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Myslivecek J. Reply to Cinelli et al. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 325:L709-L710. [PMID: 37922557 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00278.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jaromir Myslivecek
- Institute of Physiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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2
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Wu M, Chen Z, Chen X, Wang G, Xu C, Zhu Y, Xie M. Altered functional connectivity of the nucleus tractus solitarii in patients with chronic cough after lung surgery: an rs-fMRI study. Thorac Cancer 2023; 14:3202-3207. [PMID: 37718475 PMCID: PMC10643787 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.15110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To explore the altered functional connectivity (FC) of the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) in patients with chronic cough after lung surgery using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI), and the association between abnormal FC and clinical scale scores. METHODS A total of 22 patients with chronic cough after lung surgery and 22 healthy controls were included. Visual analog scale (VAS), Mandarin Chinese version of the Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ-MC), and Hamilton anxiety rating scale (HAMA) scores were assessed, and rs-fMRI data were collected. The FC analysis was performed using the NTS as the seed point, and FC values with all voxels in the whole brain were calculated. A two-sample t-test was used to compare FC differences between the two groups. The FC values of brain regions with differences were extracted and correlated with clinical scale scores. RESULTS In comparison to healthy controls, FC values in the NTS and anterior cingulate cortex(ACC) were reduced in patients with chronic cough after lung surgery (GRF correction, p-voxel < 0.005, p-cluster < 0.05) which were positively correlated with LCQ-MC scores (r = 0.534, p = 0.011), but with VAS (r = -0.500, p = 0.018), HAMA (r = -0.713, p < 0.001) scores were negatively correlated. CONCLUSIONS Reduced FC of the NTS with ACC may be associated with cough hypersensitivity and may contribute to anxiety in patients with chronic cough after lung surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming‐sheng Wu
- Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Zheng‐wei Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Xiao Chen
- Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Gao‐xiang Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Chun‐sheng Xu
- Medical Imaging CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese MedicineHefeiChina
| | - Yong‐fu Zhu
- The First Department of OncologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese MedicineHefeiChina
| | - Ming‐ran Xie
- Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
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3
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Cinelli E, Iovino L, Bongianni F, Pantaleo T, Lavorini F, Mannini C, Mutolo D. Reply to Myslivecek. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 325:L92-L93. [PMID: 37405948 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00146.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elenia Cinelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Ludovica Iovino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Fulvia Bongianni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Tito Pantaleo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Federico Lavorini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudia Mannini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Donatella Mutolo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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4
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Myslivecek J. Muscarinic receptors in the nucleus tractus solitarii. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 325:L91. [PMID: 37405947 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00134.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jaromir Myslivecek
- Institute of Physiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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5
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Ellacott KLJ. Gastrocytes and GLUttony - astrocyte regulation of calorie intake via glutamatergic modulation of gastric activity in rats. J Physiol 2023; 601:709-710. [PMID: 36704958 DOI: 10.1113/jp284264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kate L J Ellacott
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
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6
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Wu CJ, Cheng PW, Kung MH, Ho CY, Pan JY, Tseng CJ, Chen HH. Glut5 Knockdown in the Nucleus Tractus Solitarii Alleviates Fructose-Induced Hypertension in Rats. J Nutr 2022; 152:448-457. [PMID: 34687200 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have suggested mechanisms whereby excessive fructose intake increases blood pressure (BP). Glucose transporter 5 (GLUT5) is a fructose transporter expressed on enterocytes, and its involvement in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS)-modulated increase in BP following fructose intake remains unclear. OBJECTIVES Herein, we investigated whether NTS Glut5 knockdown (KD) can alleviate fructose-induced hypertension in rat models. METHODS Male Wistar-Kyoto rats (6-8 weeks old; average weight: 230 g) were randomly assigned into 4 groups [control (Con), fructose (Fru), fructose + scrambled (Fru + S), and Fru + KD]. The Con group rats had ad libitum access to regular water, and the other 3 groups were provided 10% fructose water ad libitum for 4 weeks (2 weeks before lentiviral transfection in the Fru + S and Fru + KD groups). Glut5 short hairpin RNA was delivered into the NTS of rats using a lentivirus system. Fructose-induced hypertension was assessed via the tail-cuff technique, a noninvasive blood pressure measurement approach. GLUT5-associated and other insulin signaling pathways in the NTS of rats were assessed using immunofluorescence and immunoblotting analyses. We evaluated between-group differences using the Mann-Whitney U test or Kruskal-Wallis 1-way ANOVA. RESULTS Compared with the Fru + S group, the Fru + KD group had reduced sympathetic nerve hyperactivity (48.8 ± 3.2 bursts/min; P < 0.05), improved central insulin signaling, upregulated protein kinase B (AKT; 3.0-fold) and neuronal NO synthase (nNOS; 2.78-fold) expression, and lowered BP (17 ± 1 mmHg, P < 0.05). Moreover, Glut5 KD restored signaling dependent on adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase and reduced fructose-induced oxidative stress 2.0-fold, and thus decreased NAD(P)H oxidase in p67-phox 1.9-fold within the NTS. CONCLUSIONS Fructose-induced reactive oxygen species generates in the NTS of rats through GLUT5 and receptor for advanced glycation end products signaling, thus impairing the AKT-nNOS-NO signaling pathway and ultimately causing hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Jen Wu
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Optometry, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Cheng
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsiang Kung
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Yi Ho
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Yen Pan
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Jiunn Tseng
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hung Chen
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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7
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Deng H, Xiao X, Yang T, Ritola K, Hantman A, Li Y, Huang ZJ, Li B. A genetically defined insula-brainstem circuit selectively controls motivational vigor. Cell 2021; 184:6344-6360.e18. [PMID: 34890577 PMCID: PMC9103523 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The anterior insular cortex (aIC) plays a critical role in cognitive and motivational control of behavior, but the underlying neural mechanism remains elusive. Here, we show that aIC neurons expressing Fezf2 (aICFezf2), which are the pyramidal tract neurons, signal motivational vigor and invigorate need-seeking behavior through projections to the brainstem nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS). aICFezf2 neurons and their postsynaptic NTS neurons acquire anticipatory activity through learning, which encodes the perceived value and the vigor of actions to pursue homeostatic needs. Correspondingly, aIC → NTS circuit activity controls vigor, effort, and striatal dopamine release but only if the action is learned and the outcome is needed. Notably, aICFezf2 neurons do not represent taste or valence. Moreover, aIC → NTS activity neither drives reinforcement nor influences total consumption. These results pinpoint specific functions of aIC → NTS circuit for selectively controlling motivational vigor and suggest that motivation is subserved, in part, by aIC's top-down regulation of dopamine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanfei Deng
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
| | - Xiong Xiao
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Tao Yang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | | | - Adam Hantman
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Yulong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China; PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Z Josh Huang
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Bo Li
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
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8
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Sun GC, Tse J, Hsu YH, Ho CY, Tseng CJ, Cheng PW. μ-Opioid Receptor-Mediated AT1R-TLR4 Crosstalk Promotes Microglial Activation to Modulate Blood Pressure Control in the Central Nervous System. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111784. [PMID: 34829655 PMCID: PMC8615018 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioids, a kind of peptide hormone involved in the development of hypertension, cause systemic and cerebral inflammation, and affects regions of the brain that are important for blood pressure (BP) control. A cause-and-effect relationship exists between hypertension and inflammation; however, the role of blood pressure in cerebral inflammation is not clear. Evidence showed that AT1R and μOR heterodimers’ formation in the NTS might lead to the progression of hypertension. In this study, we investigated the formation of the μOR/AT1R heterodimer, determined its correlation with μORs level in the NTS, and explored the role of TLR4-dependent inflammation in the development of hypertension. Results showed that Ang II increased superoxide and Iba-1 (microgliosis marker: ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule (1) levels in the NTS of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). The AT1R II inhibitor, losartan, significantly decreased BP and abolished superoxide, Iba-1, TLR4 expression induced by Ang II. Furthermore, losartan significantly increased nNsOSS1416 phosphorylation. Administration of a μOR agonist or antagonist in the NTS of WKY and SHRs increased endogenous μ-opioids, triggered the formation of μOR/AT1R heterodimers and the TLR4-dependent inflammatory pathway, and attenuated the effect of depressor nitric oxide (NO). These results imply an important link between neurotoxicity and superoxides wherein abnormal increases in NTS endogenous μ-opioids promote the interaction between Ang II and μOR, the binding of Ang II to AT1R, and the activation of microglia. In addition, the interaction between Ang II and μOR enhanced the formation of the AT1R and μOR heterodimers, and inactivated nNOS-derived NO, leading to the development of progressive hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwo-Ching Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813414, Taiwan;
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (J.T.); (Y.-H.H.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813414, Taiwan; (C.-Y.H.); (C.-J.T.)
| | - Jockey Tse
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (J.T.); (Y.-H.H.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Ho Hsu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (J.T.); (Y.-H.H.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Yi Ho
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813414, Taiwan; (C.-Y.H.); (C.-J.T.)
- Department of Biomedical Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Jiunn Tseng
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813414, Taiwan; (C.-Y.H.); (C.-J.T.)
- Department of Biomedical Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Cheng
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813414, Taiwan; (C.-Y.H.); (C.-J.T.)
- Department of Biomedical Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-3422121 (ext. 71593); Fax: +886-7-3468056
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9
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Song HY, Shin DW, Jung SM, Jeong Y, Jeong B, Park CS. Feasibility study on transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation using millimeter waves. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2021; 7. [PMID: 34647906 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ac2c54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Electrical stimulation of the auricular vagus nerve is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique that has been used for various conditions, including depression, epilepsy, headaches, and cerebral ischemia. However, unwanted non-vagal nerve stimulations can occur because of diffused stimulations. The objective of this study is to develop a region-specific non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) technique using the millimeter wave (MMW) as a stimulus for the auricular branch of the vagus nerve (ABVN).Approach. A numerical simulation was conducted to ascertain whether the MMW could excite the ABVN in the human outer-ear with a millimeter-scale spatial resolution. Additionally, MMW-induced neuronal responses in seven mice were evaluated. Transcutaneous auricular VNS (ta-VNS) was applied to the cymba conchae innervated by the AVBN using a 60-GHz continuous wave (CW). As a control, the auricle's exterior margin was stimulated and referred to as transcutaneous auricular non-vagus nerve stimulation (ta-nonVNS). During stimulation, the local field potential (LFP) in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), an afferent vagal projection site, was recorded simultaneously.Main results. The ta-VNS with a stimulus level of 13 dBm showed a significant increase in the LFP power in the NTS. The mean increases in power (n = 7) in the gamma high and gamma very high bands were 8.6 ± 2.0% and 18.2 ± 5.9%, respectively. However, the ta-nonVNS with a stimulus level of 13 dBm showed a significant decrease in the LFP power in the NTS. The mean decreases in power in the beta and gamma low bands were 11.0 ± 4.4% and 10.8 ± 2.8%, respectively. These findings suggested that MMW stimulation clearly induced a different response according to the presence of ABVN.Significance. Selective auricular VNS is feasible using the MMW. This study provides the basis for the development of a new clinical treatment option using the stimulation of the ta-VNS with a square millimeter spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hi Yuen Song
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Woo Shin
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Moon Jung
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jeong
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,KI for Health Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumseok Jeong
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,KI for Health Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Soon Park
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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10
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Feng X, Guo Q, Xue H, Duan X, Jin S, Wu Y. Hydrogen Sulfide Attenuated Angiotensin II-Induced Sympathetic Excitation in Offspring of Renovascular Hypertensive Rats. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:565726. [PMID: 33041805 PMCID: PMC7518068 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.565726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Numerous findings have demonstrated a strong association between parental health during pregnancy and cardiovascular disease in adult offspring. This study investigated whether sensitivity to angiotensin II (Ang II) is enhanced in offspring of renovascular hypertensive animals and whether hydrogen sulfide (H2S) can attenuate the increased response to Ang II in offspring. Method The systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured by non-invasive tail-cuff plethysmograpy every two weeks in all offspring from 8 to 16 weeks. After intracerebroventricular microinjection of Ang II in the offspring, blood pressure, heart rate (HR), and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) were recorded to test the response to Ang II in the offspring. Western blot analysis was used to examine the protein expression of AT1R, AT1R-associated protein (ATRAP), Nox2, p67phox, and nitrotyrosine in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS). Results The SBP in the offspring of hypertensive rats were significantly higher than that in control group, and the above effects were significantly improved by prenatal or postnatal administration of H2S. Intralateroventricular microinjection of Ang II induced greater sympathetic responses in offspring of hypertensive rats than control group. The expression of AT1R and oxidative stress-related protein was increased, whereas that of ATRAP was decreased in the NTS in offspring of hypertensive rats. Exogenous administration of H2S prenatally or postnatally improved the above effects. Conclusion Prenatal or postnatal administration of H2S attenuated AngII-induced sympathetic excitation in offspring of hypertensive rats, which may occur by modulating the balance between AT1R and ATRAP and downregulating oxidative stress-related protein expression in the NTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Feng
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qi Guo
- Experimental Center for Teaching, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hongmei Xue
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaocui Duan
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Sheng Jin
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuming Wu
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Vascular Medicine of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
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11
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Khuu MA. Lessons from neuronal HIF1a: Understanding its role in ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia. J Physiol 2020; 598:4751-4752. [PMID: 32697343 PMCID: PMC7404524 DOI: 10.1113/jp280205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maggie A Khuu
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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12
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Gasparini S, Howland JM, Thatcher AJ, Geerling JC. Central afferents to the nucleus of the solitary tract in rats and mice. J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:2708-2728. [PMID: 32307700 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) regulates life-sustaining functions ranging from appetite and digestion to heart rate and breathing. It is also the brain's primary sensory nucleus for visceral sensations relevant to symptoms in medical and psychiatric disorders. To better understand which neurons may exert top-down control over the NTS, here we provide a brain-wide map of all neurons that project axons directly to the caudal, viscerosensory NTS, focusing on a medial subregion with aldosterone-sensitive HSD2 neurons. Injecting an axonal tracer (cholera toxin b) into the NTS produces a similar pattern of retrograde labeling in rats and mice. The paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH), lateral hypothalamic area, and central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) contain the densest concentrations of NTS-projecting neurons. PVH afferents are glutamatergic (express Slc17a6/Vglut2) and are distinct from neuroendocrine PVH neurons. CeA afferents are GABAergic (express Slc32a1/Vgat) and are distributed largely in the medial CeA subdivision. Other retrogradely labeled neurons are located in a variety of brain regions, including the cerebral cortex (insular and infralimbic areas), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, periaqueductal gray, Barrington's nucleus, Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, hindbrain reticular formation, and rostral NTS. Similar patterns of retrograde labeling result from tracer injections into different NTS subdivisions, with dual retrograde tracing revealing that many afferent neurons project axon collaterals to both the lateral and medial NTS subdivisions. This information provides a roadmap for studying descending axonal projections that may influence visceromotor systems and visceral "mind-body" symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Gasparini
- Department of Neurology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa city, Iowa, USA
| | - Jacob M Howland
- Department of Neurology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa city, Iowa, USA
| | - Andrew J Thatcher
- Department of Neurology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa city, Iowa, USA
| | - Joel C Geerling
- Department of Neurology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa city, Iowa, USA
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13
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Moya EA, Go A, CB K, Fu Z, TS S, FL P. Neuronal HIF-1α in the nucleus tractus solitarius contributes to ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia. J Physiol 2020; 598:2021-2034. [PMID: 32026480 PMCID: PMC7230006 DOI: 10.1113/jp279331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS We hypothesized that hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) in CNS respiratory centres is necessary for ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia (VAH); VAH is a time-dependent increase in baseline ventilation and the hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) occurring over days to weeks of chronic sustained hypoxia (CH). Constitutive deletion of HIF-1α in CNS neurons in transgenic mice tended to blunt the increase in HVR that occurs in wild-type mice with CH. Conditional deletion of HIF-1α in glutamatergic neurons of the nucleus tractus solitarius during CH significantly decreased ventilation in acute hypoxia but not normoxia in CH mice. These effects are not explained by changes in metabolic rate, nor CO2 , and there were no changes in the HVR in normoxic mice. HIF-1α mediated changes in gene expression in CNS respiratory centres are necessary in addition to plasticity of arterial chemoreceptors for normal VAH. ABSTRACT Chronic hypoxia (CH) produces a time-dependent increase of resting ventilation and the hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) that is called ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia (VAH). VAH involves plasticity in arterial chemoreceptors and the CNS [e.g. nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS)], although the signals for this plasticity are not known. We hypothesized that hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), an O2 -sensitive transcription factor, is necessary in the NTS for normal VAH. We tested this in two mouse models using loxP-Cre gene deletion. First, HIF-1α was constitutively deleted in CNS neurons (CNS-HIF-1α-/- ) by breeding HIF-1α floxed mice with mice expressing Cre-recombinase driven by the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIα promoter. Second, HIF-1α was deleted in NTS neurons in adult mice (NTS-HIF-1α-/- ) by microinjecting adeno-associated virus that expressed Cre-recombinase in HIF-1α floxed mice. In normoxic control mice, HIF-1α deletion in the CNS or NTS did not affect ventilation, nor the acute HVR (10-15 min hypoxic exposure). In mice acclimatized to CH for 1 week, ventilation in hypoxia was blunted in CNS-HIF-1α-/- and significantly decreased in NTS-HIF-1α-/- compared to control mice (P < 0.0001). These changes were not explained by differences in metabolic rate or CO2 . Immunofluorescence showed that HIF-1α deletion in NTS-HIF-1α-/- was restricted to glutamatergic neurons. The results indicate that HIF-1α is a necessary signal for VAH and the previously described plasticity in glutamatergic neurotransmission in the NTS with CH. HIF-1α deletion had no effect on the increase in normoxic ventilation with acclimatization to CH, indicating this is a distinct mechanism from the increased HVR with VAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban A. Moya
- Section of Physiology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093-0623, USA
- Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del Ejercicio, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, 8340589, Chile
| | - A Go
- Section of Physiology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093-0623, USA
| | - Kim CB
- Providence Medical Institute, Torrance, California, 90503, USA
| | - Z Fu
- Section of Physiology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093-0623, USA
| | - Simonson TS
- Section of Physiology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093-0623, USA
| | - Powell FL
- Section of Physiology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093-0623, USA
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O'Halloran KD. Ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia: Time to express a critical central message. J Physiol 2020; 598:1795-1796. [PMID: 32091623 DOI: 10.1113/jp279643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ken D O'Halloran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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15
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Lee SJ, Krieger JP, Vergara M, Quinn D, McDougle M, de Araujo A, Darling R, Zollinger B, Anderson S, Pan A, Simonnet EJ, Pignalosa A, Arnold M, Singh A, Langhans W, Raybould HE, de Lartigue G. Blunted Vagal Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript Promotes Hyperphagia and Weight Gain. Cell Rep 2020; 30:2028-2039.e4. [PMID: 32049029 PMCID: PMC7063787 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The vagus nerve conveys gastrointestinal cues to the brain to control eating behavior. In obesity, vagally mediated gut-brain signaling is disrupted. Here, we show that the cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) is a neuropeptide synthesized proportional to the food consumed in vagal afferent neurons (VANs) of chow-fed rats. CART injection into the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), the site of vagal afferent central termination, reduces food intake. Conversely, blocking endogenous CART action in the NTS increases food intake in chow-fed rats, and this requires intact VANs. Viral-mediated Cartpt knockdown in VANs increases weight gain and daily food intake via larger meals and faster ingestion rate. In obese rats fed a high-fat, high-sugar diet, meal-induced CART synthesis in VANs is blunted and CART antibody fails to increase food intake. However, CART injection into the NTS retains its anorexigenic effect in obese rats. Restoring disrupted VAN CART signaling in obesity could be a promising therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin J Lee
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Philippe Krieger
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland; Department of Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Macarena Vergara
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Molly McDougle
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alan de Araujo
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rebecca Darling
- Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology Department School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Zollinger
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Seth Anderson
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Annabeth Pan
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Emilie J Simonnet
- Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology Department School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Angelica Pignalosa
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Myrtha Arnold
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Arashdeep Singh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Wolfgang Langhans
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Helen E Raybould
- Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology Department School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Guillaume de Lartigue
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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16
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Sun GC, Wong TY, Chen HH, Ho CY, Yeh TC, Ho WY, Tseng CJ, Cheng PW. Angiotensin II inhibits DDAH1-nNOS signaling via AT1R and μOR dimerization to modulate blood pressure control in the central nervous system. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:2401-13. [PMID: 31755934 DOI: 10.1042/CS20191005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are important drug targets. Blocking angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 receptor signaling alleviates hypertension and improves outcomes in patients with heart failure. Changes in structure and trafficking of GPCR, and desensitization of GPCR signaling induce pathophysiological processes. We investigated whether Ang II, via induction of AT1R and μ-opioid receptor (μOR) dimerization in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), leads to progressive hypertension. Ang II signaling increased μOR and adrenergic receptor α2A (α2A-AR) heterodimer levels and decreased expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2T202/Y204, ribosomal protein S6 kinaseT359/S363, and nNOSS1416 phosphorylation. Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1 (DDAH1) expression was abolished in the NTS of adult spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Endomorphin-2 was overexpressed in NTS of adult SHRs compared with that in 6-week-old Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). Administration of μOR agonist into the NTS of WKY increased blood pressure (BP), decreased nitric oxide (NO) production, and decreased DDAH1 activity. μOR agonist significantly reduced the activity of DDAH1 and decreased neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) phosphorylation. The AT1R II inhibitor, losartan, significantly decreased BP and abolished AT1R-induced formation of AT1R and μOR, and α2A-AR and μOR, heterodimers. Losartan also significantly increased the levels of nNOSS1416 phosphorylation and DDAH1 expression. These results show that Ang II may induce expression of endomorphin-2 and abolished DDAH1 activity by enhancing the formation of AT1R and μOR heterodimers in the NTS, leading to progressive hypertension.
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Okada S, Katagiri A, Saito H, Lee J, Ohara K, Iinuma T, Iwata K. Functional involvement of nucleus tractus solitarii neurons projecting to the parabrachial nucleus in trigeminal neuropathic pain. J Oral Sci 2019; 61:370-378. [PMID: 31217389 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.18-0355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury can induce neuroplastic changes in the central nervous system and result in neuropathic pain. This study investigated functional involvement in dorsal paratrigeminal nucleus (dPa5) and nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) neurons projecting to the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) after trigeminal nerve injury. Anatomical quantification was performed based on phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) expression underlying orofacial neuropathic pain associated with infraorbital nerve chronic constriction injury (ION-CCI) in rats. ION-CCI rats exhibited heat and mechanical hypersensitivity in the ipsilateral upper lip. After injection of retrograde tracer fluorogold (FG) into the contralateral PBN, ION-CCI rats received capsaicin or noxious mechanical stimulation to the upper lip. The total number of FG-labeled neurons in dPa5 and NTS did not change after ION-CCI, and pERK expression in dPa5 did not differ between sham and ION-CCI rats. In the NTS contralateral to ION-CCI, the number of pERK-immunoreactive neurons and percentage of pERK-immunoreactive FG-labeled PBN projection neurons were increased after capsaicin stimulation in ION-CCI rats. The present findings suggest that enhanced noxious inputs from the NTS to the PBN after trigeminal nerve injury modulates PBN neuron activity, which accompanies the affective components of orofacial neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Okada
- Department of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry.,Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Ayano Katagiri
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry.,Department of Oral Physiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Hiroto Saito
- Department of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry.,Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Jun Lee
- Department of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Kinuyo Ohara
- Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Toshimitsu Iinuma
- Department of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Koichi Iwata
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry
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18
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Chen HH, Chu CH, Wen SW, Lai CC, Cheng PW, Tseng CJ. Excessive Fructose Intake Impairs Baroreflex Sensitivity and Led to Elevated Blood Pressure in Rats. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112581. [PMID: 31731536 PMCID: PMC6893539 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension development with an increased intake of added sugar, especially excessive fructose intake, was shown in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data. However, the mechanism underlying blood pressure (BP) elevation with increased fructose intake is still unclear. First, the present study showed that in rats fed 10% fructose for one week, BP and fructose/glucose levels increased in the central and peripheral nervous system. Furthermore, increased fructose intake resulted in an upregulation of fructose concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid. Second, consumption of excess fructose increased serum triglycerides. However, the inhibition of triglyceride production did not mitigate sympathetic nerve hyperactivity, but contributed to an insignificant decrease in BP. Finally, increased fructose intake reduced nitric oxide (NO) levels in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) and reduced baroreflex sensitivity within a week. Collectively, the data suggested that fructose intake reduced NO levels in the NTS and caused baroreflex dysfunction, which further stimulated sympathetic nerve activity and induced the development of high BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hung Chen
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan, (H.-H.C.)
- Yuh-Ing Junior College of Health Care & Management, Kaohsiung 821, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsun Chu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan,
- Department of Nursing, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung 831, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wei Wen
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan, (H.-H.C.)
| | - Chi-Cheng Lai
- Cardiology, Kaohsiung Municipal United Hospital, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan,
| | - Pei-Wen Cheng
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan, (H.-H.C.)
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Jiunn Tseng
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan, (H.-H.C.)
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
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19
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Frank-Podlech S, Heinze JM, Machann J, Scheffler K, Camps G, Fritsche A, Rosenberger M, Hinrichs J, Veit R, Preissl H. Functional Connectivity Within the Gustatory Network Is Altered by Fat Content and Oral Fat Sensitivity - A Pilot Study. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:725. [PMID: 31354424 PMCID: PMC6636204 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The amount of fat in ingested food dictates specific activation patterns in the brain, particularly in homeostatic and reward-related areas. Taste-specific brain activation changes have also been shown and the sensitivity to the oral perception of fat is associated with differential eating behavior and physiological parameters. The association between oral fat sensitivity and neuronal network functions has, however, not yet been defined. Objective: We aimed to investigate the association between fat-dependent neuronal functional connectivity patterns and oral fat sensitivity. Design: To investigate the underlying changes in network dynamics caused by fat intake, we measured resting-state functional connectivity in 11 normal-weight male participants before and after a high- vs. a low-fat meal on two separate study days. Oral fat sensitivity was also measured on both days. We used a high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence to measure any connectivity changes in networks with the seed in the brainstem (nucleus tractus solitarii, NTS), in homeostatic (hypothalamus) and in reward regions (ventral and dorsal striatum). Seed-based functional connectivity (FC) maps were analyzed using factorial analyses and correlation analyses with oral fat sensitivity were also performed. Results: Regardless of fat content, FC between NTS and reward and gustatory areas was lower after ingestion. Oral fat sensitivity was positively correlated with FC between homeostatic regions and limbic areas in the high-fat condition, but negatively correlated with FC between the dorsal striatum and somatosensory regions in the low-fat condition. Conclusion: Our results show the interaction of oral fat sensitivity with the network based neuronal processing of high- vs. low-fat meals. Variations in neuronal connectivity network patterns might therefore be a possible moderator of the association of oral fat sensitivity and eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Frank-Podlech
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jaana M. Heinze
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Machann
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Section on Experimental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Scheffler
- Department of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of High-Field Magnetic Resonance, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Guido Camps
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Melanie Rosenberger
- Department Soft Matter Science and Dairy Technology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jörg Hinrichs
- Department Soft Matter Science and Dairy Technology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ralf Veit
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hubert Preissl
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Légat L, Smolders IJ, Dupont AG. Investigation of the Role of AT2 Receptors in the Nucleus Tractus Solitarii of Normotensive Rats in Blood Pressure Control. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:589. [PMID: 31231188 PMCID: PMC6560158 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) densely expresses angiotensin II type 2 receptors (AT2R), which are mainly located on inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons. Central AT2R stimulation reduces blood pressure, and AT2R stimulation in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), mediates a hypotensive response through a GABAergic mechanism. We aimed to test the hypothesis that an AT2R mediated inhibition of the GABA release within the NTS might be involved in this hypotensive response, by assessing possible alterations in blood pressure and heart rate, as well as in GABA levels in normotensive Wistar rats. Methods In vivo microdialysis was used for measurement of extracellular GABA levels and for perfusion of the selective AT2R agonist, Compound 21, within the NTS. Our set-up allowed to determine simultaneously the excitatory glutamate dialysate levels. The mean arterial pressure and heart rate responses were monitored with a pressure transducer. Results Local perfusion of Compound 21 into the NTS did not modify blood pressure and heart rate, nor glutamate and GABA levels compared to baseline concentrations. A putative effect was also not unmasked by concomitant angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade with candesartan. Positive control experiments confirmed that the experimental set up had enough sensitivity to detect a reduction in GABA dialysate levels and blood pressure. Conclusion The results did not provide evidence for a role of the AT2R within the NTS in the control of blood pressure, nor for an interaction with local GABAergic signaling in normotensive rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Légat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Research Group Experimental Pharmacology (EFAR), Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Cardiovascular Center, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy (KFAR), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ilse J Smolders
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Research Group Experimental Pharmacology (EFAR), Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alain G Dupont
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Research Group Experimental Pharmacology (EFAR), Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Cardiovascular Center, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy (KFAR), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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21
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Légat L, Smolders I, Dupont AG. AT1 Receptor Mediated Hypertensive Response to Ang II in the Nucleus Tractus Solitarii of Normotensive Rats Involves NO Dependent Local GABA Release. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:460. [PMID: 31130861 PMCID: PMC6509664 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim It is well-established that angiotensin II exerts a dampening effect on the baroreflex within the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), the principal brainstem site for termination of baroreceptor afferents and which is densely populated with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons and nerve terminals. The present study was designed to investigate whether local release of GABA is involved in the effects mediated by local angiotensin II within the NTS. Methods In vivo microdialysis was used for measurement of extracellular glutamate and GABA levels and for infusion of angiotensin II within the NTS of conscious normotensive Wistar rats. The mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate response to local infusion of angiotensin II were subsequently monitored with a pressure transducer under anesthesia. The angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) antagonist, candesartan, was used to assess whether responses were AT1R dependent and the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor, N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), was used to assess the involvement of NO in the evoked responses by infusion of angiotensin II. The MAP and heart rate responses were monitored with a pressure transducer. Results Local infusion into the NTS of angiotensin II induced a significant to ninefold significantly increase in extracellular GABA levels; as well as MAP was increased by 15 mmHg. These responses were both abolished by co-infusion of either, the angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist, candesartan, or the NO synthase inhibitor, L-NAME, demonstrating that the effect is not only AT1R dependent but also NO dependent. The pressor response to angiotensin II was reversed by co-infusion with the GABAA receptor antagonist, bicuculline. Local blockade of NO synthase decreased both, GABA and glutamate concentrations. Conclusion Our results suggest that the AT1R mediated hypertensive response to angiotensin II within the NTS in normotensive rats is GABA and NO dependent. Nitric oxide produced within the NTS tonically potentiates local GABA and glutamate release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Légat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Cardiovascular Center, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ilse Smolders
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alain G Dupont
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Cardiovascular Center, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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22
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Chen HH, Yeh TC, Cheng PW, Ho WY, Ho CY, Lai CC, Sun GC, Tseng CJ. Antihypertensive Potential of Coenzyme Q10 via Free Radical Scavenging and Enhanced Akt-nNOS Signaling in the Nucleus Tractus Solitarii in Rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1801042. [PMID: 30668894 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201801042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE In the Natural Medicines database, coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is classified as possibly effective for the treatment of hypertension. Patients with hypertension frequently have a significant deficiency of the antioxidant CoQ10. Furthermore, reactive oxygen species are overproduced in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) during the cardiovascular regulation of hypertension in vivo. However, the molecular mechanisms by which CoQ10 modulates cardiovascular functions in the NTS are unclear. In this study, the effects of CoQ10 on superoxide generation, downstream NO signaling in the NTS, and blood pressure were evaluated in rats with fructose-induced hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS Treatment with oral CoQ10 for 4 weeks abolished nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase (NADPH oxidase) activation, decreased p38 phosphorylation, and increased superoxide dismutase 2 production in the NTS of fructose-fed rats. The serum levels of uric acid decrease in response to CoQ10 treatment in fructose-fed rats. Oral CoQ10 reduced blood pressure by inducing Akt and nNOS phosphorylation in NTS of fructose-induced hypertensive rats. CONCLUSION Oral CoQ10 decreases blood pressure by negatively regulating fructose-induced NADPH oxidase levels, abolishing ROS generation, reducing p38 phosphorylation, and enhancing the Akt-nNOS pathway in the NTS. These results support the beneficial effects of CoQ10 in oxidative stressassociated hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hung Chen
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, 81362, Taiwan.,Yuh-Ing Junior College of Health Care & Management, Kaohsiung, 80776, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Chen Yeh
- Cardiovascular Center, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, 81362, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Cheng
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, 81362, Taiwan.,Yuh-Ing Junior College of Health Care & Management, Kaohsiung, 80776, Taiwan.,Department of Physical Therapy, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung, 82144, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yu Ho
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.,Division of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Yi Ho
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, 81362, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Cheng Lai
- Cardiology, Kaohsiung Municipal United Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80457, Taiwan
| | - Gwo-Ching Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Jiunn Tseng
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, 81362, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, 40447, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 11490, Taiwan
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23
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Fu C, Shi L, Wei Z, Yu H, Hao Y, Tian Y, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Yuan F, Wang S. Activation of Phox2b-Expressing Neurons in the Nucleus Tractus Solitarii Drives Breathing in Mice. J Neurosci 2019; 39:2837-46. [PMID: 30626698 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2048-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) is implicated in the control of breathing, but the neuronal phenotype and circuit mechanism involved in such a physiological function remain incompletely understood. This study focused on the respiratory role of paired-like homeobox 2b gene (Phox2b)-expressing NTS neurons and sought to determine whether selective stimulation of this set of neurons activates breathing in male mice. A Cre-dependent vector encoding a Gq-coupled human M3 muscarinic receptor (hM3Dq) was microinjected into the NTS of Phox2b-Cre transgenic mice. The hM3Dq-transduced neurons were pharmacologically activated in conscious mice while respiratory effects were measured by plethysmography. We demonstrate that chemogenetic stimulation of Phox2b-expressing NTS neurons significantly increased baseline minute volume via an increase in respiratory frequency rather than tidal volume. Chemogenetic stimulation also synergized with moderate CO2 stimulation to enhance pulmonary ventilatory response. Selective ablation of Phox2b-expressing NTS neurons notably attenuated a hypercapnic ventilatory response. Moreover, histological evidence revealed that stimulation of Phox2b-expressing NTS neurons increased neuronal activity of the preBötzinger complex. Finally, we presented the neuroanatomical evidence of direct projection of Phox2b-expressing NTS neurons to putative respiratory central pattern generator. Overall, these findings suggest that selective activation of Phox2b-expressing NTS neurons potentiates baseline pulmonary ventilation via an excitatory drive to respiratory central pattern generator and this group of neurons is also required for the hypercapnic ventilatory response.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) has been implicated in the control of breathing. The paired-like homeobox 2b gene (Phox2b) is the disease-defining gene for congenital central hypoventilation syndrome and is restrictively present in brainstem nucleus, including the NTS. Using a chemogenetic approach, we demonstrate herein that selective stimulation of Phox2b-expressing NTS neurons vigorously potentiates baseline pulmonary ventilation via an excitatory drive to respiratory central pattern generator in rodents. Genetic ablation of these neurons attenuates the hypercapnic ventilatory response. We also suggest that a fraction of Phox2b-expressing neurons exhibit CO2 sensitivity and presumably function as central respiratory chemoreceptors. The methodology is expected to provide a future applicability to the patients with sleep-related hypoventilation or apnea.
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24
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Lin CH, Pan JY, Chang JJ, Chen HH, Cheng PW, Tseng CJ. Involvement of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Activation in Midkine-Mediated Central Hypotensive Effects. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2018; 60:353-362. [PMID: 29241309 DOI: 10.4077/cjp.2017.bag512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth factor midkine (MK) has been implicated in various biologic and pathologic events.
It has been shown that the peripheral influence of MK on cardiovascular regulation is due to an
influence on the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) is the primary
integrative center for cardiovascular control and other autonomic functions in the central nervous
system. However, the signaling mechanisms involved in MK-mediated cardiovascular effects in the
NTS remain unclear. In this study, we investigated whether the RAS and/or N-methyl-D-aspartate
(NMDA) receptor-calmodulin-endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) signaling pathways were both
involved in MK-mediated blood pressure (BP) regulation in the NTS of Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats.
Intra-NTS microinjection and immunoblot analysis were used to evaluate the signal pathway. WKY rats
were anesthetized with urethane. Unilateral microinjection of MK (600 fmol) into the NTS produced
a dose-dependent decrease in BP and heart rate (HR). The depressor effects were observed before
and after microinjection of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor lisinopril (2.4 fmol),
or the angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) inhibitor valsartan (7.5 pmol). However, lisinopril and
valsartan did not diminish the MK-mediated cardiovascular effects in the NTS. Microinjection of
the NMDA receptor antagonist MK801 (1 nmol) or the NOS inhibitor N-nitro l-arginine methyl ester
(L-NAME), (33 nmol), into the NTS attenuated the MK-induced hypotensive effects. Pretreatment with
an eNOS inhibitor N5-iminoethyl-l-ornithine (L-NIO) (6 nmol) attenuated the MK-induced
hypotensive effects. In this study, the data showed that MK might play a role in central
cardiovascular regulation in the NTS. These results suggest that MK decreased BP and HR in the NTS
probably acting via the NMDA receptor-calmodulin-eNOS signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Huang Lin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Physical Therapy, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung 82144, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jun-Yen Pan
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Nursing, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung 82144, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jung-Jui Chang
- Department of Surgery, Zuoying Branch of Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81342, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsin-Hung Chen
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Yuh-Ing Junior College of Health Care & Management, Kaohsiung 80765, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Pei-Wen Cheng
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Yuh-Ing Junior College of Health Care & Management, Kaohsiung 80765, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ching-Jiunn Tseng
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan, Republic of China
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25
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Liu Y, Wu D, Qu MY, He JL, Yuan M, Zhao M, Wang JX, He J, Wang LQ, Guo XJ, Zuo M, Zhao SY, Ma MN, Li JN, Shou W, Qiao GF, Li BY. Neuropeptide Y-mediated sex- and afferent-specific neurotransmissions contribute to sexual dimorphism of baroreflex afferent function. Oncotarget 2018; 7:66135-66148. [PMID: 27623075 PMCID: PMC5323221 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Molecular and cellular mechanisms of neuropeptide-Y (NPY)-mediated gender-difference in blood pressure (BP) regulation are largely unknown. Methods Baroreceptor sensitivity (BRS) was evaluated by measuring the response of BP to phenylephrine/nitroprusside. Serum NPY concentration was determined using ELISA. The mRNA and protein expression of NPY receptors were assessed in tissue and single-cell by RT-PCR, immunoblot, and immunohistochemistry. NPY was injected into the nodose while arterial pressure was monitored. Electrophysiological recordings were performed on nodose neurons from rats by patch-clamp technique. Results The BRS was higher in female than male and ovariectomized rats, while serum NPY concentration was similar among groups. The sex-difference was detected in Y1R, not Y2R protein expression, however, both were upregulated upon ovariectomy and canceled by estrogen replacement. Immunostaining confirmed Y1R and Y2R expression in myelinated and unmyelinated afferents. Single-cell PCR demonstrated that Y1R expression/distribution was identical between A- and C-types, whereas, expressed level of Y2R was ∼15 and ∼7 folds higher in Ah- and C-types than A-types despite similar distribution. Activation of Y1R in nodose elevated BP, while activation of Y2R did the opposite. Activation of Y1R did not alter action potential duration (APD) of A-types, but activation of Y2R- and Y1R/Y2R in Ah- and C-types frequency-dependently prolonged APD. N-type ICa was reduced in A-, Ah- and C-types when either Y1R, Y2R, or both were activated. The sex-difference in Y1R expression was also observed in NTS. Conclusions Sex- and afferent-specific expression of Neuropeptide-Y receptors in baroreflex afferent pathway may contribute to sexual-dimorphic neurocontrol of BP regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research of Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mei-Yu Qu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research of Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jian-Li He
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research of Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mei Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Miao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research of Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jian-Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research of Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jian He
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research of Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lu-Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research of Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin-Jing Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Meng Zuo
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shu-Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research of Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mei-Na Ma
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research of Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jun-Nan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Weinian Shou
- Riley Heart Research Center, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Guo-Fen Qiao
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research of Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bai-Yan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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26
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is known for the progressive decline of cognition and memory. In addition to these disease-defining symptoms, impairment of respiratory function is frequently observed and often expressed by sleep-disordered breathing or reduced ability to adjust respiration when oxygen demand is elevated. The mechanisms for this are widely unknown. Postmortem analysis from the brainstem of AD patients reveals pathological alterations, including in nuclei responsible for respiratory control. In this study, we analyzed respiratory responses and morphological changes in brainstem nuclei following intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of streptozotocin (STZ), a rat model commonly used to mimic sporadic AD. ICV-STZ induced significant astrogliosis in the commissural part of the nucleus tractus solitarii, an area highly involved in respiration control. The astrogliosis was identified by a significant increase in S100B-immunofluorescence that is similar to the astrogliosis found in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Using plethysmography, the control group displayed a typical age-dependent decrease of ventilation that was absent in the STZ rat group. This is indicative of elevated minute ventilation at rest after STZ treatment. Peripheral chemoreflex responses were significantly blunted in STZ rats as seen by a reduced respiratory rate and minute ventilation to hypoxia. Central chemoreflex responses to hypercapnia, on the other hand, only decreased in respiratory rate following STZ treatment. Overall, our results show that ICV-STZ induces respiratory dysfunction at rest and in response to hypoxia. This provides a new tool to study the underlying mechanisms of breathing disorders in clinical AD.
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27
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Cinelli E, Iovino L, Bongianni F, Pantaleo T, Mutolo D. GABAA- and glycine-mediated inhibitory modulation of the cough reflex in the caudal nucleus tractus solitarii of the rabbit. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L570-80. [PMID: 27402692 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00205.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cough-related sensory inputs from rapidly adapting receptors (RARs) and C fibers are processed by second-order neurons mainly located in the caudal nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS). Both GABAA and glycine receptors have been proven to be involved in the inhibitory control of second-order cells receiving RAR projections. We investigated the role of these receptors within the caudal NTS in the modulation of the cough reflex induced by either mechanical or chemical stimulation of the tracheobronchial tree in pentobarbital sodium-anesthetized, spontaneously breathing rabbits. Bilateral microinjections (30-50 nl) of the receptor antagonists bicuculline and strychnine as well as of the receptor agonists muscimol and glycine were performed. Bicuculline (0.1 mM) and strychnine (1 mM) caused decreases in peak abdominal activity and marked increases in respiratory frequency due to decreases in both inspiratory time (Ti) and expiratory time (Te), without concomitant changes in arterial blood pressure. Noticeably, these microinjections induced potentiation of the cough reflex consisting of increases in the cough number associated with decreases either in cough-related Ti after bicuculline or in both cough-related Ti and Te after strychnine. The effects caused by muscimol (0.1 mM) and glycine (10 mM) were in the opposite direction to those produced by the corresponding antagonists. The results show that both GABAA and glycine receptors within the caudal NTS mediate a potent inhibitory modulation of the pattern of breathing and cough reflex responses. They strongly suggest that disinhibition is one important mechanism underlying cough regulation and possibly provide new hints for novel effective antitussive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elenia Cinelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Sezione Scienze Fisiologiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Ludovica Iovino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Sezione Scienze Fisiologiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Fulvia Bongianni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Sezione Scienze Fisiologiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Tito Pantaleo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Sezione Scienze Fisiologiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Donatella Mutolo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Sezione Scienze Fisiologiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
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28
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Zhang Z, Du X, Xu H, Xie J, Jiang H. Lesion of medullary catecholaminergic neurons is associated with cardiovascular dysfunction in rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease rats. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 42:2346-55. [PMID: 26153521 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, non-motor symptoms have been recognised as of vital importance in Parkinson's disease (PD); among these, cardiovascular dysfunctions are commonly seen in PD patients before their motor signs. The role of cardiovascular dysfunction in the progression of PD pathology, and its underlying mechanisms, are largely unknown. In the present study, in rotenone-induced PD rats, there was a gradual reduction in the number of nigral tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-ir) neurons after 7, 14 and 21 days treatment. With the 56% reduction in striatal dopamine content and 52% loss of TH-ir neurons on the 14th day, the rats showed motor dysfunctions. However, from ECG power spectra, reductions in normalised low-frequency power and in the low-frequency power : high-frequency power ratio, as well as in mean blood pressure, were observed as early as the 3rd day. Plasma norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) levels were decreased by 39% and 26% respectively at the same time. Pearson's correlation analysis showed that both plasma NE and plasma E levels were positively correlated with MBP. Our results also showed that the loss of catecholaminergic neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), but not in the caudal ventrolateral medulla or the nucleus tractus solitarii, emerged earlier than the loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons. This suggests that dysfunction of catecholaminergic neurons in the RVLM might account for the reduced sympathetic activity, MBP and plasma catecholamine levels in the early stages of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqiang Zhang
- State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266001, China.,Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College of Taishan Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Xixun Du
- State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266001, China
| | - Huamin Xu
- State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266001, China
| | - Junxia Xie
- State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266001, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266001, China
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29
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Cheng PW, Ho WY, Su YT, Lu PJ, Chen BZ, Cheng WH, Lu WH, Sun GC, Yeh TC, Hsiao M, Tseng CJ. Resveratrol decreases fructose-induced oxidative stress, mediated by NADPH oxidase via an AMPK-dependent mechanism. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:2739-50. [PMID: 24547812 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Oxidative stress is an important pathogenic factor in the development of hypertension. Resveratrol, the main antioxidant in red wine, improves NO bioavailability and prevents cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to examine whether resveratrol decreases the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby reducing BP in rats with fructose-induced hypertension. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Rats were fed 10% fructose with or without resveratrol (10 mg·kg(-1) ·day(-1) ) for 1 week or for 4 weeks with resveratrol treatment beginning at week 2; systolic BP (SBP) was measured by tail-cuff method. Endogenous in vivo O2 (-) production in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) was determined with dihydroethidium. Real-time PCR and immunoblotting analyses were used to quantify RNA and protein expression levels. KEY RESULTS In fructose-fed rats, ROS levels in the NTS were higher, whereas the NO level was significantly decreased. Also, RNA and protein levels of NADPH oxidase subunits (p67, p22-phox) were elevated, superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) reduced and AMP-activated PK (AMPK) T172 phosphorylation levels in the NTS were lower in fructose-fed rats. Treatment with the AMPK activator resveratrol decreased levels of NADPH oxidase subunits and ROS, and increased NO and SOD2 levels in the NTS of fructose-fed rats. Administration of resveratrol, in combination with fructose at week 0 and later at week 2, significantly reduced the SBP of fructose-fed rats. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Collectively, resveratrol decreased BP through the phosphorylation of AMPK, Akt and neuronal NOS in fructose-fed rats. These novel findings suggest that resveratrol may be a potential pharmacological candidate for the treatment of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Wen Cheng
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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30
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Xu H, Boychuk JA, Boychuk CR, Uteshev VV, Smith BN. Nicotine enhances inhibition of mouse vagal motor neurons by modulating excitability of premotor GABAergic neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarii. J Neurophysiol 2014; 113:1165-74. [PMID: 25429117 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00614.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The caudal nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) serves as the site of the first synapse for visceral sensory inputs to the central nervous system. The NTS sends functional projections to multiple brain nuclei, with gastric-related projections primarily targeting the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV). Previous studies have demonstrated that the majority of caudal NTS neurons that project to the DMV respond robustly to nicotine and express nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). However, the cytochemical identity and relationship with specific viscera of DMV-projecting, nicotine-responsive caudal NTS neurons have not been determined. The present study used transgenic mice that express enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under a GAD67 promoter in a subset of GABAergic neurons, in vivo retrograde pseudorabies viral labeling to identify gastric-related vagal complex neurons, and patch-clamp electrophysiology in acute brain stem slices to test the hypothesis that gastric-related and GABAergic inhibitory synaptic input to the DMV from the caudal NTS is under a robust modulatory control by nAChRs. Our results suggest that activation of nAChRs in the caudal NTS, but not DMV, potentiates GABAergic, but not glutamatergic, input to the DMV. Gastric-related caudal NTS and DMV neurons are directly involved in this nicotine-sensitive circuitry. Understanding the central patterns of nicotinic modulation of visceral sensory-motor circuitry may help develop therapeutic interventions to restore autonomic homeostasis in patients with autonomic impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; and
| | - Jeffery A Boychuk
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; and
| | - Carie R Boychuk
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; and
| | - Victor V Uteshev
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Bret N Smith
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; and
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31
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Peng L, Liu M, Chang X, Yang Z, Yi S, Yan J, Peng Y. Role of the nucleus tractus solitarii in the protection of pre-moxibustion on gastric mucosal lesions. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:198-204. [PMID: 25206801 PMCID: PMC4146166 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.125350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that somatic sensation by acupuncture and visceral nociceptive stimulation can converge in the nucleus tractus solitarii where neurons integrate signals impacting on the function of organs. To explore the role of the nucleus tractus solitarii in the protective mechanism of pre-moxibustion on gastric mucosa, nucleus tractus solitarii were damaged in rats and pre-moxibustion treatment at the Zusanli (ST36) point followed. The gastric mucosa was then damaged by the anhydrous ethanol lavage method. Morphological observations, enzyme linked immunosorbent assays, and western immunoblot analyses showed that gastric mucosa surface lesion and the infiltration of inflammatory cells were significantly ameliorated after pre-moxibustion treatment. Furthermore, the gastric mucosal damage index and somatostatin level were reduced, and epidermal growth factor content in the gastric mucosa and heat-shock protein-70 expression were increased. These results were reversed by damage to the nucleus tractus solitarii. These findings suggest that moxibustion pretreatment at the Zusanli point is protective against acute gastric mucosa injury, and nucleus tractus solitarii damage inhibits these responses. Therefore, the nucleus tractus solitarii may be an important area for regulating the signal transduction of the protective effect of pre-moxibustion on gastric mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Peng
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Mi Liu
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiaorong Chang
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Shouxiang Yi
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jie Yan
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yan Peng
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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Cheng PW, Kang BH, Lu PJ, Lin SS, Ho WY, Chen HH, Hong LZ, Wu YS, Hsiao M, Tseng CJ. Involvement of two distinct signalling pathways in IGF-1-mediated central control of hypotensive effects in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 212:28-38. [PMID: 24995704 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is abundantly expressed in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS). In a previous study, we revealed that the induction of nitric oxide (NO) production in the NTS reduces blood pressure (BP). It is well known that both acute administration and chronic administration of IGF-I reduce BP. The aim of this study was to evaluate the short-term hypotensive effect of IGF-1 in the NTS and to delineate the underlying molecular mechanisms of IGF-1 in the NTS of normotensive WKY rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). METHOD Microinjections of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002 and the MAP kinase-ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor PD98059 into the NTS in WKY rats and SHRs were used to study the involvement of IGF-1-induced depressor effects. RESULT An IGF-1 (7.7 pmol) injection into the NTS resulted in a significant decrease in BP and HR in WKY rats and SHRs. Immunoblotting and immunohistochemical analysis showed that the microinjection of LY294002 (0.6 pmol) or PD98059 (3.0 pmol) into the NTS attenuated the IGF-1-induced depressor effects and Akt or ERK phosphorylation in WKY rats. An attenuation effect of LY294002, but not PD98059, was found in the SHRs. However, the mRNA and protein expression levels of the IGF-1R showed no significant differences in the NTS of the WKY rats and the SHRs. CONCLUSION These results suggest that distinct Akt and ERK signalling pathways mediated the IGF-1 control of the central depressor effects in WKY rats and SHRs. ERK signalling defects may be associated with the development of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.-W. Cheng
- Department of Medical Education and Research; Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - B.-H. Kang
- Department of Diving Medicine; Zouying Branch of Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital Kaohsiung; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - P.-J. Lu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine; National Cheng-Kung University; Tainan Taiwan
| | - S.-S. Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences; National Sun Yat-Sen University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - W.-Y. Ho
- Division of General Internal Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine; Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - H.-H. Chen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine; National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - L.-Z. Hong
- Department of Medical Education and Research; Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Y.-S. Wu
- Department of Medical Education and Research; Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - M. Hsiao
- Genomics Research Center; Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan
| | - C.-J. Tseng
- Department of Medical Education and Research; Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital; Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine; National Cheng-Kung University; Tainan Taiwan
- Division of General Internal Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine; Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research; China Medical University Hospital; China Medical University; Taichung Taiwan
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Hiroshima Y, Miyamoto H, Nakamura F, Masukawa D, Yamamoto T, Muraoka H, Kamiya M, Yamashita N, Suzuki T, Matsuzaki S, Endo I, Goshima Y. The protein Ocular albinism 1 is the orphan GPCR GPR143 and mediates depressor and bradycardic responses to DOPA in the nucleus tractus solitarii. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:403-14. [PMID: 24117106 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE L-DOPA is generally considered to alleviate the symptoms of Parkinson's disease by its conversion to dopamine. We have proposed that DOPA is itself a neurotransmitter in the CNS. However, specific receptors for DOPA have not been identified. Recently, the gene product of ocular albinism 1 (OA1) was found to exhibit DOPA-binding activity. Here, we have investigated whether OA1 is a functional receptor of DOPA in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We examined immunohistochemical expression of OA1 in the NTS, and the effects of DOPA microinjected into the depressor sites of NTS on blood pressure and heart rate in anaesthetized rats, with or without prior knock-down of OA1 in the NTS, using shRNA against OA1. KEY RESULTS Using a specific OA1 antibody, OA1-positive cells and nerve fibres were found in the depressor sites of the NTS. OA1 expression in the NTS was markedly suppressed by microinjection into the NTS of adenovirus vectors carrying the relevant shRNA sequences against OA1. In animals treated with OA1 shRNA, depressor and bradycardic responses to DOPA, but not those to glutamate, microinjected into the NTS were blocked. Bilateral injections into the NTS of DOPA cyclohexyl ester, a competitive antagonist against OA1, suppressed phenylephrine-induced bradycardic responses without affecting blood pressure responses. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS OA1 acted as a functional receptor for DOPA in the NTS, mediating depressor and bradycardic responses. Our results add to the evidence for a central neurotransmitter role for DOPA, without conversion to dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hiroshima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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Cheng WH, Ho WY, Chang CF, Lu PJ, Cheng PW, Yeh TC, Hong LZ, Sun GC, Hsiao M, Tseng CJ. Simvastatin induces a central hypotensive effect via Ras-mediated signalling to cause eNOS up-regulation. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:847-58. [PMID: 23889671 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Clinical studies indicate that statins have a BP-lowering effect in hypercholesterolemic individuals with hypertension. Specifically, statins modulate BP through the up-regulation of endothelial NOS (eNOS) activation in the brain. However, the signalling mechanisms through which statins enhance eNOS activation remain unclear. Therefore, we examined the possible signalling pathways involved in statin-mediated BP regulation in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH To investigate the involvement of Ras and other signalling pathways in simvastatin-induced effects on BP, BP and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) were determined in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) before and after i.c.v. administration of simvastatin in the absence and presence of a Ras-specific inhibitor (farnesyl thiosalicylic acid, FTS), a geranylgeranyltransferase inhibitor (GGTI-2133), a PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) or a MAPK-ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor (PD98059). KEY RESULTS FTS significantly attenuated the decrease in BP and increased NO evoked by simvastatin and reversed the decrease in basal RSNA induced by simvastatin. Immunoblotting and pharmacological studies showed that inhibition of Ras activity by FTS significantly abolished simvastatin-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, ribosomal protein S6 kinase (RSK), Akt and decreased eNOS phosphorylation. Likewise, administration of Akt and ERK1/2 signalling inhibitors, LY294002 and PD98059, attenuated the reduction in BP evoked by simvastatin. Furthermore, i.c.v. simvastatin decreased Rac1 activation and the number of ROS-positive cells in the NTS. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Simvastatin modulates central BP control in the NTS of SHRs by increasing Ras-mediated activation of the PI3K-Akt and ERK1/2-RSK signalling pathways, which then up-regulates eNOS activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Han Cheng
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Takagishi M, Gouraud SS, Bhuiyan MER, Kohsaka A, Maeda M, Waki H. Activation of histamine H1 receptors in the nucleus tractus solitarii attenuates cardiac baroreceptor reflex function in rats. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 211:73-81. [PMID: 24655789 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM The nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) is a central brainstem structure that plays an important role in regulating cardiovascular homeostasis. In this study, we examined whether H1 receptors in the NTS can control the baroreceptor reflex function by modulating synaptic transmission. METHODS Cardiac baroreceptor reflex function was assessed before and after the microinjection of 2-pyridylethylamine (10-25 nmol), a histamine H1 receptor-specific agonist, into the NTS of urethane-anaesthetized Wistar rats. The cardiovascular responses induced by l-glutamate microinjection into the NTS were also examined before and after the NTS administration of 2-pyridylethylamine. RESULTS Nucleus tractus solitarii microinjections of 2-pyridylethylamine significantly inhibited the gain of the cardiac baroreceptor reflex and bradycardiac/depressor responses induced by l-glutamate microinjection into the NTS. These findings suggest that histamine H1 receptors regulate the cardiac baroreceptor reflex in a post-synaptic manner to inhibit barosensitive NTS neurons. CONCLUSION Taken together with our previous findings, the present results provide further evidence that histamine may play a role within the NTS in regulating cardiovascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Takagishi
- Department of Physiology; Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine; Wakayama Japan
- Department of Therapeutic Health Promotion; Kansai University of Health Sciences; Osaka Japan
| | - S. S. Gouraud
- Department of Physiology; Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine; Wakayama Japan
| | - M. E. R. Bhuiyan
- Department of Physiology; Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine; Wakayama Japan
| | - A. Kohsaka
- Department of Physiology; Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine; Wakayama Japan
| | - M. Maeda
- Department of Physiology; Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine; Wakayama Japan
| | - H. Waki
- Department of Physiology; Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine; Wakayama Japan
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Brunton PJ, Russell JA, Hirst JJ. Allopregnanolone in the brain: protecting pregnancy and birth outcomes. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 113:106-36. [PMID: 24012715 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A successful pregnancy requires multiple adaptations in the mother's brain that serve to optimise foetal growth and development, protect the foetus from adverse prenatal programming and prevent premature delivery of the young. Pregnancy hormones induce, organise and maintain many of these adaptations. Steroid hormones play a critical role and of particular importance is the progesterone metabolite and neurosteroid, allopregnanolone. Allopregnanolone is produced in increasing amounts during pregnancy both in the periphery and in the maternal and foetal brain. This review critically examines a role for allopregnanolone in both the maternal and foetal brain during pregnancy and development in protecting pregnancy and birth outcomes, with particular emphasis on its role in relation to stress exposure at this time. Late pregnancy is associated with suppressed stress responses. Thus, we begin by considering what is known about the central mechanisms in the maternal brain, induced by allopregnanolone, that protect the foetus(es) from exposure to harmful levels of maternal glucocorticoids as a result of stress during pregnancy. Next we discuss the central mechanisms that prevent premature secretion of oxytocin and consider a role for allopregnanolone in minimising the risk of preterm birth. Allopregnanolone also plays a key role in the foetal brain, where it promotes development and is neuroprotective. Hence we review the evidence about disruption to neurosteroid production in pregnancy, through prenatal stress or other insults, and the immediate and long-term adverse consequences for the offspring. Finally we address whether progesterone or allopregnanolone treatment can rescue some of these deficits in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula J Brunton
- Division of Neurobiology, The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
| | - John A Russell
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Jonathan J Hirst
- Mothers and Babies Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, N.S.W., Australia
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Steiner J, Bernstein HG, Schiltz K, Müller UJ, Westphal S, Drexhage HA, Bogerts B. Immune system and glucose metabolism interaction in schizophrenia: a chicken-egg dilemma. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 48:287-94. [PMID: 23085507 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Revised: 09/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Impaired glucose metabolism and the development of metabolic syndrome contribute to a reduction in the average life expectancy of individuals with schizophrenia. It is unclear whether this association simply reflects an unhealthy lifestyle or whether weight gain and impaired glucose tolerance in patients with schizophrenia are directly attributable to the side effects of atypical antipsychotic medications or disease-inherent derangements. In addition, numerous previous studies have highlighted alterations in the immune system of patients with schizophrenia. Increased concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) appear to be state markers, whereas IL-12, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R) appear to be trait markers of schizophrenia. Moreover, the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) and microglial activation are involved in the early course of the disease. This review illustrates a "chicken-egg dilemma", as it is currently unclear whether impaired cerebral glucose utilization leads to secondary disturbances in peripheral glucose metabolism, an increased risk of cardiovascular complications, and accompanying pro-inflammatory changes in patients with schizophrenia or whether immune mechanisms may be involved in the initial pathogenesis of schizophrenia, which leads to disturbances in glucose metabolism such as metabolic syndrome. Alternatively, shared underlying factors may be responsible for the co-occurrence of immune system and glucose metabolism disturbances in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Li P, Sun HJ, Han Y, Wang JJ, Zhang F, Tang CS, Zhou YB. Intermedin enhances sympathetic outflow via receptor-mediated cAMP/PKA signaling pathway in nucleus tractus solitarii of rats. Peptides 2013; 47:1-6. [PMID: 23816795 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Direct administration of intermedin (IMD) into the brain elicits cardiovascular effects different from the systemic administration. Nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) is an important region for the cardiovascular regulation. The present study was designed to determine the effect of IMD on modulating the sympathetic outflow and its related molecular mechanism in the NTS. Renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were recorded in anesthetized rats. Site-specific microinjection of IMD (20pmol) bilaterally into the NTS significantly increased RSNA and MAP. IMD-evoked increases of RSNA and MAP were almost abolished by pretreatment with receptor antagonist ADM22-52, an adenylyl cyclase (AC) inhibitor SQ22536, or a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor Rp-cAMP. However, pretreatment with another receptor antagonist calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)8-37 did not suppress the increases of RSNA and MAP induced by IMD. Furthermore, IMD increased the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) level, which was inhibited by ADM22-52 pretreatment in the NTS. These results suggest that IMD participates in the sympathetic nerve activity and central regulation of the cardiovascular system and a receptor-mediated cAMP/PKA signaling pathway is involved in IMD-induced effects in the NTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
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Panneton WM, Gan Q, Le J, Livergood RS, Clerc P, Juric R. Activation of brainstem neurons by underwater diving in the rat. Front Physiol 2012; 3:111. [PMID: 22563319 PMCID: PMC3342523 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian diving response is a powerful autonomic adjustment to underwater submersion greatly affecting heart rate, arterial blood pressure, and ventilation. The bradycardia is mediated by the parasympathetic nervous system, arterial blood pressure is mediated via the sympathetic system and still other circuits mediate the respiratory changes. In the present study we investigate the cardiorespiratory responses and the brainstem neurons activated by voluntary diving of trained rats, and, compare them to control and swimming animals which did not dive. We show that the bradycardia and increase in arterial blood pressure induced by diving were significantly different than that induced by swimming. Neuronal activation was calculated after immunohistochemical processing of brainstem sections for Fos protein. Labeled neurons were counted in the caudal pressor area, the medullary dorsal horn, subnuclei of the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), the nucleus raphe pallidus (RPa), the rostroventrolateral medulla, the A5 area, the nucleus locus coeruleus, the Kölliker–Fuse area, and the external lateral and superior lateral subnuclei of the parabrachial nucleus. All these areas showed significant increases in Fos labeling when data from voluntary diving rats were compared to control rats and all but the commissural subnucleus of the NTS, A5 area, and RPa were significantly different from swimming rats. These data provide a substrate for more precise experiments to determine the role of these nuclei in the reflex circuits driving the diving response.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Michael Panneton
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, St. Louis University School of Medicine St. Louis, MO, USA
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Abstract
Neuronal activation of brain vagal-regulatory nuclei and gastric/duodenal enteric plexuses in response to insulin (2 U/kg, 2 h) hypoglycemia was studied in rats. Insulin hypoglycemia significantly induced Fos expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, locus coeruleus, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMN), and nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), as well as in the gastric/duodenal myenteric/submucosal plexuses. A substantial number of insulin hypoglycemia-activated DMN and NTS neurons were choline acetyltransferase and tyrosine hydroxylase positive, respectively, whereas the activated enteric neurons included NADPH- and vasoactive intestinal peptide neurons. The numbers of Fos-positive cells in each above-named brain nucleus or in the gastric/duodenal myenteric plexus of insulin-treated rats were negatively correlated with serum glucose levels and significantly increased when glucose levels were lower than 80 mg/dl. Acute bilateral cervical vagotomy did not influence insulin hypoglycemia-induced Fos induction in the brain vagal-regulatory nuclei but completely and partially prevented this response in the gastric and duodenal enteric plexuses, respectively. These results revealed that brain-gut neurons regulating vagal outflow to the stomach/duodenum are sensitively responsive to insulin hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu-Qing Yuan
- Digestive Diseases Research Center, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90073, USA
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Takahama K, Fukushima H, Isohama Y, Kai H, Miyata T. Inhibition of glycine currents by dextromethorphan in neurones dissociated from the guinea-pig nucleus tractus solitarii. Br J Pharmacol 1997; 120:690-4. [PMID: 9051309 PMCID: PMC1564503 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0700943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The effect of dextromethorphan (DM) on the current induced by glycine in acutely dissociated nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) neurones of guinea-pigs was studied by use of the whole-cell patch clamp technique. The effect of DM on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-induced currents (IGABA) was also examined. 2. DM inhibited 30 microM glycine-induced current (IGly), without affecting the current caused by 30 microM GABA. The action of DM was concentration-dependent, with a maximum effect at 100 microM, and reversible. The half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) of DM was 3.3 microM, about 85 times higher than that of strychnine. 3. DM 3 microM shifted the concentration-response curve for glycine to the right without affecting the maximum value. DM 10 microM shifted the curve even more to the right, although it was not a parallel shift. Strychnine at a concentration of 0.1 microM shifted the curve for glycine in a nearly parallel fashion. 4. The effect of 10 microM DM was slightly weak voltage-dependency, but the lower concentration of DM, 3 microM, inhibited IGly equally at -50 mV and +50 mV. The effect of 3 microM DM on IGly showed no use-dependence. Blockade by strychnine 0.1 microM showed no voltage- or use-dependence. 5. The results indicate that DM inhibits IGly in single neurones of NTS, and further suggest that DM at a low concentration may act on the glycine receptor-ionophore complex, but not on the Cl channel of the complex. However, a relatively high concentration of DM may at least partly affect the Cl- channel of the complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Takahama
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
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