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Padilla Cáceres TC, Cervantes-Alagón S, Castillo JL, Vera Reyes CM, Rothen M, Mancl LA, Milgrom P. Using sequential applications of a novel silver diamine fluoride gel and sodium fluoride varnish to arrest severe early childhood caries lesions: A clinical trial with single group assignment. J Am Dent Assoc 2024:S0002-8177(24)00115-6. [PMID: 38678451 DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2024.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) gel was developed to overcome the clinical limitations of liquids with children. The authors conducted a clinical trial to determine caries lesion arrest in primary teeth at 1-year follow-up when 38% SDF gel and 2.5% sodium fluoride varnish were applied sequentially at the same appointment. Parent satisfaction was assessed. METHODS The study design was an open-label prospective, clinical trial with single group assignment. Participants were 237 children aged 3 through 4 years at enrollment and from 5 centros educativos iniciales (preschools). Eligible children had 1 or more d3 (cavitation into dentin) active caries lesions. Teeth with active caries lesions (cavitation confined to enamel [d2] or d3) were treated by applying 1 or 2 drops of viscous 38% SDF gel (Advantage Silver Dental Arrest Gel, Elevate Oral Care, LLC) dabbing the excess with cotton. Treated teeth were covered with 2.5% sodium fluoride varnish (Fluorimax, Elevate Oral Care, LLC) to mask the taste. Treatment was repeated at 5 months postexamination. The primary outcome was caries lesion (d2-d3) arrest at 1 year. RESULTS Two hundred nineteen children were available at the 1-year follow-up. There was a median of 21 (interquartile range [IQR], 13-34) active carious surfaces (d2-d3) at baseline. Median arrested carious surfaces was 92.6% (IQR, 81.1%-100.0%; 95% CI, 86.8% to 95.2%). When parents were asked whether they were bothered by the color change of teeth, the median response on a 10-point scale in which 1 equaled not bothered at all and 10 equaled very bothered was 1.0 (IQR, 1.0-2.0). CONCLUSIONS Two applications of 38% SDF gel and 2.5% sodium fluoride varnish arrested greater than 90% of carious surfaces at 1 year and with high levels of parental satisfaction. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Combined treatment was highly efficacious in a population with many caries lesions. This clinical trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov. The registration number is NCT05395065.
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Tian J, Zhao B, Wang J, Du W, Ma W, Xia B, Xu H, Chen T, He X, Qin M. The short-term impact of comprehensive caries treatment on the supragingival microbiome of severe early childhood caries. Int J Paediatr Dent 2024. [PMID: 38173170 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children affected by severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) usually need comprehensive caries treatment due to the extensive of caries. How the oral microbiome changes after caries therapy within the short-term warrant further study. AIM This study aimed to investigate the short-term impact of comprehensive caries treatment on the supragingival plaque microbiome of S-ECC children. DESIGN Thirty-three children aged 2-4 years with severe caries (dt > 7) were recruited. Comprehensive caries treatment was performed under general anesthesia in one session and included restoration, pulp treatment, extraction, and fluoride application. Supragingival plaque was sampled pre- and 1-month posttreatment. The genomic DNA of the supragingival plaque was extracted, and bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing was performed. RESULTS Our data showed that the microbial community evenness significantly decreased posttreatment. Furthermore, comprehensive caries treatment led to more diverse microbial structures among the subjects. The interbacterial interactions reflected by the microbial community's co-occurrence network tended to be less complex posttreatment. Caries treatment increased the relative abundance of Corynebacterium matruchotii, Corynebacterium durum, Actinomyces naeslundii, and Saccharibacteria HMT-347, as well as Aggregatibacter HMT-458 and Haemophilus influenzae. Meanwhile, the relative abundance of Streptococcus mutans, three species from Leptotrichia, Neisseria bacilliformis, and Provotella pallens significantly decreased posttreatment. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that comprehensive caries treatment may contribute to the reconstruction of a healthier supragingival microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tian
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Bingqian Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyan Wang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenli Ma
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Xia
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - He Xu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Tsute Chen
- Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xuesong He
- Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Man Qin
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
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Li JY, He SY, Wang PX, Dai SS, Zhang SQ, Li ZY, Guo QY, Liu F. Incidence and risk factors of unplanned retreatment following dental general anesthesia in children with severe early childhood caries. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1163368. [PMID: 37576136 PMCID: PMC10413873 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1163368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to retrospectively describe the unplanned retreatment of dental general anesthesia (DGA) in children with severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) and explore potential factors that may influence the outcome of DGA treatment. Methods Medical records of children with S-ECC who received DGA treatment were screened, and necessary data were extracted. The Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards model were used to estimate the DGA survival rate and explore the potential factors affecting the success rate of DGA treatment. Results Medical records of 852 children were included; 509 (59.7%) children with 1,212 (10.7%) teeth underwent unplanned retreatment. Restoration failure (30.12%) and new caries (29.46%) accounted for the most significant proportion of all failures. The median survival times were 510 and 1,911 days at the child and tooth levels, respectively. Unplanned retreatment risk was associated with the age of S-ECC children, frequency of follow-up, and fluoride application (hazard ratio = 0.97, 0.78, 0.69, P < 0.001). Conclusion The treatment outcome of DGA administered to children with S-ECC was satisfactory at the tooth level from the perspective of the incidence of unplanned retreatment. Restoration failure was the main reason for the high unplanned retreatment rate. Strategies for a better outcome of DGA include improving the professional knowledge and skills of pediatric dentists and enhancing compliance of parents/patients. Health education and regular topical fluoride application may improve the success rate of DGA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medical Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shu-yang He
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pan-xi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medical Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shan-shan Dai
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medical Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shu-qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medical Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zheng-yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medical Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Qing-yu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medical Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medical Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
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Ratson T, Dagon N, Blumer S, Sterer N. Microbiome Changes in Children Treated under General Anesthesia for Severe Early Childhood Caries: Pilot Study. Children (Basel) 2022; 10. [PMID: 36670581 DOI: 10.3390/children10010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A full-mouth radical dental treatment under general anesthesia is a common approach for treating severe early childhood caries (S-ECC). However, previous study showed recurrence of the disease in 80% of cases within 12 months. The aim of the present study was to examine the changes in microbial composition of the dental biofilm of these children following treatment. Dental biofilm samples from five children (mean age 45.4 ± 10.1 months) were taken before and three months after treatment and analyzed for microbial composition using Next Generation Sequencing of the microbial DNA extracted from these samples. Although some reductions in the abundance of caries-pathogenic bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Rothia dentocariosa and Scardovia wiggisiae) were seen in the post-treatment follow up samples, these reductions were for the most part not statistically significant, and these bacteria remained well above detection levels. Taken together, the results of the present pilot study suggest that the dental treatment alone is not enough to reduce the caries risk status of these children and that a more comprehensive approach should be considered.
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Sobiech P, Olczak-Kowalczyk D, Hosey MT, Gozdowski D, Turska-Szybka A. Vitamin D Supplementation, Characteristics of Mastication, and Parent-Supervised Toothbrushing as Crucial Factors in the Prevention of Caries in 12- to 36-Month-Old Children. Nutrients 2022; 14. [PMID: 36297042 DOI: 10.3390/nu14204358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe early childhood caries (S-ECC), defined as any sign of smooth-surface caries in a child younger than three years of age, remains a serious health issue. The aim of this study was to indicate oral health behaviours related to S-ECC. The study surveyed parents (socio-economic and medical factors, oral health behaviours) and clinically examined children including non-cavitated d1,2/cavitated d ≥ 3 lesions. %S-ECC, and caries indices (d1,2 d ≥ 3 mft and d1,2 d ≥ 3 mfs) were calculated. Spearman’s correlation and simple and multiple logistic regression were used to assess the relationships between various factors and S-ECC. A total of 496 children were examined. S-ECC occurred in 44.8%: d1,2 d ≥ 3 mft = 2.62 ± 3.88, d1,2 d ≥ 3 mfs = 4.46 ± 8.42. S-ECC was correlated with socio-economic factors, vitamin D supplementation, breastfeeding and using formula after the 18th month, and toothbrushing. Supplementation of vitamin D and toothbrushing tended to decrease the odds of S-ECC (OR = 0.49 (0.27−0.87); p = 0.016, OR = 0.46 (0.24−0.86) p = 0.015, respectively). Feeding exclusively with formula was observed to increase the odds of S-ECC (OR = 2.20 (1.29−3.76); p = 0.004). Consuming > three snacks daily (OR = 1.39 (0.97−1.98); p = 0.072) and the reluctance to eat resilient foods (OR = 1.63 (1.05−2.51); p = 0.028) were nullified by the confounding factors. Vitamin D supplementation, mastication of resilient food, breastfeeding in the first six months of a baby’s life, and parent-supervised toothbrushing are factors in the prevention of caries in toddlers. Breast- and bottle-feeding after the 18th month of life, the reluctance to eat solids, lack of vitamin D supplementation, hygienic neglect, and delay in introducing oral health behaviours may contribute to the development of caries in toddlers.
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Krishna HVNS, Kumar CHS, Krishna AS, Bandarii SRCM, Garine L, Yellavula SK. Can Healthy Eating Index Be a Predictor for Early Childhood Caries in Indian Children. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2021; 13:S1033-S1036. [PMID: 35017924 PMCID: PMC8686911 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_151_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether Healthy Eating Index (HEI) can predict Error correction code (ECC) in children of 3-6 year old. MATERIALS AND METHODS Our sample included 350 3-6 year old children attending outpatient department of Pedodontia. Caries score was assessed using decayed, missing, and filled teeth index and HEI was used to evaluate the diet quality. RESULTS About 65.9% of the children who were breast feeding and bottle feeding at night had higher S-ECC and it was statistically significant (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION HEI scores were inversely related to caries severity, i.e. HEI score was significantly higher in simple ECC (57.4) and lesser in S-ECC (53.2).
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Affiliation(s)
- H. V. N. Sai Krishna
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, SB Patil Institute for Dental Sciences and Research, Bidar, Karnataka, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. H. V. N. Sai Krishna, Department of Public Health Dentistry, SB Patil Institute for Dental Sciences and Research, Naubad, Bidar, Karnataka, India. E-mail:
| | - C. H. Sravan Kumar
- Department of Periodontics, Sri Sai College of Dental Surgery, Vikarabad, Telangana, India
| | - Appam Sai Krishna
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, SB Patil Institute for Dental Sciences and Research, Bidar, Karnataka, India
| | - Sri Rama Chandra Murthy Bandarii
- Department of Health Care Administration, Epidemiology and Maternal Child Health, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Laxman Garine
- Department of Health Care Administration, Conestoga College, Kitchener, ON, Canada
| | - Sai Kiran Yellavula
- Department of Health Care Administration, Conestoga College, Kitchener, ON, Canada
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Liu F, Yang K, Wang P, Wu T, Li J, Guo Q. Trends, Characteristics, and Success Rates of Treatment for Severe Early Childhood Caries Under General Anesthesia: A Retrospective Study in Northwest China. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021; 45:278-83. [PMID: 34534298 DOI: 10.17796/1053-4625-45.4.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE To retrospectively analyze the characteristics, tendencies, and success rates of dental treatments for severe early childhood caries (SECC) under general anesthesia (GA) in in northwest China. STUDY DESIGN Children diagnosed with SECC were included in this retrospective study. From January 2015 to December 2018, they received dental treatment under GA at Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University. Demographic information, caries status and treatment characteristics were collected from electronic medical record system. Success rates of different treatments at 6-month and 12-month follow up were also analyzed. RESULTS A total of 846 children (477 male, 369 female) received dental treatment under GA. The case number was increased from 148 in 2015 to 278 in 2018. There were 81.2% and 70.8% of the children participated the 6-month and 12-month follow up. SSC and pulpotomy was the most successful restorations and pulp therapy, with the success rate of 97.09% and 93.98% in 12-month follow up, respectively. The use of crown restorations (including composite resin crown and stainless steel crown) and pulp reservation therapies (including indirect pulp therapy and pulpotomy) were significantly increased while composite resin filling and pulpectomy decreased during 2015 to 2018. CONCLUSION There has been an increasing demand for dental treatment under GA for children with SECC in northwest China, with a trend toward younger ages. With better clinical outcomes, crown restorations and pulp reservation therapies were the fastest-growing treatments under GA.
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Abstract
Dental general anesthesia (DGA) is a safe and high-quality restorative and preventive treatment option for children with severe early childhood caries (S-ECC), who require extensive dental treatment and exhibit anxiety and emotional or cognitive immaturity or are medically compromised. However, several postoperative complications have been reported in children under DGA. This study aimed to evaluate and analyze the prevalence of the relevant factors of postoperative complications in healthy Chinese children following DGA to provide a foundation for pre-, intra-, and postoperative overall health management for healthy and disabled children after DGA.A total of 369 systematically healthy Chinese children (36-71 months old) undergoing a DGA were studied. Data were collected on patients' histories, characteristics, anesthesia, and dental procedures. Parents or caregivers were interviewed before and 72 hours after the procedure. Data were analyzed using logistic regression.Approximately 94.86% of the enrolled children reported one or more complications. The most prevalent complication was postoperative pain (62.70%), followed by weariness, agitation, masticatory problems, drowsiness, oral bleeding, coughing, fever, sore throat, nausea, constipation, epistaxis, vomiting, excitement, and diarrhea. The long duration of the operation was a risk factor for postoperative pain and weariness. A high nutritional status could be a protective factor for postoperative fever.Prolonged operation means complex treatment, such as pulp therapy or extraction. We speculate that the longer the duration is, the more difficult the dental procedures are. The accumulation of discomfort leads to pain. We suspect that children in lower nutritional levels are more likely to suffer from bacteremia or dehydration, resulting in fever.Postoperative pain was the most prevalent complication after the DGA. A decrease in dental procedure duration might reduce the odds of postoperative pain and weariness. A high nutritional status could be a protective factor for postoperative fever. Children with low nutritional status could be more susceptible to postoperative fever.
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Kennedy T, Rodd C, Daymont C, Grant CG, Mittermuller BA, Pierce A, Moffatt MEK, Schroth RJ. The association of body mass index and severe early childhood caries in young children in Winnipeg, Manitoba: A cross-sectional study. Int J Paediatr Dent 2020; 30:626-633. [PMID: 32057150 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associations between body mass index (BMI) and caries have been reported. AIM To evaluate the direction of the relationship between BMI and severe early childhood caries (S-ECC). DESIGN Children were recruited as part of a larger prospective cohort study assessing changes in nutritional status following dental rehabilitation under general anaesthetic. Pre-operative anthropometric measurements were used to calculate BMI z-scores (BMIz). Operative reports were reviewed to calculate caries scores based on treatment rendered. Analysis included descriptive statistics, bivariate analyses, and simple and multiple linear regression. RESULTS Overall, 150 children were recruited with a mean age of 47.7 ± 14.2 (SD) months; 52% female. Over 42% were at risk for overweight, overweight or obese. Although simple linear regression demonstrated a significant positive association between dmfs score and BMIz, adjusted multiple linear regression found no significant relationship between BMIz and dmfs, but highlighted a relationship between BMI z-score and family income, Registered First Nations Status and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS Although a significant relationship between BMI and S-ECC was not found, poverty was a key confounding variable. As both S-ECC and obesity are known predictors of future disease, it is important for healthcare professionals to identify children at risk. Diet and behaviour modification may play a role in disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Kennedy
- Department of Preventive Dental Science, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Dentistry Department, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Celia Rodd
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Carrie Daymont
- Penn State Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Philadelphia
| | - Cameron G Grant
- Department of Preventive Dental Science, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Betty-Anne Mittermuller
- Department of Preventive Dental Science, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Andrew Pierce
- Department of Preventive Dental Science, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Michael E K Moffatt
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Robert J Schroth
- Department of Preventive Dental Science, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Winnipeg Regional Health Authority, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Deng XY, Zhang YH, Zou J, Zhang Q. [Investigation of postoperative complications in children after dental therapy under general anesthesia]. Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2020; 38:284-289. [PMID: 32573136 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the postoperative complications undergoing dental general anesthesia in children and analyze the prevalence and related factors. METHODS This prospective study involved 292 systematically healthy children (36 to 71 months old) who received extensive dental treatment under general anesthesia. Data about patients' histories, characteristics, dental and anesthesia procedure were collected. Parents or caregivers were interviewed face to face preoperation and 72 h postoperation. Data were analyzed using logistic regression. RESULTS Approximately 93.5% of the enrolled children reported one or more complications. The most prevalent complication was postoperative pain, followed by weariness, agitation, problem in eating, drowsiness, oral bleeding, cough, fever, etc. The length of operative time and femininity were the risks of the postoperative pain. Nutrition status was the factor probably in association with fever. CONCLUSIONS The children receive longer operative time and girls show to be more susceptible to the postoperative pain. High nutrition status could be the protective factor of postoperative fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yun-Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jing Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Luthfi M, Indrawati R, Oki AS, Rifa’i M. Complement Receptor 1 (CR1)/ CD35+ Expression Analysis of Salivary Neutrophils on Streptococcus mutans Phagocytosis. Contemp Clin Dent 2019; 10:627-630. [PMID: 32792821 PMCID: PMC7390418 DOI: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_900_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) is a form of dental caries which is very destructive in early childhood since involving several teeth, include the maxillary anterior teeth. Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) play an etiological integral role of ECC so that S. mutans are considered as the predictor of dental caries. The neutrophil is a key component of the rst line of defense against microbial invasion. The essential function of neutrophil is to kill pathogenic microbes through a phagocytosis process which is mediated by Complement Receptor 1 (CR1)/ (CD35+). AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To analyze the phagocytosis process of the salivary neutrophil which is mediated by innate immunity component, i.e., Complement Receptor 1/CR1 (CD35) on S-ECC. MATERIALS AND METHODS his study was an observational analysis with cross-sectional approach using t-test analysis. This study employed the isolation steps of neutrophils saliva of caries-free children and the S-ECC and then conducted phagocytosis of salivary neutrophils test on S. mutans mediated by CD35 using ow cytometry. RESULTS Phagocytosis of salivary neutrophils on S. mutans mediated by CD35 on caries-free (2.35 ± 0.56) is higher than that on the S-ECC (1.54 ± 0.35). CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that there is a decrease of phagocytic on S. mutans mediated by Complement Receptor 1/CR1 (CD35+) on S-ECC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Luthfi
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Retno Indrawati
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Aqsa Sjuhada Oki
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Muhaimin Rifa’i
- Department of Immunology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Brawijaya University, Veteran, Malang, Java, Indonesia
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Ledder RG, Kampoo K, Teanpaisan R, McBain AJ. Oral Microbiota in Severe Early Childhood Caries in Thai Children and Their Families: A Pilot Study. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2420. [PMID: 30374339 PMCID: PMC6196314 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Thailand has a comparatively high prevalence of severe early childhood caries (S-ECC). S-ECC adversely affects the quality of life for children and their caregivers and represents a considerable economic burden. We have assessed the bacteriological composition of unstimulated saliva, dental plaque, and degraded dentine in a Thai cohort, including children with S-ECC and children without cavities; their siblings, and their primary caregivers. Samples were collected during a dental examination and patients were scored for plaque accumulation and their decayed, missing, and filled teeth (dmft) index. Samples were analyzed using differential bacteriological counting and gel-based eubacterial DNA profiling. Plaque Lactobacillus abundance correlated significantly with S-ECC. Whilst Lactobacillus counts were significantly higher in children with S-ECC than in their siblings and primary caregivers (five families), the opposite trend was apparent for cavity-free children. Counts of Gram-negative anaerobes were significantly lower in children with S-ECC than orally healthy children. S-ECC correlated significantly with plaque index scores, dmft, and with Lactobacillus abundance in a highly predictive manner. DNA profiles showed significant homology between families but not within non-cavity and S-ECC groups. In conclusion, salivary and plaque Lactobacillus counts were significantly associated with S-ECC in the Thai subjects. Lactobacillus counts in the children were not correlated with those of their siblings and primary caregivers. Individuals could be significantly differentiated based on family but not on caries status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth G Ledder
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kanokporn Kampoo
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Rawee Teanpaisan
- Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Andrew J McBain
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Nair S, Kumar VS, Krishnan R, Rajan P. A Comparative Evaluation of Bifidobacteria Levels in Early Childhood Caries and Severe Early Childhood Caries. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2017; 9:S82-S84. [PMID: 29284941 PMCID: PMC5731049 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_75_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bifidobacteria levels in saliva were found to be significantly correlated in adults with dental caries but less information available in the literature regarding its role in children. Aim: The aim is to compare the salivary levels of Bifidobacteria in children who are caries free with that of early childhood caries (ECC) and severe ECC (S-ECC). Materials and Methods: Saliva was collected using the tongue-loop method from a total of 60 children between the age group of 3–5 years and they were further divided into 3 groups. In addition, the age and gender of the children, sugar amount in diet, sugar frequency in diet, were recorded. Results: Bifidobacteria was isolated from all the three groups, but more were from S-ECC, followed by ECC and very few cases of caries-free children and was found to statistically significant (P < 0.001). Salivary levels of Bifidobacteria were significantly correlated with amount of sugar in the diet and frequency of sugar consumption. Conclusions: Salivary levels of Bifidobacteria were significantly associated with S-ECC and ECC, followed by caries free group. In future, it can be used as a salivary marker for caries risk assesment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Nair
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Vinayaka Missions Sankarachariyar Dental College, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V Suresh Kumar
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Vinayaka Missions Sankarachariyar Dental College, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramesh Krishnan
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Vinayaka Missions Sankarachariyar Dental College, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pooja Rajan
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Vinayaka Missions Sankarachariyar Dental College, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
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Kabil NS, Eltawil S. Prioritizing the Risk Factors of Severe Early Childhood Caries. Dent J (Basel) 2017; 5:E4. [PMID: 29563410 PMCID: PMC5806985 DOI: 10.3390/dj5010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe early childhood caries remains the most common chronic disease affecting children. The multifactorial etiology of caries has established a controversy about which risk factors were more significant to its development. Therefore, our study aimed through meticulous statistical analysis to arrange the "well agreed upon" common risk factors in order of significance, to aid the clinician in tailoring an adequate preventive program. The study prioritized or reshuffled the risk factors contributing to severe early childhood caries and placed them in the order of their significance as follows: snacking of sugary food several times a day, increased number of siblings to three or more, night feeding, child self-employed brushing, mother's caries experience, two siblings, on demand feeding, once/day sugary food, sharing utensils, one sibling, male gender, father's education, late first dental visit, brushing time, mother's education, no dental visit, decreased brushing frequency, and no night brushing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Samir Kabil
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt.
| | - Sherif Eltawil
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Oral & Dental Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt.
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Mitrakul K, Vongsawan K, Sriutai A, Thosathan W. Association between S. mutans and S. sanguinis in Severe Early childhood Caries and Caries-Free Children A Quantitative Real-Time PCR Analysis. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2016; 40:281-9. [PMID: 27471805 DOI: 10.17796/1053-4628-40.4.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify S. mutans and S. sanguinis in initial and overnight plaque between 2 groups and to analyze the association between them and caries-related factors. STUDY DESIGN Collected supra gingival plaque from 140 Thai children aged 2-6 years old (S-ECC = 68, caries-free=72). Recorded plaque and gingival indices, dmft score, salivary mutans streptococci level, pH and buffer capacity. Firstly, the overnight plaque was collected, then, 4 hrs. after a thorough prophylaxis, the initial plaque was collected. Accessed parent's attitude and behavior in children's oral hygiene care and diet practice using a questionnaire. A quantitative real-time PCR was performed. RESULTS For initial plaque, S. sanguinis was higher in caries-free. S. mutans (0.011) and S. mutans/S. sanguinis ratio (0.005) were higher in S-ECC. S. sanguinis amount was inverse correlated with dmft (0.00), gingival index (0.044), and plaque index (0.011). For overnight plaque, S. mutans (0.00) and S. mutans/S. sanguinis ratio (0.005) were also higher in S-ECC. S. mutans, S. mutans/S. sanguinis ratio were positive correlated to dmft (0.00). Parent education levels (0.004) and bottle feeding (0.011) between 2 groups were different. CONCLUSION S. sanguinis, S. mutans and their ratio in initial and overnight plaque, low family income and bottle feeding are strongly associated with S-ECC.
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Beltrame APCA, Rosa MM, Bolan M, Almeida ICS. Severe childhood caries associated with iron deficiency anemia: a case report. GENERAL DENTISTRY 2016; 64:13-15. [PMID: 27148650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This case showed an association between caries and anemia in a 3-year-old boy, whose crowns were destroyed by caries. Tests showed a low hematocrit as well as low levels of hemoglobin, ferritin, and serum iron. Impaired growth and delayed neuropsychomotor development were observed. The child was hospitalized for antibiotic administration, blood transfusion, multiple dental extractions, and iron supplementation. He was discharged after 20 days, when anemia and oral infection were resolved.
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Thomas A, Thakur S, Mhambrey S. Comparison of the antimicrobial efficacy of chlorhexidine, sodium fluoride, fluoride with essential oils, alum, green tea, and garlic with lime mouth rinses on cariogenic microbes. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2015; 5:302-8. [PMID: 26312230 PMCID: PMC4547445 DOI: 10.4103/2231-0762.161759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of natural mouth rinse formulations are being proposed as an alternative to the widely used chemical mouth rinses. OBJECTIVE To evaluate and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of chlorhexidine (0.2%), sodium fluoride (0.05%), fluoride with essential oils (0.05%), alum (0.02 M), green tea, and garlic with lime mouth rinses against Streptococcus mutans, lactobacilli, and Candida albicans. MATERIALS AND METHODS The three microbes were isolated from the saliva samples collected from children with severe early childhood caries. The zone of minimum inhibition was assessed using agar diffusion method. The data were statistically analyzed using SPSS software. RESULTS Against S. mutans and lactobacilli, chlorhexidine mouth rinse was found to be the most effective as compared to sodium fluoride (P < 0.001, P < 0.001), fluoride with essential oils (P < 0.001, P < 0.001), alum (P < 0.001, P < 0.001), green tea (P < 0.001, P < 0.001), and garlic with lime (P < 0.001, P < 0.001) mouth rinses, respectively. But against C. albicans, garlic with lime mouth rinse was found to be the most effective as compared to chlorhexidine (P < 0.001), sodium fluoride (P < 0.001), fluoride with essential oils (P < 0.001), alum (P < 0.001), and green tea (P < 0.001) mouth rinses. Against S. mutans and lactobacilli, after chlorhexidine mouth rinse, garlic with lime mouth rinse was found to be significantly more effective than sodium fluoride (P = 0.053, P = 0.001), fluoride with essential oils (P < 0.001, P < 0.001), alum (P < 0.001, P < 0.001), and green tea (P < 0.001, P < 0.001) mouth rinses. CONCLUSION As a natural mouth rinse, garlic with lime mouth rinse was found to be the most promising. However, further studies are needed in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Thomas
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, AJ Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sneha Thakur
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, AJ Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sanjana Mhambrey
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, AJ Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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Lynch DJ, Villhauer AL, Warren JJ, Marshall TA, Dawson DV, Blanchette DR, Phipps KR, Starr DE, Drake DR. Genotypic characterization of initial acquisition of Streptococcus mutans in American Indian children. J Oral Microbiol 2015; 7:27182. [PMID: 25840611 PMCID: PMC4385128 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v7.27182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe-early childhood caries (S-ECC) is one of the most common infectious diseases in children and is prevalent in lower socio-economic populations. American Indian children suffer from the highest levels of S-ECC in the United States. Members of the mutans streptococci, Streptococcus mutans, in particular, are key etiologic agents in the development of caries. Children typically acquire S. mutans from their mothers and early acquisition is often associated with higher levels of tooth decay. Methods We have conducted a 5-year birth cohort study with a Northern Plains Tribe to determine the temporality and fidelity of S. mutans transmission from mother to child in addition to the genotypic diversity of S. mutans in this community. Plaque samples were collected from 239 mother/child dyads at regular intervals from birth to 36 months and S. mutans were isolated and genotyped by arbitrarily primed-polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR). Results Here we present preliminary findings from a subset of the cohort. The focus for this paper is on initial acquisition events in the children. We identified 17 unique genotypes in 711 S. mutans isolates in our subset of 40 children, 40 mothers and 14 primary caregivers. Twelve of these genotypes were identified in more than one individual. S. mutans colonization occurred by 16 months in 57.5% of the children and early colonization was associated with higher decayed, missing and filled surface (DMFS) scores (p=0.0007). Children colonized by S. mutans shared a common genotype with their mothers 47.8% of the time. While multiple genotypes were common in adults, only 10% of children harbored multiple genotypes. Conclusion These children acquire S. mutans at an earlier age than the originally described ‘window of infectivity’ and often, but not exclusively, from their mothers. Early acquisition is associated with both the caries status of the children and the mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Lynch
- Dows Institute for Dental Research, University of Iowa, College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Alissa L Villhauer
- Dows Institute for Dental Research, University of Iowa, College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - John J Warren
- Preventive and Community Dentistry, University of Iowa, College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Teresa A Marshall
- Preventive and Community Dentistry, University of Iowa, College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Deborah V Dawson
- Dows Institute for Dental Research, University of Iowa, College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Derek R Blanchette
- Dows Institute for Dental Research, University of Iowa, College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Delores E Starr
- Area Regional Dental Prevention/Research Director, Pine Ridge, SD, USA
| | - David R Drake
- Dows Institute for Dental Research, University of Iowa, College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA;
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Braun PA, Lind KE, Henderson WG, Brega AG, Quissell DO, Albino J. Validation of a pediatric oral health-related quality of life scale in Navajo children. Qual Life Res 2015; 24:231-9. [PMID: 25005885 PMCID: PMC4282938 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-014-0751-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND American Indian (AI) children experience the highest rates of early childhood caries (ECC) in the USA, yet no tool has been validated to measure the impact of ECC on their oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). OBJECTIVE To validate a pediatric OHRQoL scale in a preschool, rural, reservation-based AI population. METHODS In 2011 and 2012, we measured the OHRQoL of AI children attending Head Start in Navajo Nation with the 12-item preschool version of the pediatric oral health-related quality of life (POQL) scale administered to their parents/caregivers. Parents/caregivers also reported their children's subjective oral health status (OHS) and oral health behavior adherence. Concurrently, calibrated dental examiners measured the children's decayed, missing, and filled tooth surfaces (dmfs). Validation was assessed with internal reliability and convergent and divergent validity testing and exploratory factor analyses. RESULTS We measured the outcomes in 928 caregiver-child dyads. All children were AI and in preschool [mean (SD) child age was 4.1 (0.5) years]. The majority of children had experienced decay [dmfs: 89 %, mean (SD): 21.5 (19.9)] and active decay [any ds: 70 %, mean (SD): 6.0 (8.3)]. The mean (SD) overall POQL score was 4.0 (9.0). The POQL scale demonstrated high internal consistency reliability (Cronbach alpha = 0.87). Convergent validity of the POQL scale was established with highly significant associations between POQL and caries experience, OHS, and adherence to oral health behaviors (all ps < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The POQL scale is a reliable and valid measure of OHRQoL in preschoolers from the Navajo Nation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Braun
- Children's Outcomes Research, Colorado Health Outcomes Programs, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13199 E. Montview Blvd. Suite 300 F443, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA,
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Gilbert K, Joseph R, Vo A, Patel T, Chaudhry S, Nguyen U, Trevor A, Robinson E, Campbell M, McLennan J, Houran F, Wong T, Flann K, Wages M, Palmer EA, Peterson J, Engle J, Maier T, Machida CA. Children with severe early childhood caries: streptococci genetic strains within carious and white spot lesions. J Oral Microbiol 2014; 6:25805. [PMID: 25405004 PMCID: PMC4216391 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v6.25805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives Mutans streptococci (MS) are one of the major microbiological determinants of dental caries. The objectives of this study are to identify distinct MS and non-MS streptococci strains that are located at carious sites and non-carious enamel surfaces in children with severe early childhood caries (S-ECC), and assess if cariogenic MS and non-cariogenic streptococci might independently exist as primary bacterial strains on distinct sites within the dentition of individual children. Design Dental plaque from children (N=20; aged 3–6) with S-ECC was collected from carious lesions (CLs), white spot lesions (WSLs) and non-carious enamel surfaces. Streptococcal isolates (N=10–20) from each site were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify MS, and arbitrarily primed-PCR for assignment of genetic strains. Primary strains were identified as ≥50% of the total isolates surveyed at any site. In several cases, strains were characterized for acidurity using ATP-driven bioluminescence and subjected to PCR-determination of potential MS virulence products. Identification of non-MS was determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results Sixty-four independent MS or non-MS streptococcal strains were identified. All children contained 1–6 strains. In many patients (N=11), single primary MS strains were identified throughout the dentition. In other patients (N=4), primary MS strains were identified within CLs that were distinct from primary strains found on enamel. Streptococcus gordonii strains were identified as primary strains on enamel or WSLs in four children, and in general were less aciduric than MS strains. Conclusions Many children with S-ECC contained only a single primary MS strain that was present in both carious and non-carious sites. In some cases, MS and non-cariogenic S. gordonii strains were found to independently exist as dominant strains at different locations within the dentition of individual children, and the aciduric potential of these strains may influence susceptibility in the development of CLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Gilbert
- Academic DMD Program, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Raphael Joseph
- Academic DMD Program, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Alex Vo
- Academic DMD Program, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Trusha Patel
- Academic DMD Program, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA ; Department of Integrative Biosciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Samiya Chaudhry
- Academic DMD Program, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA ; Department of Integrative Biosciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Uyen Nguyen
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Amy Trevor
- Academic DMD Program, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Erica Robinson
- Academic DMD Program, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Margaret Campbell
- Academic DMD Program, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - John McLennan
- Academic DMD Program, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Farielle Houran
- Academic DMD Program, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Tristan Wong
- Academic DMD Program, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Kendra Flann
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Melissa Wages
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Palmer
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - John Peterson
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - John Engle
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Tom Maier
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA ; Department of Pathology and Radiology, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Curtis A Machida
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA ; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Palmer EA, Vo A, Hiles SB, Peirano P, Chaudhry S, Trevor A, Kasimi I, Pollard J, Kyles C, Leo M, Wilmot B, Engle J, Peterson J, Maier T, Machida CA. Mutans streptococci genetic strains in children with severe early childhood caries: follow-up study at one-year post-dental rehabilitation therapy. J Oral Microbiol 2012; 4:19530. [PMID: 23248741 PMCID: PMC3523314 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v4i0.19530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genotypic strains of cariogenic mutans streptococci (MS) may vary in important virulence properties. In previous published studies, we identified 39 MS strains from pediatric patients undergoing full-mouth dental rehabilitation, including the removal and/or repair of carious lesions and application of antimicrobial rinse and fluoride varnish. Objectives The objectives of this current 1-year follow-up study are to assess the variability of MS strains that occur at 1-year post-rehabilitation and characterize the xylitol-resistance properties of MS strains that predominate. Methods Plaque from five children with severe early childhood caries was collected 1-year post-rehabilitation. MS isolates were subjected to arbitrarily primed-polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR) for identification of genetic strains and in vitro xylitol-inhibition experiments. To more precisely define strain distributions within each patient, we isolated large numbers of isolates per patient. Results MS strains diminished from several strains pre-rehabilitation, to one dominant strain at 1-year post-rehabilitation, with several new emergent strains. The majority of the clinical MS strains, as well as the Streptococcus mutans laboratory strains ATCC 25175 and 35668, were predicted to undergo 50% inhibition with 2.48–5.58% xylitol, with some clinical MS strains being significantly more resistant in vitro. Conclusions Our follow-up study using patients from the original cohort demonstrates that specific MS strains are dominant at 1-year post-dental rehabilitation. Most of the clinical MS strains are similar in xylitol resistance to the attenuated S. mutans ATCC control strains, with some strains being more resistant to xylitol in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Palmer
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU) School of Dentistry, Portland, OR
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Palmer EA, Nielsen T, Peirano P, Nguyen AT, Vo A, Nguyen A, Jackson S, Finlayson T, Sauerwein R, Marsh K, Edwards I, Wilmot B, Engle J, Peterson J, Maier T, Machida CA. Children with severe early childhood caries: pilot study examining mutans streptococci genotypic strains after full-mouth caries restorative therapy. Pediatr Dent 2012; 34:e1-e10. [PMID: 22583870 PMCID: PMC3828076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Genotypic strains of mutans streptococci (MS) may vary in important virulence properties and be differentially affected by specific components of full-mouth caries restorative therapy. The purpose of this pilot study was to identify mutans streptococci strains that predominate following caries restorative therapy. METHODS Plaque from 7 children with severe early childhood caries was collected before and following therapy. MS isolates (N=828) were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and arbitrarily primed-PCR (AP-PCR) for assignment within MS strains. Determining the longitudinal changes in MS strain distribution over time within each patient required the isolation of larger numbers of isolates per patient, but from fewer patients. RESULTS Up to 39 genotypic strains of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, and 7 genotypic strains of non-MS streptococci were identified by AP-PCR and 16S ribosomal rRNA gene sequencing. The number of MS strains isolated from each patient were 3 to 7 prior to treatment, diminishing to 1 to 2 dominant MS strains in most patients 6 months following therapy. CONCLUSIONS Caries restorative therapy resulted in shifts of specific mutans streptococcus and non-mutans streptococcus strains. The implications are that caries restorative therapy affects the distribution of MS strains, and that well-accepted practices for caries prevention should be more closely examined for efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Palmer
- Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, Ore, USA
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Hughes CV, Dahlan M, Papadopolou E, Loo CY, Pradhan NS, Lu SC, Mathney JMJ, Bravoco A, Kent RL, Tanner ACR. Aciduric microbiota and mutans streptococci in severe and recurrent severe early childhood caries. Pediatr Dent 2012; 34:e16-e23. [PMID: 22583872 PMCID: PMC3353719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Severe early childhood caries (ECC) results from bacterial acid production in an acidic environment. The purpose of this study was to determine Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, and acid-tolerant counts in severe early childhood caries. METHODS Two- to 6-year-olds with severe-ECC (N=77) or who were caries-free (N=40) were examined. Plaque samples from teeth and the tongue were cultured anaerobically on blood, acid, and S. mutans selective agars. Severe-ECC children were monitored post-treatment for recurrent caries. RESULTS Severe-ECC and caries-free children were balanced by household income and education level. Carious lesions were observed in 75% maxillary incisors and >80% molars in severe-ECC. At baseline, S. mutans, and S. sobrinus counts and proportions of S mutans were higher in severe-ECC than caries-free children. Acid and blood counts were elevated only in anterior samples of severe-ECC children. Baseline counts of S. sobrinus, but not S. mutans, were higher in children with recurrent compared with no recurrent caries. S. mutans counts were lower following treatment than pretreatment, particularly for children without caries recurrence. Other counts did not differ between before and after therapy. CONCLUSIONS Severe and recurrent early childhood caries was better explained by mutans streptococci than the aciduric microbiota. Streptococcus mutans did not predict children with recurrent caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher V Hughes
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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