to be a poorly recognizable risk for morbidity and mortality globally. AIMS The current study explores the pattern of inhalant abuse across different year groups among the individuals seeking treatment form the de-addiction center of a tertiary care hospital. SETTINGS AND DESIGN The study was conducted at a tertiary care multi-specialty hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS The current study is a chart review of the cases with inhalant abuse/dependence presenting to the clinic. All the treatment records of the de-addiction clinic were reviewed and information was gathered regarding patients with inhalant abuse/dependence. The comparisons have been made across two different year groups. The two groups were compared for various continuous and categorical variables using the independent sample t test and χ(2) test/Fisher's exact test, respectively. The level of statistical significance was kept at P<0.05 for all these tests. RESULTS The two study groups have been found comparable for various socio-demographic and inhalant use patterns. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the current study suggest that the pattern and parameters associated with inhalant use among those presenting to a tertiary care drug dependence center tend to remain stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yatan Pal Singh Balhara
- Department of Psychiatry and De-addiction, Lady Hardinge Medical College and Smt SK Hospital, New Delhi, India
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25
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhalants are being abused by large numbers of people throughout the world, particularly children and adolescents. It is also an often overlooked form of ubstance abuse in adolescents. AIMS The current study explored the inhalant abuse among adolescents seeking treatment from a tertiary care drug de-addiction clinic. SETTINGS AND DESIGN The study was conducted at a tertiary level multispecialty hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS The current study was a chart review of the cases with inhalant abuse/dependence presenting to the clinic over a 1-year period. All the treatment records of the de-addiction clinic were reviewed, and information was gathered regarding patients with inhalant abuse/dependence. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Descriptive statistics with frequency distribution was carried out by using SPSS version 10.0. RESULTS The mean age of the subjects was 16.24 years (SD±1.9 years; range 12-18 years). Twenty-two percent of the subjects were illiterate. Forty percent of the adolescents had a family history of alcohol use problems and 48% that of tobacco use. The mean age of the initiation of inhalant use was 11.6 years (SD±2.17 years). It varied from 9 to 18 years. Forty percent of the adolescents had made a previous abstinence attempt. CONCLUSIONS The findings provide important information on an underresearched area in psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Verma
- Department of Psychiatry, PGIMER and Dr. RML Hospital, New Delhi, India
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26
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Abstract
Inhalant abuse is of growing concern in adolescent and young adult population in the underdeveloped regions of the world. In the absence of availability of definitive tests in routine clinical settings, diagnosis is often difficult. Equally difficult is management and ensuring adherence to therapy. We report two successive cases of inhalant abuse seen at the outpatient department of the Department of Psychiatry, Mental Health Institute, SCB Medical College, Cuttack, Orissa, India. We report here two cases of inhalant abuse: one with an unusual mode of abuse and another with atypical clinical presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suravi Patra
- Department of Psychiatry, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
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27
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Abstract
Data from the 2004 Monitoring the Future survey examined a nationally representative cross-sectional sample of 8th to 12th grade adolescents in rural and urban schools from across the United States (N = 37,507). Results found that drug use among daughters living with single fathers significantly exceeded that of daughters living with single mothers, while gender of parent was not associated with sons' usage. This distinction in adolescent drug use between mother-only versus father-only households is largely overlooked in contemporary studies. Factors responsible for variations in sons' and daughters' usage in single-parent families have important implications for future drug prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Hemovich
- Department of Psychology, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, California 91711, USA.
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28
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Bowen SE. Time course of the ethanol-like discriminative stimulus effects of abused inhalants in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2009; 91:345-50. [PMID: 18722399 PMCID: PMC2752859 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2008.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Revised: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Abused solvents have effects similar to those of abused depressant drugs. This experiment evaluated the time course of the discriminative stimulus effects of toluene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TRI). Mice were trained to discriminate between i.p. injections of ethanol (EtOH; 1.25 g/kg) and saline in a two-lever operant task in which responding was under the control of a fixed-ratio 20 schedule. After 20-min inhalation exposures to toluene (500-6000 ppm) or TRI (1000-12,000 ppm), stimulus generalization was examined at 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 min post-exposure. Ethanol doses>or=0.25 g/kg produced increases in EtOH-lever responding with full substitution occurring immediately after testing for doses between 1.25 and 2.5 g/kg. Toluene and TRI produced increased EtOH-lever responding at 0-10 min post-exposure with some EtOH-lever responding occurring up to 20-min post-exposure. Response rates were not decreased for any concentration of toluene or TRI immediately following inhalant exposure but several concentrations elevated rates from 5 to 40 min post-exposure. These results confirm and extend previous studies and show these solvents produce similar effects in EtOH-lever responding but with potency differences. The time-dependent differences in EtOH-lever responding suggest that as solvents are cleared from the body, the EtOH-like subjective effects also fade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Bowen
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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