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Vaes RDW, van Bijnen AA, Damink SWMO, Rensen SS. Pancreatic Tumor Organoid-Derived Factors from Cachectic Patients Disrupt Contractile Smooth Muscle Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:542. [PMID: 38339292 PMCID: PMC10854749 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16030542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients with pancreatic cancer often suffer from cachexia and experience gastrointestinal symptoms that may be related to intestinal smooth muscle cell (SMC) dysfunction. We hypothesized that pancreatic tumor organoids from cachectic patients release factors that perturb the SMC's contractile characteristics. Human visceral SMCs were exposed to conditioned medium (CM) from the pancreatic tumor organoid cultures of cachectic (n = 2) and non-cachectic (n = 2) patients. Contractile proteins and markers of inflammation, muscle atrophy, and proliferation were evaluated by qPCR and Western blot. SMC proliferation and migration were monitored by live cell imaging. The Ki-67-positive cell fraction was determined in the intestinal smooth musculature of pancreatic cancer patients. CM from the pancreatic tumor organoids of cachectic patients did not affect IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, or Atrogin-1 expression. However, CM reduced the α-SMA, γ-SMA, and SM22-α levels, which was accompanied by a reduced SMC doubling time and increased expression of S100A4, a Ca2+-binding protein associated with the synthetic SMC phenotype. In line with this, Ki-67-positive nuclei were increased in the intestinal smooth musculature of patients with a low versus high L3-SMI. In conclusion, patient-derived pancreatic tumor organoids release factors that compromise the contractile SMC phenotype and increase SMC proliferation. This may contribute to the frequently observed gastrointestinal motility problems in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rianne D. W. Vaes
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie A. van Bijnen
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Steven W. M. Olde Damink
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sander S. Rensen
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Behrmann A, Zhong D, Li L, Xie S, Mead M, Sabaeifard P, Goodarzi M, Lemoff A, Kozlitina J, Towler DA. Wnt16 Promotes Vascular Smooth Muscle Contractile Phenotype and Function via Taz (Wwtr1) Activation in Male LDLR-/- Mice. Endocrinology 2023; 165:bqad192. [PMID: 38123514 PMCID: PMC10765280 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Wnt16 is expressed in bone and arteries, and maintains bone mass in mice and humans, but its role in cardiovascular physiology is unknown. We show that Wnt16 protein accumulates in murine and human vascular smooth muscle (VSM). WNT16 genotypes that convey risk for bone frailty also convey risk for cardiovascular events in the Dallas Heart Study. Murine Wnt16 deficiency, which causes postnatal bone loss, also reduced systolic blood pressure. Electron microscopy demonstrated abnormal VSM mitochondrial morphology in Wnt16-null mice, with reductions in mitochondrial respiration. Following angiotensin-II (AngII) infusion, thoracic ascending aorta (TAA) dilatation was greater in Wnt16-/- vs Wnt16+/+ mice (LDLR-/- background). Acta2 (vascular smooth muscle alpha actin) deficiency has been shown to impair contractile phenotype and worsen TAA aneurysm with concomitant reductions in blood pressure. Wnt16 deficiency reduced expression of Acta2, SM22 (transgelin), and other contractile genes, and reduced VSM contraction induced by TGFβ. Acta2 and SM22 proteins were reduced in Wnt16-/- VSM as was Ankrd1, a prototypic contractile target of Yap1 and Taz activation via TEA domain (TEAD)-directed transcription. Wnt16-/- VSM exhibited reduced nuclear Taz and Yap1 protein accumulation. SiRNA targeting Wnt16 or Taz, but not Yap1, phenocopied Wnt16 deficiency, and Taz siRNA inhibited contractile gene upregulation by Wnt16. Wnt16 incubation stimulated mitochondrial respiration and contraction (reversed by verteporfin, a Yap/Taz inhibitor). SiRNA targeting Taz inhibitors Ccm2 and Lats1/2 mimicked Wnt16 treatment. Wnt16 stimulated Taz binding to Acta2 chromatin and H3K4me3 methylation. TEAD cognates in the Acta2 promoter conveyed transcriptional responses to Wnt16 and Taz. Wnt16 regulates cardiovascular physiology and VSM contractile phenotype, mediated via Taz signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Behrmann
- Internal Medicine—Endocrine Division and the Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Dalian Zhong
- Internal Medicine—Endocrine Division and the Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Li Li
- Internal Medicine—Endocrine Division and the Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Shangkui Xie
- Internal Medicine—Endocrine Division and the Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Megan Mead
- Internal Medicine—Endocrine Division and the Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Parastoo Sabaeifard
- Internal Medicine—Endocrine Division and the Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | - Andrew Lemoff
- Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Julia Kozlitina
- McDermott Center for Human Development, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Dwight A Towler
- Internal Medicine—Endocrine Division and the Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Buono MF, Benavente ED, Slenders L, Methorst D, Tessels D, Mili E, Finger R, Kapteijn D, Daniels M, van den Dungen NAM, Calis JJA, Mol BM, de Borst GJ, de Kleijn DPV, Pasterkamp G, den Ruijter HM, Mokry M. Human Plaque Myofibroblasts to Study Mechanisms of Atherosclerosis. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e030243. [PMID: 37889192 PMCID: PMC10727388 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.030243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Background Plaque myofibroblasts are critical players in the initiation and advancement of atherosclerotic disease. They are involved in the production of extracellular matrix, the formation of the fibrous cap, and the underlying lipidic core via modulation processes in response to different environmental cues. Despite clear phenotypic differences between myofibroblast cells and healthy vascular smooth muscle cells, smooth muscle cells are still widely used as a cellular model in atherosclerotic research. Methods and Results Here, we present a conditioned outgrowth method to isolate and culture myofibroblast cells from plaques. We obtained these cells from 27 donors (24 carotid and 3 femoral endarterectomies). We show that they keep their proliferative capacity for 8 passages, are transcriptionally stable, retain donor-specific gene expression programs, and express extracellular matrix proteins (FN1, COL1A1, and DCN) and smooth muscle cell markers (ACTA2, MYH11, and CNN1). Single-cell transcriptomics reveals that the cells in culture closely resemble the plaque myofibroblasts. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing shows the presence of histone H3 lysine 4 dimethylation at the MYH11 promoter, pointing to their smooth muscle cell origin. Finally, we demonstrated that plaque myofibroblasts can be efficiently transduced (>97%) and are capable of taking up oxidized low-density lipoprotein and undergoing calcification. Conclusions In conclusion, we present a method to isolate and culture cells that retain plaque myofibroblast phenotypical and functional capabilities, making them a suitable in vitro model for studying selected mechanisms of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele F. Buono
- Laboratory of Experimental CardiologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Ernest Diez Benavente
- Laboratory of Experimental CardiologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Lotte Slenders
- Central Diagnostics LaboratoryUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Daisey Methorst
- Laboratory of Experimental CardiologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Daniëlle Tessels
- Laboratory of Experimental CardiologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Eloi Mili
- Laboratory of Experimental CardiologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Roxy Finger
- Central Diagnostics LaboratoryUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Daniek Kapteijn
- Laboratory of Experimental CardiologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Mark Daniels
- Laboratory of Experimental CardiologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | | | - Jorg J. A. Calis
- Department of CardiologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
- Center for Translational ImmunologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
- Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Wilhelmina Children’s HospitalUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Barend M. Mol
- Department of Vascular SurgeryUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Gert J. de Borst
- Department of Vascular SurgeryUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | | | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Central Diagnostics LaboratoryUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Hester M. den Ruijter
- Laboratory of Experimental CardiologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Michal Mokry
- Laboratory of Experimental CardiologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
- Central Diagnostics LaboratoryUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
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Guo S, Zhao D, Zang Z, Shao D, Zhang K, Fu Q. Effects of endoplasmic reticulum stress on erectile function in rats with cavernous nerve injury. Sex Med 2023; 11:qfad050. [PMID: 37674767 PMCID: PMC10478027 DOI: 10.1093/sexmed/qfad050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Erectile dysfunction (ED) occurs in an increasing number of patients after radical prostatectomy and cystectomy, and the phenotypic modulation of corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells is closely related to ED. Aim To determine whether endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is implicated in the phenotypic modulation of ED induced by bilateral cavernous nerve injury (BCNI). Methods In total, 36 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: sham, in which rats received sham surgery with bilateral cavernous nerve exposure plus phosphate-buffered saline; control, in which rats received BCNI plus phosphate-buffered saline; and experimental, in which rats received BCNI plus 4-phenylbutyric acid. Analysis of variance and a Bonferroni multiple-comparison test were utilized to evaluate differences among groups. Outcomes Erectile function, smooth muscle/collagen ratios, and the expression levels of phenotypic modulation and ERS were measured. Results Two ratios-maximum intracavernosal pressure/mean arterial pressure and smooth muscle/collagen-were decreased in the control group as compared with the sham group. In penile tissue, there was increased expression of GRP78 (78-kDa glucose-regulated protein), p-PERK/PERK (phosphorylated protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase/protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase), caspase 3, CHOP (C/EBP homologous protein), and OPN (osteopontin) but decreased expression of nNOS (neuronal nitric oxide synthase) and α-SMA (α-smooth muscle actin). As compared with the control group, erectile function was improved and pathologic changes were partially recovered in the experimental group. Clinical Translation The present study demonstrated that ERS is involved in ED caused by cavernous nerve injury, thereby providing a new target and theoretical basis for clinical treatment. Strengths and Limitations The present study demonstrated for the first time that ERS is related to ED caused by cavernous nerve injury. Inhibition of ERS reverses phenotypic modulation and improves erectile function in rats with BCNI. Additional in vitro studies should be performed to verify these conclusions and explore the specific mechanism of phenotypic modulation. Conclusion The present study demonstrated that inhibiting ERS reverses phenotypic modulation and enhances erectile function in rats with BCNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanjie Guo
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Danfeng Zhao
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Urinary Organ and Functional Reconstruction of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Zhenjie Zang
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Dingchang Shao
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Keqin Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Urinary Organ and Functional Reconstruction of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Urinary Organ and Functional Reconstruction of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, China
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Urinary Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, China
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Ding W, Fan JH, Zhong LR, Wang NX, Liu LH, Zhang HB, Wang L, Wang MQ, He BL, Wei AY. N-acetylcysteine ameliorates erectile dysfunction in rats with hyperlipidemia by inhibiting oxidative stress and corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells phenotypic modulation. Asian J Androl 2023; 26:00129336-990000000-00110. [PMID: 37534881 PMCID: PMC10846835 DOI: 10.4103/aja202324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor for erectile dysfunction (ED). Oxidative stress and phenotypic modulation of corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells (CCSMCs) are the key pathological factors of ED. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) can inhibit oxidative stress; however, whether NAC can alleviate pathological variations in the corpus cavernosum and promote erectile function recovery in hyperlipidemic rats remains unclear. A hyperlipidemia model was established using 27 eight-week-old male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet (hyperlipidemic rats, HR). In addition, 9 male SD rats were fed a normal diet to serve as controls (NC). HR rats were divided into three groups: HR, HR+normal saline (NS), and HR+NAC (n = 9 for each group; NS or NAC intraperitoneal injections were administered daily for 16 weeks). Subsequently, the lipid profiles, erectile function, oxidative stress, phenotypic modulation markers of CCSMCs, and tissue histology were analyzed. The experimental results revealed that erectile function was significantly impaired in the HR and HR + NS groups, but enhanced in the HR + NAC group. Abnormal lipid levels, over-activated oxidative stress, and multi-organ lesions observed in the HR and HR + NS groups were improved in the HR + NAC group. Moreover, the HR group showed significant phenotypic modulation of CCSMCs, which was also inhibited by NAC treatment. This report focuses on the therapeutic effect of NAC in restoring erectile function using a hyperlipidemic rat model by preventing CCSMC phenotypic modulation and attenuating oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ding
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Jun-Hong Fan
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Li-Ren Zhong
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Nan-Xiong Wang
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen Immigration Inspection General Station Hospital, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Lu-Hao Liu
- Department of Organ Transplantation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Hai-Bo Zhang
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Ming-Qiang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Bing-Lin He
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - An-Yang Wei
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
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Yang SY, Deng WW, Zhao RZ, Long XP, Wang DM, Guo HH, Jiang LX, Chen WM, Shi B. Exosomes Derived from Endothelial Cells Inhibit Neointimal Hyperplasia Induced by Carotid Artery Injury in Rats via ROS-NLRP3 Inflammasome Pathway. Bull Exp Biol Med 2023; 174:762-767. [PMID: 37162629 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-023-05788-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This study attempted to investigate whether exosomes derived from rat endothelial cells (EC-Exo) attenuate intimal hyperplasia after balloon injury using hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence staining, Evans blue staining, and Western blotting. The results indicated that EC-Exo inhibited intimal hyperplasia in the carotid artery after balloon injury, promoted re-endothelialization, and reduced vascular inflammation and ROS-NLRP3-mediated cell pyroptosis. Thus, EC-Exo can inhibit neointimal hyperplasia after carotid artery injury in rats presumably by inhibiting the ROS-NLRP3 inflammasome and phenotypic transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - W W Deng
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - R Z Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - X P Long
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - D M Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - H H Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - L X Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - W M Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - B Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
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Chen Z, Zhai J, Ma J, Chen P, Lin W, Zhang W, Xiong J, Zhang C, Wei H. Melatonin-Primed Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles Alleviated Neurogenic Erectile Dysfunction by Reversing Phenotypic Modulation. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2203087. [PMID: 36652551 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202203087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is an adverse side effect of pelvic surgery with no effective treatment. In this study, it is explored whether melatonin could improve the therapeutic effects of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), on cavernous nerve injury (CNI) ED, and the underlying mechanisms are investigated. The sEVs from melatonin-pretreated MSCs (MT-EVs) and MSCs (NC-EVs) are isolated and applied to CNI ED. Transplantation of MT-EVs remarkably increases erectile function and reduces phenotypic modulation in CNI ED rats. The therapeutic effects of MT-EVs are superior to those of NC-EVs. Sequencing implies that miR-10a-3p is enriched in MT-EVs, and directly targets the protein kinase inhibitor α (PKIA). After the suppression of miR-10a-3p, the therapeutic actions of MT-EVs are abolished, but are rescued by PKIA. Similarly, RhoA/ROCK is inhibited by MT-EVs, but this action is reversed by suppressing miR-10a-3p, accompanied by corresponding changes in PKIA. In conclusion, transplantation of MT-EVs could significantly alleviate CNI ED. MT-EVs may relieve the phenotypic modulation of the corpora cavernosum smooth muscle cells via the miR-10a-3p/PKIA/RhoA/ROCK signaling axis. These nanovesicles should be potential therapeutic vectors or bioactive materials for CNI ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehong Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe Road 600, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Jiancheng Zhai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe Road 600, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Jiahui Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe Road 600, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe Road 600, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Weishun Lin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe Road 600, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Weipeng Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe Road 600, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Jiaming Xiong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe Road 600, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Chaowei Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe Road 600, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Hongbo Wei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe Road 600, Guangzhou, 510630, China
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Balint B, Bernstorff IGL, Schwab T, Schäfers HJ. Age-dependent phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells in the normal ascending aorta. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1114355. [PMID: 36895832 PMCID: PMC9989028 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1114355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Ascending aortic aneurysms are associated with pre-existing conditions, including connective tissue disorders (i.e., Marfan syndrome) and bicuspid aortic valves. The underlying mechanisms remain uncertain. Even less is known regarding ascending aortic aneurysms in individuals with normal (i.e., tricuspid) aortic valves (TAV), and without known aneurysm-associated disorders. Regardless of etiology, the risk of aortic complications increases with biological age. Phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) is a feature of ascending aortic aneurysms, whereby contractile SMCs are replaced with synthetic SMCs that are capable of degrading the aortic wall. We asked whether age itself causes dysfunctional SMC phenotype modulation, independent of aortic dilatation or pre-existing aneurysm-associated diseases. Methods Non-dilated ascending aortic samples were obtained intra-operatively from 40 patients undergoing aortic valve surgery (range: 20-82 years old, mean: 59.1 ± 15.2). Patients with known genetic diseases or aortic valve malformations were excluded. Tissue was divided, and a portion was formalin-fixed and immunolabeled for alpha-smooth muscle actin (ASMA), a contractile SMC protein, and markers of synthetic (vimentin) or senescent (p16/p21) SMCs. Another fragment was used for SMC isolation (n = 10). Cultured SMCs were fixed at cell passage 2 and stained for phenotype markers, or were cultured indefinitely to determine replicative capacity. Results In whole tissue, ASMA decreased (R2 = 0.47, P < 0.0001), while vimentin increased (R2 = 0.33, P = 0.02) with age. In cultured SMCs, ASMA decreased (R2 = 0.35, P = 0.03) and vimentin increased (R2 = 0.25, P = 0.04) with age. p16 (R2 = 0.34, P = 0.02) and p21 (R2 = 0.29, P = 0.007) also increased with age in SMCs. Furthermore, the replicative capacity of SMCs from older patients was decreased compared to that of younger patients (P = 0.03). Conclusion By investigating non-dilated aortic samples from individuals with normal TAVs, we found that age itself has a negative impact on SMCs in the ascending aortic wall, whereby SMCs switched from the contractile phenotype to maladaptive synthetic or senescent states with increased age. Therefore, based on our findings, modification of SMC phenotype should be studied as a therapeutic consideration against aneurysms in the future, regardless of etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Balint
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | | | - Tanja Schwab
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Schäfers
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
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Alajbegovic A, Daoud F, Ali N, Kawka K, Holmberg J, Albinsson S. Transcription factor GATA6 promotes migration of human coronary artery smooth muscle cells in vitro. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1054819. [PMID: 36523548 PMCID: PMC9744938 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1054819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cell plasticity plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of vascular diseases. Despite compelling evidence demonstrating the importance of transcription factor GATA6 in vascular smooth muscle, the functional role of GATA6 remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of GATA6 on cell migration and to gain insight into GATA6-sensitive genes in smooth muscle. We found that overexpression of GATA6 promotes migration of human coronary artery smooth muscle cells in vitro, and that silencing of GATA6 in smooth muscle cells resulted in reduced cellular motility. Furthermore, a complete microarray screen of GATA6-sensitive gene transcription resulted in 739 upregulated and 248 downregulated genes. Pathways enrichment analysis showed involvement of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling which was validated by measuring mRNA expression level of several members. Furthermore, master regulators prediction based on microarray data revealed several members of (mitogen activated protein kinase) MAPK pathway as a master regulators, reflecting involvement of MAPK pathway also. Our findings provide further insights into the functional role of GATA6 in vascular smooth muscle and suggest that targeting GATA6 may constitute as a new approach to inhibit vascular smooth muscle migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azra Alajbegovic
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fatima Daoud
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Neserin Ali
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Orthopedics, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Katarzyna Kawka
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Holmberg
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Huang J, Huang Y, Shi X, Lyu Y, Wu M, Chen Y, Zhou L, Yu H, Xie H, Chen F. Phenotypic modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells in the corpus spongiosum surrounding the urethral plate in hypospadias. Andrologia 2022; 54:e14540. [PMID: 35866316 DOI: 10.1111/and.14540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypospadias is an abnormal ventral development of the penis caused by incomplete virilization of the male genital tubercle. This study investigated the phenotypic modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in the corpus spongiosum surrounding the urethral plate in hypospadias. The urethral corpus spongiosum tissue was collected for HE, Masson and α-SMA immunohistochemical staining. Spongiosum VSMCs were cultured and identified by α-SMA fluorescence. qRT-PCR and Western blotting and fluorescence were performed. The results showed that the vascular lumen of the corpus spongiosum around the urethral plate was larger and that the vascular smooth muscle layer was thicker in hypospadias. The expression of the contractile markers α-SMA and Calponin 1 in VSMCs was decreased, the expression of the synthetic marker OPN was increased, and the transcription of the phenotypic switching factors SRF and MYOCD was decreased. The expression of Ki67, PCNA and BAX was increased, and the expression of Bcl-2 was decreased. The phenotype of corpus spongiosum VSMCs in hypospadias changed from the contractional type to the synthetic type. This phenotypic modulation was associated with increased proliferation and apoptosis rates. SRF and MYOCD may be the main factors mediating the phenotypic modulation of urethral corpus spongiosum VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayao Huang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yichen Huang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiujuan Shi
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqing Lyu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijun Zhou
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Yu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Xie
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai 6th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Liang X, He W, Zhang H, Luo D, Zhang Z, Liu A, Wang J, Huang H. Inflammatory Cells Accelerated Carotid Artery Calcification via MMP9: Evidences From Single-Cell Analysis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:766613. [PMID: 34938784 PMCID: PMC8685327 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.766613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Vascular calcification (VC) is an important predictor of prognosis in atherosclerosis, the phenotypic transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is thought to be a process of VC. However, the implications and potential mechanisms for VSMCs phenotypic transition remain unknown. Methods: To study the transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in the calcification early period, we analyzed single-cell sequencing data from carotid artery calcified core and paracellular tissue, based on the results of enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction analysis. Upstream transcription factors were tracked and finally the results were validated using the MESA database. Results: We successfully identified a subpopulation of inflammatory macrophage-like VSMCs and determined that MMP9 is an important factor in the phenotypic transformation of VSMCs. We found that RELA regulates MMP9 expression and that knockdown of RELA attenuated MMP9 expression and reduced the expression of BMP2 and the macrophage marker LGALS3 in vascular smooth muscle in inflammatory states, while serum levels of MMP9 correlated significantly with the inflammatory response. Conclusion: This study reveals that the phenotypic transformation of VSMCs can be regulated by modulating MMP9, providing a new idea for the early treatment of VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Liang
- Department of Cardiology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Wanbing He
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongling Luo
- Department of Cardiology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhengzhipeng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Aiting Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinkai Wang
- Department of Medical Informatics, ZhongShan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.,Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
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12
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Luo Y, Tang H, Zhang Z, Zhao R, Wang C, Hou W, Huang Q, Liu J. Pharmacological inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor attenuates intracranial aneurysm formation by modulating the phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 28:64-76. [PMID: 34729926 PMCID: PMC8673708 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To study the effect of pharmacological inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) on intracranial aneurysm (IA) initiation. Methods Human IA samples were analyzed for the expression of p‐EGFR and alpha smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) by immunofluorescence (IF). Rat models of IA were established to evaluate the ability of the EGFR inhibitor, erlotinib, to attenuate the incidence of IA. We analyzed anterior cerebral artery tissues by pathological and proteomic detection for the expression of p‐EGFR and relevant proteins, and vessel casting was used to evaluate the incidence of aneurysms in each group. Rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and endothelial cells were extracted and used to establish an in vitro co‐culture model in a flow chamber with or without erlotinib treatment. We determined p‐EGFR and relevant protein expression in VSMCs by immunoblotting analysis. Results Epidermal growth factor receptor activation was found in human IA vessel walls and rat anterior cerebral artery walls. Treatment with erlotinib markedly attenuated the incidence of IA by inhibiting vascular remodeling and pro‐inflammatory transformation of VSMC in rat IA vessel walls. Activation of EGFR in rat VSMCs and phenotypic modulation of rat VSMCs were correlated with the strength of shear stress in vitro, and treatment with erlotinib reduced phenotypic modulation of rat VSMCs. In vitro experiments also revealed that EGFR activation could be induced by TNF‐α in human brain VSMCs. Conclusions These results suggest that EGFR plays a critical role in the initiation of IA and that the EGFR inhibitor erlotinib protects rats from IA initiation by regulating phenotypic modulation of VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haishuang Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaolong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Strategic Support Force Medical Center of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanchuan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenguang Hou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qinghai Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianmin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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13
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Liao KA, Rangarajan KV, Bai X, Taylor JM, Mack CP. The actin depolymerizing factor destrin serves as a negative feedback inhibitor of smooth muscle cell differentiation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 321:H893-H904. [PMID: 34559579 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00142.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that several components of the RhoA signaling pathway control smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotype by altering serum response factor (SRF)-dependent gene expression. Because our genome-wide analyses of chromatin structure and transcription factor binding suggested that the actin depolymerizing factor, destrin (DSTN), was regulated in a SMC-selective fashion, the goals of the current study were to identify the transcription mechanisms that control DSTN expression in SMC and to test whether it regulates SMC function. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed strong and at least partially SMC-selective expression of DSTN in many mouse tissues, a result consistent with human data from the genotype-tissue expression (GTEx) consortium. We identified several regulatory regions that control DSTN expression including a SMC-selective enhancer that was activated by myocardin-related transcription factor-A (MRTF-A), recombination signal binding protein for immunoglobulin κ-J region (RBPJ), and the SMAD transcription factors. Indeed, enhancer activity and endogenous DSTN expression were upregulated by RhoA and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling and downregulated by inhibition of Notch cleavage. We also showed that DSTN expression was decreased in vivo by carotid artery injury and in cultured SMC cells by platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) treatment. siRNA-mediated depletion of DSTN significantly enhanced MRTF-A nuclear localization and SMC differentiation marker gene expression, decreased SMC migration in scratch wound assays, and decreased SMC proliferation, as measured by cell number and cyclin-E expression. Taken together our data indicate that DSTN is a negative feedback inhibitor of RhoA/SRF-dependent gene expression in SMC that coordinately promotes SMC phenotypic modulation. Interventions that target DSTN expression or activity could serve as potential therapies for atherosclerosis and restenosis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY First, DSTN is selectively expressed in SMC in RhoA/SRF-dependent manner. Second, a SMC-selective enhancer just upstream of DSTN TSS harbors functional SRF, SMAD, and Notch/RBPJ binding elements. Third, DSTN depletion increased SRF-dependent SMC marker gene expression while inhibiting SMC migration and proliferation. Taken together, our data suggest that DSTN is a critical negative feedback inhibitor of SMC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo An Liao
- Department of Pathology and McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Krsna V Rangarajan
- Department of Pathology and McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Xue Bai
- Department of Pathology and McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Joan M Taylor
- Department of Pathology and McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Christopher P Mack
- Department of Pathology and McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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14
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Jensen LF, Bentzon JF, Albarrán-Juárez J. The Phenotypic Responses of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Exposed to Mechanical Cues. Cells 2021; 10:2209. [PMID: 34571858 PMCID: PMC8469800 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the development of atherosclerosis and other vascular diseases, vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) located in the intima and media of blood vessels shift from a contractile state towards other phenotypes that differ substantially from differentiated SMCs. In addition, these cells acquire new functions, such as the production of alternative extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and signal molecules. A similar shift in cell phenotype is observed when SMCs are removed from their native environment and placed in a culture, presumably due to the absence of the physiological signals that maintain and regulate the SMC phenotype in the vasculature. The far majority of studies describing SMC functions have been performed under standard culture conditions in which cells adhere to a rigid and static plastic plate. While these studies have contributed to discovering key molecular pathways regulating SMCs, they have a significant limitation: the ECM microenvironment and the mechanical forces transmitted through the matrix to SMCs are generally not considered. Here, we review and discuss the recent literature on how the mechanical forces and derived biochemical signals have been shown to modulate the vascular SMC phenotype and provide new perspectives about their importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Filt Jensen
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (L.F.J.); (J.F.B.)
| | - Jacob Fog Bentzon
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (L.F.J.); (J.F.B.)
- Experimental Pathology of Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Spanish National Center for Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Julian Albarrán-Juárez
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (L.F.J.); (J.F.B.)
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15
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Wang L, Zhao LP, Chen YQ, Chang XS, Xiong H, Zhang DM, Xu WT, Chen JC. Adropin inhibits the phenotypic modulation and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells during neointimal hyperplasia by activating the AMPK/ACC signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:560. [PMID: 33850532 PMCID: PMC8027754 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In-stent restenosis (ISR) remains an inevitable problem for some patients receiving drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation. Intimal hyperplasia is an important biological cause of ISR. It has been previously reported that adropin is a potentially protective factor in cardiovascular disease. Therefore, the present study investigated the function of adropin in inhibiting smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotype modulation and proliferation, causing intimal hyperplasia. A total of 56 patients who visited the hospital consecutively (25 with ISR and 31 without ISR), who were followed up between April 2016 and March 2019, 1 year following DES, were analyzed to evaluate the association between in-stent neointimal volume and adropin serum levels. Rat aorta smooth muscle cells (RASMCs) were used to determine the effects of adropin on their phenotypic modulation and proliferation using western blot, MTT, PCR and immunofluorescence analyses. Adropin serum levels in the ISR group were significantly lower than those in the non-ISR group. Furthermore, linear regression analysis revealed that only adropin levels were negatively associated with neointimal volume in both groups. The overall adropin levels of the 56 patients and the percentages of neointimal volume revealed a strong negative association. In vitro, adropin suppressed angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced phenotypic modulation in RASMCs by restoring variations of osteopontin and α-smooth muscle actin. Furthermore, compared with the Ang II group, adropin markedly decreased the percentage of G2/M-phase cells. Finally, adropin negatively regulated the phenotypic modulation and proliferation of RASMCs via the AMP-activated protein kinase/acetyl-CoA carboxylase (AMPK/ACC) signaling pathway. In conclusion, an independent, negative association was revealed between adropin and intimal hyperplasia; specifically, adropin inhibited the phenotypic modulation and proliferation of RASMCs by activating the AMPK/ACC signaling pathway. Therefore, adropin may be used as a potential predictor and therapeutic target for intimal hyperplasia and ISR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215151, P.R. China.,Emergency Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215151, P.R. China
| | - Liang-Ping Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215151, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Qi Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215151, P.R. China
| | - Xian-Song Chang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215151, P.R. China
| | - Hui Xiong
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215151, P.R. China
| | - Dai-Min Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Ting Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215151, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Chang Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215151, P.R. China
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16
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Que Y, Shu X, Wang L, Wang S, Li S, Hu P, Tong X. Inactivation of SERCA2 Cys 674 accelerates aortic aneurysms by suppressing PPARγ. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:2305-2323. [PMID: 33591571 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Inactivation of Cys674 (C674) in the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase 2 (SERCA2) causes intracellular Ca2+ accumulation, which activates calcineurin-mediated nuclear factor of activated T-lymphocytes (NFAT)/NF-κB pathways, and results in the phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) to accelerate angiotensin II-induced aortic aneurysms. Our goal was to investigate the mechanism involved. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We used heterozygous SERCA2 C674S knock-in (SKI) mice, where half of C674 was substituted by serine, to mimic partial irreversible oxidation of C674. The aortas of SKI mice and their littermate wild-type mice were collected for RNA sequencing, cell culture, protein expression, luciferase activity and aortic aneurysm analysis. KEY RESULTS Inactivation of C674 inhibited the promoter activity and protein expression of PPARγ, which could be reversed by inhibitors of calcineurin or NF-κB. In SKI SMCs, inhibition of NF-κB by pyrrolidinedithiocarbamic acid (PDTC) or overexpression of PPARγ2 reversed the protein expression of SMC phenotypic modulation markers and inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and macrophage adhesion to SMCs. Pioglitazone, a PPARγ agonist, blocked the activation of NFAT/NF-κB, reversed the protein expression of SMC phenotypic modulation markers, and inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and macrophage adhesion to SMCs in SKI SMCs. Furthermore, pioglitazone also ameliorated angiotensin II-induced aortic aneurysms in SKI mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The inactivation of SERCA2 C674 promotes the development of aortic aneurysms by disrupting the balance between PPARγ and NFAT/NF-κB. Our study highlights the importance of C674 redox status in regulating PPARγ to maintain aortic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Que
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xi Shu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Langtao Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sai Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Siqi Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pingping Hu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyong Tong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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17
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Shaul ME, Eyal O, Guglietta S, Aloni P, Zlotnik A, Forkosh E, Levy L, Weber LM, Levin Y, Pomerantz A, Nechushtan H, Eruslanov E, Singhal S, Robinson MD, Krieg C, Fridlender ZG. Circulating neutrophil subsets in advanced lung cancer patients exhibit unique immune signature and relate to prognosis. FASEB J 2020; 34:4204-4218. [PMID: 31957112 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902467r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of circulating low-density neutrophils (LDN) has been described in cancer patients and associated with tumor-supportive properties, as opposed to the high-density neutrophils (HDN). Here we aimed to evaluate the clinical significance of circulating LDN in lung cancer patients, and further assessed its diagnostic vs prognostic value. Using mass cytometry (CyTOF), we identified major subpopulations within the circulating LDN/HDN subsets and determined phenotypic modulations of these subsets along tumor progression. LDN were highly enriched in the low-density (LD) fraction of advanced lung cancer patients (median 7.0%; range 0.2%-80%, n = 64), but not in early stage patients (0.7%; 0.05%-6%; n = 35), healthy individuals (0.8%; 0%-3.5%; n = 15), or stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients (1.2%; 0.3%-7.4%, n = 13). Elevated LDN (>10%) remarkably related with poorer prognosis in late stage patients. We identified three main neutrophil subsets which proportions are markedly modified in cancer patients, with CD66b+ /CD10low /CXCR4+ /PDL1inter subset almost exclusively found in advanced lung cancer patients. We found substantial variability in subsets between patients, and demonstrated that HDN and LDN retain a degree of inherent spontaneous plasticity. Deep phenotypic characterization of cancer-related circulating neutrophils and their modulation along tumor progression is an important advancement in understanding the role of myeloid cells in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merav E Shaul
- Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ophir Eyal
- Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Silvia Guglietta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Pazzit Aloni
- Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Asaf Zlotnik
- Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ester Forkosh
- Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Liran Levy
- Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lukas M Weber
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yonathan Levin
- Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alon Pomerantz
- Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hovav Nechushtan
- Sharrett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Evgeniy Eruslanov
- Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sunil Singhal
- Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mark D Robinson
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Krieg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Zvi G Fridlender
- Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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18
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Abstract
Background Activation of the YAP (Yes‐associated protein) pathway has been demonstrated to be related to smooth muscle cells (SMCs) phenotypic modulation and vessel restenosis. The aim of this study was to illustrate the molecular mechanisms that regulate the expression of YAP during the process of SMCs phenotypic switch. Whether the molecular basis identified in the study could be a potential therapeutic target for drug‐eluting stents is further tested. Methods and Results In cell culture and in rat carotid arterial injury models, Sp‐1 (specificity protein 1) expression was significantly induced, and correlated with SMCs proliferative phenotype. Overexpression of Sp‐1 promoted SMCs proliferation and migration. Conversely, siSp‐1 transfection or Sp‐1 inhibitor Mithramycin A treatment attenuates SMC proliferation and migration. Through gain‐ and loss‐function assays, we demonstrated that YAP was involved in Sp‐1‐mediated SMC phenotypic switch. Mechanistically, activated Sp‐1 regulated YAP transcriptional expression through binding to its promoter. Moreover, we fabricated a Sp‐1 inhibitor Mithramycin A‐eluting stent and further tested it. In the rabbit carotid model, Mithramycin A‐eluting stent inhibited YAP transcription and attenuated in‐stent restenosis through regulating YAP‐mediated SMC phenotypic switch. Conclusions Sp‐1 controls phenotypic modulation of SMC by regulating transcription factor YAP. Drug‐eluting stent targeting Sp‐1 might represent a novel therapeutic strategy to prevent in‐stent restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Huang
- Department of Vascular Surgery Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University Nantong People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Vascular Surgery Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Yuelin Zhu
- Department of Vascular Surgery Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School Nanjing People's Republic of China
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19
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Gao G, Zhang Y, Chao Y, Niu C, Fu X, Wei J. miR-4735-3p regulates phenotypic modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells by targeting HIF-1-mediated autophagy in intracranial aneurysm. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:19432-19441. [PMID: 31498485 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Intracranial aneurysm (IA) is recognized as a lethal form of cerebrovascular disease mainly featured with a modulated phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). It is generally believed that enhanced SMC proliferation and migration capabilities are the main characteristics in this process. In this study, we revealed that microRNA-4735 (miR-4735) participates in phenotypic modulation in a hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1)-dependent manner of SMCs. miR-4735 targets the 3'-untranslated region of HIF-1. The downregulated expression of miR-4735 in IA tissues leads to elevated expression of HIF-1, which activates autophagy and promotes autophagy-mediated SMC proliferation and migration. Overexpression of miR-4735 suppressed HIF-1 expression and HIF-1-mediated autophagy, which led to impaired SMC proliferation and migration abilities. Forced expression of HIF-1 in miR-4735-overexpressed SMCs rescued the impaired SMC proliferation and migration abilities. In conclusion, miR-4735 plays an important role in phenotypic modulation in IA by regulating autophagy-promoted SMC proliferation and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Yingjiu Chao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Chaoshi Niu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Xianming Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Jianjun Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
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20
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Swärd K, Krawczyk KK, Morén B, Zhu B, Matic L, Holmberg J, Hedin U, Uvelius B, Stenkula K, Rippe C. Identification of the intermediate filament protein synemin/SYNM as a target of myocardin family coactivators. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C1128-C1142. [PMID: 31461342 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00047.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Myocardin (MYOCD) is a critical regulator of smooth muscle cell (SMC) differentiation, but its transcriptional targets remain to be exhaustively characterized, especially at the protein level. Here we leveraged human RNA and protein expression data to identify novel potential MYOCD targets. Using correlation analyses we found several targets that we could confirm at the protein level, including SORBS1, SLMAP, SYNM, and MCAM. We focused on SYNM, which encodes the intermediate filament protein synemin. SYNM rivalled smooth muscle myosin (MYH11) for SMC specificity and was controlled at the mRNA and protein levels by all myocardin-related transcription factors (MRTFs: MYOCD, MRTF-A/MKL1, and MRTF-B/MKL2). MRTF activity is regulated by the ratio of filamentous to globular actin, and SYNM was accordingly reduced by interventions that depolymerize actin, such as latrunculin treatment and overexpression of constitutively active cofilin. Many MRTF target genes depend on serum response factor (SRF), but SYNM lacked SRF-binding motifs in its proximal promoter, which was not directly regulated by MYOCD. Furthermore, SYNM resisted SRF silencing, yet the time course of induction closely paralleled that of the SRF-dependent target gene ACTA2. SYNM was repressed by the ternary complex factor (TCF) FLI1 and was increased in mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking three classical TCFs (ELK1, ELK3, and ELK4). Imaging showed colocalization of SYNM with the intermediate filament proteins desmin and vimentin, and MRTF-A/MKL1 increased SYNM-containing intermediate filaments in SMCs. These studies identify SYNM as a novel SRF-independent target of myocardin that is abundantly expressed in all SMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Swärd
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Björn Morén
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund, Sweden
| | - Baoyi Zhu
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Urology, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Qingyuan People's Hospital), Guangdong, China
| | - Ljubica Matic
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Holmberg
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulf Hedin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Uvelius
- Department of Clinical Science, Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Stenkula
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund, Sweden
| | - Catarina Rippe
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund, Sweden
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21
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Huang C, Zhang W, Zhu Y. Drug-eluting stent specifically designed to target vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic modulation attenuated restenosis through the YAP pathway. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 317:H541-H551. [PMID: 31298560 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00089.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotypic modulation contributes to the development of restenosis. A sorafenib-eluting stent was specifically designed to target SMC phenotypic modulation to inhibit in-stent restenosis in the present study. SMC contractile protein from the freshly isolated rat aorta was expressed at a high level, but its expression was dramatically reduced after SMCs were cultured in 10% FBS for 1 wk. After sorafenib treatment, SMC contractile protein expression was markedly upregulated. We further observed that Yes-associated protein (YAP) expression was attenuated after sorafenib treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Overexpression of YAP by lentivirus reversed the expression of sorafenib-induced SMC contractile protein and increased the expression of cyclin D. Mechanistically, sorafenib regulated the serum response factor-myocardin (SRF-Myocd) complex through competitive binding of YAP to Myocd and increased SRF binding to CArG-containing regions of SMC-specific contractile genes within intact chromatin, thereby controlling the activity of smooth muscle-specific gene transcription. In a rabbit carotid model, the sorafenib-eluting stent (SFES) dramatically inhibited in-stent restenosis and upregulated SMC contractile protein expression. Overexpression of YAP blocked the antirestenosis effect of SFES and repressed contractile smooth muscle-specific genes in vivo, indicating that SFES attenuated in-stent restenosis through YAP-mediated SMC phenotypic modulation. We demonstrated that SFES attenuated in-stent restenosis through YAP-mediated SMC phenotypic modulation. Targeting SMC phenotypic modulation by drug-eluting stent represents an attractive therapeutic approach for the treatment of occlusive vascular diseases.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In the present study, we demonstrated that sorafenib regulates smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotypic modulation from a proliferative to a contractile state. Sorafenib induced a myocardin-serum response factor interaction and increased SMC contractile gene transcription through the Yes-associated protein pathway. Moreover, local delivery of sorafenib regulating SMC phenotypic modulation represents a promising strategy in the design of drug-eluting stents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Huang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University Medical School, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuelin Zhu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
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22
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Peng X, Wei C, Li HZ, Li HX, Bai SZ, Wang LN, Xi YH, Yan J, Xu CQ. NPS2390, a Selective Calcium-sensing Receptor Antagonist Controls the Phenotypic Modulation of Hypoxic Human Pulmonary Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells by Regulating Autophagy. J Transl Int Med. 2019;7:59-68. [PMID: 31380238 PMCID: PMC6661874 DOI: 10.2478/jtim-2019-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is known to regulate hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (HPH) and vascular remodeling via the phenotypic modulation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) in small pulmonary arteries. Moreover, autophagy is an essential modulator of VSMC phenotype. But it is not clear whether CaSR can regulate autophagy involving the phenotypic modulation under hypoxia. Methods The viability of human PASMCs was detected by cell cycle and BrdU. The expressions of proliferation protein, phenotypic marker protein, and autophagy protein in human PASMCs were determined by western blot. Results Our results showed that hypoxia-induced autophagy was considerable at 24 h. The addition of NPS2390 decreased the expression of autophagy protein and synthetic phenotype marker protein osteopontin and increased the expression of contractile phenotype marker protein SMA-ɑ and calponin via suppressing downstream PI3K/Akt/mTOR signal pathways. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that treatment of NPS2390 was conducive to inhibit the proliferation and reverse phenotypic modulation of PASMCs by regulating autophagy levels.
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23
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López-López JR, Cidad P, Pérez-García MT. Kv channels and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Microcirculation 2018; 25. [PMID: 29110368 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Kv channels are present in virtually all VSMCs and strongly influence contractile responses. However, they are also instrumental in the proliferative, migratory, and secretory functions of synthetic, dedifferentiated VSMCs upon PM. In fact, Kv channels not only contribute to all these processes but also are active players in the phenotypic switch itself. This review is focused on the role(s) of Kv channels in VSMC proliferation, which is one of the best characterized functions of dedifferentiated VSMCs. VSMC proliferation is a complex process requiring specific Kv channels at specific time and locations. Their identification is further complicated by their large diversity and the differences in expression across vascular beds. Of interest, both conserved changes in some Kv channels and vascular bed-specific regulation of others seem to coexist and participate in VSMC proliferation through complementary mechanisms. Such a system will add flexibility to the process while providing the required robustness to preserve this fundamental cellular response.
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Affiliation(s)
- José R López-López
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología e Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Pilar Cidad
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología e Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - M Teresa Pérez-García
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología e Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
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24
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Vaes RDW, van den Berk L, Boonen B, van Dijk DPJ, Olde Damink SWM, Rensen SS. A novel human cell culture model to study visceral smooth muscle phenotypic modulation in health and disease. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 315:C598-C607. [PMID: 30044660 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00167.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation of the smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotype is essential for homeostasis and is often involved in pathologies of visceral organs (e.g., uterus, bladder, gastrointestinal tract). In vitro studies of the behavior of visceral SMCs under (patho)-physiological conditions are hampered by a spontaneous, uncontrolled phenotypic modulation of visceral SMCs under regular tissue culture conditions. We aimed to develop a new visceral SMC culture model that allows controlled phenotypic modulation. Human uterine SMCs [ULTR and telomerase-immortalized human myometrial cells (hTERT-HM)] were grown to confluency and kept for up to 6 days on regular tissue culture surfaces or basement membrane (BM) matrix-coated surfaces in the presence of 0-10% serum. mRNA and protein expression and localization of SMC-specific phenotype markers and their transcriptional regulators were investigated by quantitative PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence. Maintaining visceral SMCs confluent for 6 days increased α-smooth muscle actin (1.9-fold) and smooth muscle protein 22-α (3.1-fold), whereas smooth muscle myosin heavy chain was only slightly upregulated (1.3-fold). Culturing on a BM matrix-coated surface further increased these proteins and also markedly promoted mRNA expression of γ-smooth muscle actin (15.0-fold), smoothelin (3.5-fold), h-caldesmon (5.2-fold), serum response factor (7.6-fold), and myocardin (8.1-fold). Whereas additional serum deprivation only minimally affected contractile markers, platelet-derived growth factor-BB and transforming growth factor β1 consistently reduced versus increased their expression. In conclusion, we present a simple and reproducible visceral SMC culture system that allows controlled phenotypic modulation toward both the synthetic and the contractile phenotype. This may greatly facilitate the identification of factors that drive visceral SMC phenotypic changes in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rianne D W Vaes
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands.,NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Linda van den Berk
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Bas Boonen
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - David P J van Dijk
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands.,NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Steven W M Olde Damink
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands.,NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Sander S Rensen
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands.,NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands
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25
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Lee SH, Shin DJ, Kim Y, Kim CJ, Lee JJ, Yoon MS, Uong TNT, Yu D, Jung JY, Cho D, Jung BG, Kim SK, Suh GH. Comparison of Phenotypic and Functional Characteristics Between Canine Non-B, Non-T Natural Killer Lymphocytes and CD3 +CD5 dimCD21 - Cytotoxic Large Granular Lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2018; 9:841. [PMID: 29755462 PMCID: PMC5934500 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a pivotal role in the immune response against infections and malignant transformation, and adopted transfer of NK cells is thought to be a promising therapeutic approach for cancer patients. Previous reports describing the phenotypic features of canine NK cells have produced inconsistent results. Canine NK cells are still defined as non-B and non-T (CD3−CD21−) large granular lymphocytes. However, a few reports have demonstrated that canine NK cells share the phenotypic characteristics of T lymphocytes, and that CD3+CD5dimCD21− lymphocytes are putative canine NK cells. Based on our previous reports, we hypothesized that phenotypic modulation could occur between these two populations during activation. In this study, we investigated the phenotypic and functional differences between CD3+CD5dimCD21− (cytotoxic large granular lymphocytes) and CD3−CD5−CD21− NK lymphocytes before and after culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from normal dogs. The results of this study show that CD3+CD5dimCD21− lymphocytes can be differentiated into non-B, non-T NK (CD3−CD5−CD21−TCRαβ−TCRγδ−GranzymeB+) lymphocytes through phenotypic modulation in response to cytokine stimulation. In vitro studies of purified CD3+CD5dimCD21− cells showed that CD3−CD5−CD21− cells are derived from CD3+CD5dimCD21− cells through phenotypic modulation. CD3+CD5dimCD21− cells share more NK cell functional characteristics compared with CD3−CD5−CD21− cells, including the expression of T-box transcription factors (Eomes, T-bet), the production of granzyme B and interferon-γ, and the expression of NK cell-related molecular receptors such as NKG2D and NKp30. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that CD3+CD5dimCD21− and CD3−CD5−CD21− cells both contain a subset of putative NK cells, and the difference between the two populations may be due to the degree of maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Hyeon Lee
- Department of Integrated Life Science and Technology, Kongju National University, Yesan-gun, South Korea.,Department of Laboratory and Companion Animal Science, College of Industrial Science, Kongju National University, Yesan-gun, South Korea
| | - Dong-Jun Shin
- Department of Laboratory and Companion Animal Science, College of Industrial Science, Kongju National University, Yesan-gun, South Korea.,Research Institute for Natural Products, Kongju National University, Yesan-gun, South Korea
| | - Yoseop Kim
- Department of Laboratory and Companion Animal Science, College of Industrial Science, Kongju National University, Yesan-gun, South Korea
| | - Cheol-Jung Kim
- Department of Laboratory and Companion Animal Science, College of Industrial Science, Kongju National University, Yesan-gun, South Korea
| | - Je-Jung Lee
- Department of Hemotology-Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, South Korea
| | - Mee Sun Yoon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Tung Nguyen Thanh Uong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Dohyeon Yu
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Ji-Youn Jung
- Department of Integrated Life Science and Technology, Kongju National University, Yesan-gun, South Korea.,Department of Laboratory and Companion Animal Science, College of Industrial Science, Kongju National University, Yesan-gun, South Korea.,Research Institute for Natural Products, Kongju National University, Yesan-gun, South Korea
| | - Duck Cho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bock-Gie Jung
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, TX, United States
| | - Sang-Ki Kim
- Department of Integrated Life Science and Technology, Kongju National University, Yesan-gun, South Korea.,Department of Laboratory and Companion Animal Science, College of Industrial Science, Kongju National University, Yesan-gun, South Korea.,Research Institute for Natural Products, Kongju National University, Yesan-gun, South Korea
| | - Guk-Hyun Suh
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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26
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Li FF, Shang XK, Du XL, Chen S. Rapamycin Treatment Attenuates Angiotensin II -induced Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Formation via VSMC Phenotypic Modulation and Down-regulation of ERK1/2 Activity. Curr Med Sci 2018; 38:93-100. [PMID: 30074157 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-018-1851-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to address the effect of rapamycin on abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and the potential mechanisms. A clinically relevant AAA model was induced in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice, in which miniosmotic pump was implanted subcutaneously to deliver angiotensin II (Ang II) for 14 days. Male ApoE-/- mice were randomly divided into 3 groups: saline infusion, Ang II infusion, and Ang II infusion plus intraperitoneal injection of rapamycin. The diameter of the supra-renal abdominal aorta was measured by ultrasonography at the end of the infusion. Then aortic tissue was excised and examined by Western blotting and histoimmunochemistry. Ang n with or without rapamycin treatment was applied to the cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in vitro. The results revealed that rapamycin treatment significantly attenuated the incidence of Ang II induced-AAA in ApoE-/- mice. Histologic analysis showed that rapamycin treatment decreased disarray of elastin fibers and VSMCs hyperplasia in the medial layer. Immunochemistry staining and Western blotting documented the increased phospho-ERK1/2 and ERK1/2 expression in aortic walls in Ang II induced-AAA, as well as in human lesions. Whereas in the rapamycintreated group, decreased phospho-ERKl/2 expression level was detected. Moreover, rapamycin reversed Ang II -induced VSMCs phenotypic change both in vivo and in vitro. Based on those results, we confirmed that rapamycin therapy suppressed Ang II -induced AAA formation in mice, partially via VSMCs phenotypic modulation and down-regulation of ERK1/2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Fei Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xiao-Ke Shang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xin-Ling Du
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Shu Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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27
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Zhang HB, Wang ZQ, Chen FZ, Ding W, Liu WB, Chen ZR, He SH, Wei AY. Maintenance of the contractile phenotype in corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells by Myocardin gene therapy ameliorates erectile dysfunction in bilateral cavernous nerve injury rats. Andrology 2017; 5:798-806. [PMID: 28544569 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction post radical prostatectomy is not clearly clarified, and the low efficacy of traditional PDE5i treatment remains a major complaint in contemporary practice. This study aimed to demonstrate phenotypic modulation in bilateral cavernous nerve injury (BCNI) rats within 7 days, and subsequently validate gene therapy with Myocardin (Mycod) by maintaining a contractile phenotype in corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells. Initially, 36 male rats were randomly divided into BCNI and negative control (NC) groups for histological and phenotypic molecular measurements at 3, 5, and 7 days. Afterwards, an additional 30 rats received a single intra-cavernous injection of 50 μL PBS, Ad-Myocd (1 × 1011 pfu/ml) or Ad-vector for 10 animals each, namely the NC+PBS, BCNI+Ad-Myocd, and BCNI+Ad-vector groups. Finally, the validity and mechanism of Myocd transfection was explored at 21 days in vivo and 48 h in vitro. Western blotting showed canonical declines in Myocd, α-SMA, and Calponin expression, as well as elevated Osteopontin (OPN) expression, before corporeal morphological and SM-to-collagen ratio changes at day 5 after injury. Overexpression of Myocd maintained the contractile phenotype of corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells, ameliorated bilateral cavernous nerve injury rat erectile dysfunction, as well as promoted cell contractility and suppressed proliferative capacity. Simultaneously, confocal imaging revealed up-regulation and co-localization of serum response factor in gene-transferred cells. In conclusion, our study is the first to investigate corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells phenotypes in the early stages of cavernous injury model rats, and Myocd reversed phenotypic modulation by activating serum response factor. The experimental results demonstrated the validity of gene therapy for erectile dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-B Zhang
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Z-Q Wang
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - F-Z Chen
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - W Ding
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - W-B Liu
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Z-R Chen
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - S-H He
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - A-Y Wei
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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28
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Zhao J, Wu W, Zhang W, Lu YW, Tou E, Ye J, Gao P, Jourd'heuil D, Singer HA, Wu M, Long X. Selective expression of TSPAN2 in vascular smooth muscle is independently regulated by TGF-β1/SMAD and myocardin/serum response factor. FASEB J 2017; 31:2576-2591. [PMID: 28258189 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601021r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tetraspanins (TSPANs) comprise a large family of 4-transmembrane domain proteins. The importance of TSPANs in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is unexplored. Given that TGF-β1 and myocardin (MYOCD) are potent activators for VSMC differentiation, we screened for TGF-β1 and MYOCD/serum response factor (SRF)-regulated TSPANs in VSMC by using RNA-seq analyses and RNA-arrays. TSPAN2 was found to be the only TSPAN family gene induced by TGF-β1 and MYOCD, and reduced by SRF deficiency in VSMCs. We also found that TSPAN2 is highly expressed in smooth muscle-enriched tissues and down-regulated in in vitro models of VSMC phenotypic modulation. TSPAN2 expression is attenuated in mouse carotid arteries after ligation injury and in failed human arteriovenous fistula samples after occlusion by dedifferentiated neointimal VSMC. In vitro functional studies showed that TSPAN2 suppresses VSMC proliferation and migration. Luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that TSPAN2 is regulated by 2 parallel pathways, MYOCD/SRF and TGF-β1/SMAD, via distinct binding elements within the proximal promoter. Thus, we identified the first VSMC-enriched and MYOCD/SRF and TGF-β1/SMAD-dependent TSPAN family member, whose expression is intimately associated with VSMC differentiation and negatively correlated with vascular disease. Our results suggest that TSPAN2 may play important roles in vascular disease.-Zhao, J., Wu, W., Zhang, W., Lu, Y. W., Tou, E., Ye, J., Gao, P., Jourd'heuil, D., Singer, H. A., Wu, M., Long, X. Selective expression of TSPAN2 in vascular smooth muscle is independently regulated by TGF-β1/SMAD and myocardin/serum response factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjing Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Wen Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Yao Wei Lu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Emiley Tou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Jiemei Ye
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Ping Gao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - David Jourd'heuil
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Harold A Singer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Mingfu Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Xiaochun Long
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
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29
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Deng JK, Tan Y. [Autophagy and phenotypic modulation of corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells in hypoxia-induced erectile dysfunction]. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2016; 22:1025-1029. [PMID: 29281213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The correlation between hypoxia and erectile dysfunction (ED) has been universally acknowledged for decades in the academic world. The phenotypic modulation of corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells (CCSMCs) is regarded as one of the factors of hypoxia-induced ED, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Recent researches show some correlation between autophagy and phenotypic modulation of CCSMCs, which may be associated with the overexpressions of PDGF, TGF-β, and vasoactive factors in the organism following hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Kun Deng
- Department of Andrology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei Medical college, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Yan Tan
- Department of Andrology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei Medical college, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
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Sandison ME, Dempster J, McCarron JG. The transition of smooth muscle cells from a contractile to a migratory, phagocytic phenotype: direct demonstration of phenotypic modulation. J Physiol 2016; 594:6189-6209. [PMID: 27393389 PMCID: PMC5088226 DOI: 10.1113/jp272729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Key points Smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotypic conversion from a contractile to a migratory phenotype is proposed to underlie cardiovascular disease but its contribution to vascular remodelling and even its existence have recently been questioned. Tracking the fate of individual SMCs is difficult as no specific markers of migratory SMCs exist. This study used a novel, prolonged time‐lapse imaging approach to continuously track the behaviour of unambiguously identified, fully differentiated SMCs. In response to serum, highly‐elongated, contractile SMCs initially rounded up, before spreading and migrating and these migratory cells displayed clear phagocytic activity. This study provides a direct demonstration of the transition of fully contractile SMCs to a non‐contractile, migratory phenotype with phagocytic capacity that may act as a macrophage‐like cell.
Abstract Atherosclerotic plaques are populated with smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and macrophages. SMCs are thought to accumulate in plaques because fully differentiated, contractile SMCs reprogramme into a ‘synthetic’ migratory phenotype, so‐called phenotypic modulation, whilst plaque macrophages are thought to derive from blood‐borne myeloid cells. Recently, these views have been challenged, with reports that SMC phenotypic modulation may not occur during vascular remodelling and that plaque macrophages may not be of haematopoietic origin. Following the fate of SMCs is complicated by the lack of specific markers for the migratory phenotype and direct demonstrations of phenotypic modulation are lacking. Therefore, we employed long‐term, high‐resolution, time‐lapse microscopy to track the fate of unambiguously identified, fully‐differentiated, contractile SMCs in response to the growth factors present in serum. Phenotypic modulation was clearly observed. The highly elongated, contractile SMCs initially rounded up, for 1–3 days, before spreading outwards. Once spread, the SMCs became motile and displayed dynamic cell‐cell communication behaviours. Significantly, they also displayed clear evidence of phagocytic activity. This macrophage‐like behaviour was confirmed by their internalisation of 1 μm fluorescent latex beads. However, migratory SMCs did not uptake acetylated low‐density lipoprotein or express the classic macrophage marker CD68. These results directly demonstrate that SMCs may rapidly undergo phenotypic modulation and develop phagocytic capabilities. Resident SMCs may provide a potential source of macrophages in vascular remodelling. Smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotypic conversion from a contractile to a migratory phenotype is proposed to underlie cardiovascular disease but its contribution to vascular remodelling and even its existence have recently been questioned. Tracking the fate of individual SMCs is difficult as no specific markers of migratory SMCs exist. This study used a novel, prolonged time‐lapse imaging approach to continuously track the behaviour of unambiguously identified, fully differentiated SMCs. In response to serum, highly‐elongated, contractile SMCs initially rounded up, before spreading and migrating and these migratory cells displayed clear phagocytic activity. This study provides a direct demonstration of the transition of fully contractile SMCs to a non‐contractile, migratory phenotype with phagocytic capacity that may act as a macrophage‐like cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mairi E Sandison
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, SIPBS Building, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - John Dempster
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, SIPBS Building, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - John G McCarron
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, SIPBS Building, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK.
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Zheng H, Hu Z, Zhai X, Wang Y, Liu J, Wang W, Xue S. Gax regulates human vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic modulation and vascular remodeling. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:2912-2925. [PMID: 27508012 PMCID: PMC4969428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal phenotypic modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is a hallmark of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, hypertension and restenosis after angioplasty. Transcription factors have emerged as critical regulators for VSMCs function, and recently we verified inhibiting transcription factor Gax was important for controlling VSMCs proliferation and migration. This study aimed to determine its role in phenotypic modulation of VSMCs. Western blot revealed that overexpression of Gax increased expression of VSMCs differentiation marker genes such as calponin and SM-MHC 11. Then, Gax overexpression potently suppressed proliferation and migration of VSMCs with or without platelet-derived growth factor-induced-BB (PDGF-BB) stimuli whereas Gax silencing inhibited these processes. Furthermore, cDNA array analysis indicated that Rap1A gene was the downstream target of Gax in human VSMCs. And overexpression of Gax significantly inhibited expression of Rap1A in VSMCs with or without PDGF-BB stimuli. Moreover, overexpression of Rap1A decreased expression of VSMCs differentiation marker genes and increased proliferation and migration of VSMCs with or without PDGF-BB stimuli. Finally, Gax overexpression significantly inhibited the neointimal formation in carotid artery injury of mouse models, specifically through maintaining VSMCs contractile phenotype by decreasing Rap1A expression. In conclusion, these results indicated that Gax was a regulator of human VSMCs phenotypic modulation by targeting Rap1A gene, which suggested that targeting Gax or its downstream targets in human VSMCs may provide an attractive approach for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Zhenlei Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Xinming Zhai
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yongyi Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Jidong Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Weijun Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Song Xue
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200127, China
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Fei J, Cui XB, Wang JN, Dong K, Chen SY. ADAR1-Mediated RNA Editing, A Novel Mechanism Controlling Phenotypic Modulation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Circ Res 2016; 119:463-9. [PMID: 27199464 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.309003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotypic modulation is characterized by the downregulation of SMC contractile genes. Platelet-derived growth factor-BB, a well-known stimulator of SMC phenotypic modulation, downregulates SMC genes via posttranscriptional regulation. The underlying mechanisms, however, remain largely unknown. OBJECTIVE To establish RNA editing as a novel mechanism controlling SMC phenotypic modulation. METHODS AND RESULTS Precursor mRNAs (pre-mRNA) of SMC myosin heavy chain and smooth muscle α-actin were accumulated while their mature mRNAs were downregulated during SMC phenotypic modulation, suggesting an abnormal splicing of the pre-mRNAs. The abnormal splicing resulted from SMC marker pre-mRNA editing that was facilitated by adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1), an enzyme converting adenosines to inosines (A→I editing) in RNA sequences. ADAR1 expression inversely correlated with SMC myosin heavy chain and smooth muscle α-actin levels; knockdown of ADAR1 restored SMC myosin heavy chain and smooth muscle α-actin expression in phenotypically modulated SMC, and editase domain mutation diminished the ADAR1-mediated abnormal splicing of SMC marker pre-mRNAs. Moreover, the abnormal splicing/editing of SMC myosin heavy chain and smooth muscle α-actin pre-mRNAs occurred during injury-induced vascular remodeling. Importantly, heterozygous knockout of ADAR1 dramatically inhibited injury-induced neointima formation and restored SMC marker expression, demonstrating a critical role of ADAR1 in SMC phenotypic modulation and vascular remodeling in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our results unraveled a novel molecular mechanism, that is, pre-mRNA editing, governing SMC phenotypic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Fei
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens (J.F., X.-B.C., J.-N.W., K.D., S.-Y.C.); and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China (J.-N.W., S.-Y.C.)
| | - Xiao-Bing Cui
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens (J.F., X.-B.C., J.-N.W., K.D., S.-Y.C.); and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China (J.-N.W., S.-Y.C.)
| | - Jia-Ning Wang
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens (J.F., X.-B.C., J.-N.W., K.D., S.-Y.C.); and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China (J.-N.W., S.-Y.C.)
| | - Kun Dong
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens (J.F., X.-B.C., J.-N.W., K.D., S.-Y.C.); and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China (J.-N.W., S.-Y.C.)
| | - Shi-You Chen
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens (J.F., X.-B.C., J.-N.W., K.D., S.-Y.C.); and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China (J.-N.W., S.-Y.C.).
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Cao L, Pan D, Li D, Zhang Y, Chen Q, Xu T, Li W, Wu W. Relation between anti-atherosclerotic effects of IRAK4 and modulation of vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype in diabetic rats. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:899-910. [PMID: 27158377 PMCID: PMC4846934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Deregulation of phenotypic modulation in VSMCs is the initial stage of atherosclerosis, especially in diabetes. Functional deficiency of IRAK4 inhibits the formation of vascular lesions in ApoE-/- mice. Therefore, in this study, we examined the functions of IRAK4 in the regulation of VSMCs differentiation and phenotypic modulation at the levels of transcription and translation in T2D rats. The T2D rat model was generated by feeding a high-fat diet and injecting a low dose of streptozotocin intraperitoneally. VSMCs were isolated from the thoracic aortas of the T2D rats. VSMCs proliferation and migration were measured using water soluble tetrazolium salt-1 assay, 5-ethynyl-29-deoxyuridine staining and migration assay. IRAK4 was knocked down by siRNA and inhibited by an IRAK1/4 inhibitor. The mRNAs and proteins of signal molecules and phenotypic markers were detected by qRT-PCR and western blotting. The results demonstrated that LPS significantly increased viability, cell migration rate and amount of DNA in VSMCs. The IRAK4 inhibitor also reduced LPS-mediated protein expression of myosin heavy chain and nuclear factor κB p65 subunit and increased smooth muscle 22α expression. Moreover, IRAK4 knock-down reduced the LPS-mediated expression of mRNAs for myosin heavy chain, nuclear factor κB p65 subunit, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), but increased the mRNA of smooth muscle 22α in VSMCs. The activation of IRAK4 phenotypically modulated VSMCs from differentiation to dedifferentiation. Inactivation of IRAK4 exerts a protective effect on VSMCs differentiation and inhibits inflammation. IRAK4 could therefore be a target for interventions to prevent and treat the initial phase of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Cao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Xuzhou Medical College84 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Defeng Pan
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Dongye Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Xuzhou Medical College84 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, Peoples Republic of China
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Yanbin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Qiuping Chen
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Xuzhou Medical College84 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Tongda Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Wenhua Li
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Wanling Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, Peoples Republic of China
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Xu F, Ahmed ASI, Kang X, Hu G, Liu F, Zhang W, Zhou J. MicroRNA-15b/16 Attenuates Vascular Neointima Formation by Promoting the Contractile Phenotype of Vascular Smooth Muscle Through Targeting YAP. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:2145-52. [PMID: 26293467 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.305748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the functional role of the microRNA (miR)-15b/16 in vascular smooth muscle (SM) phenotypic modulation. APPROACH AND RESULTS We found that miR-15b/16 is one of the most abundant mRs expressed in contractile vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). However, when contractile VSMCs get converted to a synthetic phenotype, miR-15b/16 expression is significantly reduced. Knocking down endogenous miR-15b/16 in VSMCs attenuates SM-specific gene expression but promotes VSMC proliferation and migration. Conversely, overexpression of miR-15b/16 promotes SM contractile gene expression while attenuating VSMC migration and proliferation. Consistent with this, overexpression of miR-15b/16 in a rat carotid balloon injury model markedly attenuates injury-induced SM dedifferentiation and neointima formation. Mechanistically, we identified the potent oncoprotein yes-associated protein (YAP) as a downstream target of miR-15b/16 in VSMCs. Reporter assays validated that miR-15b/16 targets YAP's 3' untranslated region. Moreover, overexpression of miR-15b/16 significantly represses YAP expression, whereas conversely, depletion of endogenous miR-15b/16 results in upregulation of YAP expression. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that miR-15b/16 plays a critical role in SM phenotypic modulation at least partly through targeting YAP. Restoring expression of miR-15b/16 would be a potential therapeutic approach for treatment of proliferative vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xu
- From the Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China (F.X., X.K., W.Z.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta (A.S.I.A., X.K., G.H., F.L., J.Z.)
| | - Abu Shufian Ishtiaq Ahmed
- From the Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China (F.X., X.K., W.Z.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta (A.S.I.A., X.K., G.H., F.L., J.Z.)
| | - Xiuhua Kang
- From the Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China (F.X., X.K., W.Z.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta (A.S.I.A., X.K., G.H., F.L., J.Z.)
| | - Guoqing Hu
- From the Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China (F.X., X.K., W.Z.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta (A.S.I.A., X.K., G.H., F.L., J.Z.)
| | - Fang Liu
- From the Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China (F.X., X.K., W.Z.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta (A.S.I.A., X.K., G.H., F.L., J.Z.)
| | - Wei Zhang
- From the Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China (F.X., X.K., W.Z.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta (A.S.I.A., X.K., G.H., F.L., J.Z.)
| | - Jiliang Zhou
- From the Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China (F.X., X.K., W.Z.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta (A.S.I.A., X.K., G.H., F.L., J.Z.).
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Shen H, Eguchi K, Kono N, Fujiu K, Matsumoto S, Shibata M, Oishi-Tanaka Y, Komuro I, Arai H, Nagai R, Manabe I. Saturated fatty acid palmitate aggravates neointima formation by promoting smooth muscle phenotypic modulation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:2596-607. [PMID: 23968977 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity is a major risk factor of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Circulating free fatty acid levels are known to be elevated in obese individuals and, along with dietary saturated fatty acids, are known to associate with cardiovascular events. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms by which free fatty acids are linked to cardiovascular disease. APPROACH AND RESULTS We found that administration of palmitate, a major saturated free fatty acid, to mice markedly aggravated neointima formation induced by carotid artery ligation and that the neointima primarily consisted of phenotypically modulated smooth muscle cells (SMCs). In cultured SMCs, palmitate-induced phenotypic modulation was characterized by downregulation of SMC differentiation markers, such as SM α-actin and SM-myosin heavy chain, and upregulation of mediators involved in inflammation and remodeling of the vessel wall, such as platelet-derived growth factor B and matrix metalloproteinases. We also found that palmitate induced the expression of proinflammatory genes via a novel toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation primary response 88/nuclear factor-κB/NADPH oxidase 1/reactive oxygen species signaling pathway: nuclear factor-κB was activated by palmitate via toll-like receptor 4 and its adapter, MyD88, and once active, it transactivated Nox1, encoding NADPH oxidase 1, a major reactive oxygen species generator in SMCs. Pharmacological inhibition and small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of the components of this signaling pathway mitigated the palmitate-induced upregulation of proinflammatory genes. More importantly, Myd88 knockout mice were resistant to palmitate-induced exacerbation of neointima formation. CONCLUSIONS Palmitate seems to promote neointima formation by inducing inflammatory phenotypes in SMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Shen
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.S., K.E., K.F., S.M., M.S., I.K., I.M.), Translational Systems Biology and Medicine Initiative (K.F.), Graduate School of Medicine, and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.K., H.A.), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan (Y.O.-T.); and Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan (R.N.)
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Hu JJ, Ambrus A, Fossum TW, Miller MW, Humphrey JD, Wilson E. Time courses of growth and remodeling of porcine aortic media during hypertension: a quantitative immunohistochemical examination. J Histochem Cytochem 2008; 56:359-70. [PMID: 18071063 PMCID: PMC2326104 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.7a7324.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2007] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Arteries undergo marked structural and functional changes in human and experimental hypertension that generally involve smooth muscle cell (SMC) hypertrophy/hyperplasia as well as abnormal extracellular matrix turnover. In this study we examined time courses of changes in SMC activity and matrix protein content in a novel mini-pig aortic coarctation model. Cell proliferation was evaluated by immunostaining of Ki-67, apoptosis was assessed by TUNEL, and phenotypic changes were monitored by immunostaining three SMC contractile markers (caldesmon, calponin, and smoothelin). Changes in medial collagen and elastin were examined by picrosirius red and Verhoeff-van Gieson staining, respectively. LabVIEW-based image analysis routines were developed to objectively and efficiently quantify the (immuno)histochemical results. We found that significant cell proliferation and matrix production occurred in the early stages of this coarctation model and then declined gradually; the SMCs also tended to exhibit a less contractile phenotype following these cellular and extracellular changes. Specifically, different aspects of the phenotypic changes associated with hypertension occurred at different rates: cell proliferation and collagen production occurred early and peaked by 2 weeks, whereas changes in contractile protein expression continued to decrease over the entire 8-week study period. Temporal changes found in this study emphasize the importance of simultaneously tracing time courses of SMC growth and differentiation as well as matrix protein production and content. SMCs are multifunctional, and caution must be used to not overdefine phenotype. This manuscript contains online supplemental material at http://www.jhc.org. Please visit this article online to view these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Jia Hu
- Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Reynolds Medical Building, 1114 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-1114, USA
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Owe-Young R, Schyvens CG, Qasabian RA, Conigrave AD, Macdonald PS, Williamson DJ. Transcriptional down-regulation of the rabbit pulmonary artery endothelin B receptor during phenotypic modulation. Br J Pharmacol 1999; 126:103-10. [PMID: 10051126 PMCID: PMC1565786 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0702280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
1. We confirmed that endothelium-independent contraction of the rabbit pulmonary artery (RPA) is mediated through both an endothelin A (ET(A)R) and endothelin B (ET(B2)R) receptor. 2. The response of endothelium-denuded RPA rings to endothelin-1 (ET-1, pD2 = 7.84 +/- 0.03) was only partially inhibited by BQ123 (10 microM), an ET(A)R antagonist. 3. Pretreatment with 1 nM sarafotoxin S6c (S6c), an ET(B)R agonist, desensitized the ET(B2)R and significantly attenuated the response to ET-3 (pD2 = 7.40 +/- 0.02 before, <6.50 after S6c). 4. Pretreatment with S6c had little effect on the response to ET-1, but BQ123 (10 microM) caused a parallel shift to the right of the residual ETAR-mediated response to ET-1 (pD2 = 7.84 +/- 0.03 before S6c, 7.93 +/- 0.03 after S6c, 6.81 +/- 0.05 after BQ123). 5. Binding of radiolabelled ET-1 to early passage cultures of RPA vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) displayed two patterns of competitive displacement characteristic of the ET(A)R (BQ123 pIC50 = 8.73 +/- 0.05) or ET(B2)R (S6c pIC50 = 10.15). 6. Competitive displacement experiments using membranes from late passage VSMC confirmed only the presence of the ET(A)R (ET-1 pIC50 = 9.3, BQ123 pIC50 = 8.0, S6c pIC50 < 6.0). 7. The ET(A)R was functionally active and coupled to rises in intracellular calcium which exhibited prolonged homologous desensitization. 8. Using a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for the rabbit ET(B2)R, we demonstrated the absence of mRNA expression in phenotypically modified VSMC. 9. We conclude that the ET(B2)R expressed by VSMC which mediates contraction of RPA is rapidly down-regulated at the transcriptional level during phenotypic modulation in vitro.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calmodulin-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- Calmodulin-Binding Proteins/chemistry
- Cells, Cultured
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Down-Regulation
- Endothelin Receptor Antagonists
- Endothelin-1/pharmacology
- Endothelin-3/pharmacology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Immunohistochemistry
- In Vitro Techniques
- Male
- Molecular Weight
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology
- Phenotype
- Pulmonary Artery/chemistry
- Pulmonary Artery/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rabbits
- Receptor, Endothelin A
- Receptor, Endothelin B
- Receptors, Endothelin/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Endothelin/genetics
- Receptors, Endothelin/metabolism
- Receptors, Endothelin/physiology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- R Owe-Young
- Centre for Immunology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.
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