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Rodrigues IDFS, Guerreiro Cardoso PF, Nepomuceno da Silva NA, Correia AT, Minamoto H, Bibas BJ, Xavier Costa NDS, Mancini MW, Dolhnikoff M, Pego-Fernandes PM. Comparison between contact diode laser with 980 nm and 1470 nm wavelengths for posterior laryngofissure in pigs. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11457. [PMID: 38769365 PMCID: PMC11106238 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62333-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
To compare two different wavelengths of the surgical contact diode laser (CDL) for producing a posterior laryngofissure in in-vivo pigs. Anesthetized pigs underwent a tracheostomy and an anterior laryngofissure through a cervicotomy. They were randomly selected for the CDL wavelength and Power, according to the peak of Power set at device (980nm wavelength: Ppeak power of 10 W, 15 W, and 20 W, or 1470 nm wavelength: Ppeak 3 W, 5 W, 7 W, 10 W). At the end of the experiment, the laryngotracheal specimen was extracted and sent for histology and morphometry measurements (incision size, depth, area, and lateral thermal damage). Hemodynamic data and arterial blood gases were recorded during the incisions. Statistical analysis of the comparisons between the parameters and groups had a level of significance of p < 0.05. Twenty-six pigs were divided into CDL 980 nm (n = 11) and 1470 nm (n = 15). There was a greater incision area at the thyroid level in the 980 nm CDL and a wider incision at the trachea level, with a larger distance between mucosa borders. There were no significant differences in the area of lateral thermal damage between the two groups and neither difference among the power levels tested. Both wavelengths tested showed similar results in the various combinations of power levels without significant differences in the lateral thermal damage. The posterior laryngofissure incision can be performed by either of the wavelengths at low and medium power levels without great difference on lateral thermal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac de Faria Soares Rodrigues
- Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratory (LIM-61), Division of Thoracic Surgery, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Francisco Guerreiro Cardoso
- Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratory (LIM-61), Division of Thoracic Surgery, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Natalia Aparecida Nepomuceno da Silva
- Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratory (LIM-61), Division of Thoracic Surgery, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Aristides Tadeu Correia
- Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratory (LIM-61), Division of Thoracic Surgery, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Helio Minamoto
- Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratory (LIM-61), Division of Thoracic Surgery, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Benoit Jacques Bibas
- Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratory (LIM-61), Division of Thoracic Surgery, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Marilia Wellichan Mancini
- Department of Biophotonics, Institute of Research and Education in the Health Area (NUPEN), Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Marisa Dolhnikoff
- Departament of Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Manuel Pego-Fernandes
- Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratory (LIM-61), Division of Thoracic Surgery, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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2
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Niedermayer P, Singh R. Excitation signal optimization for minimizing fluctuations in knock out slow extraction. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10310. [PMID: 38705915 PMCID: PMC11070430 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60966-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The synchrotron is a circular particle accelerator used for high energy physics experiments, material and life science, as well as hadron cancer therapy. After acceleration to the desired energies, particle beams are commonly extracted from the synchrotron using the method of resonant slow extraction. The goal is to deliver a steady particle flux-referred to as spill-to experiments and treatment facilities over the course of seconds while slowly emptying the storage ring. Any uncontrolled intensity fluctuations in the spill are detrimental to the efficiency of beam usage, as they lead to detector pileups or detector interlocks, hindering experiments and cancer treatment. Among the most widely used extraction scheme in medical facilities is the Radio Frequency Knock Out (RF-KO) driven resonant slow extraction, where the stored beam is transversely excited with a radio frequency (RF) field and the spill intensity is controlled by the excitation signal strength. This article presents particle dynamics simulations of the RF-KO system with the focus on finding effective mechanism for minimizing the intensity fluctuations while maintaining a good extraction efficiency and other advantages of KO extraction. An improved beam excitation signal which optimizes these main objectives is found, and is rigorously compared experimentally with other commonly applied techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rahul Singh
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
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3
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Belda-Para C, Velarde-Rodríguez G, Velasco-Ocaña M, Trujillo-Sevilla JM, Rodríguez-Méndez I, Rodríguez-Martin J, Alejandre-Alba N, Rodríguez-García S, Rodríguez-Ramos JM. Comparing the clinical applicability of wavefront phase imaging in keratoconus versus normal eyes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9984. [PMID: 38693352 PMCID: PMC11063207 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60842-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work is to quantitatively assess the wavefront phase of keratoconic eyes measured by the ocular aberrometer t·eyede (based on WaveFront Phase Imaging Sensor), characterized by a lateral resolution of 8.6 µm without requiring any optical element to sample the wavefront information. We evaluated the parameters: root mean square error, Peak-to-Valley, and amplitude of the predominant frequency (Fourier Transform analysis) of a section of the High-Pass filter map in keratoconic and healthy cohorts. Furthermore, we have analyzed keratoconic eyes that presented dark-light bands in this map to assess their period and orientation with the Fourier Transform. There are significant statistical differences (p value < 0.001) between healthy and keratoconic eyes in the three parameters, demonstrating a tendency to increase with the severity of the disease. Otherwise, the quantification of the bands reveals that the width is independent of eye laterality and keratoconic stage as orientation, which tends to be oblique. In conclusion, the quantitative results obtained with t·eyede could help to diagnose and monitor the progression of keratoconus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Belda-Para
- Wooptix S.L., Avenida Trinidad, 61 Planta 7, 38000, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
- University of La Laguna, Calle Padre Herrera s/n, 38200, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
| | - Gonzalo Velarde-Rodríguez
- Ophthalmology Department, Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Avenida. Reyes Católicos 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miriam Velasco-Ocaña
- Wooptix S.L., Avenida Trinidad, 61 Planta 7, 38000, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Juan M Trujillo-Sevilla
- Wooptix S.L., Avenida Trinidad, 61 Planta 7, 38000, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Iván Rodríguez-Méndez
- Wooptix S.L., Avenida Trinidad, 61 Planta 7, 38000, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
- University of La Laguna, Calle Padre Herrera s/n, 38200, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | | | - Nicolas Alejandre-Alba
- Ophthalmology Department, Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Avenida. Reyes Católicos 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Rodríguez-García
- University of La Laguna, Calle Padre Herrera s/n, 38200, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - José M Rodríguez-Ramos
- Wooptix S.L., Avenida Trinidad, 61 Planta 7, 38000, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
- University of La Laguna, Calle Padre Herrera s/n, 38200, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
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4
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Pakari O, Mager T, Frajtag P, Pautz A, Lamirand V. Gamma noise to non-invasively monitor nuclear research reactors. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8409. [PMID: 38600149 PMCID: PMC11006879 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59127-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Autonomous nuclear reactor monitoring is a key aspect of the International Atomic Energy Agency's strategy to ensure nonproliferation treaty compliance. From the rise of small modular reactor technology, decentralized nuclear reactor fleets may strain the capacities of such monitoring and requires new approaches. We demonstrate the superior capabilities of a gamma detection system to monitor the criticality of a zero power nuclear reactor from beyond typical vessel boundaries, offering a powerful alternative to neutron-based systems by providing direct information on fission chain propagation. Using the case example of the research reactor CROCUS, we demonstrate how two bismuth germanate scintillators placed outside the reactor vessel can precisely observe reactor criticality using so called noise methods and provide core status information in seconds. Our results indicate a wide range of applications due to the newly gained geometric flexibility that could find use in fields beyond nuclear safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskari Pakari
- Laboratory for Reactor Physics and Systems Behaviour, Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Nuclear Energy and Safety Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
| | - Tom Mager
- Laboratory for Reactor Physics and Systems Behaviour, Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pavel Frajtag
- Laboratory for Reactor Physics and Systems Behaviour, Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Pautz
- Laboratory for Reactor Physics and Systems Behaviour, Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Nuclear Energy and Safety Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Lamirand
- Laboratory for Reactor Physics and Systems Behaviour, Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Nuclear Energy and Safety Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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5
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Khor W, Chen YK, Roberts M, Ciampa F. Automated detection and classification of concealed objects using infrared thermography and convolutional neural networks. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8353. [PMID: 38594274 PMCID: PMC11004154 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56636-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a study on the effectiveness of a convolutional neural network (CNN) in classifying infrared images for security scanning. Infrared thermography was explored as a non-invasive security scanner for stand-off and walk-through concealed object detection. Heat generated by human subjects radiates off the clothing surface, allowing detection by an infrared camera. However, infrared lacks in penetration capability compared to longer electromagnetic waves, leading to less obvious visuals on the clothing surface. ResNet-50 was used as the CNN model to automate the classification process of thermal images. The ImageNet database was used to pre-train the model, which was further fine-tuned using infrared images obtained from experiments. Four image pre-processing approaches were explored, i.e., raw infrared image, subject cropped region-of-interest (ROI) image, K-means, and Fuzzy-c clustered images. All these approaches were evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic curve on an internal holdout set, with an area-under-the-curve of 0.8923, 0.9256, 0.9485, and 0.9669 for the raw image, ROI cropped, K-means, and Fuzzy-c models, respectively. The CNN models trained using various image pre-processing approaches suggest that the prediction performance can be improved by the removal of non-decision relevant information and the visual highlighting of features.
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Affiliation(s)
- WeeLiam Khor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
- Department of Technology, Design and Environment, Oxford Brookes University, Wheatley, OX33 1HX, UK
| | - Yichen Kelly Chen
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge, CB3 0WA, UK
| | - Michael Roberts
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge, CB3 0WA, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Francesco Ciampa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.
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6
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Clermont L, Blain P, Khaddour W, Uhring W. Unlocking stray light mysteries in the CoRot baffle with the time-of-flight method. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6171. [PMID: 38486088 PMCID: PMC10940653 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56310-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Stray light (SL) has emerged as a primary limiting factor for space telescopes. Pre-launch testing is essential for validating performance and identifying potential issues. However, traditional methods do not enable the decomposition and identification of individual SL contributors. Consequently, when problems arise, resolving them often involves a cumbersome and risky trial-and-error approach. The time-of-flight (ToF) method was recently introduced, employing a pulsed laser source and ultrafast sensor to characterize individual SL contributors. A proof of concept was achieved using a simple three-lens system. In this paper, we apply the ToF method to a real space optical system: the spare model of the CoRoT baffle. We successfully measured individual SL contributors over a dynamic range of 10-11, identifying direct scattering on vane edges and two-step scattering paths. Our results provide a performance breakdown, differentiating intrinsic baffle SL from contributions arising from experimental conditions. Notably, the ToF method allowed us to discriminate air scattering, eliminating the need for expensive vacuum testing. The ToF provides unparallel insights, including defects identification. For instance, we identified the presence of localized dust particles causing significant SL. These results confirm the utility of the ToF method even for the most challenging space systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Clermont
- Centre Spatial de Liège, STAR Institute, Université de Liège, Avenue du Pré-Aily, 4031, Liège, Belgium.
| | - P Blain
- Centre Spatial de Liège, STAR Institute, Université de Liège, Avenue du Pré-Aily, 4031, Liège, Belgium
| | - W Khaddour
- ICube Research Institute, University of Strasbourg, 23 Rue du Loess, 67037, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - W Uhring
- ICube Research Institute, University of Strasbourg, 23 Rue du Loess, 67037, Strasbourg Cedex, France
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7
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Yamamoto A, Miyata M, Tsujikawa A. Ophthalmologists' assessment of the handling characteristics of the novel Finesse Reflex Handle in comparison to those of a conventional handle. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5736. [PMID: 38459107 PMCID: PMC10923932 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56501-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling requires a delicate handling technique. It is also important that ophthalmologists can use the ILM forceps handle of their preference. This study objectively and subjectively evaluated the handling of the novel Finesse Reflex Handle (Reflex) in comparison with that of a conventional handle. The force required to close the forceps tips, evaluated using a digital force gauge, was significantly lesser for Reflex than for the conventional handle (3.14 ± 0.09 N vs. 3.84 ± 0.06 N, P < 0.001). Twenty-one ophthalmologists with various levels of experience answered a questionnaire after using both handles, and the total questionnaire score for Reflex was higher than that for the conventional handle (35.0 ± 3.7 vs. 30.0 ± 6.9, P = 0.01). Furthermore, the duration of experience as an ophthalmologist was negatively correlated with the vertical motion, assessed by video analysis, for the conventional handle (P = 0.02, r = - 0.50) but not for Reflex (P = 0.26). In conclusion, objective and subjective analyses revealed that compared with the conventional handle, the novel Reflex handle had more favourable handling characteristics. Most ophthalmologists preferred the handling of Reflex. Reflex may compensate for a lack of surgical experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinari Yamamoto
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Shogoin-Kawahara-cho 54, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Manabu Miyata
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Shogoin-Kawahara-cho 54, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Akitaka Tsujikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Shogoin-Kawahara-cho 54, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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8
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Wilke SK, Al-Rubkhi A, Koyama C, Ishikawa T, Oda H, Topper B, Tsekrekas EM, Möncke D, Alderman OLG, Menon V, Rafferty J, Clark E, Kastengren AL, Benmore CJ, Ilavsky J, Neuefeind J, Kohara S, SanSoucie M, Phillips B, Weber R. Microgravity effects on nonequilibrium melt processing of neodymium titanate: thermophysical properties, atomic structure, glass formation and crystallization. NPJ Microgravity 2024; 10:26. [PMID: 38448495 PMCID: PMC10918169 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-024-00371-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The relationships between materials processing and structure can vary between terrestrial and reduced gravity environments. As one case study, we compare the nonequilibrium melt processing of a rare-earth titanate, nominally 83TiO2-17Nd2O3, and the structure of its glassy and crystalline products. Density and thermal expansion for the liquid, supercooled liquid, and glass are measured over 300-1850 °C using the Electrostatic Levitation Furnace (ELF) in microgravity, and two replicate density measurements were reproducible to within 0.4%. Cooling rates in ELF are 40-110 °C s-1 lower than those in a terrestrial aerodynamic levitator due to the absence of forced convection. X-ray/neutron total scattering and Raman spectroscopy indicate that glasses processed on Earth and in microgravity exhibit similar atomic structures, with only subtle differences that are consistent with compositional variations of ~2 mol. % Nd2O3. The glass atomic network contains a mixture of corner- and edge-sharing Ti-O polyhedra, and the fraction of edge-sharing arrangements decreases with increasing Nd2O3 content. X-ray tomography and electron microscopy of crystalline products reveal substantial differences in microstructure, grain size, and crystalline phases, which arise from differences in the melt processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen K Wilke
- Materials Development, Inc., Evanston, IL, 60202, USA.
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Hirohisa Oda
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Brian Topper
- Center for High Technology Materials, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87106, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Tsekrekas
- Inamori School of Engineering at the New York State College of Ceramics, Alfred University, Alfred, NY, 14802, USA
| | - Doris Möncke
- Inamori School of Engineering at the New York State College of Ceramics, Alfred University, Alfred, NY, 14802, USA
| | - Oliver L G Alderman
- ISIS Neutron & Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0QX, UK
| | | | | | - Emma Clark
- Materials Development, Inc., Evanston, IL, 60202, USA
| | - Alan L Kastengren
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Chris J Benmore
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Jan Ilavsky
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Jörg Neuefeind
- Neutron Science Division, Spallation Neutron Source, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Shinji Kohara
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | | | - Richard Weber
- Materials Development, Inc., Evanston, IL, 60202, USA
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
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9
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Volk AA, Abolhasani M. Performance metrics to unleash the power of self-driving labs in chemistry and materials science. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1378. [PMID: 38355564 PMCID: PMC10866889 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45569-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
With the rise of self-driving labs (SDLs) and automated experimentation across chemical and materials sciences, there is a considerable challenge in designing the best autonomous lab for a given problem based on published studies alone. Determining what digital and physical features are germane to a specific study is a critical aspect of SDL design that needs to be approached quantitatively. Even when controlling for features such as dimensionality, every experimental space has unique requirements and challenges that influence the design of the optimal physical platform and algorithm. Metrics such as optimization rate are therefore not necessarily indicative of the capabilities of an SDL across different studies. In this perspective, we highlight some of the critical metrics for quantifying performance in SDLs to better guide researchers in implementing the most suitable strategies. We then provide a brief review of the existing literature under the lens of quantified performance as well as heuristic recommendations for platform and experimental space pairings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Volk
- Dept. of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Milad Abolhasani
- Dept. of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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Bortel G, Tegze M, Sikorski M, Bean R, Bielecki J, Kim C, Koliyadu JCP, Koua FHM, Ramilli M, Round A, Sato T, Zabelskii D, Faigel G. 3D atomic structure from a single X-ray free electron laser pulse. Nat Commun 2024; 15:970. [PMID: 38302477 PMCID: PMC10834439 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45229-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
X-ray Free Electron Lasers (XFEL) are cutting-edge pulsed x-ray sources, whose extraordinary pulse parameters promise to unlock unique applications. Several new methods have been developed at XFELs; however, no methods are known, which allow ab initio atomic level structure determination using only a single XFEL pulse. Here, we present experimental results, demonstrating the determination of the 3D atomic structure from data obtained during a single 25 fs XFEL pulse. Parallel measurement of hundreds of Bragg reflections was done by collecting Kossel line patterns of GaAs and GaP. To the best of our knowledge with these measurements, we reached the ultimate temporal limit of the x-ray structure solution possible today. These measurements open the way for obtaining crystalline structures during non-repeatable fast processes, such as structural transformations. For example, the atomic structure of matter at extremely non-ambient conditions or transient structures formed in irreversible physical, chemical, or biological processes may be captured in a single shot measurement during the transformation. It would also facilitate time resolved pump-probe structural studies making them significantly shorter than traditional serial crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Bortel
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, P.O.B. 49, 1525, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Miklós Tegze
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, P.O.B. 49, 1525, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marcin Sikorski
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Richard Bean
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Johan Bielecki
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Chan Kim
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Faisal H M Koua
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Marco Ramilli
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Adam Round
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Tokushi Sato
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Gyula Faigel
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, P.O.B. 49, 1525, Budapest, Hungary.
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11
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Farag OF, Kotb OM, Ghazaly ME, El-Sayed NM. Response of the modified GAFCHROMIC EBT2 radiochromic film to DC glow discharge plasma. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2262. [PMID: 38279004 PMCID: PMC10817983 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52628-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The response of the modified GAFCHROMIC EBT2 radiochromic film to DC Oxygen glow discharge plasma was investigated using a flatbed scanner and an UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The film was modified by removing the polyester overlaminate, adhesive, and topcoat layers with a total thickness of 80 µm, and is now referred to as EBT2-M. The EBT2-M films were exposed to DC Oxygen plasma for different durations: 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 10 min. The exposed films exhibit coloration homogeneity with an average variation of (1.6 ± 0.3) × 10-4 pixel values/µm, irrespective of the applied exposure time. The pixel values of the red-and-green channels and weighted grayscale images decreased exponentially with different sensitivity amounts to [Formula: see text] 39.67, 49.69, and 42.11 min-1, respectively, as the exposure time increased. The two absorption peaks at 580 ± 4 nm and 632 ± 4 nm in the UV-Vis absorption spectra of the exposed GAFCHROMIC EBT2-M radiochromic films are increasing with increasing exposure time up to 4 min, thereafter saturated for prolonged exposure time. The integrated absorbance in the range from 400 to 700 nm is linearly correlated with the exposure time. The indirect and direct optical energy band gaps and Urbach energy of the modified GAFCHROMIC EBT2 film are weakly correlated with the exposure time. These findings suggest the utilization of the modified GAFCHROMIC EBT2 radiochromic film as a novel and simple technique for plasma diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar F Farag
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, PO 44519, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Omar M Kotb
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, PO 44519, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - M El Ghazaly
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, PO 44519, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Naglaa M El-Sayed
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, PO 44519, Zagazig, Egypt
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12
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Lv D, Yuan L, Bai X. Using millimeter-wave radar to evaluate the performance of dummy models for advanced driving assistance systems test. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2303. [PMID: 38280949 PMCID: PMC10821903 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52766-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of intelligent and connected vehicles, the experimental road test for the advanced driving assistance system (ADAS) is dramatically increasing around the world. Considering its high cost and hazardous situations, simulation test based on a dummy model is becoming a promising way for ADAS road test practice to reduce the experiment expanses. This study proposed a methodology for the evaluation of the performance of human and dummies with distinct designed materials based on the data extracted from the Doppler effect of millimeter-wave radar. Echo data of 8 different angles from 0 to 360 degrees, with the an interval of 45 degrees, at the same distance between the test object and the signal source is collected. Meanwhile, the echo energy is collected for correlation modeling and analysis among groups. By evaluating the performance of humans and dummies via statistical analysis, a close correlation was found which results verified the substitutability of the dummy for the ADAS experiment test. The correlation coefficient between human and dummies ranges from 0.75 to 0.93. The support vector machine (SVM) model was developed and fitted to predict the echo energy in diverse environments. The mean average error (MAE) is 5.42-11.42 in the training and testing datasets while root mean square error (RMSE) is 0.43-0.90. The methods developed in the study can simulate the real ADAS road test environment and support future experimental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Lv
- Tianjin Sino-German University of Applied Sciences, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Lin Yuan
- CATARC Huacheng Certification (Tianjin) Co., Ltd, Tianjin, Tianjin, 300300, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Tianjin Sino-German University of Applied Sciences, Tianjin, 300350, China
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13
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Constantinou P, Stock TJZ, Tseng LT, Kazazis D, Muntwiler M, Vaz CAF, Ekinci Y, Aeppli G, Curson NJ, Schofield SR. EUV-induced hydrogen desorption as a step towards large-scale silicon quantum device patterning. Nat Commun 2024; 15:694. [PMID: 38267459 PMCID: PMC10808421 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44790-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Atomically precise hydrogen desorption lithography using scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) has enabled the development of single-atom, quantum-electronic devices on a laboratory scale. Scaling up this technology to mass-produce these devices requires bridging the gap between the precision of STM and the processes used in next-generation semiconductor manufacturing. Here, we demonstrate the ability to remove hydrogen from a monohydride Si(001):H surface using extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light. We quantify the desorption characteristics using various techniques, including STM, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and photoemission electron microscopy (XPEEM). Our results show that desorption is induced by secondary electrons from valence band excitations, consistent with an exactly solvable non-linear differential equation and compatible with the current 13.5 nm (~92 eV) EUV standard for photolithography; the data imply useful exposure times of order minutes for the 300 W sources characteristic of EUV infrastructure. This is an important step towards the EUV patterning of silicon surfaces without traditional resists, by offering the possibility for parallel processing in the fabrication of classical and quantum devices through deterministic doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Procopios Constantinou
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, WC1H 0AH, London, UK.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, WC1E 6BT, London, UK.
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
| | - Taylor J Z Stock
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, WC1H 0AH, London, UK
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Li-Ting Tseng
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Carlos A F Vaz
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Yasin Ekinci
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Gabriel Aeppli
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Institute of Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
- Quantum Center, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich (ETHZ), 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Neil J Curson
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, WC1H 0AH, London, UK
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Steven R Schofield
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, WC1H 0AH, London, UK.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, WC1E 6BT, London, UK.
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14
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Jung JK, Lee JH. High-performance hydrogen gas sensor system based on transparent coaxial cylinder capacitive electrodes and a volumetric analysis technique. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1967. [PMID: 38263427 PMCID: PMC10805870 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A high-performance H2 gas sensor system based on capacitive electrodes and a volumetric analysis technique were developed. Coaxial capacitive electrodes were fabricated by placing a thin copper rod in the center and by adhering a transparent conductive film on the exterior surface of a graduated cylinder. Thus, H2 from a polymer specimen lowered the water level in the cylinder between the two electrodes, producing measurable changes in capacitance that allowed for the measurement of the H2 concentration emitted from the specimen enriched by H2 under high-pressure conditions. The sensing system detected diffused/permeated hydrogen gas from a specimen and hydrogen gas leaks caused by imperfect sealing. The hydrogen gas sensor responded almost instantly at 1 s and measured hydrogen concentrations ranging from 0.15 to 1500 ppm with controllable sensitivity and a measurable range. In addition, performance tests with polymer specimens used in hydrogen infrastructure verified that the sensor system was reliable; additionally, it had a broad measurement range to four decimal places. The sensor system developed in this study could be applied to detect and characterize pure gases (He, N2, O2 and Ar) by real time measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae K Jung
- Hydrogen Energy Materials Research Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, Korea.
| | - Ji H Lee
- Hydrogen Energy Materials Research Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, Korea
- Department of Measurement Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Deajeon, 34113, Korea
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15
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Rudigkeit S, Schmid TE, Dombrowsky AC, Stolz J, Bartzsch S, Chen CB, Matejka N, Sammer M, Bergmaier A, Dollinger G, Reindl J. Proton-FLASH: effects of ultra-high dose rate irradiation on an in-vivo mouse ear model. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1418. [PMID: 38228747 PMCID: PMC10791610 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51951-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
FLASH-radiotherapy may provide significant sparing of healthy tissue through ultra-high dose rates in protons, electrons, and x-rays while maintaining the tumor control. Key factors for the FLASH effect might be oxygen depletion, the immune system, and the irradiated blood volume, but none could be fully confirmed yet. Therefore, further investigations are necessary. We investigated the protective (tissue sparing) effect of FLASH in proton treatment using an in-vivo mouse ear model. The right ears of Balb/c mice were irradiated with 20 MeV protons at the ion microprobe SNAKE in Garching near Munich by using three dose rates (Conv = 0.06 Gy/s, Flash9 = 9.3 Gy/s and Flash930 = 930 Gy/s) at a total dose of 23 Gy or 33 Gy. The ear thickness, desquamation, and erythema combined in an inflammation score were measured for 180 days. The cytokines TGF-β1, TNF-α, IL1α, and IL1β were analyzed in the blood sampled in the first 4 weeks and at termination day. No differences in inflammation reactions were visible in the 23 Gy group for the different dose rates. In the 33 Gy group, the ear swelling and the inflammation score for Flash9 was reduced by (57 ± 12) % and (67 ± 17) % and for Flash930 by (40 ± 13) % and (50 ± 17) % compared to the Conv dose rate. No changes in the cytokines in the blood could be measured. However, an estimation of the irradiated blood volume demonstrates, that 100-times more blood is irradiated when using Conv compared to using Flash9 or Flash930. This indicates that blood might play a role in the underlying mechanisms in the protective effect of FLASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Rudigkeit
- Institute of Applied Physics and Measurement Technologies, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Thomas E Schmid
- Institute of Radiation Medicine (IRM), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Radiooncology, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Annique C Dombrowsky
- Institute of Radiation Medicine (IRM), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jessica Stolz
- Institute of Radiation Medicine (IRM), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Bartzsch
- Institute of Radiation Medicine (IRM), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Radiooncology, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ce-Belle Chen
- Centre for Ion Beam Applications, Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Synchrotron Light Source, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicole Matejka
- Institute of Applied Physics and Measurement Technologies, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Sammer
- Institute of Applied Physics and Measurement Technologies, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Bergmaier
- Institute of Applied Physics and Measurement Technologies, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Günther Dollinger
- Institute of Applied Physics and Measurement Technologies, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Judith Reindl
- Institute of Applied Physics and Measurement Technologies, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg, Germany.
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16
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Stock S, von Klitzing R, Rahimzadeh A. Dynamic light scattering for particle characterization subjected to ultrasound: a study on compact particles and acousto-responsive microgels. Sci Rep 2024; 14:989. [PMID: 38200144 PMCID: PMC10781767 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51404-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In this report, we investigate dynamic light scattering (DLS) from both randomly diffusing silica particles and acousto-responsive microgels in aqueous dispersions under ultrasonic vibration. Employing high-frequency ultrasound (US) with low amplitude ensures that the polymers remain intact without damage. We derive theoretical expressions for the homodyne autocorrelation function, incorporating the US term alongside the diffusion term. Subsequently, we successfully combined US with a conventional DLS system to experimentally characterize compact silica particles and microgels under the influence of US. Our model allows us to extract essential parameters, including particle size, frequency, and amplitude of particle vibration, based on the correlation function of the scattered light intensity. The studies involving non-responsive silica particles demonstrate that the US does not disrupt size determination, establishing them as suitable reference systems. In addition, we could be able to experimentally resolve the µs-order motion of particles for the first time. Microgels subjected to the US show the same swelling/shrinking behavior as that induced by temperature but with significantly faster kinetics. The findings of this study have potential applications in various industrial and biomedical fields such as smart coatings and drug delivery that benefit from the characterization of macromolecules subjected to the US. Furthermore, the current work may lead to characterizing the mechanical properties of soft particles based on their vibration amplitude extracted using this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Stock
- Soft Matter at Interfaces, Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 8, 64289, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Regine von Klitzing
- Soft Matter at Interfaces, Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 8, 64289, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Amin Rahimzadeh
- Soft Matter at Interfaces, Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 8, 64289, Darmstadt, Germany.
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17
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Sherman SE, Zammit AS, Heo WS, Rosen MS, Cima MJ. Single-sided magnetic resonance-based sensor for point-of-care evaluation of muscle. Nat Commun 2024; 15:440. [PMID: 38199994 PMCID: PMC10782019 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44561-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging is a widespread clinical tool for the detection of soft tissue morphology and pathology. However, the clinical deployment of magnetic resonance imaging scanners is ultimately limited by size, cost, and space constraints. Here, we discuss the design and performance of a low-field single-sided magnetic resonance sensor intended for point-of-care evaluation of skeletal muscle in vivo. The 11 kg sensor has a penetration depth of >8 mm, which allows for an accurate analysis of muscle tissue and can avoid signal from more proximal layers, including subcutaneous adipose tissue. Low operational power and shielding requirements are achieved through the design of a permanent magnet array and surface transceiver coil. The sensor can acquire high signal-to-noise measurements in minutes, making it practical as a point-of-care tool for many quantitative diagnostic measurements, including T2 relaxometry. In this work, we present the in vitro and human in vivo performance of the device for muscle tissue evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney E Sherman
- Harvard-MIT Program in Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Alexa S Zammit
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Won-Seok Heo
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Matthew S Rosen
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Michael J Cima
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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18
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Parida L, Moharana S, Vicente R, Ascensão G. A proof of concept study on reliability assessment of different metal foil length based piezoelectric sensor for electromechanical impedance techniques. Sci Rep 2024; 14:699. [PMID: 38184698 PMCID: PMC10771417 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49762-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) patches gained popularity in structural health monitoring (SHM) for its sensing and cost effective. However, a robust installation of PZT patches is challenging due to the often-complex geometry and non-accessibility of structural parts. For tubular structures, the curved surface can compromise the perfect bonding of PZT patches. To alleviate the above-mentioned challenges, the non-bonded and reusable configuration of sensor received considerable interest in the field of SHM. However, ensuring the repeatability and reproducibility of Electro-Mechanical Impedance (EMI) measurements is crucial to establish the reliability of these techniques. This work investigated the repeatability and reproducibility measures for one of non-bonded configuration of PZT patch i.e., Metal Foil Based Piezo Sensor (MFBPS). In addition, the concept, application, and suitability of MFBPS for impedance-based monitoring technique of Civil infrastructure are critically discussed. This study evaluates the effect of length of MFBPS on piezo coupled admittance signature. Also, this study evaluates repeatability and reproducibility of EMI measurements via statistical tools such as ANOVA and Gage R&R analysis. The statistical index CCDM was used to quantify the deviations of impedance signals. The overall result shows that the repeatability of the EMI measurements improves with a metal foil length of 500 mm. Overall, this investigation offers a useful point of reference for professionals and scholars to ensure the reliability of MFBPS for EMI techniques, a variant of piezoelectric sensor for SHM applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukesh Parida
- Department of Civil Engineering, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Dadri, Uttar Pradesh, 201314, India
| | - Sumedha Moharana
- Department of Civil Engineering, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Dadri, Uttar Pradesh, 201314, India.
| | - Romeu Vicente
- RISCO, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Guilherme Ascensão
- RISCO, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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19
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Martinez-Vidal L, Testi C, Pontecorvo E, Pederzoli F, Alchera E, Locatelli I, Venegoni C, Spinelli A, Lucianò R, Salonia A, Podestà A, Ruocco G, Alfano M. Progressive alteration of murine bladder elasticity in actinic cystitis detected by Brillouin microscopy. Sci Rep 2024; 14:484. [PMID: 38177637 PMCID: PMC10766652 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-51006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Bladder mechanical properties are critical for organ function and tissue homeostasis. Therefore, alterations of tissue mechanics are linked to disease onset and progression. This study aims to characterize the tissue elasticity of the murine bladder wall considering its different anatomical components, both in healthy conditions and in actinic cystitis, a state characterized by tissue fibrosis. Here, we exploit Brillouin microscopy, an emerging technique in the mechanobiology field that allows mapping tissue mechanics at the microscale, in non-contact mode and free of labeling. We show that Brillouin imaging of bladder tissues is able to recognize the different anatomical components of the bladder wall, confirmed by histopathological analysis, showing different tissue mechanical properties of the physiological bladder, as well as a significant alteration in the presence of tissue fibrosis. Our results point out the potential use of Brillouin imaging on clinically relevant samples as a complementary technique to histopathological analysis, deciphering complex mechanical alteration of each tissue layer of an organ that strongly relies on mechanical properties to perform its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Martinez-Vidal
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132, Milan, Italy.
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.
| | - Claudia Testi
- Center for Life Nano- and Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161, Roma, Italy.
| | - Emanuele Pontecorvo
- Center for Life Nano- and Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161, Roma, Italy
- CrestOptics S.p.A., Via Di Torre Rossa, 66, 00165, Roma, Italy
| | - Filippo Pederzoli
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Alchera
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Locatelli
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Venegoni
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonello Spinelli
- Experimental Imaging Centre, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Lucianò
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Salonia
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Podestà
- Dipartimento Di Fisica "Aldo Pontremoli" and CIMAINA, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Ruocco
- Center for Life Nano- and Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161, Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento Di Fisica, Universitá Di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Massimo Alfano
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132, Milan, Italy
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20
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Mohsenvand K, Carnicer A, Marmiroli B, Moradi AR. 3D integral imaging of acoustically trapped objects. Sci Rep 2024; 14:28. [PMID: 38168597 PMCID: PMC10761982 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50662-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
3D imaging provides crucial details about the objects and scenes that may not be obtained via 2D imaging methods. However, there are several applications in which the object to be 3D-imaged requires to be immobilized. The integrated digital holographic microscopy (DHM) and optical trapping (OT) system is a useful solution for such a task, but both DHM and OT are mostly suitable for microscopic specimens. Here, for the first time to the best of our knowledge and as an analogy to the DHM-OT system, we introduce integral imaging (InIm) and acoustic trapping (AT) integrated system for 3D imaging of immobilized mesoscopic and macroscopic objects. Post-processing of InIm data enables reconstructing the scene at any arbitrary plane, therefore, it re-focuses any particular depth of the object, which is a curtail task, especially when the object is trapped by AT. We demonstrate the capability of our system by simultaneous trapping and 3D imaging of single and multiple irregularly shaped objects with mm sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kooshan Mohsenvand
- Department of Physics, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Artur Carnicer
- Departament de Física Aplicada, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Benedetta Marmiroli
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Ali-Reza Moradi
- Department of Physics, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran.
- School of Nano Science, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, 19395-5531, Iran.
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21
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van Dijk R, Kalisvaart D, Cnossen J, Smith CS. Bayesian posterior density estimation reveals degeneracy in three-dimensional multiple emitter localization. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22372. [PMID: 38102160 PMCID: PMC10724183 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49101-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-molecule localization microscopy requires sparse activation of emitters to circumvent the diffraction limit. In densely labeled or thick samples, overlap of emitter images is inevitable. Single-molecule localization of these samples results in a biased parameter estimate with a wrong model of the number of emitters. On the other hand, multiple emitter fitting suffers from point spread function degeneracy, which increases model and parameter uncertainty. To better estimate the model, parameters and uncertainties, a three-dimensional Bayesian multiple emitter fitting algorithm was constructed using Reversible Jump Markov Chain Monte Carlo. It reconstructs the posterior density of both the model and the parameters, namely the three-dimensional position and photon intensity, of overlapping emitters. The ability of the algorithm to separate two emitters at varying distance was evaluated using an astigmatic point spread function. We found that for astigmatic imaging, the posterior distribution of the emitter positions is multimodal when emitters are within two times the in-focus standard deviation of the point spread function. This multimodality describes the ambiguity in position that astigmatism introduces in localization microscopy. Biplane imaging was also tested, proving capable of separating emitters up to 0.75 times the in-focus standard deviation of the point spread function while staying free of multimodality. The posteriors seen in astigmatic and biplane imaging demonstrate how the algorithm can identify point spread function degeneracy and evaluate imaging techniques for three-dimensional multiple-emitter fitting performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond van Dijk
- Delft Center for Systems and Control, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Dylan Kalisvaart
- Delft Center for Systems and Control, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Jelmer Cnossen
- Delft Center for Systems and Control, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Carlas S Smith
- Delft Center for Systems and Control, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands.
- Department of Imaging Physics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CN, The Netherlands.
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22
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Brock MB, Østergaard EV, Busi M, Wulff AC, Abrahamsen AB, Kuhn LT. Superconducting transition edge bolometer for high-flux neutron detection. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22266. [PMID: 38097738 PMCID: PMC10721819 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49469-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Needs for neutron detection and monitoring in high neutron flux environments are increasing in several different fields. A completely solid-state, current mode bolometric detector is constructed as a solid substrate transition edge sensor based on a high-T[Formula: see text] superconducting meander. The detector consists of four individual pixels of which three pixels include [Formula: see text] neutron absorption layers. The absorbed energy per neutron absorption reaction is modelled and compared to experimental data. The response of the tested detector is directly correlated to a cold neutron beam with a flux of [Formula: see text] modulated by a slit. The signal is found to be an order of magnitude higher than the thermal background. The dynamics described by the temporal saturation constants is governed by a modulation frequency less than [Formula: see text]. The thermal response is dynamic and never fully saturates for [Formula: see text] exposures. The efficiency for this proof-of-principle design is 1-2%. Possibilities for optimization are identified, that will increase the efficiency to become comparable to existing solid boron-10 detectors. The existing detectors with event-based read-out have limited functionality in high flux environments. The superconducting bolometer described in this work using current-mode readout will pave the way for high flux applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Bybjerg Brock
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- SUBRA A/S, 3520, Farum, Denmark
| | - Emil Visby Østergaard
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Matteo Busi
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | - Asger Bech Abrahamsen
- Department of Wind and Energy Systems, Technical University of Denmark, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Luise Theil Kuhn
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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23
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Ungeheuer K, Marszalek KW, Mitura-Nowak M, Rydosz A. Spectroscopic ellipsometry modelling of Cr + implanted copper oxide thin films. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22116. [PMID: 38092840 PMCID: PMC10719247 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49133-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we present modelling of spectroscopic ellipsometry data. The measured samples are thin films of copper oxides modified with the ion implantation method. The samples were prepared using reactive magnetron sputtering. Thin films of CuO and Cu4O3 were deposited and subjected to Cr ion implantation with an energy of 15 keV and a dose of 5 × 1016 ions/cm2. The decrease in crystallinity of the thin film as a result of the implantation was inspected with X-ray diffraction measurements. The implantation of Cr+ ions was simulated using the Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter software by Ziegler and Biersack. Ion beam energy of 15 keV was simulated to estimate the distribution of Cr ions in the copper oxides thin films. Optical parameters, such as refractive index, extinction coefficient, and absorption coefficient of the thin films, were investigated with spectroscopic ellipsometry. Multilayered models based on Tauc-Lorentz oscillators were developed for both oxides. Analysis of the optical properties showed that the ion implantation with Cr decreased the absorption of copper oxides thin films and the modelling proved that the material properties of top layers changed the most.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ungeheuer
- Faculty of Computer Science, Electronics and Telecommunications, AGH University of Krakow, 30 Mickiewicza Ave., 30-059, Krakow, Poland.
| | - K W Marszalek
- Faculty of Computer Science, Electronics and Telecommunications, AGH University of Krakow, 30 Mickiewicza Ave., 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - M Mitura-Nowak
- Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, 152 Walerego Eljasza Radzikowskiego Str., 31-342, Krakow, Poland
| | - A Rydosz
- Faculty of Computer Science, Electronics and Telecommunications, AGH University of Krakow, 30 Mickiewicza Ave., 30-059, Krakow, Poland
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24
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Telfah A, Bahti A, Kaufmann K, Ebel E, Hergenröder R, Suter D. Low-field NMR with multilayer Halbach magnet and NMR selective excitation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21092. [PMID: 38036555 PMCID: PMC10689796 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47689-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study introduces a low-field NMR spectrometer (LF-NMR) featuring a multilayer Halbach magnet supported by a combined mechanical and electrical shimming system. This setup offers improved field homogeneity and sensitivity compared to spectrometers relying on typical Halbach and dipole magnets. The multilayer Halbach magnet was designed and assembled using three nested cylindrical magnets, with an additional inner Halbach layer that can be rotated for mechanical shimming. The coils and shim-kernel of the electrical shimming system were constructed and coated with layers of zirconia, thermal epoxy, and silver-paste resin to facilitate passive heat dissipation and ensure mechanical and thermal stability. Furthermore, the 7-channel shim coils were divided into two parts connected in parallel, resulting in a reduction of joule heating temperatures from 96.2 to 32.6 °C. Without the shimming system, the Halbach magnet exhibits a field inhomogeneity of approximately 140 ppm over the sample volume. The probehead was designed to incorporate a solenoidal mini coil, integrated into a single planar board. This design choice aimed to enhance sensitivity, minimize [Formula: see text] inhomogeneity, and reduce impedance discrepancies, transmission loss, and signal reflections. Consequently, the resulting linewidth of water within a 3 mm length and 2.4 mm inner diameter sample volume was 4.5 Hz. To demonstrate the effectiveness of spectral editing in LF-NMR applications at 29.934 MHz, we selectively excited hydroxyl and/or methyl protons in neat acetic acid using optimal control pulses calculated through the Krotov algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Telfah
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., 44139, Dortmund, Germany
- Nanotechnology Center, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
- Department of Physics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, 68182, USA
| | - Ahmed Bahti
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
- Experimental Physics III, TU Dortmund University, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Katharina Kaufmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Enno Ebel
- Fachhochschule Dortmund-University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Roland Hergenröder
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dieter Suter
- Experimental Physics III, TU Dortmund University, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.
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25
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Zhang Y, Barrouillet B, Skadsem HJ. Experimental investigation of laminar and turbulent displacement of residual oil film. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21120. [PMID: 38036668 PMCID: PMC10689780 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48563-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Residual oil films on pipe walls are a common occurrence in industrial processes, and their presence can significantly impact system efficiency and performance. However, the mechanisms that govern oil film removal by an immiscible displacing fluid from the internal walls of pipes under different flow regimes, including laminar and turbulent flows, are not yet fully understood. In this study, we investigated the impact of displacing fluid flow regime, injected volume, displacement time, and wall shear stress on the efficiency of residual oil film removal in a pipe. We first verified the applicability of our developed oil film measurement method for the use in vertical pipes, and found that gravity did not significantly affect the long-term oil film removal process. We verified that our results from the laminar cases agree with the theoretical thin-film limit scaling under reasonable assumptions of constant shear stress and negligible surface tension. We then examined the displacement efficiency of residual oil film under laminar and turbulent flow regimes. Our experimental results revealed that the onset of turbulence of displacing fluid played an important role in the efficient removal of residual oil film, with an optimal range of Reynolds numbers (7000-8000) when the injected volume of displacing fluid is limited. Furthermore, we explored the combined effect of wall shear stress and displacement time on the displacement process under different turbulent flow regimes. We found that the intermediate turbulent regime was the most efficient for achieving cleaning in a limited time, while the highly turbulent regime proved to be the most effective for achieving complete cleaning over a longer time period. These findings have important implications for oil recovery and pipeline maintenance and provide valuable insights into optimizing the removal of residual oil film in pipes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhang
- Department of Energy and Petroleum Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, 4068, Norway
| | - Benjamin Barrouillet
- Department of Energy and Petroleum Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, 4068, Norway
| | - Hans Joakim Skadsem
- Department of Energy and Petroleum Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, 4068, Norway.
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26
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Tariq H, Awan SU, Hussain D, Rizwan S, Shah SA, Zainab S, Riaz MB. Enhancing supercapacitor performance through design optimization of laser-induced graphene and MWCNT coatings for flexible and portable energy storage. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21116. [PMID: 38036611 PMCID: PMC10689738 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48518-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of supercapacitors consistently focuses on research and challenges to improve energy efficiency, capacitance, flexibility, and stability. Low-cost laser-induced graphene (LIG) offers a promising alternative to commercially available graphene for next-generation wearable and portable devices, thanks to its remarkable specific surface area, excellent mechanical flexibility, and exceptional electrical properties. We report on the development of LIG-based flexible supercapacitors with optimized geometries, which demonstrate high capacitance and energy density while maintaining flexibility and stability. Three-dimensional porous graphene films were synthesized, and devices with optimized parameters were fabricated and tested. One type of device utilized LIG, while two other types were fabricated on LIG by coating multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) at varying concentrations. Characterization techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and voltammetry, were employed to analyze the fabricated devices. AFM analysis revealed a surface roughness of 2.03 µm for LIG due to laser treatment. SEM images displayed compact, dense, and porous surface morphology. XRD analysis confirmed the presence of graphene and graphene oxide, which was further supported by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) data. Raman spectroscopy indicated that the fabricated samples exhibited distinct D and G bands at 1362 cm-1 and 1579 cm-1, respectively. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) results showed that LIG's capacitance, power density, and energy density were 6.09 mF cm-2, 0.199 mW cm-2, and 3.38 µWh cm-2, respectively, at a current density of 0.2 mA cm-2. The LIG-MWCNT coated electrode exhibited a higher energy density of 6.05 µWh cm-2 and an areal-specific capacitance of 51.975 mF cm-2 compared to the LIG-based devices. The fabricated device has potential applications in smart electronics, nanorobotics, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), and wearable and portable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Tariq
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Saif Ullah Awan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Danish Hussain
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, NUST College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Syed Rizwan
- Physics Characterization and Simulation Lab (PCSL), Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences (SNS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Saqlain A Shah
- Department of Physics, Forman Christian College (University), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sana Zainab
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - M Bilal Riaz
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
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27
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Manivannan N, Subirana MA, Boada R, Marini C, Llugany M, Valiente M, Simonelli L. Mercury speciation in selenium enriched wheat plants hydroponically exposed to mercury pollution. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21132. [PMID: 38036518 PMCID: PMC10689832 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46056-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) pollution in agricultural soils and its potential pathway to the human food chain can pose a serious health concern. Understanding the pathway of Hg in plants and how the speciation may change upon interaction with other elements used for biofortification can be critical to assess the real implications for the final plant-based product. In that respect, selenium (Se) biofortification of crops grown in Se-poor soil regions is becoming a common practice to overcome Se deficient diets. Therefore, it is important to assess the interplay between these two elements since Se may form complexes with Hg reducing its bioavailability and toxicity. In this work, the speciation of Hg in wheat plants grown hydroponically under the presence of Hg (HgCl2) and biofortified with Se (selenite, selenate, or a 1:1 mixture of both) has been investigated by X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the Hg L3-edge. The main Hg species found in wheat grains was the highly toxic methylmercury. It was found that the Se-biofortification of wheat did not prevent, in general, the Hg translocation to grains. Only the 1:1 mixture treatment seemed to have an effect in reducing the levels of Hg and the presence of methylmercury in grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithyapriya Manivannan
- ALBA Synchrotron, Carrer de la llum 2-26, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08290, Barcelona, Spain
- GTS-UAB Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Maria Angels Subirana
- GTS-UAB Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Roberto Boada
- ALBA Synchrotron, Carrer de la llum 2-26, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08290, Barcelona, Spain
- GTS-UAB Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Carlo Marini
- ALBA Synchrotron, Carrer de la llum 2-26, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08290, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Llugany
- Plant Physiology Group (BABVE), Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Manuel Valiente
- GTS-UAB Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Laura Simonelli
- ALBA Synchrotron, Carrer de la llum 2-26, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08290, Barcelona, Spain.
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28
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Masekane MC, Msimanga M, Bogdanović Radović I, Madhuku M, Moloi SJ. Semi-empirical parameterization of HI/p L-shell X-ray production cross section ratios in Bi for Heavy Ion PIXE. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20942. [PMID: 38017034 PMCID: PMC10684581 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48217-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative analysis of materials from Heavy Ion PIXE spectra remains impeded by the lack of reliable X-ray production cross section (XPCS) data. Although efforts at experimental Heavy Ion induced XPCS measurements still continue, Multiple Ionisation (MI) effects, which are not fully described by theory, render simulations of heavy ion PIXE data unreliable for large Z1/Z2 collisions, especially at low energies. This is also exacerbated by the random selection of projectile-target combinations for measured and reported experimental data available to validate theory. This study explored heavy ion induced X-ray production cross section deviations from those induced by protons at the same ion velocity. This enabled evaluations of the degree to which cross sections are enhanced through MI effects, with the aim of predicting XPCS due to heavy ion impact. The evaluation was carried out through the scaling of experimental heavy ion to theoretical proton cross section ratios (R), which were then used for the interpolation of XPCS in the same target element for 'missing' projectiles within the range of evaluation. Here we present measurements of heavy ion induced total L-shell XPCS in Bi, carried out to determine HI/p MI induced deviations due to C, F, Cl and Ti projectiles at an ion velocity range of (0.2-1.0) MeV/nucleon.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Masekane
- Department of Physics, University of South Africa, P Bag X90, Florida, 1710, South Africa.
- Department of Physics, University of Zagreb, Bijenićka C. 32, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, P.O. Box 1016, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
- iThemba LABS TAMS, National Research Foundation, P Bag 11, WITS, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa.
| | - M Msimanga
- iThemba LABS TAMS, National Research Foundation, P Bag 11, WITS, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
- Physics Department, Tshwane University of Technology, P Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | | | - M Madhuku
- iThemba LABS TAMS, National Research Foundation, P Bag 11, WITS, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | - S J Moloi
- Department of Physics, University of South Africa, P Bag X90, Florida, 1710, South Africa
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29
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Breitenmoser D, Cerutti F, Butterweck G, Kasprzak MM, Mayer S. Emulator-based Bayesian inference on non-proportional scintillation models by compton-edge probing. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7790. [PMID: 38012127 PMCID: PMC10682496 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42574-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Scintillator detector response modeling has become an essential tool in various research fields such as particle and nuclear physics, astronomy or geophysics. Yet, due to the system complexity and the requirement for accurate electron response measurements, model inference and calibration remains a challenge. Here, we propose Compton edge probing to perform non-proportional scintillation model (NPSM) inference for inorganic scintillators. We use laboratory-based gamma-ray radiation measurements with a NaI(Tl) scintillator to perform Bayesian inference on a NPSM. Further, we apply machine learning to emulate the detector response obtained by Monte Carlo simulations. We show that the proposed methodology successfully constrains the NPSM and hereby quantifies the intrinsic resolution. Moreover, using the trained emulators, we can predict the spectral Compton edge dynamics as a function of the parameterized scintillation mechanisms. The presented framework offers a simple way to infer NPSMs for any inorganic scintillator without the need for additional electron response measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Breitenmoser
- Department of Radiation Safety and Security, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI, 5232, Switzerland.
- Department of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Otto-Stern-Weg 5, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland.
| | - Francesco Cerutti
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Esplanade des Particules 1, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
| | - Gernot Butterweck
- Department of Radiation Safety and Security, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Malgorzata Magdalena Kasprzak
- Department of Radiation Safety and Security, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Mayer
- Department of Radiation Safety and Security, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI, 5232, Switzerland
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30
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Wenjun B, Yingjie C. Denoising of blasting vibration signals based on CEEMDAN-ICA algorithm. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20928. [PMID: 38017051 PMCID: PMC10684870 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47755-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Monitoring of blasting vibration signals can make the collected blasting signals noisy due to various factors such as on-site actual construction conditions, equipment, and instruments. Thus, the acquired signals should be preprocessed before analyzing the blasting vibration signals. The current study proposes a blasting vibration denoising method based on CEEMDAN-ICA to alleviate the noise component in the blasting signals effectively. The collected signal is first decomposed through the CEMMDAN algorithm to extract the IMF components of different frequency bands. Next, the collected signal is estimated using the ICA algorithm to attain corresponding ICA components. Finally, the arrangement entropy of the ICA components is calculated for signal reconstruction to attain a small noise blasting vibration signal. Simulations are performed to evaluate the feasibility of the presented algorithm and compare its efficiency with the traditional algorithms. The results demonstrate that this algorithm has specific advantages over other algorithms, which can more accurately denoise the original signal and retain the effective signals, providing a new denoising method for subsequent signal analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai Wenjun
- Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Northwest Branch, Yulin, 714000, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Chang Yingjie
- Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Northwest Branch, Yulin, 714000, Shaanxi, China
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31
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Mahawar MK, Bharimalla AK, Arputharaj A, Palkar J, Dhakane-Lad J, Jalgaonkar K, Vigneshwaran N. Response surface optimization of process parameters for preparation of cellulose nanocrystal stabilized nanosulphur suspension. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20678. [PMID: 38001094 PMCID: PMC10673880 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47164-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study employed response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize various parameters involved in the synthesis of nanosulphur (NS) stabilized by cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). The elemental sulphur (ES) mixed with CNCs was processed in a high-pressure homogenizer to make a stable formulation of CNC-stabilized NS (CNC-NS). RSM was adopted to formulate the experiments using Box-Behnken design (BBD) by considering three independent variables i.e., ES (5, 10, 15 g), CNCs (25, 50, 75 ml), and the number of passes (NP) in the high-pressure homogenizer (1, 2, 3). For the prepared suspensions (CNC-NS), the range of the responses viz. settling time (0.84-20.60 min), particle size (500.41-1432.62 nm), viscosity (29.20-420.60 cP), and surface tension (60.35-73.61 N/m) were observed. The numerical optimization technique was followed by keeping the independent and dependent factors in the range yielded in the optimized solution viz. 46 ml (CNCs), 8 g (ES), and 2 (NP). It was interpreted from the findings that the stability of the suspension had a positive correlation with the amount of CNC while the increasing proportion of ES resulted in reduced stability. The quadratic model was fitted adequately to all the responses as justified with the higher coefficient of determination (R2 ≥ 0.88). The characterization performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), zeta potential, Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed better-stabilizing properties of the optimized CNCs-ES suspension. The study confirmed that CNCs have the potential to be utilized as a stabilizing agent in synthesizing stable nanosulphur formulation by high-pressure homogenization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Mahawar
- ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India.
| | | | - A Arputharaj
- ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Jagdish Palkar
- ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Jyoti Dhakane-Lad
- ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Kirti Jalgaonkar
- ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - N Vigneshwaran
- ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India
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32
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Kumar R, Sommer L, Tremsin AS, Losko AS. Gamma In Addition to Neutron Tomography (GIANT) at the NECTAR instrument. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20120. [PMID: 37978310 PMCID: PMC10656511 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47237-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The NECTAR instrument provides access to thermal and fast neutrons which are suitable for non-destructive inspection of large and dense objects. Scintillators are used in combination with a camera system for radiography and tomography. Gamma-rays are produced as inevitable by-products of the neutron production. Furthermore, these gamma-rays are highly directional due to their constraint to the same beam-line geometry and come with similar divergence as the neutrons. We demonstrate how these gamma-rays, previously treated as beam contamination can be used as a complementary probe. While difficult to shield, it is possible to utilize them by using gamma sensitive scintillator screens in place of the neutron sensitive scintillators, viewed by the same camera based detector system. The combination of multiple probes often provides complementary information that can result in a better contrast or insight into the sample composition, for a broader range of materials and applications. Hence dual-mode imaging, combining thermal/cold neutrons with X-ray imaging has been developed at many neutron facilities. With X-rays limited in penetration of dense materials to millimeters only, we present a multimodal imaging technique that is capable of penetrating cm-sized objects using thermal to fast neutrons with the addition of gamma-rays by changing the combination of scintillator and beam filter used at the NECTAR instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richi Kumar
- German Engineering Materials Science Centre (GEMS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Lichtenbergstr.1, 85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Lucas Sommer
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Anton S Tremsin
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Adrian S Losko
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
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Hamadeh A, Palmino F, Mathurin J, Deniset-Besseau A, Grosnit L, Luzet V, Jeannoutot J, Dazzi A, Chérioux F. Toward conformational identification of molecules in 2D and 3D self-assemblies on surfaces. Commun Chem 2023; 6:246. [PMID: 37951991 PMCID: PMC10640604 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-01036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The design of supramolecular networks based on organic molecules deposited on surfaces, is highly attractive for various applications. One of the remaining challenges is the expansion of monolayers to well-ordered multilayers in order to enhance the functionality and complexity of self-assemblies. In this study, we present an assessment of molecular conformation from 2D to 3D supramolecular networks adsorbed onto a HOPG surface under ambient conditions utilizing a combination of scanning probe microscopies and atomic force microscopy- infrared (AFM-IR). We have observed that the infrared (IR) spectra of the designed molecules vary from layer to layer due to the modifications in the dihedral angle between the C=O group and the neighboring phenyl ring, especially in the case of a 3D supramolecular network consisting of multiple layers of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hamadeh
- Université de Franche-Comté, FEMTO-ST, CNRS, F-25000, Besançon, France
| | - Frank Palmino
- Université de Franche-Comté, FEMTO-ST, CNRS, F-25000, Besançon, France
| | - Jérémie Mathurin
- Université de Paris-Saclay, Institut de Chimie-Physique, F-91400, Orsay, France
| | | | - Louis Grosnit
- Université de Franche-Comté, FEMTO-ST, CNRS, F-25000, Besançon, France
| | - Vincent Luzet
- Université de Franche-Comté, FEMTO-ST, CNRS, F-25000, Besançon, France
| | | | - Alexandre Dazzi
- Université de Paris-Saclay, Institut de Chimie-Physique, F-91400, Orsay, France
| | - Frédéric Chérioux
- Université de Franche-Comté, FEMTO-ST, CNRS, F-25000, Besançon, France.
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Dickmann J, Meyer J, Gaedtke M, Kroker S. Temperature-dependent photo-elastic coefficient of silicon at 1550 nm. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19455. [PMID: 37945684 PMCID: PMC10636003 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46819-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a study on the temperature dependent photo-elastic coefficient in single-crystal silicon with (100) and (110) orientations at a wavelength of 1550 nm. The measurement of the photo-elastic coefficient was performed using a polarimetric scheme across a wide temperature range from 5 to 300 K. The experimental setup employed high-sensitivity techniques and incorporated automatic beam path correction, ensuring precise and accurate determination of the coefficient's values. The results show excellent agreement with previous measurements at room temperature, specifically yielding a value of [Formula: see text] 1/Pa for the (100) orientation. Interestingly, there is a significant difference in photo-elasticity between the different crystal orientations of approximately [Formula: see text]. The photo-elastic coefficient's absolute value increases by approximately 40% with decreasing temperature down to 5 K. These findings provide valuable insights into the photo-elastic properties of silicon and its behavior under varying mechanical stress, particularly relevant for optomechanical precision experiments like cryogenic gravitational wave detectors and microscale optomechanical quantum sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Dickmann
- Institute for Semiconductor Technology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Hans-Sommer-Str. 66, 38106, Brunswick, Germany.
- Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology, Langer Kamp 6a/b, 38106, Brunswick, Germany.
| | - Jan Meyer
- Institute for Semiconductor Technology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Hans-Sommer-Str. 66, 38106, Brunswick, Germany
- Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology, Langer Kamp 6a/b, 38106, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Mika Gaedtke
- Institute for Semiconductor Technology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Hans-Sommer-Str. 66, 38106, Brunswick, Germany
- Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology, Langer Kamp 6a/b, 38106, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kroker
- Institute for Semiconductor Technology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Hans-Sommer-Str. 66, 38106, Brunswick, Germany
- Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology, Langer Kamp 6a/b, 38106, Brunswick, Germany
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116, Brunswick, Germany
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35
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Upadhyaya T, Sorathiya V, Al-Shathri S, El-Shafai W, Patel U, Pandya KV, Armghan A. Quad-port MIMO antenna with high isolation characteristics for sub 6-GHz 5G NR communication. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19088. [PMID: 37925589 PMCID: PMC10625610 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46413-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A four-port MIMO antenna with high isolation is presented. The antenna is primarily envisioned to cover the n48 band of Frequency Range-1 (FR-1) with TDD duplex mode. The engineered antenna has electrical dimensions of 90 × 90 × 1.57 mm3. The size miniaturization of a single antenna unit is achieved through an optimized placement of slots and extended arms. The quad-antennas are then placed orthogonally to achieve antenna diversity. The antenna resonates at 3.56 GHz and 5.28 GHz having 2:1 VSWR fractional bandwidth of 1.82% and 2.12%. The proposed resonator provides 88.34% and 79.28% efficiency at lower and upper bands, respectively. The antenna is an exceptional radiator regarding MIMO diversity performance owing to high inter-element isolation. The values of envelope correlation coefficient < 0.05, channel capacity loss is nearly 0.1 bits/sec/Hz, and total active reflection coefficient is - 24.26. The full ground plane profile aids in high directivity and cross-pol isolation. The antenna exhibits a gain of 4.2 dBi and 2.8 dBi, respectively, justifying intended application requirements. There is a good coherence between simulation and experimental results. The self-decoupled antenna poses its application in 5G and WLAN Communication Applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trushit Upadhyaya
- Electronics and Communication Department, Chandubhai S. Patel Institute of Technology, Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), Changa, 388421, India
| | - Vishal Sorathiya
- Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Parul Institute of Engineering and Technology, Parul University, Waghodia Road, Vadodara, 391760, India
| | - Samah Al-Shathri
- Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, 11671, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Walid El-Shafai
- Security Engineering Lab, Computer Science Department, Prince Sultan University, 11586, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University, Menouf, 32952, Egypt
| | - Upesh Patel
- Electronics and Communication Department, Chandubhai S. Patel Institute of Technology, Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), Changa, 388421, India
| | - Killol Vishnuprasad Pandya
- Electronics and Communication Department, Chandubhai S. Patel Institute of Technology, Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), Changa, 388421, India
| | - Ammar Armghan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Jouf University, 72388, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia.
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Abdelkarem K, Saad R, El Sayed AM, Fathy MI, Shaban M, Hamdy H. Design of high-sensitivity La-doped ZnO sensors for CO 2 gas detection at room temperature. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18398. [PMID: 37884608 PMCID: PMC10603051 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45196-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
For the sake of people's health and the safety of the environment, more efforts should be directed towards the fabrication of gas sensors that can operate effectively at room temperature (RT). In this context, increased attention has been paid to developing gas sensors based on rare-earth (RE)-doped transparent conducting oxides (TCO). In this report, lanthanum-doped zinc oxide (La-doped ZnO) films were fabricated by sol-gel and spin-coating techniques. XRD analysis revealed the hexagonal structure of the ZnO films, with preferred growth along the (002) direction. The crystallite size was decreased from 33.21 to 26.41 nm with increasing La content to 4.0 at.%. The UV-vis-NIR indicating that the films are highly transparent (˃ 80%), La-doping increased the UV blocking ability of the films and narrowed the optical band gap (Eg) from 3.275 to 3.125 eV. Additionally, La-doping has influenced the refractive index of the samples. Gas sensing measurements were performed at ambient temperature (30 °C) and a relative humidity (RH) of 30%, employing different flow rates of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas used synthetically with air. Among the evaluated sensors, the ZnO: 4.0 at.% La sensor exhibited the most significant gas response, with a value of 114.22%. This response was observed when the sensor was subjected to a flow rate of 200 SCCM of CO2 gas. Additionally, the sensor revealed a response time of 24.4 s and a recovery time of 44 s. The exceptional performance exhibited by the sensor makes it very appropriate for a wide range of industrial applications. Additionally, we assessed the effect of humidity, selectivity, reusability, repeatability, detection limit, and limit of quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Abdelkarem
- Nanophotonics and Applications (NPA) Lab, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt.
| | - Rana Saad
- Nanophotonics and Applications (NPA) Lab, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt
| | - Adel M El Sayed
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, El Fayoum, 63514, Egypt
| | - M I Fathy
- Nanophotonics and Applications (NPA) Lab, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Shaban
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Madinah, 42351, Madinah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hany Hamdy
- Nanophotonics and Applications (NPA) Lab, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt
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37
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Tobisch J, Philippe S, Barak B, Kaplun G, Zenger C, Glaser A, Paar C, Rührmair U. Remote inspection of adversary-controlled environments. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6566. [PMID: 37848432 PMCID: PMC10582185 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42314-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Remotely monitoring the location and enduring presence of valuable items in adversary-controlled environments presents significant challenges. In this article, we demonstrate a monitoring approach that leverages the gigahertz radio-wave scattering and absorption of a room and its contents, including a set of mirrors with random orientations placed inside, to remotely verify the absence of any disturbance over time. Our technique extends to large physical systems the application of physical unclonable functions for integrity protection. Its main applications are scenarios where parties are mutually distrustful and have privacy and security constraints. Examples range from the verification of nuclear arms-control treaties to the securing of currency, artwork, or data centers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sébastien Philippe
- Program on Science and Global Security, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - Boaz Barak
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gal Kaplun
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christian Zenger
- PHYSEC GmbH, Bochum, Germany
- Secure Mobile Networking, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Alexander Glaser
- Program on Science and Global Security, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Christof Paar
- Max Planck Institute for Security and Privacy, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ulrich Rührmair
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, TU Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Secure Computation Laboratory, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Mansfield, CT, USA.
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38
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Zamkowski M, Tomaszewska A, Lubowiecka I, Śmietański M. Biomechanical causes for failure of the Physiomesh/Securestrap system. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17504. [PMID: 37845369 PMCID: PMC10579252 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44940-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the mechanical behavior of the Physiomesh/Securestrap system, a hernia repair system used for IPOM procedures associated with high failure rates. The study involved conducting mechanical experiments and numerical simulations to investigate the mechanical behavior of the Physiomesh/Securestrap system under pressure load. Uniaxial tension tests were conducted to determine the elasticity modulus of the Physiomesh in various directions and the strength of the mesh-tissue-staple junction. Ex-vivo experiments on porcine abdominal wall models were performed to observe the system's behavior under simulated intra-abdominal pressure load. Numerical simulations using finite element analysis were employed to support the experimental findings. The results reveal nonlinearity, anisotropy, and non-homogeneity in the mechanical properties of the Physiomesh, with stress concentration observed in the polydioxanone (PDO) stripe. The mesh-tissue junction exhibited inadequate fixation strength, leading to staple pull-out or breakage. The ex-vivo models demonstrated failure under higher pressure loads. Numerical simulations supported these findings, revealing the reaction forces exceeding the experimentally determined strength of the mesh-tissue-staple junction. The implications of this study extend beyond the specific case of the Physiomesh/Securestrap system, providing insights into the mechanics of implant-tissue systems. By considering biomechanical factors, researchers and clinicians can make informed decisions to develop improved implants that mimic the mechanics of a healthy abdominal wall. This knowledge can contribute to better surgical outcomes and reduce complications in abdominal hernia repair and to avoid similar failures in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Zamkowski
- Department of General Surgery and Hernia Center, Swissmed Hospital, Wileńska 44, 80-215, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Tomaszewska
- Department of Structural Mechanics, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Izabela Lubowiecka
- Department of Structural Mechanics, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Maciej Śmietański
- Department of General Surgery and Hernia Center, Swissmed Hospital, Wileńska 44, 80-215, Gdańsk, Poland
- II Department of Radiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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39
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Xie L, Lu C, Yin J, Wei B, Wang Y, Wang P, Yang Z, Liao C. A high-speed current source for magnetorheological applications. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17509. [PMID: 37845274 PMCID: PMC10579296 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43730-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Current source is an indispensable component of magnetorheological (MR) systems. Though MR fluid has a phase change as fast as in 1 ms, the response of MR damper (MRD) to generate the damping force may be two orders of magnitude longer. Therefore, the rapid response of current source is a key to realize the real-time semi-active control of MR devices. This study proposes a programmable high-speed, low-cost current source exclusively for MR devices based on the synergy between supercapacitor and Buck converter (i.e., SSBC current source). SSBC current source features a strategy consisting of a lifting phase of supercapacitor and a following maintaining phase of Buck converter. Specifically, the high power density of supercapacitor contributes to rapidly lifting/raising the initial current, and then, like a "relay race", the expected output is maintained through a Buck converter. Theoretical modeling and experiments are performed systematically. The response times (@ 95% of expected outputs) measured are 0.44, 0.84 and 1.88 ms for the outputs of 3, 6 and 9 A, respectively; these values are highlighted as the fastest level in this field. Besides, the response can be up to 24.6 and 43.7 times faster than the cases using supercapacitor and Buck converter to directly drive the MRD, respectively. SSBC current source is employed to generate a sequence of currents/magnetic inductions, only four variables of which need to be controlled programmatically: the order of lifting and maintaining phases, switching time of lifting phase, PWM duty cycle of Buck converter and duration of maintaining phase. The response time stability is verified by 100 cycles of on/off tests, showing a fluctuation of only 1.1%, which indicates a very reliable high-speed response. This study provides an exclusive power supply with a novel strategy for MR devices, which is believed to be an important promotion for MR technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems (Education Ministry of China), Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chuan Lu
- Science and Technology on Reactor System Design Technology Laboratory, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610213, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfei Yin
- Laboratory of Science and Technology on Integrated Logistics Support, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410073, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Wei
- Science and Technology on Reactor System Design Technology Laboratory, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610213, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems (Education Ministry of China), Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengsai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems (Education Ministry of China), Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhipeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems (Education Ministry of China), Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Changrong Liao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems (Education Ministry of China), Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China
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40
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Li X, Zhang Z, Peng Z, Yan X, Hong Y, Liu S, Lin W, Shan Y, Wang Y, Yang Z. Fast and versatile electrostatic disc microprinting for piezoelectric elements. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6488. [PMID: 37838731 PMCID: PMC10576804 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42159-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles, films, and patterns are three critical piezoelectric elements with widespread applications in sensing, actuations, catalysis and energy harvesting. High productivity and large-area fabrication of these functional elements is still a significant challenge, let alone the control of their structures and feature sizes on various substrates. Here, we report a fast and versatile electrostatic disc microprinting, enabled by triggering the instability of liquid-air interface of inks. The printing process allows for fabricating lead zirconate titanate free-standing nanoparticles, films, and micro-patterns. The as-fabricated lead zirconate titanate films exhibit a high piezoelectric strain constant of 560 pm V-1, one to two times higher than the state-of-the-art. The multiplexed tip jetting mode and the large layer-by-layer depositing area can translate into depositing speeds up to 109 μm3 s-1, one order of magnitude faster than current techniques. Printing diversified functional materials, ranging from suspensions of dielectric ceramic and metal nanoparticles, to insulating polymers, to solutions of biological molecules, demonstrates the great potential of the electrostatic disc microprinting in electronics, biotechnology and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemu Li
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhuomin Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zehua Peng
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaodong Yan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Hong
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shiyuan Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weikang Lin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yao Shan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuanyi Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhengbao Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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41
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Bianchi A, Venturini Delsolaro W. Temperature mapping on a niobium-coated copper superconducting radio-frequency cavity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17075. [PMID: 37816778 PMCID: PMC10564910 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44021-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the late '80s, CERN has pioneered the development of niobium thin film radio-frequency (RF) cavities deposited on copper substrates for several particle accelerator applications. However, niobium thin film cavities historically feature a progressive performance degradation as the accelerating field increases. In this study, we describe a temperature mapping system based on contact thermometry, specially designed to obtain temperature maps of niobium-coated copper cavities and, consequently, study the mechanisms responsible for performance degradation. The first temperature maps on a niobium/copper 1.3 GHz cavity are reported along with its RF performance. In addition to some hotspots displayed in the temperature maps, we surprisingly observed a temperature decrease in a limited portion of the cavity cell as the accelerating field increased. This may shed new light on understanding the heat dissipation of niobium thin film cavities in liquid helium-I, which might be exploited to improve the RF cavity performance.
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42
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Zhu G, Legg BA, Sassi M, Liang X, Zong M, Rosso KM, De Yoreo JJ. Crystal dissolution by particle detachment. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6300. [PMID: 37813861 PMCID: PMC10562397 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41443-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Crystal dissolution, which is a fundamental process in both natural and technological settings, has been predominately viewed as a process of ion-by-ion detachment into a surrounding solvent. Here we report a mechanism of dissolution by particle detachment (DPD) that dominates in mesocrystals formed via crystallization by particle attachment (CPA). Using liquid phase electron microscopy to directly observe dissolution of hematite crystals - both compact rhombohedra and mesocrystals of coaligned nanoparticles - we find that the mesocrystals evolve into branched structures, which disintegrate as individual sub-particles detach. The resulting dissolution rates far exceed those for equivalent masses of compact single crystals. Applying a numerical generalization of the Gibbs-Thomson effect, we show that the physical drivers of DPD are curvature and strain inherently tied to the original CPA process. Based on the generality of the model, we anticipate that DPD is widespread for both natural minerals and synthetic crystals formed via CPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guomin Zhu
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Benjamin A Legg
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Michel Sassi
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Xinran Liang
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Meirong Zong
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Kevin M Rosso
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - James J De Yoreo
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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43
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Li L, Li X, Huang Z, Huang J, Liu Z, Fu J, Wen W, Zhang Y, Huang S, Ren S, Ma J. Joining of metallic glasses in liquid via ultrasonic vibrations. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6305. [PMID: 37813872 PMCID: PMC10562460 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Joining processes especially for metallic materials play critical roles in manufacturing industries and structural applications, therefore they are essential to human life. As a more complex technique, under-liquid joining has far-reaching implications for national defense, offshore mining. Furthermore, up-to-now, the effective joining of metals in extreme environments, such as the flammable organo-solvent or the arctic liquid nitrogen, is still uninvestigated. Therefore, an efficient under-liquid joining approach is urgently called for. Here we report a method to join different types of metallic glasses under water, seawater, alcohol and liquid-nitrogen. The dynamic heterogeneity and liquid-like region expansion induces fluid-like behavior under ultrasonic vibration to promote oxide layer dispersion and metal bonding, allowing metallic glasses to be successfully joined in heat-free conditions, while still exhibiting excellent tensile strength (1522 MPa), bending strength (2930 MPa) and improved corrosion properties. Our results provide a promising strategy for manufacturing under offshore, polar, oil-gas and space environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of High Performance Nontraditional Manufacturing, College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Mechanical, Electrical and Information Engineering, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, China
| | - Zhiyuan Huang
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, 523808, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Jinbiao Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of High Performance Nontraditional Manufacturing, College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Zehang Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of High Performance Nontraditional Manufacturing, College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Jianan Fu
- Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wenxin Wen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of High Performance Nontraditional Manufacturing, College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of High Performance Nontraditional Manufacturing, College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Shike Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of High Performance Nontraditional Manufacturing, College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Shuai Ren
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of High Performance Nontraditional Manufacturing, College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Jiang Ma
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of High Performance Nontraditional Manufacturing, College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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44
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Lipp V, Grünert J, Liu J, Ziaja B. Picosecond to microsecond dynamics of X-ray irradiated materials at MHz pulse repetition rate. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16344. [PMID: 37770502 PMCID: PMC10539529 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42943-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) produce intense femtosecond X-ray pulses able to cause significant damage to irradiated targets. Energetic photoelectrons created upon X-ray absorption, and Auger electrons emitted after relaxation of core-hole states trigger secondary electron cascades, which contribute to the increasing transient free electron density on femtosecond timescales. Further evolution may involve energy and particle diffusion, creation of point defects, and lattice heating. This long-timescale (up to a microsecond) X-ray-induced dynamics is discussed on the example of silicon in two-dimensional geometry. For modeling, we apply an extended Two-Temperature model with electron density dynamics, nTTM, which describes relaxation of an irradiated sample between two successive X-ray pulses, emitted from XFEL at MHz pulse repetition rate. It takes into account ambipolar carrier diffusion, electronic and atomic heat conduction, as well as electron-ion coupling. To solve the nTTM system of equations in two dimensions, we developed a dedicated finite-difference integration algorithm based on Alternating Direction Implicit method with an additional predictor-corrector scheme. We show first results obtained with the model and discuss its possible applications for XFEL optics, detectors, and for diagnostics tools. In particular, the model can estimate the timescale of material relaxation relevant for beam diagnostic applications during MHz operation of contemporary and future XFELs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Lipp
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342, Kraków, Poland.
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Jan Grünert
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Jia Liu
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Beata Ziaja
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342, Kraków, Poland
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
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45
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Chindaprasirt P, Rattanasak U. Calcium wastes as an additive for a low calcium fly ash geopolymer. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16351. [PMID: 37770580 PMCID: PMC10539504 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43586-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A geopolymer is a low-carbon cement based on the utilization of waste ash in alkali-activated conditions. Coal fly ash is widely used as a source material for geopolymer synthesis since it contains a sufficient amount of reactive alumina and silica for geopolymerization. Geopolymer products are known to have beneficial fire resistance and mechanical properties. Class F or low-calcium fly ash (LCFA) is generally used as a primary aluminosilicate source; however, heat curing is required to complete the reaction and hardening process and achieve a strong composite. Furthermore, calcium additives are often required to improve the strength of LCFA geopolymers. This paper presents the potential of reusing calcium waste for this purpose. Three calcium wastes, namely calcium carbide residue (CCR), limestone waste, and waste cement (WC) slurry in powder form were used as additives and compared with the use of ordinary Portland cement (OPC). LCFA was replaced with the calcium additives at 20%. However, 20% CCR resulted in flash setting, hence 5% CCR was used instead. A durability test using 3% HCl solution was also performed. The results showed that the reactivity of calcium additives played an important role in strength development. In the calcium-aluminosilicate-alkali system, calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) and calcium aluminosilicate hydrate (CASH) were formed. The maximum strength of 21.9 MPa was obtained from the OPC/LCFA geopolymer, and 3% HCl solution had a deleterious effect on the strength. OPC and CCR were favorable reactive sources of calcium compounds to blend with LCFA. From the thermogravimetric results, lower thermal weight changes with higher strength gains were achieved. Low CaCO3 decomposition at 750 °C according to the TGA curves indicated the more formation of thermally stable CSH and high compressive strength of Ca/LCFA geopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prinya Chindaprasirt
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sustainable Infrastructure Research and Development Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Academy of Science, Royal Society of Thailand, Dusit, Bangkok, 10300, Thailand
| | - Ubolluk Rattanasak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Chonburi, 20131, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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46
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Cruise RD, Starr SO, Hadler K, Cilliers JJ. Triboelectric charge saturation on single and multiple insulating particles in air and vacuum. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15178. [PMID: 37704706 PMCID: PMC10499910 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42265-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Triboelectric charge transfer is complex and depends on contact properties such as material composition and contact area, as well as environmental factors including humidity, temperature, and air pressure. Saturation surface charge density on particles is inversely dependent on particle size and the number of nearby particles. Here we show that electrical breakdown of air is the primary cause of triboelectric charge saturation on single and multiple electrically insulating particles, which explains the inverse dependence of surface charge density on particle size and number of particles. We combine computational simulations with experiments under controlled humidity and pressure. The results show that the electric field contribution of multiple particles causes electrical breakdown of air, reducing saturation surface charge density for greater numbers of particles. Furthermore, these results show that particles can be discharged in a low pressure environment, yielding opportunities for improved industrial powder flows and dust mitigation from surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuben D Cruise
- Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Stanley O Starr
- Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kathryn Hadler
- Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jan J Cilliers
- Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
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47
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Pohl D, Lee Y, Kriegner D, Beckert S, Schneider S, Rellinghaus B, Thomas A. Probing magnetic properties at the nanoscale: in-situ Hall measurements in a TEM. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14871. [PMID: 37684274 PMCID: PMC10491587 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41985-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We report on advanced in-situ magneto-transport measurements in a transmission electron microscope. The approach allows for concurrent magnetic imaging and high resolution structural and chemical characterization of the same sample. Proof-of-principle in-situ Hall measurements on presumably undemanding nickel thin films supported by micromagnetic simulations reveal that in samples with non-trivial structures and/or compositions, detailed knowledge of the latter is indispensable for a thorough understanding and reliable interpretation of the magneto-transport data. The proposed in-situ approach is thus expected to contribute to a better understanding of the Hall signatures in more complex magnetic textures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius Pohl
- Dresden Center for Nanoanalysis (DCN), cfaed, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Yejin Lee
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, IFW Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dominik Kriegner
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00, Praha 6, Czech Republic
- Institute of Solid State and Materials Physics, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Beckert
- Institute of Solid State and Materials Physics, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schneider
- Dresden Center for Nanoanalysis (DCN), cfaed, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Bernd Rellinghaus
- Dresden Center for Nanoanalysis (DCN), cfaed, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Andy Thomas
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, IFW Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
- Institute of Solid State and Materials Physics, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
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48
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Sisombat F, Devaux T, Haumesser L, Callé S. Contactless deformation of fluid interfaces by acoustic radiation pressure. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14703. [PMID: 37679368 PMCID: PMC10485005 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39464-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Reversible and programmable shaping of surfaces promises wide-ranging applications in tunable optics and acoustic metasurfaces. Based on acoustic radiation pressure, contactless and real-time deformation of fluid interface can be achieved. This paper presents an experimental and numerical study to characterize the spatiotemporal properties of the deformation induced by acoustic radiation pressure. Using localized ultrasonic excitation, we report the possibility of on-demand tailoring of the induced protrusion at water-air interface in space and time, depending on the shape of the input pressure field. The experimental method used to measure the deformation of the water surface in space and time shows close agreement with simulations. We demonstrate that acoustic radiation pressure allows shaping protrusion at fluid interfaces, which could be changed into a various set of spatiotemporal distributions, considering simple parameters of the ultrasonic excitation. This paves the way for novel approach to design programmable space and time-dependent gratings at fluid interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Sisombat
- GREMAN UMR 7347, Université de Tours, INSA CVL, CNRS, 41000, Blois, France.
| | - Thibaut Devaux
- GREMAN UMR 7347, Université de Tours, INSA CVL, CNRS, 41000, Blois, France
| | - Lionel Haumesser
- GREMAN UMR 7347, Université de Tours, INSA CVL, CNRS, 41000, Blois, France
| | - Samuel Callé
- GREMAN UMR 7347, Université de Tours, INSA CVL, CNRS, 41000, Blois, France
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49
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Kandel S, Zhou T, Babu AV, Di Z, Li X, Ma X, Holt M, Miceli A, Phatak C, Cherukara MJ. Demonstration of an AI-driven workflow for autonomous high-resolution scanning microscopy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5501. [PMID: 37679317 PMCID: PMC10485018 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40339-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern scanning microscopes can image materials with up to sub-atomic spatial and sub-picosecond time resolutions, but these capabilities come with large volumes of data, which can be difficult to store and analyze. We report the Fast Autonomous Scanning Toolkit (FAST) that addresses this challenge by combining a neural network, route optimization, and efficient hardware controls to enable a self-driving experiment that actively identifies and measures a sparse but representative data subset in lieu of the full dataset. FAST requires no prior information about the sample, is computationally efficient, and uses generic hardware controls with minimal experiment-specific wrapping. We test FAST in simulations and a dark-field X-ray microscopy experiment of a WSe2 film. Our studies show that a FAST scan of <25% is sufficient to accurately image and analyze the sample. FAST is easy to adapt for any scanning microscope; its broad adoption will empower general multi-level studies of materials evolution with respect to time, temperature, or other parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saugat Kandel
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.
| | - Tao Zhou
- Nanoscience and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | | | - Zichao Di
- Mathematics and Computer Science, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Xinxin Li
- Nanoscience and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
| | - Xuedan Ma
- Nanoscience and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
| | - Martin Holt
- Nanoscience and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Antonino Miceli
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Charudatta Phatak
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Mathew J Cherukara
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.
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50
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Liu W, Zhao Y, Jiao Y, Wang S. Generating high repetition rate X-ray attosecond pulses in a diffraction limited storage ring. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14019. [PMID: 37640760 PMCID: PMC10462647 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41118-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
To steer and track electron motion in atoms, molecules, and nanostructures, light pulses with attosecond duration and high repetition rate are required. In this paper, we use the angular dispersion-induced microbunching scheme and a few-cycle laser within a straight section (a few meters) of a diffraction-limited storage ring to generate a coherent high-flux attosecond pulse in the water window region. Simulation results based on the Southern Advanced Photon Source indicate that the proposed method can generate a chirp-free Fourier transform limited pulse with a minimum duration of 50 as, a maximum repetition rate of a few MHz, and a maximum average flux of about [Formula: see text] photons/s/1%Bw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihang Liu
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan, 523803, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan, 523803, China
| | - Yi Jiao
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Sheng Wang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan, 523803, China.
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