1
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Suzuki Y, Hisasue Y. Discovery of presumably introduced spiders, Oedignathascrobiculata Thorell, 1881 (Araneae, Liocranidae) and Boagriusqiong Lin & Li, 2022 (Araneae, Palpimanidae) on Chichi-jima Island, the Ogasawara Islands, Japan. Biodivers Data J 2024; 12:e121421. [PMID: 38655010 PMCID: PMC11035977 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.12.e121421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The spider fauna of the Ogasawara Islands, oceanic islands located 1,000 km south of mainland Japan was comprehensively examined by the National Museum of Nature and Science in 2011, which revealed that approximately 70% of the spider fauna was composed of non-native species. Following the preceding study, however, only descriptions of several new species have been added and no major updates have been made for the overall spider fauna of the Islands. New information The faunistic survey of spiders conducted on Chichi-jima Island, the largest island in the Ogasawara Islands in 2023 revealed the presence of two ground-dwelling spider species, Oedignathascrobiculata Thorell, 1881 (Araneae, Liocranidae) and Boagriusqiong Lin & Li, 2022 (Araneae, Palpimanidae) on the Island. This represents the first record of the two species from Japan, the first record of palpimaid spiders from Japan and the initial documentation of liocranid spiders in the Ogasawara Islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Suzuki
- Tokushima Prefectural Museum, Tokushima, JapanTokushima Prefectural MuseumTokushimaJapan
| | - Yu Hisasue
- Ogasawara Division of Japan Wildlife Research Center, Tokyo, JapanOgasawara Division of Japan Wildlife Research CenterTokyoJapan
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2
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Elias RB, Moura M, Roxo G, Silva LB, Pavão DC, Resendes R, Pereira F, Nickrent D. Arceuthobium M.Bieb. (Viscaceae) parasitizing an angiosperm: the unique case of A. azoricum Hawksw. & Wiens in the Azores islands. Plant Dis 2024. [PMID: 38506906 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-23-1909-sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Arceuthobium azoricum Wiens & Hawksw. is a rare Azorean endemic epiphytic hemiparasite (mistletoe), that typically parasitizes branches of the gymnosperm Juniperus brevifolia (Hochst. ex Seub.) Antoine (Cupressaceae), also an Azorean endemic. Here we describe one population of A. azoricum, on Pico Island, parasitizing Erica azorica Hochst. ex Seub (Ericaceae) also an Azores endemic. Our molecular analysis (using nuclear ribosomal ITS) showed no differences between individuals parasitizing Erica and Juniperus. Moreover, a preliminary analysis showed no differences in morphological characters between accessions sampled from the different hosts. Given that this is the first bona fide record of Arceuthobium parasitizing an angiosperm, this population represents a unique host shifting event and its conservation is important because it may allow new insights into host recognition mechanisms in mistletoes. Immediate attention should be given to characterize this Pico Island population using appropriate molecular methods and additional morphological analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Bento Elias
- Azorean Biodiversity Group & cE3c - Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal
- Universidade dos Açores Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e do Ambiente, 517933, Environmental and Engineering Sciences, Angra do Heroismo, Ilha Terceira, Portugal;
| | - Mónica Moura
- Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources (CIBIO), InBIO Associate Laboratory, BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning; UNESCO Chair - Land Within Sea: Biodiversity & Sustainability in Atlantic Islands, Ponta Delgada, Portugal
- Universidade dos Açores Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia Ponta Delgada, 520628, Ponta Delgada, Ilha de São Miguel, Portugal;
| | - Guilherme Roxo
- Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources (CIBIO), InBIO Associate Laboratory, BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning; UNESCO Chair - Land Within Sea: Biodiversity & Sustainability in Atlantic Islands, Ponta Delgada, Portugal
- Universidade dos Açores Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia Ponta Delgada Ponta Delgada, Ilha de São Miguel, PT, Ponta Delgada, Portugal;
| | - Lurdes Borges Silva
- Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources (CIBIO), InBIO Associate Laboratory, BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning; UNESCO Chair - Land Within Sea: Biodiversity & Sustainability in Atlantic Islands, Ponta Delgada, Portugal
- Universidade dos Açores Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 517935, Ponta Delgada, Ilha de São Miguel, Portugal;
| | - Diogo Cláudio Pavão
- Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources (CIBIO), InBIO Associate Laboratory, BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning; UNESCO Chair - Land Within Sea: Biodiversity & Sustainability in Atlantic Islands, Ponta Delgada, Portugal
- Universidade dos Açores Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 517935, Ponta Delgada, Ilha de São Miguel, Portugal;
| | - Roberto Resendes
- Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources (CIBIO), InBIO Associate Laboratory, BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning; UNESCO Chair - Land Within Sea: Biodiversity & Sustainability in Atlantic Islands, Ponta Delgada, Portugal
- Universidade dos Açores Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 517935, Ponta Delgada, Ilha de São Miguel, Portugal;
| | - Fernando Pereira
- Azorean Biodiversity Group & cE3c - Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal
- Universidade dos Açores Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e do Ambiente, 517933, Angra do Heroismo, Ilha Terceira, Portugal;
| | - Daniel Nickrent
- Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 47790, Ithaca, New York, United States;
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3
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Santos-Perdomo I, Suárez D, Moraza ML, Arribas P, Andújar C. Towards a Canary Islands barcode database for soil biodiversity: revealing cryptic and unrecorded mite species diversity within insular soils. Biodivers Data J 2024; 12:e113301. [PMID: 38314123 PMCID: PMC10838043 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.12.e113301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Soil arthropod diversity contributes to a high proportion of the total biodiversity on Earth. However, most soil arthropods are still undescribed, hindering our understanding of soil functioning and global biodiversity estimations. Inventorying soil arthropods using conventional taxonomical approaches is particularly difficult and costly due to the great species richness, abundance and local-scale heterogeneity of mesofauna communities and the poor taxonomic background knowledge of most lineages. To alleviate this situation, we have designed and implemented a molecular barcoding framework adapted to soil fauna. This pipeline includes different steps, starting with a morphology-based selection of specimens which are imaged. Then, DNA is extracted non-destructively. Both images and voucher specimens are used to assign a taxonomic identification, based on morphology that is further checked for consistency with molecular information. Using this procedure, we studied 239 specimens of mites from the Canary Islands including representatives of Mesostigmata, Sarcoptiformes and Trombidiformes, of which we recovered barcode sequences for 168 specimens that were morphologically identified to 49 species, with nine specimens that could only be identified at the genus or family levels. Multiple species delimitation analyses were run to compare molecular delimitations with morphological identifications, including ASAP, mlPTP, BINs and 3% and 8% genetic distance thresholds. Additionally, a species-level search was carried out at the Biodiversity Databank of the Canary Islands (BIOTA) to evaluate the number of species in our dataset that were not previously recorded in the archipelago. In parallel, a sequence-level search of our sequences was performed against BOLD Systems. Our results reveal that multiple morphologically identified species correspond to different molecular lineages, which points to significant levels of unknown cryptic diversity within the archipelago. In addition, we evidenced that multiple species in our dataset constituted new records for the Canary Islands fauna and that the information for these lineages within online genetic repositories is very incomplete. Our study represents the first systematic effort to catalogue the soil arthropod mesofauna of the Canary Islands and establishes the basis for the Canary Islands Soil Biodiversity barcode database. This resource will constitute a step forward in the knowledge of these arthropods in a region of special interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Santos-Perdomo
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA-CSIC), 38206, La Laguna, Spain Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA-CSIC), 38206 La Laguna Spain
- School of Doctoral and Postgraduate Studies, University of La Laguna, 38206, La Laguna, Spain School of Doctoral and Postgraduate Studies, University of La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna Spain
| | - Daniel Suárez
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA-CSIC), 38206, La Laguna, Spain Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA-CSIC), 38206 La Laguna Spain
- School of Doctoral and Postgraduate Studies, University of La Laguna, 38206, La Laguna, Spain School of Doctoral and Postgraduate Studies, University of La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna Spain
| | - María L Moraza
- Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Biodiversidad y Medioambiente BIOMA, Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Biodiversidad y Medioambiente BIOMA, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona Spain
| | - Paula Arribas
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA-CSIC), 38206, La Laguna, Spain Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA-CSIC), 38206 La Laguna Spain
| | - Carmelo Andújar
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA-CSIC), 38206, La Laguna, Spain Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA-CSIC), 38206 La Laguna Spain
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4
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Graham NR, Krehenwinkel H, Lim JY, Staniczenko P, Callaghan J, Andersen JC, Gruner DS, Gillespie RG. Ecological network structure in response to community assembly processes over evolutionary time. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:6489-6506. [PMID: 36738159 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic structure of ecological communities results from interactions among taxa that change with shifts in species composition in space and time. However, our ability to study the interplay of ecological and evolutionary processes on community assembly remains relatively unexplored due to the difficulty of measuring community structure over long temporal scales. Here, we made use of a geological chronosequence across the Hawaiian Islands, representing 50 years to 4.15 million years of ecosystem development, to sample 11 communities of arthropods and their associated plant taxa using semiquantitative DNA metabarcoding. We then examined how ecological communities changed with community age by calculating quantitative network statistics for bipartite networks of arthropod-plant associations. The average number of interactions per species (linkage density), ratio of plant to arthropod species (vulnerability) and uniformity of energy flow (interaction evenness) increased significantly in concert with community age. The index of specializationH 2 ' has a curvilinear relationship with community age. Our analyses suggest that younger communities are characterized by fewer but stronger interactions, while biotic associations become more even and diverse as communities mature. These shifts in structure became especially prominent on East Maui (~0.5 million years old) and older volcanos, after enough time had elapsed for adaptation and specialization to act on populations in situ. Such natural progression of specialization during community assembly is probably impeded by the rapid infiltration of non-native species, with special risk to younger or more recently disturbed communities that are composed of fewer specialized relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie R Graham
- Department of Environmental Sciences Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Henrik Krehenwinkel
- Department of Biogeography, Faculty of Regional and Environmental Sciences, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - Jun Ying Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Phillip Staniczenko
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jackson Callaghan
- Department of Integrative, Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jeremy C Andersen
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel S Gruner
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Rosemary G Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Sciences Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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5
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Shigyo N, Shichi K, Sugai K, Setsuko S. Diversity profiling of soil bacterial and fungal communities in the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands, Japan. Microbiol Resour Announc 2023; 12:e0064423. [PMID: 37732798 PMCID: PMC10586142 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00644-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Island biogeography research provides insight into microbial diversity patterns; however, little is known about the diversity and distribution of soil microbial communities on remote and poorly accessible islands. Here, we present amplicon sequencing data from bacterial and fungal communities in the surface soils of the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands, Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko Shigyo
- Department of Forest Soils, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Koji Shichi
- Shikoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Kochi, Japan
| | - Kyoko Sugai
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
| | - Suzuki Setsuko
- Department of Forest Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Ibaraki, Japan
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6
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Domínguez-Meneses A, Martínez-Gómez JE, Mejía-Saulés T, Acosta-Rosado I, Stadler S. Vascular Plant Species Inventory of Mexico's Revillagigedo National Park: Awareness of Alien Invaders as a Sine Qua Non Prerequisite for Island Conservation. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:3455. [PMID: 37836194 PMCID: PMC10575041 DOI: 10.3390/plants12193455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The Revillagigedo Archipelago, located in the Eastern Pacific Ocean, stands out for its unique biological richness and endemism. These islands remained uninhabited until the second half of the twentieth century, allowing a better conservation status than on other oceanic islands. However, the continuous introduction of potentially invasive alien plant species, and the lack of adequate control or eradication actions, jeopardize the conservation and restoration of these islands' fragile ecosystems. We present the most complete vascular plant species inventory and an updated list of alien plant species of the Revillagigedo Archipelago, which was compiled through an extensive review of national and international plant collections and other sources. Our 272 species list includes 106 alien plant species (39.3%; 104 in Socorro, and 16 in Clarion): 67 (24.8%) are naturalized, 14 (5.2%) are casual aliens, and 25 (9.3%) subsist under cultivation. The documented alien species belong to 73 families. Annual and perennial herbs are the prevailing life forms in the alien flora, while naturalized species are primarily native to North America. The number of introduced species has increased significantly since the islands became inhabited. Many of the recently introduced species pose a major invasion risk like on other islands of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Teresa Mejía-Saulés
- Red de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Xalapa 91073, Veracruz, Mexico;
| | - Israel Acosta-Rosado
- XAL Herbarium, Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Xalapa 91073, Veracruz, Mexico;
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7
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Barnagaud J, Flores O, Balent G, Tassin J, Barbaro L. Trait-independent habitat associations explain low co-occurrence in native and exotic birds on a tropical volcanic island. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10322. [PMID: 37484927 PMCID: PMC10361348 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
On oceanic islands, strong human impacts on habitats, combined with introductions of exotic species, modify the composition of terrestrial bird assemblages and threaten their ecological functions. In La Réunion, an oceanic island located in the Madagascan region, a national park was established in 2007 to counter the ecosystem-level effects of three centuries of habitat conversion, native species destruction and exotic species introductions. Here, we investigated how bird assemblages were structured in these human-modified landscapes, 10 years before the national park set out its first conservation measures. We used a combination of multivariate statistics and generalized additive models to describe variations in the taxonomic and functional composition and diversity of 372 local bird assemblages, encompassing 20 species, along gradients of habitat composition and configuration. We found that native species were tied to native habitats while exotic species were associated with urban areas and man-modified landscape mosaics, with some overlap at mid-elevations. Species' trophic preferences were segregated along habitat gradients, but ecological traits had an overall weak role in explaining the composition of species assemblages. Hence, at the time of the survey, native and exotic species in La Réunion formed two spatially distinct species assemblages with contrasting ecological trait suites that benefited from antagonistic habitat compositions and dynamics. We conclude that our results support the analysis of historical data sets to establish reference points to monitor human impacts on insular ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gérard Balent
- DYNAFOR, University of Toulouse, INRAECastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | | | - Luc Barbaro
- DYNAFOR, University of Toulouse, INRAECastanet‐TolosanFrance
- CESCO, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne UniversityParisFrance
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8
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Eduardo LN, Lucena-Frédou F, Lanco Bertrand S, Lira AS, Mincarone MM, Nunes GT, Frédou T, Soares A, Le Loc'h F, Pelage L, Schwamborn R, Travassos P, Martins K, Lira SMA, Figueiredo GAA, Júnior TV, Ménard F, Bertrand A. From the light blue sky to the dark deep sea: Trophic and resource partitioning between epipelagic and mesopelagic layers in a tropical oceanic ecosystem. Sci Total Environ 2023; 878:163098. [PMID: 36996984 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The connection between epipelagic and deep-sea mesopelagic realms controls a variety of ecosystem processes including oceanic carbon storage and the provision of harvestable fish stocks. So far, these two layers have been mostly addressed in isolation and the ways they connect remain poorly understood. Furthermore, both systems are affected by climate change, exploitation of resources, and increasing pervasion of pollutants. Here we use bulk isotopes of δ13C and δ15N of 60 ecosystem components to evaluate the trophic linkage between epipelagic and mesopelagic ecosystems in warm oligotrophic waters. Additionally, we we conducted a comparison of isotopic niche sizes and overlaps across multiple species to evaluate how environmental gradients between epipelagic and mesopelagic ecosystems shape ecological patterns of resource use and competition between species. Our database comprises siphonophores, crustaceans, cephalopods, salpas, fishes, and seabirds. It also includes five zooplankton size classes, two groups of fish larvae, and particulate organic matter collected at different depths. Through this wide taxonomic and trophic variety of epipelagic and mesopelagic species, we show that pelagic species access resources originating from different food sources, mostly autotrophic-based (epipelagics) and microbial heterotrophic-based (mesopelagics). This leads to a sharp trophic dissimilarity between vertical layers. Additionally, we show that trophic specialization increases in deep-sea species and argue that food availability and environmental stability are among the main drivers of this pattern. Finally, we discuss how the ecological traits of pelagic species highlighted in this study can respond to human impacts and increase their vulnerability in the Anthropocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Nolé Eduardo
- MARBEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Sète, France; Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | - Flávia Lucena-Frédou
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Alex Souza Lira
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS), Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Aracajú, SE, Brazil
| | - Michael Maia Mincarone
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, Macaé, RJ, Brazil; Chapman University, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Guilherme Tavares Nunes
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Centro de Estudos Costeiros, Limnológicos e Marinhos, Imbé, RS, Brazil
| | - Thierry Frédou
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Andrey Soares
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - François Le Loc'h
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Univ. Brest, CNRS, Ifremer, LEMAR, IUEM, F-29280 Plouzane, France
| | - Latifa Pelage
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Ralf Schwamborn
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Departamento de Oceanografia, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Paulo Travassos
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Karla Martins
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Simone M A Lira
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Departamento de Oceanografia, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Teodoro Vaske Júnior
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências, São Vicente, SP, Brazil
| | - Frédéric Ménard
- Aix Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, UM110 Marseille, IRD, MIO, France
| | - Arnaud Bertrand
- MARBEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Sète, France; Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Recife, PE, Brazil
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9
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Cutts V, Hanz DM, Barajas-Barbosa MP, Schrodt F, Steinbauer MJ, Beierkuhnlein C, Denelle P, Fernández-Palacios JM, Gaüzère P, Grenié M, Irl SDH, Kraft N, Kreft H, Maitner B, Munoz F, Thuiller W, Violle C, Weigelt P, Field R, Algar AC. Links to rare climates do not translate into distinct traits for island endemics. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:504-515. [PMID: 36740842 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Current models of island biogeography treat endemic and non-endemic species as if they were functionally equivalent, focussing primarily on species richness. Thus, the functional composition of island biotas in relation to island biogeographical variables remains largely unknown. Using plant trait data (plant height, leaf area and flower length) for 895 native species in the Canary Islands, we related functional trait distinctiveness and climate rarity for endemic and non-endemic species and island ages. Endemics showed a link to climatically rare conditions that is consistent with island geological change through time. However, functional trait distinctiveness did not differ between endemics and non-endemics and remained constant with island age. Thus, there is no obvious link between trait distinctiveness and occupancy of rare climates, at least for the traits measured here, suggesting that treating endemic and non-endemic species as functionally equivalent in island biogeography is not fundamentally wrong.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Cutts
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dagmar M Hanz
- Biogeography & Biodiversity Lab, Institute of Physical Geography, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Martha Paola Barajas-Barbosa
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | | | - Manuel J Steinbauer
- Sport Ecology, Bayreuth Center for Sport Science (BaySpo) & Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Carl Beierkuhnlein
- Department of Biogeography, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Pierre Denelle
- Biodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - José María Fernández-Palacios
- Island Ecology and Biogeography Group, Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Pierre Gaüzère
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, France
| | - Matthias Grenié
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Severin D H Irl
- Biogeography & Biodiversity Lab, Institute of Physical Geography, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nathan Kraft
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Holger Kreft
- Biodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Brian Maitner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Wilfried Thuiller
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, France
| | - Cyrille Violle
- CEFE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Weigelt
- Biodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Campus-Institut Data Science, Göttingen, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Richard Field
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Adam C Algar
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
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Baptista L, Berning B, Curto M, Waeschenbach A, Meimberg H, Santos AM, Ávila SP. Morphospecies and molecular diversity of ‘lace corals’: the genus Reteporella (Bryozoa: Cheilostomatida) in the central North Atlantic Azores Archipelago. BMC Ecol Evol 2022; 22:128. [PMCID: PMC9635095 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-022-02080-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As in most bryozoans, taxonomy and systematics of species in the genus Reteporella Busk, 1884 (family Phidoloporidae) has hitherto almost exclusively been based on morphological characters. From the central North Atlantic Azores Archipelago, nine Reteporella species have historically been reported, none of which have as yet been revised. Aiming to characterise the diversity and biogeographic distribution of Azorean Reteporella species, phylogenetic reconstructions were conducted on a dataset of 103 Azorean Reteporella specimens, based on the markers cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1, small and large ribosomal RNA subunits. Morphological identification was based on scanning electron microscopy and complemented the molecular inferences. Results Our results reveal two genetically distinct Azorean Reteporella clades, paraphyletic to eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean taxa. Moreover, an overall concordance between morphological and molecular species can be shown, and the actual bryozoan diversity in the Azores is greater than previously acknowledged as the dataset comprises three historically reported species and four putative new taxa, all of which are likely to be endemic. The inclusion of Mediterranean Reteporella specimens also revealed new species in the Adriatic and Ligurian Sea, whilst the inclusion of additional phidoloporid taxa hints at the non-monophyly of the genus Reteporella. Conclusion Being the first detailed genetic study on the genus Reteporella, the high divergence levels inferred within the genus Reteporella and family Phidoloporidae calls for the need of further revision. Nevertheless, the overall concordance between morphospecies and COI data suggest the potential adequacy of a 3% cut-off to distinguish Reteporella species. The discovery of new species in the remote Azores Archipelago as well as in the well-studied Mediterranean Sea indicates a general underestimation of bryozoan diversity. This study constitutes yet another example of the importance of integrative taxonomical approaches on understudied taxa, contributing to cataloguing genetic and morphological diversity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12862-022-02080-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Baptista
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, CIBIO, InBIO Laboratório Associado, 9501-801 Pólo dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal ,grid.7338.f0000 0001 2096 9474MPB-Marine Palaeontology and Biogeography Lab, Universidade dos Açores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 1021/1055, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal ,grid.5173.00000 0001 2298 5320University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute for Integrative Nature Conservation Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Björn Berning
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, CIBIO, InBIO Laboratório Associado, 9501-801 Pólo dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal ,grid.7338.f0000 0001 2096 9474MPB-Marine Palaeontology and Biogeography Lab, Universidade dos Açores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal ,Oberösterreichische Landes-Kultur GmbH, Geowissenschaftliche Sammlungen, 4060 Leonding, Austria
| | - Manuel Curto
- grid.5173.00000 0001 2298 5320University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute for Integrative Nature Conservation Research, Vienna, Austria ,grid.9983.b0000 0001 2181 4263MARE, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Harald Meimberg
- grid.5173.00000 0001 2298 5320University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute for Integrative Nature Conservation Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - António M. Santos
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 1021/1055, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, CIBIO, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Sérgio P. Ávila
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, CIBIO, InBIO Laboratório Associado, 9501-801 Pólo dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal ,grid.7338.f0000 0001 2096 9474MPB-Marine Palaeontology and Biogeography Lab, Universidade dos Açores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 1021/1055, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal ,grid.7338.f0000 0001 2096 9474Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade dos Açores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal
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Nakamura T, Ishida A, Kawai K, Minagi K, Saiki S, Yazaki K, Yoshimura J. Tree hazards compounded by successive climate extremes after masting in a small endemic tree, Distylium lepidotum, on subtropical islands in Japan. Glob Chang Biol 2021; 27:5094-5108. [PMID: 34170598 PMCID: PMC8518126 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing global warming increases the frequency and severity of tropical typhoons and prolonged drought, leading to forest degradation. Simultaneous and/or successive masting events and climatic extremes may thus occur frequently in the near future. If these climatic extremes occur immediately after mass seed reproduction, their effects on individual trees are expected to be very severe because mass reproduction decreases carbohydrate reserves. While the effects of either a single climate extreme or masting alone on tree resilience/growth have received past research attention, understanding the cumulative effects of such multiple events remains challenging and is crucial for predicting future forest changes. Here, we report tree hazards compound by two successive climate extremes, a tropical typhoon and prolonged drought, after mass reproduction in an endemic tree species (Distylium lepidotum Nakai) on oceanic islands. Across individual trees, the starch stored within the sapwood of branchlets significantly decreased with reproductive efforts (fruit mass/shoot mass ratio). Typhoon damage significantly decreased not only the total leaf area of apical shoots but also the maximum photosynthetic rates. During the 5-month period after the typhoon, the mortality of large branchlets (8-10-mm diameter) increased with decreasing stored starch when the typhoon hit. During the prolonged summer drought in the next year, the recovery of total leaf area, stored starch, and hydraulic conductivity was negatively correlated with the stored starch at the typhoon. These data indicate that the level of stored starch within branchlets is the driving factor determining tree regrowth or dieback, and the restoration of carbohydrates after mass reproduction is synergistically delayed by such climate extremes. Stored carbohydrates are the major cumulative factor affecting individual tree resilience, resulting in their historical effects. Because of highly variable carbohydrate levels among individual trees, the resultant impacts of such successive events on forest dieback will be fundamentally different among trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Nakamura
- Center for Ecological ResearchKyoto UniversityOtsuShigaJapan
| | - Atsushi Ishida
- Center for Ecological ResearchKyoto UniversityOtsuShigaJapan
| | - Kiyosada Kawai
- Center for Ecological ResearchKyoto UniversityOtsuShigaJapan
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural SciencesTsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Kanji Minagi
- Center for Ecological ResearchKyoto UniversityOtsuShigaJapan
| | - Shin‐Taro Saiki
- Forestry and Forest Products Research InstituteTsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Kenichi Yazaki
- Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research InstituteSapporoHokkaidoJapan
| | - Jin Yoshimura
- Institute of Tropical MedicineNagasaki UniversityNagasakiNagasakiJapan
- Faculty of ScienceTokyo Metropolitan UniversityHachiojiTokyoJapan
- The University MuseumThe University of TokyoBunkyoTokyoJapan
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12
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Bowen BW, Forsman ZH, Whitney JL, Faucci A, Hoban M, Canfield SJ, Johnston EC, Coleman RR, Copus JM, Vicente J, Toonen RJ. Species Radiations in the Sea: What the Flock? J Hered 2021; 111:70-83. [PMID: 31943081 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esz075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Species flocks are proliferations of closely-related species, usually after colonization of depauperate habitat. These radiations are abundant on oceanic islands and in ancient freshwater lakes, but rare in marine habitats. This contrast is well documented in the Hawaiian Archipelago, where terrestrial examples include the speciose silverswords (sunflower family Asteraceae), Drosophila fruit flies, and honeycreepers (passerine birds), all derived from one or a few ancestral lineages. The marine fauna of Hawai'i is also the product of rare colonization events, but these colonizations usually yield only one species. Dispersal ability is key to understanding this evolutionary inequity. While terrestrial fauna rarely colonize between oceanic islands, marine fauna with pelagic larvae can make this leap in every generation. An informative exception is the marine fauna that lack a pelagic larval stage. These low-dispersal species emulate a "terrestrial" mode of reproduction (brooding, viviparity, crawl-away larvae), yielding marine species flocks in scattered locations around the world. Elsewhere, aquatic species flocks are concentrated in specific geographic settings, including the ancient lakes of Baikal (Siberia) and Tanganyika (eastern Africa), and Antarctica. These locations host multiple species flocks across a broad taxonomic spectrum, indicating a unifying evolutionary phenomenon. Hence marine species flocks can be singular cases that arise due to restricted dispersal or other intrinsic features, or they can be geographically clustered, promoted by extrinsic ecological circumstances. Here, we review and contrast intrinsic cases of species flocks in individual taxa, and extrinsic cases of geological/ecological opportunity, to elucidate the processes of species radiations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Bowen
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i, Kaneohe, HI
| | - Zac H Forsman
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i, Kaneohe, HI
| | - Jonathan L Whitney
- Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI
| | - Anuschka Faucci
- Math & Sciences Division, Leeward Community College, University of Hawai'i, Pearl City, HI
| | - Mykle Hoban
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i, Kaneohe, HI
| | | | - Erika C Johnston
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i, Kaneohe, HI
| | - Richard R Coleman
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i, Kaneohe, HI
| | - Joshua M Copus
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i, Kaneohe, HI
| | - Jan Vicente
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i, Kaneohe, HI
| | - Robert J Toonen
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i, Kaneohe, HI
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Bello-Rodríguez V, Mateo RG, Pellissier L, Cubas J, Cooke B, González-Mancebo JM. Forecast increase in invasive rabbit spread into ecosystems of an oceanic island (Tenerife) under climate change. Ecol Appl 2021; 31:e02206. [PMID: 32627262 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is a pest and a conservation problem on many islands, where its heavy grazing pressure threatens many endemic plants with extinction. Previous studies in its native and introduced range have highlighted the high spatial variability of rabbit abundance at local and landscape scales, depending on many factors such as the existence of different habitats. Modeling of the species can be useful to better understand spatial patterns and to prioritize actions, especially in those regions in which rabbits have become invasive. Here, we investigate the distribution of the European rabbit in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain), where the species was introduced during the 15th century and has subsequently changed vegetation composition. Added to the direct effects of rabbits on vegetation, climate change could also have implications for rabbit populations, especially in the alpine ecosystem. To evaluate that, we estimated rabbit abundance in 216 plots randomly distributed on Tenerife island (61 in the alpine ecosystem), modeled the potential current spatial abundance of the species and considered how it might vary under different climate change scenarios. We associated rabbit abundance to a wide selection of abiotic, biotic, and human variables expected to influence rabbit abundance on the island. We found a positive correlation between rabbit abundance and temperature and a negative correlation in the case of precipitation. Hence, according to the models' projections, climate change is expected to enhance rabbit populations in the future. Current higher densities were related to land disturbance and open areas, and a remarkable increase is expected to occur in the alpine ecosystem. Overall, we consider that this study provides valuable information for land managers in the Canary archipelago as it reveals how global warming could indirectly exacerbate the conservation problems of the endemic flora in oceanic islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Bello-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Plant Conservation and Biogeography Group, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, s/n 38206, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Rubén G Mateo
- Departamento de Biología (Botánica), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Darwin 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Loïc Pellissier
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Unit of Land Change Science, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Jonay Cubas
- Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Plant Conservation and Biogeography Group, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, s/n 38206, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Brian Cooke
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia
| | - Juana María González-Mancebo
- Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Plant Conservation and Biogeography Group, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, s/n 38206, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
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Ritter C, Raposeiro PM, Gonçalves V. Diatom diversity and distribution in Madeira Island streams (Portugal). Biodivers Data J 2020; 8:e59813. [PMID: 33376441 PMCID: PMC7758310 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.8.e59813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Here, we present the data obtained from the samples collected in a field campaign during the spring of 2015 which aims for a better understanding of the diversity and distribution patterns of freshwater diatoms in Madeira Island. Following European and Portuguese standards and recommendations for routine diatom sampling and analysis, we collected samples in 40 sites, distributed in 27 permanent streams and identified the diatom species present, using general diatom floras and studies in Portuguese freshwater diatoms. NEW INFORMATION Little is known about the diversity and distribution of freshwater diatom assemblages from Madeira Archipelago. This study reports a survey in 40 sites in Madeira Island distributed in 27 permanent streams. A total of 965 diatom (Bacillariophyta) occurrences were recorded, belonging to 130 different taxa from 44 genera and 27 families. The families with the highest number of occurrences were Bacillariaceae (176), Achnanthidiaceae (135) and Naviculaceae (133). The two diatom endemisms, described previously in Madeira Island (Lange-Bertalot 1993), Nitzschia macaronesica Lange-Bertalot and Navicula madeirensis Lange-Bertalot, were only observed in a small number of sites, located mostly at Laurissilva forest. Sixty species are new records, not only to Madeira Island, but also to the Madeira Archipelago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Ritter
- CIBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO Associate Laboratory / Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, PortugalCIBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO Associate Laboratory / Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the AzoresPonta DelgadaPortugal
| | - Pedro M. Raposeiro
- CIBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO Associate Laboratory / Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, PortugalCIBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO Associate Laboratory / Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the AzoresPonta DelgadaPortugal
| | - Vítor Gonçalves
- CIBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO Associate Laboratory / Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, PortugalCIBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO Associate Laboratory / Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the AzoresPonta DelgadaPortugal
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15
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Luna N, Varela AI, Luna-Jorquera G, Brokordt K. Effect of predation risk and ectoparasitic louse flies on physiological stress condition of the red-tailed tropicbird ( Phaethon rubricauda) from Rapa Nui and Salas & Gómez islands. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9088. [PMID: 32714650 PMCID: PMC7353918 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Introduced predators at seabird colonies and parasites may have lethal and/or sub-lethal consequences for bird populations. We assessed the potential sub-lethal negative effects of these stressors in a native seabird listed as vulnerable in its south-eastern pacific distribution. This study was conducted in two red-tailed tropicbird (Phaethon rubricauda) colonies, one located in Rapa Nui Island, which is threatened by the presence of introduced predators, and the other located in Salas & Gómez Island, which has no introduced predators, but birds are infested by ectoparasitic louse flies. Methods The effects on physiological stress traits of both, predation risk on different nest types (protected and exposed) on Rapa Nui, and different levels of louse flies' parasitic loads on Salas & Gómez were studied. Three variables were analyzed: the heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio, the transcriptional levels of mRNA HSP70 in blood, and the body condition. These stress indicators and leukocyte counts were compared between colonies. Results No significant differences were found in any stress indicator between different nest types within Rapa Nui, showing that the effect of predator's presence was the same for adults nesting in both, protected and exposed nests. No significant correlation was found between louse flies' parasitic loads and any stress indicators in the birds of Salas & Gómez. Also, there was no difference in any stress indicator between islands. However, a significant opposite trend between islands was found in the eosinophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte counts when related to body condition. Conclusions We found a lack of significant differentiation in all the stress level indicators assessed within and between islands. The presence of louse flies in Salas & Gómez vs. the absence of this parasite at Rapa Nui may be the cause for the significant difference in the trend of eosinophil, lymphocyte and monocyte counts between the islands. However, further studies are necessary to elucidate the reason for this difference and to better investigate the lethal effects of introduced predators on the Rapa Nui colony to evaluate appropriate conservation measures for this native seabird.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Luna
- Millennium Nucleus for Ecology and Sustainable Management of Oceanic Islands (ESMOI), Departamento de Biologia Marina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile.,Programa de Magister en Ciencias del Mar Mención Recursos Costeros, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Andrea I Varela
- Millennium Nucleus for Ecology and Sustainable Management of Oceanic Islands (ESMOI), Departamento de Biologia Marina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Guillermo Luna-Jorquera
- Millennium Nucleus for Ecology and Sustainable Management of Oceanic Islands (ESMOI), Departamento de Biologia Marina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile.,Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Katherina Brokordt
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile.,Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética Marina (FIGEMA), Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
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Raposeiro PM, Faustino H, Ferreira V, Gonçalves V. Aquatic Hyphomycetes from streams on Madeira Island (Portugal). Biodivers Data J 2020; 8:e53690. [PMID: 32733142 PMCID: PMC7363711 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.8.e53690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aquatic hyphomycetes are a phylogenetically heterogeneous group of fungi living preferentially in fast flowing, well-aerated forest streams. These fungi have worldwide distribution, but with the exception of Articulospora tetracladia, no aquatic hyphomycete taxon was previously recorded on Madeira Island. Aquatic hyphomycetes were sampled from 40 sites, distributed by 27 permanent streams in 2015, to provide the distribution of aquatic hyphomycetes in Madeira Island streams. NEW INFORMATION In this study, a total of 21 species of aquatic hyphomycetes were recorded belonging to three classes of Ascomycota. All taxa are new records for Madeira Archipelago, except Articulospora tetracladia and four are reported for the first time in Macaronesian biogeographic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M. Raposeiro
- CIBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO Associate Laboratory, Ponta Delgada, PortugalCIBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO Associate LaboratoryPonta DelgadaPortugal
- University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, PortugalUniversity of the AzoresPonta DelgadaPortugal
| | - Hélder Faustino
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, PortugalFaculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the AzoresPonta DelgadaPortugal
| | - Verónica Ferreira
- Universidade de Coimbra, MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, Coimbra, PortugalUniversidade de Coimbra, MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life SciencesCoimbraPortugal
| | - Vítor Gonçalves
- CIBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO Associate Laboratory / Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, PortugalCIBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO Associate Laboratory / Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the AzoresPonta DelgadaPortugal
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Hernández-Teixidor D, Díaz-Luis N, Medina FM, Nogales M. First record of geckos visiting flowers in the Palaearctic Ecozone. Curr Zool 2020; 66:447-448. [PMID: 32617094 PMCID: PMC7319463 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoz051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Hernández-Teixidor
- Animal Biology, Geology and Edaphology Department, University of La Laguna, Av. Astrofisico Francisco Sánchez, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Natalia Díaz-Luis
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group (IPNA-CSIC), Av. Astrofisico Francisco Sánchez, 3, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Félix M Medina
- Servicio de Medio Ambiente, Cabildo Insular de La Palma, Avenida de Los Indianos, 20, 38700, Santa Cruz de La Palma, La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Manuel Nogales
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group (IPNA-CSIC), Av. Astrofisico Francisco Sánchez, 3, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
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Luz R, Cordeiro R, Vilaverde J, Raposeiro PM, Fonseca A, Gonçalves V. Cyanobacteria from freshwater lakes in the Azores archipelago, Portugal: data from long term phytoplankton monitoring. Biodivers Data J 2020; 8:e51928. [PMID: 32577085 PMCID: PMC7297804 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.8.e51928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Azores are oceanic islands located in the Northern Atlantic Ocean and are particularly rich in aquatic systems, ranging from freshwater, brackish, marine and thermal habitats. Due to the increase in local anthropogenic pressures and global warming, several azorean lakes began to reveal signs of eutrophication that led to the implementation of monitoring programmes and management strategies on the most impacted lakes. Later, the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) demanded the establishment of biomonitoring programmes for European freshwater ecosystems and the limited Azorean monitoring programmes were extended to a larger set of lakes. Since the establishment of the aquatic systems monitoring programme in the Azores archipelago, lakes have been regularly sampled, producing innumerous unpublished records of cyanobacteria that are difficult to access. NEW INFORMATION Here we present the occurrences of cyanobacteria in Azorean lakes that result from 22 years of phytoplankton monitoring in a total of 1948 cyanobacteria occurrences from 968 phytoplankton sampling events on Azorean lakes done between 1996 and 2018 as part of regional inland aquatic ecosystems monitoring programmes. Forty two cyanobacteria taxa were identified in those events, 28 species and 14 at genus level. This information is crucial for conservation, biodiversity studies and lake management, as some of the cyanobacteria species present are bloom-forming and have the ability to produce toxins. This will also allow for the identification of invasive species and possible targeted control and mitigation programmes, according to the species present in the Azorean lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rúben Luz
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, PortugalCIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos AçoresPonta DelgadaPortugal
| | - Rita Cordeiro
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, PortugalCIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos AçoresPonta DelgadaPortugal
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, PortugalFaculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade dos AçoresPonta DelgadaPortugal
| | - Joana Vilaverde
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, PortugalCIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos AçoresPonta DelgadaPortugal
| | - Pedro M. Raposeiro
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, PortugalCIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos AçoresPonta DelgadaPortugal
| | - Amélia Fonseca
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, PortugalFaculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade dos AçoresPonta DelgadaPortugal
| | - Vítor Gonçalves
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, PortugalCIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos AçoresPonta DelgadaPortugal
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, PortugalFaculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade dos AçoresPonta DelgadaPortugal
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19
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Garot E, Joët T, Combes MC, Severac D, Lashermes P. Plant population dynamics on oceanic islands during the Late Quaternary climate changes: genetic evidence from a tree species (Coffea mauritiana) in Reunion Island. New Phytol 2019; 224:974-986. [PMID: 31291469 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Past climatic fluctuations have played a major role in shaping the current plant biodiversity. Although harbouring an exceptional biota, oceanic islands have received little attention in studies on species demographic history and past vegetation patterns. We investigated the impact of past climatic changes on the effective population size of a tree (Coffea mauritiana) that is endemic to Reunion Island, located in the south-western Indian Ocean (SWIO). Demographic changes were inferred using summary statistics calculated from genomic data. Using ecological niche modelling and the current distribution of genetic diversity, the paleodistribution of the species was also assessed. A reduction in the effective population size of C. mauritiana during the last glaciation maximum was inferred. The distribution of the species was reduced on the western side of the island, due to low rainfall. It appeared that a major reduction in rainfall and a slight temperature decrease prevailed in the SWIO. Our findings indicated that analyses on the current patterns of intraspecific genetic variations can efficiently contribute to past climatic changes characterisation in remote islands. Identifying area with higher resilience in oceanic islands could provide guidance in forest management and conservation faced to the global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Garot
- IRD, University of Montpellier, DIADE, 34394, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Joët
- IRD, University of Montpellier, DIADE, 34394, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Dany Severac
- MGX, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34095, Montpellier, France
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce G Baldwin
- Jepson Herbarium/Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 1001 Valley Life Sciences Bldg no. 2465, Berkeley, CA 94720-2465, USA
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21
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Nevado B, Wong ELY, Osborne OG, Filatov DA. Adaptive Evolution Is Common in Rapid Evolutionary Radiations. Curr Biol 2019; 29:3081-3086.e5. [PMID: 31495580 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
One of the most long-standing and important mysteries in evolutionary biology is why biological diversity is so unevenly distributed across space and taxonomic lineages. Nowhere is this disparity more evident than in the multitude of rapid evolutionary radiations found on oceanic islands and mountain ranges across the globe [1-5]. The evolutionary processes driving these rapid diversification events remain unclear [6-8]. Recent genome-wide studies suggest that natural selection may be frequent during rapid evolutionary radiations, as inferred from work in cichlid fish [9], white-eye birds [10], new world lupins [11], and wild tomatoes [12]. However, whether frequent adaptive evolution is a general feature of rapid evolutionary radiations remains untested. Here we show that adaptive evolution is significantly more frequent in rapid evolutionary radiations compared to background levels in more slowly diversifying lineages. This result is consistent across a wide range of angiosperm lineages analyzed: 12 evolutionary radiations, which together comprise 1,377 described species, originating from some of the most biologically diverse systems on Earth. In addition, we find a significant negative correlation between population size and frequency of adaptive evolution in rapid evolutionary radiations. A possible explanation for this pattern is that more frequent adaptive evolution is at least partly driven by positive selection for advantageous mutations that compensate for the fixation of slightly deleterious mutations in smaller populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Nevado
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK.
| | - Edgar L Y Wong
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Owen G Osborne
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Dmitry A Filatov
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
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22
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HervÍas-Parejo S, Heleno R, Rumeu B, Guzmán B, Vargas P, Olesen JM, Traveset A, Vera C, Benavides E, Nogales M. Small size does not restrain frugivory and seed dispersal across the evolutionary radiation of Galápagos lava lizards. Curr Zool 2019; 65:353-361. [PMID: 31413708 PMCID: PMC6688575 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoy066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Frugivory in lizards is often assumed to be constrained by body size; only large individuals are considered capable of consuming fruits, with the potential of acting as seed dispersers. However, only one previous study has tested the correlation of frugivory with body and head size at an archipelago scale across closely related species. All nine lava lizards (Microlophus spp.) were studied on the eleven largest Galápagos islands from 2010 to 2016 to investigate whether frugivory is related to body and head size. We also tested whether fruit abundance influences fruit consumption and explored the effect of seed ingestion on seedling emergence time and percentage. Our results showed that across islands, lava lizards varied considerably in size (64-102 mm in mean snout-vent length) and level of frugivory (1-23%, i.e., percentage of droppings with seeds). However, level of frugivory was only weakly affected by size as fruit consumption was also common among small lizards. Lava lizards consumed fruits throughout the year and factors other than fruit abundance may be more important drivers of fruit selection (e.g., fruit size, energy content of pulp). From 2,530 droppings, 1,714 seeds of at least 61 plant species were identified, 76% of the species being native to the Galápagos. Most seeds (91%) showed no external structural damage. Seedling emergence time (44 versus 118 days) and percentage (20% versus 12%) were enhanced for lizard-ingested seeds compared to control (uningested) fruits. De-pulping by lizards (i.e., removal of pulp with potential germination inhibitors) might increase the chances that at least some seeds find suitable recruitment conditions. We concluded that lizards are important seed dispersers throughout the year and across the whole archipelago, regardless of body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra HervÍas-Parejo
- Institut Mediterrani d’Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), Global Change Research Group, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Ruben Heleno
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Rumeu
- Institut Mediterrani d’Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), Global Change Research Group, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | | | | | - Jens M Olesen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Anna Traveset
- Institut Mediterrani d’Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), Global Change Research Group, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Carlos Vera
- Galápagos National Park, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz, Galápagos, Ecuador
| | - Edgar Benavides
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, USA
| | - Manuel Nogales
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (CSIC-IPNA), Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Canary Islands, Spain
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23
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Iwanycki Ahlstrand N, Verstraete B, Hassemer G, Dunbar‐Co S, Hoggard R, Meudt HM, Rønsted N. Ancestral range reconstruction of remote oceanic island species of Plantago (Plantaginaceae) reveals differing scales and modes of dispersal. J Biogeogr 2019; 46:706-722. [PMID: 31217659 PMCID: PMC6559316 DOI: 10.1111/jbi.13525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to resolve the phylogenetic placement of island taxa, reconstruct ancestral origins and resolve competing hypotheses of dispersal patterns and biogeographical histories for oceanic island endemic taxa within subgenus Plantago (Plantaginaceae). LOCATION Juan Fernández Islands, the Auckland Islands, Lord Howe Island, New Amsterdam Island, New Zealand, Tasmania, Falkland Islands, Rapa Iti and the Hawaiian Islands. TAXON Island endemics within Plantago (Plantaginaceae), a globally distributed taxonomic group comprising approximately 250 species. METHODS We use Bayesian phylogenetic and divergence time analyses and historical biogeographical analysis of molecular sequence data to infer the ancestral origins of the oceanic island species in Plantago. RESULTS Taxa within subgenus Plantago form clades based on geographic proximities and challenge previous phylogenetic relationships and classification based on morphology. We infer that biogeographic histories of oceanic island taxa from multiple islands were shaped by dispersal at different scales and possibly by different types of birds. The highly remote Hawaiian Islands and Rapa Iti were colonized from North American taxa in a pattern corresponding to known migration routes of large marine birds, rather than from New Zealand as previously hypothesized. The island endemics of Juan Fernández, the Falkland Islands, Lord Howe, Auckland Islands and New Zealand are found to have sources in the nearest continental areas. The analyses confirm recent speciation within subgenus Plantago - which is particularly heightened in island lineages in Hawaii and Rapa Iti - but show slightly older divergence times than previous molecular dating studies. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Using molecular data to infer ancestral ranges for plants with uncertain taxonomic relationships can greatly improve our understanding of biogeographical histories and help elucidate origins, dispersal modes and routes in widespread lineages with complex distribution patterns such as Plantago. We improve understanding of important floristic exchange areas between continents and islands as a result of long-distance dispersal. We infer that a combination of both stepping stone dispersal and extreme long-distance dispersal can shape insular floras, and that multiple floristic areas can be the sources of closely related island taxa. However, despite the successful dispersal of Plantago, radiation in island archipelagos is generally limited suggesting specific traits may limit diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - G. Hassemer
- Natural History Museum of DenmarkUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | | | - R. Hoggard
- Department of Microbiology and Plant BiologyUniversity of OklahomaTulsaOklahomaUSA
| | - H. M. Meudt
- Museum of New Zealand Te Papa TongarewaWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - N. Rønsted
- Natural History Museum of DenmarkUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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24
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Mazza PPA, Buccianti A, Savorelli A. Grasping at straws: a re-evaluation of sweepstakes colonisation of islands by mammals. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1364-1380. [PMID: 30864268 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural rafting is an easy, non-evidence-based solution often used to explain the presence of a variety of species on isolated islands. The question arises as to whether this solution is based on solid scientific grounds. It is a plausible colonisation route only if intricate networks of variables are considered and many different conditions satisfied. This review provides a descriptive account of some of the most critical issues underlying the theory of natural rafting that should be addressed by its supporters. These include: (i) biological variables; (ii) characteristics of the vessels; and (iii) physical variables. Natural rafting may explain the dispersal of poikilotherms with low metabolic rates and low resource requirements that could withstand trans-oceanic crossings, but explaining the transport of homeothermic terrestrial mammals to oceanic islands is more problematic. Drifting at sea exposes organisms to high concentrations of salt, high temperature and humidity excursions, starvation, and above all to dehydration. A sufficiently large group of healthy reproductive individuals of the two sexes should either be transported together, or be able to reassemble after separate crossings, to prevent inbreeding, genetic drift and ultimately extinction. Any vessels of flotsam occupied must minimally provide the animals they transport with sufficient provisions to survive the journey, offer minimum friction and drag through water, and be transported by appropriately directed, sustained, high-speed currents. Thus, a 'sweepstakes colonisation' event would be the result of a lucky combination of all, or at least the majority, of these factors. Some cases throw doubt on the use of a natural rafting model to explain known animal colonisations, with one of the most striking examples being Madagascar. This island is far from the nearest mainland coasts and the sea currents in the Mozambique Channel are directed towards Africa rather than Madagascar, yet, the island was colonised by terrestrial mammals (e.g. extinct hippopotamuses, lemurs, carnivores, rodents and tenrecs) unable to swim and to survive long journeys at sea. In order to assess the feasibility of the natural rafting model in a case such as Madagascar, tests were performed using three variables for which enough information could be obtained from the literature: length of survival without food, survival without water, and sea current speed. The distributions of these variables appear to be log-normal and multiplicative, or follow a power-law, rather than being Gaussian. The tests suggest that a distributional analysis is a more suitable approach than the use of geometric probability to calculate the probabilities associated with the examined data. Such non-linear and self-organising systems may reach a critical point governed by different competing factors. Mammals with high survival requirements, such as lemurs and hippopotamuses, thus may have a virtually zero probability of reaching distant islands by natural rafting. Our results raise doubts as to the validity of a natural rafting model, and we urge a rethinking of the modes in which numerous islands were colonised by land mammals and a careful revision of past geological and phylogeographic work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul P A Mazza
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via La Pira 4, Florence, Italy
| | - Antonella Buccianti
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via La Pira 4, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Savorelli
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via La Pira 4, Florence, Italy
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25
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Saro I, García-Verdugo C, González-Pérez MA, Naranjo A, Santana A, Sosa PA. Genetic structure of the Canarian palm tree (Phoenix canariensis) at the island scale: does the 'island within islands' concept apply to species with high colonisation ability? Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2019; 21:101-109. [PMID: 30230155 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Oceanic islands are dynamic settings that often promote within-island patterns of strong population differentiation. Species with high colonisation abilities, however, are less likely to be affected by genetic barriers, but island size may impact on species genetic structure regardless of dispersal ability. The aim of the present study was to identify the patterns and factors responsible for the structure of genetic diversity at the island scale in Phoenix canariensis, a palm species with high dispersal potential. To this end, we conducted extensive population sampling on the three Canary Islands where the species is more abundant and assessed patterns of genetic variation at eight microsatellite loci, considering different within-island scales. Our analyses revealed significant genetic structure on each of the three islands analysed, but the patterns and level of structure differed greatly among islands. Thus, genetic differentiation fitted an isolation-by-distance pattern on islands with high population densities (La Gomera and Gran Canaria), but such a pattern was not found on Tenerife due to strong isolation between colonised areas. In addition, we found a positive correlation between population geographic isolation and fine-scale genetic structure. This study highlights that island size is not necessarily a factor causing strong population differentiation on large islands, whereas high colonisation ability does not always promote genetic connectivity among neighbouring populations. The spatial distribution of populations (i.e. landscape occupancy) can thus be a more important driver of plant genetic structure than other island, or species' life-history attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Saro
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (IUNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - C García-Verdugo
- Departamento de Biodiversidad Molecular y Banco de ADN, Jardín Botánico Canario "Viera y Clavijo"- Unidad Asociada CSIC, Cabildo de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
- Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), Global Change Research Group, Esporles, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - M A González-Pérez
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (IUNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - A Naranjo
- Departamento de Geografía, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - A Santana
- Departamento de Matemáticas, Campus de Tafira, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - P A Sosa
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (IUNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
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26
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Beatty CD, Sánchez Herrera M, Skevington JH, Rashed A, Van Gossum H, Kelso S, Sherratt TN. Biogeography and systematics of endemic island damselflies: The Nesobasis and Melanesobasis (Odonata: Zygoptera) of Fiji. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:7117-7129. [PMID: 28904788 PMCID: PMC5587492 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of island fauna has greatly informed our understanding of the evolution of diversity. We here examine the phylogenetics, biogeography, and diversification of the damselfly genera Nesobasis and Melanesobasis, endemic to the Fiji Islands, to explore mechanisms of speciation in these highly speciose groups. Using mitochondrial (COI, 12S) and nuclear (ITS) replicons, we recovered garli-part maximum likelihood and mrbayes Bayesian phylogenetic hypotheses for 26 species of Nesobasis and eight species/subspecies of Melanesobasis. Biogeographical patterns were explored using lagrange and bayes-lagrange and interpreted through beast relaxed clock dating analyses. We found that Nesobasis and Melanesobasis have radiated throughout Fiji, but are not sister groups. For Nesobasis, while the two largest islands of the archipelago-Viti Levu and Vanua Levu-currently host two distinct species assemblages, they do not represent phylogenetic clades; of the three major groupings each contains some Viti Levu and some Vanua Levu species, suggesting independent colonization events across the archipelago. Our beast analysis suggests a high level of species diversification around 2-6 Ma. Our ancestral area reconstruction (rasp-lagrange) suggests that both dispersal and vicariance events contributed to the evolution of diversity. We thus conclude that the evolutionary history of Nesobasis and Melanesobasis is complex; while inter-island dispersal followed by speciation (i.e., peripatry) has contributed to diversity, speciation within islands appears to have taken place a number of times as well. This speciation has taken place relatively recently and appears to be driven more by reproductive isolation than by ecological differentiation: while species in Nesobasis are morphologically distinct from one another, they are ecologically very similar, and currently are found to exist sympatrically throughout the islands on which they are distributed. We consider the potential for allopatric speciation within islands, as well as the influence of parasitic endosymbionts, to explain the high rates of speciation in these damselflies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa Sánchez Herrera
- Department of Biological SciencesRutgers UniversityNewarkNJUSA
- Biology ProgramFaculty of Natural Sciences and MathemathicsUniversidad del RosarioBogotáColombia
| | - Jeffrey H. Skevington
- Agriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaCanadian National Collection of InsectsArachnids and NematodesOttawaONCanada
| | - Arash Rashed
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and NematologyUniversity of Idaho Aberdeen R & E CenterAberdeenIDUSA
| | - Hans Van Gossum
- Evolutionary Ecology GroupUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Scott Kelso
- Agriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaCanadian National Collection of InsectsArachnids and NematodesOttawaONCanada
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27
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Lobato E, Doutrelant C, Melo M, Reis S, Covas R. Insularity effects on bird immune parameters: A comparison between island and mainland populations in West Africa. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:3645-3656. [PMID: 28616162 PMCID: PMC5468148 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Oceanic islands share several environmental characteristics that have been shown to drive convergent evolutionary changes in island organisms. One change that is often assumed but has seldom been examined is the evolution of weaker immune systems in island species. The reduction in species richness on islands is expected to lead to a reduced parasite pressure and, given that immune function is costly, island animals should show a reduced immune response. However, alternative hypotheses exist; for example, the slower pace of life on islands could favor the reorganization of the immune system components (innate vs. acquired immunity) on islands. Thus far, few island species have been studied and no general patterns have emerged. Here, we compared two immune parameters of birds from São Tomé and Príncipe islands to those of their close relatives at similar latitudes on the mainland (Gabon, West Africa). On islands, the acquired humoral component (total immunoglobulins) was lower for most species, whereas no clear pattern was detected for the innate component (haptoglobin levels). These different responses did not seem to arise from a reorganization of the two immune components, as both total immunoglobulins and haptoglobin levels were positively associated. This work adds to the few empirical studies conducted so far which suggest that changes in immune parameters in response to insularity are not as straightforward as initially thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Lobato
- CIBIO/InBio Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos Universidade do Porto Vairão Portugal.,CEFE Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive CNRS UMR 5175 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Claire Doutrelant
- CEFE Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive CNRS UMR 5175 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Martim Melo
- CIBIO/InBio Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos Universidade do Porto Vairão Portugal.,Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology DST-NRF Center of Excellence University of Cape Town Rondebosch South Africa
| | - Sandra Reis
- CIBIO/InBio Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos Universidade do Porto Vairão Portugal
| | - Rita Covas
- CIBIO/InBio Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos Universidade do Porto Vairão Portugal.,Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology DST-NRF Center of Excellence University of Cape Town Rondebosch South Africa.,Departamento de Biologia Faculdade de Ciências Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
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28
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Carvajal-Endara S, Hendry AP, Emery NC, Davies TJ. Habitat filtering not dispersal limitation shapes oceanic island floras: species assembly of the Galápagos archipelago. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:495-504. [PMID: 28294532 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Remote locations, such as oceanic islands, typically harbour relatively few species, some of which go on to generate endemic radiations. Species colonising these locations tend to be a non-random subset from source communities, which is thought to reflect dispersal limitation. However, non-random colonisation could also result from habitat filtering, whereby only a few continental species can become established. We evaluate the imprints of these processes on the Galápagos flora by analysing a comprehensive regional phylogeny for ~ 39 000 species alongside information on dispersal strategies and climatic suitability. We found that habitat filtering was more important than dispersal limitation in determining species composition. This finding may help explain why adaptive radiation is common on oceanic archipelagoes - because colonising species can be relatively poor dispersers with specific niche requirements. We suggest that the standard assumption that plant communities in remote locations are primarily shaped by dispersal limitation deserves reconsideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Carvajal-Endara
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Ave Docteur Penfield, Montreal, QC, H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Andrew P Hendry
- Redpath Museum, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 2K6, Canada
| | - Nancy C Emery
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0334, USA
| | - T Jonathan Davies
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Ave Docteur Penfield, Montreal, QC, H3A 1B1, Canada
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29
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Puppo P, Curto M, Meimberg H. Genetic structure of Micromeria (Lamiaceae) in Tenerife, the imprint of geological history and hybridization on within-island diversification. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:3443-3460. [PMID: 28725348 PMCID: PMC5513284 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Geological history of oceanic islands can have a profound effect on the evolutionary history of insular flora, especially in complex islands such as Tenerife in the Canary Islands. Tenerife results from the secondary connection of three paleo‐islands by a central volcano, and other geological events that further shaped it. This geological history has been shown to influence the phylogenetic history of several taxa, including genus Micromeria (Lamiaceae). Screening 15 microsatellite markers in 289 individuals representing the eight species of Micromeria present in Tenerife, this study aims to assess the genetic diversity and structure of these species and its relation with the geological events on the island. In addition, we evaluate the extent of hybridization among species and discuss its influence on the speciation process. We found that the species restricted to the paleo‐islands present lower levels of genetic diversity but the highest levels of genetic differentiation suggesting that their ranges might have contracted over time. The two most widespread species in the island, M. hyssopifolia and M. varia, present the highest genetic diversity levels and a genetic structure that seems correlated with the geological composition of the island. Samples from M. hyssopifolia from the oldest paleo‐island, Adeje, appear as distinct while samples from M. varia segregate into two main clusters corresponding to the paleo‐islands of Anaga and Teno. Evidence of hybridization and intraspecific migration between species was found. We argue that species boundaries would be retained despite hybridization in response to the habitat's specific conditions causing postzygotic isolation and preserving morphological differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Puppo
- CIBIO Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources/InBio Associated Laboratory University of Porto Campus Vairão Vairão 4485-661 Portugal.,Institute for Integrative Nature Conservation Research University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences A-1180 Vienna Austria
| | - Manuel Curto
- CIBIO Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources/InBio Associated Laboratory University of Porto Campus Vairão Vairão 4485-661 Portugal.,Institute for Integrative Nature Conservation Research University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences A-1180 Vienna Austria
| | - Harald Meimberg
- Institute for Integrative Nature Conservation Research University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences A-1180 Vienna Austria
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Abstract
Oceanic islands host a disproportionately high fraction of endangered or recently extinct endemic species. We report on species extinctions among endemic Azorean beetles following 97% habitat loss since AD 1440. We infer extinctions from historical and contemporary records and examine the influence of three predictors: geographical range, habitat specialization and body size. Of 55 endemic beetle species investigated (out of 63), seven can be considered extinct. Single-island endemics (SIEs) were more prone to extinction than multi-island endemics. Within SIEs restricted to native habitat, larger species were more extinction-prone. We thus show a hierarchical path to extinction in Azorean beetles: species with small geographical range face extinction first, with the larger bodied ones being the most threatened. Our study provides a clear warning of the impact of habitat loss on island endemic biotas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Terzopoulou
- Department of Ecology and Taxonomy, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece CE3C-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group-Universidade dos Açores, Angra do Heroísmo, Açores, Portugal
| | - François Rigal
- CE3C-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group-Universidade dos Açores, Angra do Heroísmo, Açores, Portugal
| | - Robert J Whittaker
- Conservation Biogeography and Macroecology Programme, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paulo A V Borges
- CE3C-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group-Universidade dos Açores, Angra do Heroísmo, Açores, Portugal
| | - Kostas A Triantis
- Department of Ecology and Taxonomy, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece CE3C-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group-Universidade dos Açores, Angra do Heroísmo, Açores, Portugal Conservation Biogeography and Macroecology Programme, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Traveset A, Fernández-Palacios JM, Kueffer C, Bellingham PJ, Morden C, Drake DR. Introduction to the Special Issue: Advances in island plant biology since Sherwin Carlquist's Island Biology. AoB Plants 2015; 8:plv148. [PMID: 26722109 PMCID: PMC4740358 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plv148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Sherwin Carlquist's seminal publications-in particular his classic Island Biology, published in 1974-formulated hypotheses specific to island biology that remain valuable today. This special issue brings together some of the most interesting contributions presented at the First Island Biology Symposium hosted in Honolulu on 7-11 July 2014. We compiled a total of 18 contributions that present data from multiple archipelagos across the world and from different disciplines within the plant sciences. In this introductory paper, we first provide a short overview of Carlquist's life and work and then summarize the main findings of the collated papers. A first group of papers deals with issues to which Carlquist notably contributed: long-distance dispersal, adaptive radiation and plant reproductive biology. The findings of such studies demonstrate the extent to which the field has advanced thanks to (i) the increasing availability and richness of island data, covering many taxonomic groups and islands; (ii) new information from the geosciences, phylogenetics and palaeoecology, which allows us a more realistic understanding of the geological and biological development of islands and their biotas; and (iii) the new theoretical and methodological advances that allow us to assess patterns of abundance, diversity and distribution of island biota over large spatial scales. Most other papers in the issue cover a range of topics related to plant conservation on islands, such as causes and consequences of mutualistic disruptions (due to pollinator or disperser losses, introduction of alien predators, etc.). Island biologists are increasingly considering reintroducing ecologically important species to suitable habitats within their historic range and to neighbouring islands with depauperate communities of vertebrate seed dispersers, and an instructive example is given here. Finally, contributions on ecological networks demonstrate the usefulness of this methodological tool to advancing conservation management and better predicting the consequences of disturbances on species and interactions in the fragile insular ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Traveset
- Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (CSIC-UIB), C/Miquel Marqués 21, 07190 Esporles, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - José María Fernández-Palacios
- Island Ecology and Biogeography Research Group, Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna 38206, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Christoph Kueffer
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Clifford Morden
- Department of Botany, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Donald R Drake
- Department of Botany, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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Moreira APB, Meirelles PM, Santos EDO, Amado-Filho GM, Francini-Filho RB, Thompson CC, Thompson FL. Turbulence-driven shifts in holobionts and planktonic microbial assemblages in St. Peter and St. Paul Archipelago, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Brazil. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1038. [PMID: 26483769 PMCID: PMC4591530 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the planktonic and the holobiont Madracis decactis (Scleractinia) microbial diversity along a turbulence-driven upwelling event, in the world's most isolated tropical island, St Peter and St Paul Archipelago (SPSPA, Brazil). Twenty one metagenomes were obtained for seawater (N = 12), healthy and bleached holobionts (N = 9) before, during and after the episode of high seawater turbulence and upwelling. Microbial assemblages differed between low turbulence-low nutrient (LLR) and high-turbulence-high nutrient (HHR) regimes in seawater. During LLR there was a balance between autotrophy and heterotrophy in the bacterioplankton and the ratio cyanobacteria:heterotrophs ~1 (C:H). Prochlorales, unclassified Alphaproteobacteria and Euryarchaeota were the dominant bacteria and archaea, respectively. Basic metabolisms and cyanobacterial phages characterized the LLR. During HHR C:H < < 0.05 and Gammaproteobacteria approximated 50% of the most abundant organisms in seawater. Alteromonadales, Oceanospirillales, and Thaumarchaeota were the dominant bacteria and archaea. Prevailing metabolisms were related to membrane transport, virulence, disease, and defense. Phages targeting heterotrophs and virulence factor genes characterized HHR. Shifts were also observed in coral microbiomes, according to both annotation–indepent and -dependent methods. HHR bleached corals metagenomes were the most dissimilar and could be distinguished by their di- and tetranucleotides frequencies, Iron Acquision metabolism and virulence genes, such as V. cholerae-related virulence factors. The healthy coral holobiont was shown to be less sensitive to transient seawater-related perturbations than the diseased animals. A conceptual model for the turbulence-induced shifts is put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula B Moreira
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro M Meirelles
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eidy de O Santos
- Fundação Centro Universitário Estadual da Zona Oeste (Uezo) Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gilberto M Amado-Filho
- Diretoria de Pesquisa Científica, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Cristiane C Thompson
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabiano L Thompson
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Carvalho JC, Cardoso P, Rigal F, Triantis KA, Borges PAV. Modeling directional spatio-temporal processes in island biogeography. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:4671-82. [PMID: 26668731 PMCID: PMC4670066 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A key challenge in island biogeography is to quantity the role of dispersal in shaping biodiversity patterns among the islands of a given archipelago. Here, we propose such a framework. Dispersal within oceanic archipelagos may be conceptualized as a spatio‐temporal process dependent on: (1) the spatial distribution of islands, because the probability of successful dispersal is inversely related to the spatial distance between islands and (2) the chronological sequence of island formation that determines the directional asymmetry of dispersal (hypothesized to be predominantly from older to younger islands). From these premises, directional network models may be constructed, representing putative connections among islands. These models may be translated to eigenfunctions in order to be incorporated into statistical analysis. The framework was tested with 12 datasets from the Hawaii, Azores, and Canaries. The explanatory power of directional network models for explaining species composition patterns, assessed by the Jaccard dissimilarity index, was compared with simpler time‐isolation models. The amount of variation explained by the network models ranged from 5.5% (for Coleoptera in Hawaii) to 60.2% (for Pteridophytes in Canary Islands). In relation to the four studied taxa, the variation explained by network models was higher for Pteridophytes in the three archipelagos. By the contrary, small fractions of explained variation were observed for Coleoptera (5.5%) and Araneae (8.6%) in Hawaii. Time‐isolation models were, in general, not statistical significant and explained less variation than the equivalent directional network models for all the datasets. Directional network models provide a way for evaluating the spatio‐temporal signature of species dispersal. The method allows building scenarios against which hypotheses about dispersal within archipelagos may be tested. The new framework may help to uncover the pathways via which species have colonized the islands of a given archipelago and to understand the origins of insular biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- José C Carvalho
- CE3C - Centre for Ecology Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores - Departamento de Ciências Agrárias 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo Açores Portugal ; Department of Biology CBMA - Centre for Molecular and Environmental Biology University of Minho 4710-087 Braga Portugal
| | - Pedro Cardoso
- CE3C - Centre for Ecology Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores - Departamento de Ciências Agrárias 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo Açores Portugal ; Finnish Museum of Natural History University of Helsinki P.O. Box 17, 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - François Rigal
- CE3C - Centre for Ecology Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores - Departamento de Ciências Agrárias 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo Açores Portugal
| | - Kostas A Triantis
- CE3C - Centre for Ecology Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores - Departamento de Ciências Agrárias 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo Açores Portugal ; Department of Ecology and Taxonomy Faculty of Biology National and Kapodistrian University Athens GR-15784 Greece ; Conservation Biogeography and Macroecology Programme School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford, South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QY UK
| | - Paulo A V Borges
- CE3C - Centre for Ecology Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores - Departamento de Ciências Agrárias 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo Açores Portugal
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Pisa S, Vanderpoorten A, Patiño J, Werner O, González-Mancebo JM, Ros RM. How to define nativeness in vagile organisms: lessons from the cosmopolitan moss Bryum argenteum on the island of Tenerife (Canary Islands). Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2015; 17:1057-1065. [PMID: 25980839 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The distinction between native and introduced biotas presents unique challenges that culminate in organisms with high long-distance dispersal capacities in a rapidly changing world. Bryophytes, in particular, exhibit large distribution ranges, and some species can truly be qualified as cosmopolitan. Cosmopolitan species, however, typically occur in disturbed environments, raising the question of their nativeness throughout their range. Here, we employ genetic data to address the question of the origin of the cosmopolitan, weedy moss Bryum argenteum on the island of Tenerife. The genetic diversity of B. argenteum on Tenerife was comparable to that found in continental areas due to recurrent colonisation events, erasing any signature of a bottleneck that would be expected in the case of a recent colonisation event. The molecular dating analyses indicated that the first colonisation of the island took place more than 100,000 years ago, i.e. well before the first human settlements. Furthermore, the significant signal for isolation-by-distance found in B. argenteum within Tenerife points to the substantial role of genetic drift in establishing the observed patterns of genetic variation. Together, the results support the hypothesis that B. argenteum is native on Tenerife; although the existence of haplotypes shared between Tenerife and continental areas suggests that more recent, potentially man-mediated introduction also took place. While defining nativeness in organisms that are not deliberately introduced, and wherein the fossil record is extremely scarce, is an exceedingly challenging task, our results suggest that population genetic analyses can represent a useful tool to help distinguish native from alien populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pisa
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - J Patiño
- Institute of Botany, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - O Werner
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - R M Ros
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Abstract
Heterostyly has been considered rare or absent on oceanic islands. However, there has been no comprehensive review on this issue. Is heterostyly truly rare on oceanic islands? What makes heterostyly rare on such islands? To answer these questions, we review the reproductive studies on heterostyly on oceanic islands, with special emphasis on the heterostylous genus Psychotria in the Pacific Ocean as a model system. Overall, not many reproductive studies have been performed on heterostylous species on oceanic islands. In Hawaiian Psychotria, all 11 species are thought to have evolved dioecy from distyly. In the West Pacific, three species on the oceanic Bonin and Lanyu Islands are distylous (Psychotria homalosperma, P. boninensis and P. cephalophora), whereas three species on the continental Ryukyu Islands show various breeding systems, such as distyly (P. serpens), dioecy (P. rubra) and monoecy (P. manillensis). On some other Pacific oceanic islands, possibilities of monomorphy have been reported. For many Psychotria species, breeding systems are unknown, although recent studies indicate that heterostylous species may occur on some oceanic islands. A shift from heterostyly to other sexual systems may occur on some oceanic islands. This tendency may also contribute to the rarity of heterostyly, in addition to the difficulty in colonization/autochthonous evolution of heterostylous species on oceanic islands. Further investigation of reproductive systems of Psychotria on oceanic islands using robust phylogenetic frameworks would provide new insights into plant reproduction on oceanic islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Watanabe
- Okinawa College, National Institute of Technology, 905 Henoko, Nago, Okinawa 905-2192, Japan
| | - Takashi Sugawara
- Makino Herbarium, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Ohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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Traveset A, Chamorro S, Olesen JM, Heleno R. Space, time and aliens: charting the dynamic structure of Galápagos pollination networks. AoB Plants 2015; 7:plv068. [PMID: 26104283 PMCID: PMC4522039 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plv068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Oceanic archipelagos are threatened by the introduction of alien species which can severely disrupt the structure, function and stability of native communities. Here we investigated the pollination interactions in the two most disturbed Galápagos Islands, comparing the three main habitats and the two seasons, and assessing the impacts of alien plant invasions on network structure. We found that the pollination network structure was rather consistent between the two islands, but differed across habitats and seasons. Overall, the arid zone had the largest networks and highest species generalization levels whereas either the transition between habitats or the humid habitat showed lower values. Our data suggest that alien plants integrate easily into the communities, but with low impact on overall network structure, except for an increase in network selectiveness. The humid zone showed the highest nestedness and the lowest modularity, which might be explained by the low species diversity and the higher incidence of alien plants in this habitat. Both pollinators and plants were also more generalized in the hot season, when networks showed to be more nested. Alien species (both plants and pollinators) represented a high fraction (∼56 %) of the total number of interactions in the networks. It is thus likely that, in spite of the overall weak effect we found of alien plant invasion on pollination network structure, these introduced species influence the reproductive success of native ones, and by doing so, they affect the functioning of the community. This certainly deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Traveset
- Laboratorio Internacional de Cambio Global (LINC-Global), Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), C/Miquel Marqués 21, 07190-Esporles, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Susana Chamorro
- Laboratorio Internacional de Cambio Global (LINC-Global), Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), C/Miquel Marqués 21, 07190-Esporles, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain Present address: Universidad Internacional SEK, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales, Calle Alberto Einstein y 5ta transversal, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jens M Olesen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ruben Heleno
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
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González-Castro A, Yang S, Nogales M, Carlo TA. Relative importance of phenotypic trait matching and species' abundances in determining plant-avian seed dispersal interactions in a small insular community. AoB Plants 2015; 7:plv017. [PMID: 25750409 PMCID: PMC4372831 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plv017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Network theory has provided a general way to understand mutualistic plant-animal interactions at the community level. However, the mechanisms responsible for interaction patterns remain controversial. In this study we use a combination of statistical models and probability matrices to evaluate the relative importance of species morphological and nutritional (phenotypic) traits and species abundance in determining interactions between fleshy-fruited plants and birds that disperse their seeds. The models included variables associated with species abundance, a suite of variables associated with phenotypic traits (fruit diameter, bird bill width, fruit nutrient compounds), and the species identity of the avian disperser. Results show that both phenotypic traits and species abundance are important determinants of pairwise interactions. However, when considered separately, fruit diameter and bill width were more important in determining seed dispersal interactions. The effect of fruit compounds was less substantial and only important when considered together with abundance-related variables and/or the factor 'animal species'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarón González-Castro
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group (CSIC-IPNA), C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez n° 3, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA Present address: Instituto de Ciencia Innovación Tecnología y Saberes Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo, Avenida Antonio José de Sucre, Riobamba, Ecuador
| | - Suann Yang
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA Present address: Biology Department, Presbyterian College, 503 South Broad Street, Clinton, SC 29325, USA
| | - Manuel Nogales
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group (CSIC-IPNA), C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez n° 3, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Tomás A Carlo
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Takayama K, López-Sepúlveda P, Greimler J, Crawford DJ, Peñailillo P, Baeza M, Ruiz E, Kohl G, Tremetsberger K, Gatica A, Letelier L, Novoa P, Novak J, Stuessy TF. Relationships and genetic consequences of contrasting modes of speciation among endemic species of Robinsonia (Asteraceae, Senecioneae) of the Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile, based on AFLPs and SSRs. New Phytol 2015; 205:415-28. [PMID: 25209139 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This study analyses and compares the genetic signatures of anagenetic and cladogenetic speciation in six species of the genus Robinsonia (Asteraceae, Senecioneae), endemic to the Juan Fernández Islands, Chile. Population genetic structure was analyzed by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and microsatellite (simple sequence repeat, SSR) markers from 286 and 320 individuals, respectively, in 28 populations. Each species is genetically distinct. Previous hypotheses of classification among these species into subgenera and sections, via morphological, phytochemical, isozymic and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) data, have been confirmed, except that R. saxatilis appears to be related to R. gayana rather than R. evenia. Analysis of phylogenetic results and biogeographic context suggests that five of these species have originated by cladogenesis and adaptive radiation on the older Robinson Crusoe Island. The sixth species, R. masafuerae, restricted to the younger Alejandro Selkirk Island, is closely related to and an anagenetic derivative of R. evenia from Robinson Crusoe. Microsatellite and AFLP data reveal considerable genetic variation among the cladogenetically derived species of Robinsonia, but within each the genetic variation is lower, highlighting presumptive genetic isolation and rapid radiation. The anagenetically derived R. masafuerae harbors a level of genetic variation similar to that of its progenitor, R. evenia. This is the first direct comparison of the genetic consequences of anagenetic and cladogenetic speciation in plants of an oceanic archipelago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Takayama
- The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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Takayama K, López-Sepúlveda P, Greimler J, Crawford DJ, Peñailillo P, Baeza M, Ruiz E, Kohl G, Tremetsberger K, Gatica A, Letelier L, Novoa P, Novak J, Stuessy TF. Relationships and genetic consequences of contrasting modes of speciation among endemic species of Robinsonia (Asteraceae, Senecioneae) of the Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile, based on AFLPs and SSRs. New Phytol 2015; 205:415-428. [PMID: 25209139 DOI: 10.1600/036364415x689311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This study analyses and compares the genetic signatures of anagenetic and cladogenetic speciation in six species of the genus Robinsonia (Asteraceae, Senecioneae), endemic to the Juan Fernández Islands, Chile. Population genetic structure was analyzed by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and microsatellite (simple sequence repeat, SSR) markers from 286 and 320 individuals, respectively, in 28 populations. Each species is genetically distinct. Previous hypotheses of classification among these species into subgenera and sections, via morphological, phytochemical, isozymic and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) data, have been confirmed, except that R. saxatilis appears to be related to R. gayana rather than R. evenia. Analysis of phylogenetic results and biogeographic context suggests that five of these species have originated by cladogenesis and adaptive radiation on the older Robinson Crusoe Island. The sixth species, R. masafuerae, restricted to the younger Alejandro Selkirk Island, is closely related to and an anagenetic derivative of R. evenia from Robinson Crusoe. Microsatellite and AFLP data reveal considerable genetic variation among the cladogenetically derived species of Robinsonia, but within each the genetic variation is lower, highlighting presumptive genetic isolation and rapid radiation. The anagenetically derived R. masafuerae harbors a level of genetic variation similar to that of its progenitor, R. evenia. This is the first direct comparison of the genetic consequences of anagenetic and cladogenetic speciation in plants of an oceanic archipelago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Takayama
- The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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López-Sepúlveda P, Takayama K, Greimler J, Crawford DJ, Peñailillo P, Baeza M, Ruiz E, Kohl G, Tremetsberger K, Gatica A, Letelier L, Novoa P, Novak J, Stuessy TF. Progressive migration and anagenesis in Drimys confertifolia of the Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile. J Plant Res 2015; 128:73-90. [PMID: 25292282 PMCID: PMC4300435 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-014-0666-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A common mode of speciation in oceanic islands is by anagenesis, wherein an immigrant arrives and through time transforms by mutation, recombination, and drift into a morphologically and genetically distinct species, with the new species accumulating a high level of genetic diversity. We investigate speciation in Drimys confertifolia, endemic to the two major islands of the Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile, to determine genetic consequences of anagenesis, to examine relationships among populations of D. confertifolia and the continental species D. winteri and D. andina, and to test probable migration routes between the major islands. Population genetic analyses were conducted using AFLPs and nuclear microsatellites of 421 individuals from 42 populations from the Juan Fernández islands and the continent. Drimys confertifolia shows a wide genetic variation within populations on both islands, and values of genetic diversity within populations are similar to those found within populations of the continental progenitor. The genetic results are compatible with the hypothesis of high levels of genetic variation accumulating within anagenetically derived species in oceanic islands, and with the concept of little or no geographical partitioning of this variation over the landscape. Analysis of the probability of migration within the archipelago confirms colonization from the older island, Robinson Crusoe, to the younger island Alejandro Selkirk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Koji Takayama
- The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Josef Greimler
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Biodiversity Center, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel J. Crawford
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and the Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 60045, USA
| | - Patricio Peñailillo
- Instituto de Biología Vegetal y Biotecnología, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, Talca, Chile
| | - Marcelo Baeza
- Departamento de Botánica, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Eduardo Ruiz
- Departamento de Botánica, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Gudrun Kohl
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Biodiversity Center, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Tremetsberger
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Botany, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Gregor Mendel Straße 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alejandro Gatica
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Serena, Casilla 599, La Serena, Chile
| | - Luis Letelier
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 58190 Morelia, Michoacán Mexico
| | - Patricio Novoa
- Jardín Botánico de Viña del Mar, Corporación Nacional Forestal, Camino El Olivar 305, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Johannes Novak
- Institute for Applied Botany and Pharmacognosy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tod F. Stuessy
- Herbarium, Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 1315 Kinnear Road, Columbus, OH 43212, USA
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Cunha RL, Lima FP, Tenorio MJ, Ramos AA, Castilho R, Williams ST. Evolution at a different pace: distinctive phylogenetic patterns of cone snails from two ancient oceanic archipelagos. Syst Biol 2014; 63:971-87. [PMID: 25121824 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syu059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ancient oceanic archipelagos of similar geological age are expected to accrue comparable numbers of endemic lineages with identical life history strategies, especially if the islands exhibit analogous habitats. We tested this hypothesis using marine snails of the genus Conus from the Atlantic archipelagos of Cape Verde and Canary Islands. Together with Azores and Madeira, these archipelagos comprise the Macaronesia biogeographic region and differ remarkably in the diversity of this group. More than 50 endemic Conus species have been described from Cape Verde, whereas prior to this study, only two nonendemic species, including a putative species complex, were thought to occur in the Canary Islands. We combined molecular phylogenetic data and geometric morphometrics with bathymetric and paleoclimatic reconstructions to understand the contrasting diversification patterns found in these regions. Our results suggest that species diversity is even lower than previously thought in the Canary Islands, with the putative species complex corresponding to a single species, Conus guanche. One explanation for the enormous disparity in Conus diversity is that the amount of available habitat may differ, or may have differed in the past due to eustatic (global) sea level changes. Historical bathymetric data, however, indicated that sea level fluctuations since the Miocene have had a similar impact on the available habitat area in both Cape Verde and Canary archipelagos and therefore do not explain this disparity. We suggest that recurrent gene flow between the Canary Islands and West Africa, habitat losses due to intense volcanic activity in combination with unsuccessful colonization of new Conus species from more diverse regions, were all determinant in shaping diversity patterns within the Canarian archipelago. Worldwide Conus species diversity follows the well-established pattern of latitudinal increase of species richness from the poles towards the tropics. However, the eastern Atlantic revealed a striking pattern with two main peaks of Conus species richness in the subtropical area and decreasing diversities toward the tropical western African coast. A Random Forests model using 12 oceanographic variables suggested that sea surface temperature is the main determinant of Conus diversity either at continental scales (eastern Atlantic coast) or in a broader context (worldwide). Other factors such as availability of suitable habitat and reduced salinity due to the influx of large rivers in the tropical area also play an important role in shaping Conus diversity patterns in the western coast of Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina L Cunha
- Centre of Marine Sciences-CCMAR, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005 - 139 Faro, Portugal, CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal, Department CMIM y Q. Inorgánica-INBIO, Facultad de Ciencias, Torre Norte, 1Planta, Universidad de Cadiz; 11510 Puerto Real; Cádiz, Spain; and Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando P Lima
- Centre of Marine Sciences-CCMAR, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005 - 139 Faro, Portugal, CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal, Department CMIM y Q. Inorgánica-INBIO, Facultad de Ciencias, Torre Norte, 1Planta, Universidad de Cadiz; 11510 Puerto Real; Cádiz, Spain; and Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel J Tenorio
- Centre of Marine Sciences-CCMAR, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005 - 139 Faro, Portugal, CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal, Department CMIM y Q. Inorgánica-INBIO, Facultad de Ciencias, Torre Norte, 1Planta, Universidad de Cadiz; 11510 Puerto Real; Cádiz, Spain; and Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Ana A Ramos
- Centre of Marine Sciences-CCMAR, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005 - 139 Faro, Portugal, CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal, Department CMIM y Q. Inorgánica-INBIO, Facultad de Ciencias, Torre Norte, 1Planta, Universidad de Cadiz; 11510 Puerto Real; Cádiz, Spain; and Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Rita Castilho
- Centre of Marine Sciences-CCMAR, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005 - 139 Faro, Portugal, CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal, Department CMIM y Q. Inorgánica-INBIO, Facultad de Ciencias, Torre Norte, 1Planta, Universidad de Cadiz; 11510 Puerto Real; Cádiz, Spain; and Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne T Williams
- Centre of Marine Sciences-CCMAR, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005 - 139 Faro, Portugal, CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal, Department CMIM y Q. Inorgánica-INBIO, Facultad de Ciencias, Torre Norte, 1Planta, Universidad de Cadiz; 11510 Puerto Real; Cádiz, Spain; and Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
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Illera JC, Palmero AM, Laiolo P, Rodríguez F, Moreno ÁC, Navascués M. Genetic, morphological, and acoustic evidence reveals lack of diversification in the colonization process in an island bird. Evolution 2014; 68:2259-74. [PMID: 24749863 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Songbirds with recently (i.e., early Holocene) founded populations are suitable models for studying incipient differentiation in oceanic islands. On such systems each colonization event represents a different evolutionary episode that can be studied by addressing sets of diverging phenotypic and genetic traits. We investigate the process of early differentiation in the spectacled warbler (Sylvia conspicillata) in 14 populations separated by sea barriers from three Atlantic archipelagos and from continental regions spanning from tropical to temperate latitudes. Our approach involved the study of sexual acoustic signals, morphology, and genetic data. Mitochondrial DNA did not provide clear population structure. However, microsatellites analyses consistently identified two genetic groups, albeit without correspondence to subspecies classification and little correspondence to geography. Coalescent analyses showed significant evidence for gene flow between the two genetic groups. Discriminant analyses could not correctly assign morphological or acoustic traits to source populations. Therefore, although theory predicting that in isolated populations genetic, morphological, or acoustic traits can lead to radiation, we have strikingly failed to document differentiation on these attributes in a resident passerine throughout three oceanic archipelagos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Illera
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (UO-CSIC-PA), Oviedo University, Campus of Mieres, Research Building, 5th Floor, C/Gonzalo Gutiérrez Quirós, s/n, 33600 Mieres, Asturias, Spain; Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, IPNA, CSIC, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. ,
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Patiño J, Carine M, Fernández-Palacios JM, Otto R, Schaefer H, Vanderpoorten A. The anagenetic world of spore-producing land plants. New Phytol 2014; 201:305-311. [PMID: 24010958 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental challenge to our understanding of biodiversity is to explain why some groups of species diversify, whereas others do not. On islands, the gradual evolution of a new species from a founder event has been called 'anagenetic speciation'. This process does not lead to rapid and extensive speciation within lineages and has received little attention. Based on a survey of the endemic bryophyte, pteridophyte and spermatophyte floras of nine oceanic archipelagos, we show that anagenesis, as measured by the proportion of genera with single endemic species within a genus, is much higher in bryophytes (73%) and pteridophytes (65%) than in spermatophytes (55%). Anagenesis contributed 49% of bryophyte and 40% of endemic pteridophyte species, but only 17% of spermatophytes. The vast majority of endemic bryophytes and pteridophytes are restricted to subtropical evergreen laurel forests and failed to diversify in more open environments, in contrast with the pattern exhibited by spermatophytes. We propose that the dominance of anagenesis in island bryophytes and pteridophytes is a result of a mixture of intrinsic factors, notably their strong preference for (sub)tropical forest environments, and extrinsic factors, including the long-term macro-ecological stability of these habitats and the associated strong phylogenetic niche conservatism of their floras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairo Patiño
- Institute of Botany, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
- Departmento de Ciências Agrárias, Azorean Biodiversity Group (CITA-A) and Platform for Enhancing Ecological Research & Sustainability (PEERS), Universidade dos Açores, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Açores, Portugal
- Departmento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Mark Carine
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | | | - Rüdiger Otto
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Hanno Schaefer
- Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Plant Biodiversity Research, Maximus-von-Imhof Forum 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Alain Vanderpoorten
- Institute of Botany, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
- Departmento de Ciências Agrárias, Azorean Biodiversity Group (CITA-A) and Platform for Enhancing Ecological Research & Sustainability (PEERS), Universidade dos Açores, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Açores, Portugal
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Ando H, Setsuko S, Horikoshi K, Suzuki H, Umehara S, Inoue-Murayama M, Isagi Y. Diet analysis by next-generation sequencing indicates the frequent consumption of introduced plants by the critically endangered red-headed wood pigeon (Columba janthina nitens) in oceanic island habitats. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:4057-69. [PMID: 24324859 PMCID: PMC3853553 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oceanic island ecosystems are vulnerable to the introduction of alien species, and they provide a habitat for many endangered species. Knowing the diet of an endangered animal is important for appropriate nature restoration efforts on oceanic islands because introduced species may be a major component of the diets of some endangered species. DNA barcoding techniques together with next-generation sequencing may provide more detailed information on animal diets than other traditional methods. We performed a diet analysis using 48 fecal samples from the critically endangered red-headed wood pigeon that is endemic to the Ogasawara Islands based on chloroplast trnL P6 loop sequences. The frequency of each detected plant taxa was compared with a microhistological analysis of the same sample set. The DNA barcoding approach detected a much larger number of plants than the microhistological analysis. Plants that were difficult to identify by microhistological analysis after being digested in the pigeon stomachs were frequently identified only by DNA barcoding. The results of the barcoding analysis indicated the frequent consumption of introduced species, in addition to several native species, by the red-headed wood pigeon. The rapid eradication of specific introduced species may reduce the food resources available to this endangered bird; thus, balancing eradication efforts with the restoration of native food plants should be considered. Although some technical problems still exist, the trnL approach to next-generation sequencing may contribute to a better understanding of oceanic island ecosystems and their conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruko Ando
- Laboratory of Forest Biology, Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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Abstract
Fifty Pochonia strains were isolated from soil samples collected throughout Japan. Using a combination of micromorphological characters and multigene (SSU, LSU, TEF, RPB1, RPB2) phylogenics, seven taxa were identified, three of which previously were undescribed. In this paper we describe the new species, P. boninensis, and two new varieties, P. chlamydosporia var. ellipsospora and var. spinulospora. They were recovered from Chichi-jima, Aogashima and Okinawa's main island. The three new taxa are distinguished from known species and varieties by conidial morphology. We also report the first finding of P. rubescens from Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Nonaka
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
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Traveset A, Heleno R, Chamorro S, Vargas P, McMullen CK, Castro-Urgal R, Nogales M, Herrera HW, Olesen JM. Invaders of pollination networks in the Galapagos Islands: emergence of novel communities. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20123040. [PMID: 23486435 PMCID: PMC3619457 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.3040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique biodiversity of most oceanic archipelagos is currently threatened by the introduction of alien species that can displace native biota, disrupt native ecological interactions, and profoundly affect community structure and stability. We investigated the threat of aliens on pollination networks in the species-rich lowlands of five Galápagos Islands. Twenty per cent of all species (60 plants and 220 pollinators) in the pooled network were aliens, being involved in 38 per cent of the interactions. Most aliens were insects, especially dipterans (36%), hymenopterans (30%) and lepidopterans (14%). These alien insects had more links than either endemic pollinators or non-endemic natives, some even acting as island hubs. Aliens linked mostly to generalized species, increasing nestedness and thus network stability. Moreover, they infiltrated all seven connected modules (determined by geographical and phylogenetic constraints) of the overall network, representing around 30 per cent of species in two of them. An astonishingly high proportion (38%) of connectors, which enhance network cohesiveness, was also alien. Results indicate that the structure of these emergent novel communities might become more resistant to certain type of disturbances (e.g. species loss), while being more vulnerable to others (e.g. spread of a disease). Such notable changes in network structure as invasions progress are expected to have important consequences for native biodiversity maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Traveset
- Laboratorio Internacional de Cambio Global LINC-Global, Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats CSIC-UIB , Miquel Marqués 21, 07190 Esporles, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain.
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Blake S, Yackulic CB, Cabrera F, Tapia W, Gibbs JP, Kümmeth F, Wikelski M. Vegetation dynamics drive segregation by body size in Galapagos tortoises migrating across altitudinal gradients. J Anim Ecol 2012; 82:310-21. [PMID: 23171344 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal migration has evolved in many taxa as a response to predictable spatial and temporal variation in the environment. Individual traits, physiology and social state interact with environmental factors to increase the complexity of migratory systems. Despite a huge body of research, the ultimate causes of migration remain unclear. A relatively simple, tractable system - giant tortoises on Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos, was studied to elucidate the roles of environmental variation and individual traits in a partial migratory system. Specifically, we asked: (i) do Galapagos tortoises undergo long-distance seasonal migrations? (ii) is tortoise migration ultimately driven by gradients in forage quality or temperature; and (iii) how do sex and body size influence migration patterns? We recorded the daily locations of 17 GPS-tagged tortoises and walked a monthly survey along the altitudinal gradient to characterize the movements and distribution of tortoises of different sizes and sexes. Monthly temperature and rainfall data were obtained from weather stations deployed at various altitudes, and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index was used as a proxy for forage quality. Analyses using net displacement or daily movement characteristics did not agree on assigning individuals as either migratory or non-migratory; however, both methods suggested that some individuals were migratory. Adult tortoises of both sexes move up and down an altitudinal gradient in response to changes in vegetation dynamics, not temperature. The largest tagged individuals all moved, whereas only some mid-sized individuals moved, and the smallest individuals never left lowland areas. The timing of movements varied with body size: large individuals moved upward (as lowland forage quality declined) earlier in the year than did mid-sized individuals, while the timing of downward movements was unrelated to body size and occurred as lowland vegetation productivity peaked. Giant tortoises are unlikely candidates for forage-driven migration as they are well buffered against environmental fluctuations by large body size and a slow metabolism. Notably the largest, and presumably most dominant, individuals were most likely to migrate. This characteristic and the lack of sex-based differences in movement behaviour distinguish Galapagos tortoise movement from previously described partial migratory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Blake
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Radolfzell, Germany; Whitney Harris World Ecology Center, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA; State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA; Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA; Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos, Ecuador
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the importance of the Galápagos Islands for the development of central concepts in ecology and evolution, the understanding of many ecological processes in this archipelago is still very basic. One such process is pollination, which provides an important service to both plants and their pollinators. The rather modest level of knowledge on this subject has so far limited our predictive power on the consequences of the increasing threat of introduced plants and pollinators to this unique archipelago. SCOPE As a first step toward building a unified view of the state of pollination in the Galápagos, a thorough literature search was conducted on the breeding systems of the archipelago's flora and compiled all documented flower-visitor interactions. Based on 38 studies from the last 100 years, we retrieved 329 unique interactions between 123 flowering plant species (50 endemics, 39 non-endemic natives, 26 introduced and eight of unknown origin) from 41 families and 120 animal species from 13 orders. We discuss the emergent patterns and identify promising research avenues in the field. CONCLUSIONS Although breeding systems are known for <20 % of the flora, most species in our database were self-compatible. Moreover, the incidence of autogamy among endemics, non-endemic natives and alien species did not differ significantly, being high in all groups, which suggests that a poor pollinator fauna does not represent a constraint to the integration of new plant species into the native communities. Most interactions detected (approx. 90 %) come from a single island (most of them from Santa Cruz). Hymenopterans (mainly the endemic carpenter bee Xylocopa darwinii and ants), followed by lepidopterans, were the most important flower visitors. Dipterans were much more important flower visitors in the humid zone than in the dry zone. Bird and lizard pollination has been occasionally reported in the dry zone. Strong biases were detected in the sampling effort dedicated to different islands, time of day, focal plants and functional groups of visitors. Thus, the existing patterns need to be confronted with new and less biased data. The implementation of a community-level approach could greatly increase our understanding of pollination on the islands and our ability to predict the consequences of plant invasions for the natural ecosystems of the Galápagos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Chamorro
- Mediterranean Institute of Advanced Studies (CSIC-UIB), Terrestrial Ecology Group, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
- Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz, Galápagos, Ecuador
| | - Ruben Heleno
- Mediterranean Institute of Advanced Studies (CSIC-UIB), Terrestrial Ecology Group, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
- Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz, Galápagos, Ecuador
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jens M. Olesen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Conley K. McMullen
- Department of Biology, 820 Madison Drive, MSC 7801, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Anna Traveset
- Mediterranean Institute of Advanced Studies (CSIC-UIB), Terrestrial Ecology Group, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
- For correspondence. E-mail
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pollinator-mediated selection and evolution of floral traits have long fascinated evolutionary ecologists. No other plant family shows as wide a range of pollinator-linked floral forms as Orchidaceae. In spite of the large size of this model family and a long history of orchid pollination biology, the identity and specificity of most orchid pollinators remains inadequately studied, especially in the tropics where the family has undergone extensive diversification. Angraecum (Vandeae, Epidendroideae), a large genus of tropical Old World orchids renowned for their floral morphology specialized for hawkmoth pollination, has been a model system since the time of Darwin. METHODS The pollination biology of A. cadetii, an endemic species of the islands of Mauritius and Reunion (Mascarene Islands, Indian Ocean) displaying atypical flowers for the genus (white and medium-size, but short-spurred) was investigated. Natural pollinators were observed by means of hard-disk camcorders. Pollinator-linked floral traits, namely spur length, nectar volume and concentration and scent production were also investigated. Pollinator efficiency (pollen removal and deposition) and reproductive success (fruit set) were quantified in natural field conditions weekly during the 2003, 2004 and 2005 flowering seasons (January to March). KEY RESULTS Angraecum cadetii is self-compatible but requires a pollinator to achieve fruit set. Only one pollinator species was observed, an undescribed species of raspy cricket (Gryllacrididae, Orthoptera). These crickets, which are nocturnal foragers, reached flowers by climbing up leaves of the orchid or jumping across from neighbouring plants and probed the most 'fresh-looking' flowers on each plant. Visits to flowers were relatively long (if compared with the behaviour of birds or hawkmoths), averaging 16.5 s with a maximum of 41.0 s. At the study site of La Plaine des Palmistes (Pandanus forest), 46.5 % of flowers had pollen removed and 27.5 % had pollinia deposited on stigmas. The proportion of flowers that set fruit ranged from 11.9 % to 43.4 %, depending of the sites sampled across the island. CONCLUSIONS Although orthopterans are well known for herbivory, this represents the first clearly supported case of orthopteran-mediated pollination in flowering plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Micheneau
- Peuplements Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical, CIRAD-Université de La Réunion, 15 Avenue René Cassin BP 7151, 97715 Saint-Denis, La Réunion.
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50
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Although numerous angraecoid orchids in Madagascar display typical sphingophilous syndrome (i.e. white, nectariferous, long-spurred flowers, producing a strong scent at the crepuscule that is attractive to moths), three species of Angraecum in Reunion, belonging to the endemic section Hadrangis, have atypical unscented and short-spurred flowers. The aim of the study was to investigate the implication of plant-pollinator interaction on the evolution of floral morphology of these peculiar island floral forms. METHODS The flower morphology of A. striatum (one of the three section Hadrangis species) was investigated by performing a set of floral measures, and the reproductive biology was investigated by a set of hand pollination experiments. Natural pollinators were observed by means of a digital video camera. Pollinator efficiency (pollen removal and deposition) and reproductive success (fruit set) were quantified once a week in natural field conditions during the 2005 flowering season (i.e. from January to March). KEY RESULTS The orchid is self-compatible but requires a pollinator to achieve fruit set. Only one pollinator was observed, the endemic white-eye Zosterops borbonicus (Zosteropidae). These birds perched on inflorescences, and probed most fresh-looking flowers on each plant for nectar. Nectar was both abundant (averaging 7.7 microL) and dilute (averaging 9.7 % sugar in sucrose equivalents). Birds were mostly active between 0830 and 0930 h. Visits to plants were extremely short, lasting from 9 to 27 s. At the study site, 60.9 % of flowers had pollen removed, and 46.4 % had pollinia deposited on stigmas. The proportion of flowers that initiated a fruit averaged 20.6 % in natural conditions. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, a bird-pollinated orchid is described from a sub-tribe that is mainly specialized for moth pollination. This study documents a morphological shift in flowers in response to pollinator adaptations in the insular context of the Mascarene Archipelago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Micheneau
- UMR 53 Peuplements Végétaux et Bio-Agresseurs en Milieu Tropical, Université de La Réunion, 15 avenue René Cassin, BP 7151, 97415 Sainte Clotilde Messag Cedex 9, La Réunion, France.
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