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Mann RH, Clift BC, Day J, Barker AR. Co-creation of injury prevention measures for competitive adolescent distance runners: knowledge, behavior, and needs of athletes and coaches enrolled on England Athletics' Youth Talent Programme. Ann Med 2024; 56:2334907. [PMID: 38599225 PMCID: PMC11008313 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2024.2334907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the knowledge, behavior, and needs of competitive adolescent (16-18 years) distance runners and distance running coaches enrolled as part of England Athletics' Youth Talent Programme in relation to the prevention of running-related injury (RRI). Two online surveys were developed and distributed to the distance runners (survey one) and coaches (survey two). Both surveys included sections related to: (1) current knowledge; (2) current behavior; (3) need and support for RRI prevention measures; and (4) possible content and form of RRI prevention measures. A total of 39 distance runners (36% of total possible sample) completed survey 1, and 29 coaches (32% of total possible sample) completed survey 2. Key findings included that the majority of distance runners and coaches: (1) agreed that it is 'very important' to try to prevent RRI; (2) are currently implementing something in practice (e.g., strength training) to prevent RRI; and (3) view the creation of RRI prevention measures as an important initiative. Differences between distance runners and coaches were identified in relation to their understanding of the most common causes of RRI. Interestingly, distance runners identified a modifiable cause of RRI (i.e., too much training) as the most common cause of RRI, while coaches selected a non-modifiable cause of RRI (i.e., growth and maturation). These key findings were supplemented by competitive adolescent runners and distance running coaches detailing their delivery preferences for such RRI prevention measures. Results from this study will help inform subsequent steps of the larger co-creation process, with an emphasis on developing multifaceted and context-specific RRI prevention measures that are deemed to be feasible and acceptable for real-world implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H. Mann
- Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Bryan C. Clift
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Centre for Qualitative Research, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Jo Day
- NIHR Applied Research Collaboration South West Peninsula, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Alan R. Barker
- Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Makwana N, Bane J, Ray L, Karkera B, Hillier J. Technical Sprinting in the Early Phase of Hamstring Injury Rehabilitation to Accelerate Return to Full Participation in Track and Field Athletes: A Comparative Study of Two Rehabilitation Strategies. Cureus 2024; 16:e58268. [PMID: 38752061 PMCID: PMC11095659 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.58268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hamstring injuries are common in track and field athletes with a higher incidence in males than females. It causes a significant loss in training time and a decline in performance. This study evaluated rehabilitation strategies to accelerate return to full participation following hamstring injury. METHODS Thirty-three athletes (22 males; 11 females) were screened from November 2021 to October 2023 until their final major competition. Out of these, 17 athletes with hamstring injuries were included in this study which were further divided into two groups, A (n=8) and B (n=9), using stratified random sampling with single blinding. Group A received technical sprints using mini hurdles as part of their training from the early stages of rehabilitation, while Group B underwent high-volume low-intensity rehabilitation before progressing to sprints. The progress of each group was monitored on a weekly basis. The average time loss was calculated using Microsoft Excel (Microsoft® Corp., Redmond, WA) and Google Forms (Google, Inc., Mountain View, CA) with built-in validation. RESULTS The two groups demonstrated a significant difference in recovery times. In group A, the length of hamstring tenderness (LHT) improved from 9 ± 2.7 (95% CI 2.27) to 0.15 ± 0.3 (95% CI 0.62), active total knee extension (ATKE) from 161.8 ± 7.1 (95% CI 5.95) to 175.4 ± 2 (95% CI 2.3), and Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) in the isometric test from 5.6 ± 1.09 (95% CI 0.88) to 0.6 ± 0.5 (95% CI 0.63) with p<0.05, and in Group B, LHT improved from 6.8 ± 2.1 (95% CI 1.62) to 0.6 ± 0.7 (95% CI 0.55), ATKE improved from 168.7 ± 8.2 (95% CI 6.3) to 178.7 ± 2.7 (95% CI 2.06) and NPRS with resisted isometric test improved from 6 ± 1.4 (95% CI 1.08) to 0.8 ± 0.7 (95% CI 0.51) with p<0.05. However, Group A took an average of 3.55 weeks (1.22 SD 95% CI 1.08) and Group B took an average of 4.53 weeks (1.98 SD, 95% CI 1.52) to resume full participation. Three athletes from Group A and six athletes from Group B experienced hamstring tightness during the competition, two athletes from Group B were forced to withdraw from the competition due to hamstring reinjury. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that an early technical sprint program can facilitate an early return to full participation. This research can be a guide toward accelerated and integrated hamstring injury rehabilitation among track and field athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh Makwana
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, Reliance Foundation, Mumbai, IND
| | - Jayesh Bane
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, Odisha Reliance Foundation Athletics High Performance Centre, Bhubaneshwar, IND
| | - Lipsa Ray
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, Odisha Reliance Foundation Athletics High Performance Centre, Bhubaneshwar, IND
| | - Bhagyashree Karkera
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, Reliance Foundation, Mumbai, IND
| | - James Hillier
- Coaching Department, Reliance Foundation, Mumbai, IND
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omer H. A proposed equation for calculating the total horizontal distance in projectiles of varying launch and landing levels. F1000Res 2024; 12:1491. [PMID: 38434674 PMCID: PMC10905019 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.140934.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The projectile draws a path for the flight of the tool, a horizontal distance can be calculated according to the Galileo Galilei Law of Projectiles (GGLP), but only if the two points of the launch and fall of the tool are equal, otherwise we need an equation to be added to the (GGLP) to calculate the real distance that was generated due to the difference between the launch and fall points. There are several equations to calculate this, but they are complex and can be simplified. Methods The proposed equation was tested by exporting samples from three different throwing events (javelin, shotput, disc) data in track and field games, to calculate the horizontal throwing distance. The proposed equation was based on the basics of mathematics and geometry. The equation was tested in terms if the height is zero, the proposed equation is suitable even for projectiles with equal levels, and the credibility of the proposed equation with the previous equation was tested statistically. Results It was found that there were no differences between the two equations (p>0.05). and due to the relative ease of access of the proposed equation to very similar results, researcher suggests applying the proposed equation. Conclusions The proposed equation contained the height factor in the previous equation, and when tested by several criteria, the proposed equation has proven its credibility, statistically and graphically. The ranges of theoretical achievement calculated by the proposed equation are often closer to the real achievements.
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Affiliation(s)
- hussein omer
- Physical Education & Sports Sciences, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq, 58001, Iraq
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Le Hyaric A, Aftalion A, Hanley B. Modelling the optimization of world-class 400 m and 1,500 m running performances using high-resolution data. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1293145. [PMID: 38504690 PMCID: PMC10948471 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1293145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The 400 m and 1,500 m are track events that rely on different but important contributions from both the aerobic and anaerobic energy systems. The purpose of this study is to model men's and women's 400 m and 1,500 m championship performances to gain a deeper understanding of the key mechanical and physiological factors affecting running speed and bend running using high-resolution data from live competition (10 Hz). To investigate World-class athletes' instantaneous speeds, propulsive forces and aerobic and anaerobic energy, we model and simulate the performances of the men's and women's European Athletics 400 m champions, Matthew Hudson-Smith and Femke Bol, as well as the men's European Athletics 1,500 m champion, Jakob Ingebrigtsen, and the women's European Athletics U23 1,500 m champion, Gaia Sabbatini. The simulations show that a fast start is essential in both the 400 m and 1,500 m because of the need for fast oxygen kinetics, with peak running speeds occurring within the first ∼50 m in both events. Subsequently, 400 m athletes slow continually from this maximum speed to the finish, and a total anaerobic contribution of ∼77% is found for both male and female champions. The key to faster 400 m racing is to reduce the decrease in velocity: this comes from both a high VO2 and a high anaerobic contribution. Ingebrigtsen's winning tactic in the European 1,500 m final is to adopt a very fast cruising pace from 300 m onwards that is possible because he is able to maintain a high VO2 value until the end of the race and has a large anaerobic contribution. He has fast VO2 kinetics that does not require as fast a start as his opponents, but then he speeds up in the last two laps, without a fast sprint finish. The comparison between Sabbatini's slower and quicker races (∼8 s difference) shows that it is the improvement of aerobic metabolism that has the greatest effect on 1,500 m performance. Coaches should note in particular that the all-out pacing nature of the 400 m requires the prioritization of anaerobic energy system development, and those who coach the 1,500 m should note the differing energy contributions between even-paced races and championship racing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Le Hyaric
- Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions (LJLL), CNRS, Inria, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Amandine Aftalion
- Centre D’Analyse et de Mathématique Sociales, CNRS UMR-8557, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris, France
| | - Brian Hanley
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Edouard P, Dandrieux PE, Blanco D, Tondut J, Chapon J, Navarro L, Junge A, Hollander K. How do sports injury epidemiological outcomes vary depending on athletes' response rates to a weekly online questionnaire? An analysis of 39-week follow-up from 391 athletics ( track and field) athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14589. [PMID: 38441349 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore how sports injury epidemiological outcomes (i.e., prevalence, average prevalence, incidence, burden, and time to first injury) vary depending on the response rates to a weekly online self-reported questionnaire for athletes. METHODS Weekly information on athletics injuries and exposure from 391 athletics (track and field) athletes was prospectively collected over 39 weeks (control group of the PREVATHLE randomized controlled trial) using an online self-reported questionnaire. The data were used to calculate sports injury epidemiological outcomes (i.e., prevalence, average prevalence, incidence, burden, and time to first injury) for sub-groups with different minimum individual athletes' response rates (i.e., from at least 100%, at least 97%, at least 95%, … to at least 0% response rate). We then calculated the relative variation between each sub-group and the sub-group with a 100% response rate as a reference. A substantial variation was considered when the relative variation was greater than one SD or 95% CI of the respective epidemiological outcome calculated in the sub-group with a 100% response rate. RESULTS Of 15 249 expected weekly questionnaires, 7209 were completed and returned, resulting in an overall response rate of 47.3%. The individual athletes' response rates ranged from 0% (n = 51) to 100% (n = 100). The prevalence, average weekly prevalence, and time to first injury only varied substantially for the sub-groups below a 5%, 10% and 18% minimum individual response rate, respectively. The incidence and injury burden showed substantial variations for all sub-groups with a response rate below 100%. CONCLUSIONS Epidemiological outcomes varied depending on the minimum individual athletes' response rate, with injury prevalence, average weekly prevalence, and time to first injury varying less than injury incidence and injury burden. This highlights the need to take into account the individual response rate when calculating epidemiological outcomes, and determining the optimal study-specific cut-offs of the minimum individual response rate needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Edouard
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (EA 7424), Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Lyon 1, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Saint-Etienne, France
- Sports Medicine Unit, Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- European Athletics Medical & Anti-Doping Commission, European Athletics Association (EAA), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Eddy Dandrieux
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (EA 7424), Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Lyon 1, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Saint-Etienne, France
- Mines Saint-Etienne, University of Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, INSERM, U 1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, Saint-Etienne, France
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - David Blanco
- Physiotherapy Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jeanne Tondut
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (EA 7424), Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Lyon 1, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Saint-Etienne, France
- Mines Saint-Etienne, University of Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, INSERM, U 1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Joris Chapon
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (EA 7424), Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Lyon 1, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Laurent Navarro
- Mines Saint-Etienne, University of Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, INSERM, U 1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Astrid Junge
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Health in Performing Arts, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karsten Hollander
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Leonhardt TPM, Bristol A, McLaurin N, Forbes SC, Tanaka H, Frings-Meuthen P, Pesta D, Rittweger J, Chilibeck PD. Dietary Intake of Athletes at the World Masters Athletics Championships as Assessed by Single 24 h Recall. Nutrients 2024; 16:564. [PMID: 38398888 PMCID: PMC10893199 DOI: 10.3390/nu16040564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Proper dietary intake is important for masters athletes because of the physiological changes that occur with aging and the unique nutritional needs when competing at high levels. We evaluated the dietary intake of masters athletes competing at the World Masters Athletics Championships (outdoor games, Tampere, Finland, 2022, and indoor games, Torun, Poland, 2023). A total of 43 athletes (16 females and 27 males, mean age 59.2 ± 10.3 y, height 168 ± 8 cm, and body mass 62.3 ± 10.8 kg) participating in endurance (n = 21), sprint (n = 16), jumping (2), multi-component (e.g., decathlon; n = 3), and throwing (n = 1) events provided 24 h dietary recalls while participating in the games. Carbohydrate intake was below the recommended levels for endurance athletes. Protein intake was below the recommended levels for masters athletes, except for female athletes involved in power events (i.e., sprinters and jumpers). Other nutrient intakes that were below the recommended levels included vitamins D and E, calcium, potassium, vitamin A (except for female endurance athletes), folate (except for female power athletes), vitamin C for female endurance athletes, vitamin K and fiber for males, and zinc for endurance athletes. We conclude that while competing at world championships, many athletes are not consuming the recommended levels of carbohydrates, protein, and micronutrients. Athletes attending these games would benefit from increased nutritional support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor P. M. Leonhardt
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B2, Canada; (T.P.M.L.); (A.B.)
| | - Ainsley Bristol
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B2, Canada; (T.P.M.L.); (A.B.)
| | - Natalie McLaurin
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (N.M.); (H.T.)
| | - Scott C. Forbes
- Faculty of Education, Department of Physical Education Studies, Brandon University, Brandon, MB R7A 6A9, Canada;
| | - Hirofumi Tanaka
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (N.M.); (H.T.)
| | - Petra Frings-Meuthen
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), D-51147 Cologne, Germany; (P.F.-M.); (D.P.); (J.R.)
| | - Dominik Pesta
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), D-51147 Cologne, Germany; (P.F.-M.); (D.P.); (J.R.)
| | - Jörn Rittweger
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), D-51147 Cologne, Germany; (P.F.-M.); (D.P.); (J.R.)
| | - Philip D. Chilibeck
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B2, Canada; (T.P.M.L.); (A.B.)
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Hanley B, Thomas AL, Tucker CB. Kinematic and spatiotemporal differences between footstrike patterns in elite male and female 10,000 m runners in competition. Sports Biomech 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38193478 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2024.2301995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine spatiotemporal and joint kinematic differences between footstrike patterns in 10,000 m running. Seventy-two men's and 42 women's footstrike patterns were analysed during laps 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 (of 25) using 2D video recordings. Approximately 47% of men were FFS throughout the race, 30% were MFS and 24% RFS; the respective frequencies in women were approximately 30%, 38% and 32%. Overall, 83% of men and 88% of women retained their footstrike pattern throughout the race. Amongst the 53 men and 33 women with symmetrical footstrike patterns, there were no differences in speed, step length or cadence between footstrike groups in either sex. Most lower limb joint angles did not change in these athletes during the event, with few differences between footstrike patterns apart from ankle and foot angles. A greater hip-ankle distance was found in RFS than in FFS (both sexes) and in RFS than in MFS (men only), although these differences were never more than 0.03 m. Coaches should note that habitual footstrike patterns were maintained during this long-distance track race despite changes in running speed and possible fatigue, and there were few performance differences between footstrike patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron L Thomas
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
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Nwachukwu OI, Debeliso M, Lawrence MM. Effects of Supramaximal Anderson Quarter-squats as a Potentiating Stimulus on Discus Performance in Division I Throwers: A Pilot Study. Int J Exerc Sci 2024; 17:99-114. [PMID: 38665682 PMCID: PMC11042899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
No study has assessed supramaximal (over 100% 1RM) back squat variations as a potentiating stimulus in collegiate throwers. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that a supramaximal Anderson (bottom-up) quarter squat potentiating stimulus would improve discus throw performance in Division I throwers compared to a dynamic warm-up alone. Nine NCAA division I thrower athletes (age: 20.1±1.4 years; 1RM back squat/body weight: 2.5±0.4 kg) randomly completed two sessions separated by at least 72 hours. One session involved a standardized dynamic warm-up alone (DyWU) followed by three trials of maximal discus throwing. The other session involved a dynamic warm-up with a supramaximal (105% 1RM) Anderson (bottom-up) quarter-squat set of 5 repetitions post activation performance enhancement stimulus (DyWU+PAPE) followed by three trials of maximal discus throwing. A two-way (warm-up strategy x time) ANOVA with repeated measures for each time point was used, with significance set at p< 0.05. There were no significant (p> 0.05) differences between DyWU alone versus DyWU+PAPE stimulus for discus throw distances at either 8 min. (31.7±5.6 vs 30.6±6.5 meters, respectively; d = -0.18), 11 min. (33.4±3.6 vs 31.3±4.7 meters, respectively; d = -0.52), or 14 min. post warm-up (34.1±3.9 vs 32.3±5.3 meters, respectively; d = -0.40). Compared to a dynamic warm-up alone, supramaximal Anderson quarter-squats following a dynamic warm-up had trivial/small to moderate detrimental effects on discus throw performance between 8-14 minutes post stimuli in Division I trained throwers, likely due to excess fatigue/PAPE inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ogochukwu I Nwachukwu
- Department of Kinesiology and Outdoor Recreation, Southern Utah University, Cedar City, UT, USA
| | - Mark Debeliso
- Department of Kinesiology and Outdoor Recreation, Southern Utah University, Cedar City, UT, USA
| | - Marcus M Lawrence
- Department of Kinesiology and Outdoor Recreation, Southern Utah University, Cedar City, UT, USA
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Loturco I, Zabaloy S, Pereira LA, Moura TBMA, Mercer VP, Victor F, Zając A, Matusinski A, Freitas TT, Bishop C. Resistance Training Practices of Brazilian Olympic Sprint and Jump Coaches: Toward a Deeper Understanding of Their Choices and Insights (Part III). J Hum Kinet 2024; 90:183-214. [PMID: 38380293 PMCID: PMC10875694 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/182888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
In the final part of this three-article collection on the training strategies of Brazilian Olympic sprint and jump coaches, we provide a detailed description of the resistance training methods and exercises most commonly employed by these speed experts. Always with the objective of maximizing the sprint and jump capabilities of their athletes, these experienced coaches primarily utilize variable, eccentric, concentric, machine-based, isometric, complex, and isoinertial resistance training methods in their daily practices. Squats (in their different forms), Olympic weightlifting, ballistics, hip thrusts, lunges, calf raises, core exercises, leg curls, stiff-leg deadlifts, and leg extension are the most commonly prescribed exercises in their training programs, during both the preparatory and competitive periods. Therefore, the current manuscript comprehensively describes and examines these methods, with the additional aim of extrapolating their application to other sports, especially those where sprint speed is a key performance factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irineu Loturco
- NAR—Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Sport, Health, and Exercise Science, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Santiago Zabaloy
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports, University of Flores, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | - Adam Zając
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleksander Matusinski
- Department of Exercise and Sport Performance, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Tomás T. Freitas
- NAR—Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Chris Bishop
- London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
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Donaldson B, Bezodis N, Bayne H. Characterising coordination strategies during initial acceleration in sprinters ranging from highly trained to world class. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1768-1778. [PMID: 38185945 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2298100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Identifying coordination strategies used by sprinters and features that differentiate these strategies will aid in understanding different technical approaches to initial sprint acceleration. Moreover, multiple effective coordination strategies may be available to athletes of similar ability, which typical group-based analyses may mask. This study aimed to identify sub-groups of sprinters based on thigh-thigh and shank-foot coordination during initial acceleration, and assess sprint performance across different combinations of coordination strategies. Angular kinematics were obtained from 21 sprinters, and coordination determined using vector coding methods, with step 1 and steps 2-4 separated for analysis. Performance was assessed using metrics derived from velocity-time profiles. Using hierarchical cluster analysis, three distinct coordination strategies were identified from thigh-thigh and shank-foot coordination in step 1 and two strategies in steps 2-4. Coordination strategies primarily differed around early flight thigh-thigh coordination and early stance shank-foot coordination in step 1, while timing of reversals in thigh rotation characterised differences in later steps. Higher performers tended to have greater lead thigh and foot dominance in step 1 and early swing thigh retraction in steps 2-4. The novel application of cluster analysis to coordination provides new insights into initial acceleration technique in sprinters, with potential considerations for training and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron Donaldson
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI) and Division of Biokinetics and Sport Science, Department of Physiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Neil Bezodis
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Helen Bayne
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI) and Division of Biokinetics and Sport Science, Department of Physiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Loturco I, Freitas TT, Zabaloy S, Pereira LA, Moura TBMA, Fernandes V, Mercer VP, Alcaraz PE, Zając A, Bishop C. Speed Training Practices of Brazilian Olympic Sprint and Jump Coaches: Toward a Deeper Understanding of Their Choices and Insights (Part II). J Hum Kinet 2023; 89:187-211. [PMID: 38053953 PMCID: PMC10694730 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/174071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This is the second article in a three-article collection regarding the plyometric, speed, and resistance training practices of Brazilian Olympic sprint and jump coaches. Here, we list and describe six out of the ten speed training methods most commonly employed by these experts to enhance the sprinting capabilities of their athletes. Maximum speed sprinting, form running, resisted sprinting, overspeed running, uphill and downhill running, and sport-specific movement methods are critically examined with reference to their potential application in different sport contexts. In an era when sprint speed is of critical importance across numerous sports, practitioners can employ the methods outlined here to design efficient training programs for their athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irineu Loturco
- NAR—Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Sport, Health, and Exercise Science, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Tomás T. Freitas
- NAR—Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Santiago Zabaloy
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports, University of Flores, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | - Pedro E. Alcaraz
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Adam Zając
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Chris Bishop
- London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
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Rafailakis L, Deli CK, Fatouros IG, Tsiokanos A, Draganidis D, Poulios A, Soulas D, Jamurtas AZ. Functional and Morphological Adaptations in the Heart of Children Aged 12-14 Years following Two Different Endurance Training Protocols. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:157. [PMID: 37624137 PMCID: PMC10459334 DOI: 10.3390/sports11080157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the cardiac functional and the morphological adaptations because of two endurance training protocols. Untrained children (N = 30, age: 12-14 years) were divided into three groups (N = 10/group). The first group did not perform any session (CONTROL), the second performed ventilatory threshold endurance training (VTT) for 12 weeks (2 sessions/week) at an intensity corresponding to the ventilatory threshold (VT) and the third (IT) performed two sessions per week at 120% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Two other sessions (30 min running at 55-65% of VO2max) per week were performed in VVT and IT. Echocardiograms (Left Ventricular end Diastolic Diameter, LVEDd; Left Ventricular end Diastolic Volume, LVEDV; Stroke Volume, SV; Ejection Fraction, EF; Posterior Wall Thickness of the Left Ventricle, PWTLV) and cardiopulmonary ergospirometry (VO2max, VT, velocity at VO2max (vVO2max), time in vVO2max until exhaustion (Tlim) was conducted before and after protocols. Significant increases were observed in both training groups in LVEDd (VTT = 5%; IT = 3.64%), in LVEDV (VTT = 23.7%; ITT = 13.6%), in SV (VTT = 25%; IT = 16.9%) but not in PWTLV and EF, after protocols. No differences were noted in the CONTROL group. VO2max and VT increased significantly in both training groups by approximately 9% after training. Our results indicate that intensity endurance training does not induce meaningful functional and morphological perturbations in the hearts of children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Athanasios Z. Jamurtas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece; (L.R.); (C.K.D.); (I.G.F.); (A.T.); (D.D.); (D.S.)
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Muñoz de la Cruz V, Agudo-Ortega A, Sorgente V, Turner AP, González-Ravé JM. The effectiveness of adjusting resistance training loads through velocity-based techniques in experienced sprinters: a case series study. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1241459. [PMID: 37565146 PMCID: PMC10410076 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1241459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: This study aimed to determine if adjusting the loads via velocity-based training (VBT) in each session is more efficient in monitoring the relative intensity than programming loads assessing 1RM pre-training. Methods: To achieve this, six national level sprinters were randomly divided into two groups, i.e., adjusting loads (AL, n = 3) and not adjusting loads (NAL, n = 3), during twelve sessions of a squat training (ST) program. During this training intervention, the AL group adjusted the intensity for each session in the squat exercise depending on the speed the load was lifted after warmup. The NAL group, instead, progressed in the squat exercise referring to the 1RM estimated at pre-test. In addition, Parallel Squat (PSQ), Countermovement Jump (CMJ), Squat Jump (SJ), 30 m sprint standing start (30S) and 30 m sprint flying start (30F) tests were carried out before and after conducting the ST program. Results: Interestingly, AL performed the ST near their estimated velocities at 70%-75% 1RM, however with a wider gap at 80%-85% 1RM. The NAL group, instead, did not presented such a detectable behaviour across the whole ST. Moreover, both groups demonstrated improved performances in PSQ, CMJ, and SJ, whereas there were little changes in 30S and 30F after ST. Additionally, AL obtained a greater effect size than NAL in PSQ (0.60 vs. 0.35) but lower effect size in CMJ, SJ, 30S, and 30F (0.41 vs. 0.63, 0.30 vs. 0.40, 0.04 vs. 0.28 and 0.22 vs. 0.24). However, percentage change was greater in AL in all tests. Discussion: Based on these findings, we can conclude that further investigation into the AL strategy in VBT is warranted for sprinter athletes' daily strength practices. The AL technique shows promise as a valuable tool for accurately adjusting and monitoring medium-high training loads to ensure they align with the intended intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Muñoz de la Cruz
- Sports Training Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Aarón Agudo-Ortega
- Sports Training Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Vincenzo Sorgente
- Kinesiology and Motor Control (Ki Mo Co) Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Physiological Sciences Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Anthony P. Turner
- Sport Physical Education and Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - José María González-Ravé
- Sports Training Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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Santos PA, da Silva Aguiar S, Barbosa LDMPF, Dos Santos Rosa T, Sales MM, Maciel LA, Lopes de Araújo Leite P, Gutierrez SD, Minuzzi LG, Sousa CV, Lewis JE, Simões HG. Relationship of Testosterone, LH, Estradiol, IGF-1, and SHBG with Physical Performance of Master Athletes. Res Q Exerc Sport 2023:1-7. [PMID: 37463231 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2023.2212718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone (T), estradiol (ES), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in master sprint (MS) and master endurance (ME) athletes. Additionally, the possible associations between these hormones, body composition, and lipid profile with athletic performance (% of performance in relation to the current world record) were analyzed. Materials and Methods: The participants were all men: (i) 34 MS (51.0 ± 6.8 years); and (ii) 32 ME (51.7 ± 9.4 years). Student's t-tests for independent samples were performed to compare all variables between groups. Results: MS had a significantly higher (p = .008) average IGF-1 (154.78 ± 29.85 ng/mL) when compared to ME (129.92 ± 25.48 ng/mL). Performance was significantly correlated with IGF-1 (r = 0.424). The MS group had a moderately lower body fat than ME athletes (MS 12.54 ± 4.07 vs. ME 14.60 ± 4.12; p = .078; d = 0.503). Conclusions: Thus, strength/power training exercise/sport seems to be more beneficial for obtaining a higher IGF-1 compared to aerobic/distance exercise/sport. In addition, LH, T, ES, and SHBG were similar between the two groups of athletes and were comparable to the reference values of younger adults.
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Loturco I, Pereira LA, Freitas TT, Moura TBMA, Mercer VP, Fernandes V, Moura NSA, Moura NA, Zając A, Bishop C. Plyometric Training Practices of Brazilian Olympic Sprint and Jump Coaches: Toward a Deeper Understanding of Their Choices and Insights. J Hum Kinet 2023; 87:131-150. [PMID: 37559773 PMCID: PMC10407309 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/169167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Plyometric training is extensively used by coaches to enhance neuromuscular performance in a wide variety of sports. Due to the high demands of sprint speed and power output in elite sprinters and jumpers, sprint and jump coaches are likely to have great knowledge on this topic. Undoubtedly, this expertise is even more pronounced for Olympic coaches, who work with some of the fastest and most powerful athletes in the world, and who are required to continually maintain these athletes at optimal performance levels. Describing and discussing the practices commonly adopted by these coaches in detail and extrapolating this experience to other sport coaching contexts and disciplines may be extremely relevant. The current article presents, explores, and illustrates the plyometric training practices of Brazilian Olympic sprint and jump coaches, with a special focus on training programming and exercise selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irineu Loturco
- NAR—Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas A. Pereira
- NAR—Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tomás T. Freitas
- NAR—Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Nélio A. Moura
- Pinheiros Sport Club, São Paulo, Brazil
- Chinese Athletics Association, Beijing, China
| | - Adam Zając
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Chris Bishop
- London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Brustio PR, Stival M, Boccia G. Relative age effect reversal on the junior-to-senior transition in world-class athletics. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:903-909. [PMID: 37555554 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2245647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
The relative age effect (RAE) is a selection bias resulting from the interaction between the selected dates and birthdates. Nevertheless, the impact of birthdate on the junior-to-senior transition in international track and field is unclear. This study aimed to quantify the RAE's magnitude and test if birthdate affects the junior-to-senior transition rate. The birthdate and performances of 5,766 sprinters (female: 51.0%) and 5,863 jumpers (female: 45.9%) were collected. Elite athletes (operationally defined as the World's all-time Top 200, 100 and 50 athletes) were identified according to Under 18 and Senior categories. Skewed quartile distributions were observed in the Under 18 (effect size ranged = 0.15-0.10) but not in the Senior category. RAE magnitude increased according to performance level (i.e., from Top 200 to Top 50) and was higher in males than females. Relatively younger athletes showed significantly higher transition rates with a higher chance of maintaining top level in the senior category (odds ratio (OR) ~ 1.64). The probability of maintaining success was lower for sprinters than jumpers (OR ~ 0.70), influenced by decade of birth and continental place but similar for male and female athletes. Data corroborate that relatively younger athletes are disadvantaged in the junior category but advantaged when transitioning to the senior category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Riccardo Brustio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Neuromuscular Function Research Group, School of Exercise & Sport Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Mattia Stival
- Deparment of Economics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy
| | - Gennaro Boccia
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Neuromuscular Function Research Group, School of Exercise & Sport Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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17
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Brustio PR, Rainoldi A, Boccia G. Two Is Better than One: Successful World-Class Sprinters Compete in Two Disciplines. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:jfmk8020052. [PMID: 37218847 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8020052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to quantify the prevalence of track and field sprinters competing at a world-class level in more than one discipline, and we describe the career characteristics of single- and double-discipline athletes in terms of peak performance and the age of peak performance. The career performance of athletes ranked in the top 200 positions of the World Athletics database in the 100 m, 200 m, and 400 m were analyzed, i.e., 5514 career profiles (49.9% female). Using binomial proportion, we calculated how many competed in only one or more than one discipline. We also compared the peak performance and the age of peak performance of athletes who competed in one vs. more than one discipline. Independent of gender, about 50% of the athletes competing in the 100 m and 200 m also competed in the other discipline (i.e., 200 m and 100 m, respectively). Differently, only 20% of the athletes competing in the 400 m also competed in the 200 m. Sprinters competing in the 100-200 m and 200-400 m couples showed better peak performance than the sprinters competing in only one discipline. Many world-class sprinters compete in two disciplines, and the 100-200 m was the most prevalent couple. Our results also suggest that sprinters who compete in two disciplines may be advantaged compared to sprinters who compete in only one event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Riccardo Brustio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- NeuroMuscularFunction Research Group, School of Exercise & Sport Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Alberto Rainoldi
- NeuroMuscularFunction Research Group, School of Exercise & Sport Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Gennaro Boccia
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- NeuroMuscularFunction Research Group, School of Exercise & Sport Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
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18
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Kondo E, Takai E, Sagayama H, Takahashi H. Comparison of three type of muscle glycogen loading interventions using a very-high-carbohydrate diet in an elite male racewalker: a case report. Phys Act Nutr 2023; 27:47-54. [PMID: 37132210 PMCID: PMC10164509 DOI: 10.20463/pan.2023.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Muscle glycogen storage before a race is necessary for endurance athletes to achieve the best performance. Generally, the recommended carbohydrate intake for preparation over 90 min of the race is 10-12 g·kg--1·day--1. However, it remains unclear whether an elite athlete with an already high-carbohydrate diet can further increase muscle glycogen through a very-high-carbohydrate intake. Therefore, we compared the effects of three types of glycogen loading in a 28-year-old male athlete who belongs to the top 50 racewalkers in the world, consuming a daily energy intake of 4507 kcal and a carbohydrate intake of 12.7 g·kg--1·day--1. METHODS The racewalker consumed very-high-carbohydrate diets three times for 2 days each, 13.7 g·kg--1·day--1 for trial 1, 13.9 g·kg--1·day--1 for trial 2, and 15.9 g·kg--1·day-1 for trial 3. Muscle glycogen concentrations in the anterior (vastus lateralis and vastus intermedius) and posterior thighs (semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and biceps femoris) were measured using carbon-13 magnetic resonance spectroscopy. RESULTS Muscle glycogen concentrations in both the anterior and posterior thighs increased in all trials, particularly in trial 3. Body mass also increased by 1.5 kg in trials 1 and 2 and by 1.8 kg in trial 3 before and after the trials. The participant felt satiated throughout the day and experienced stomach discomfort during trial 3. CONCLUSION We found that a 2-day very-high-carbohydrate diet and tapering of training could further increase the muscle glycogen concentration in athletes. However, we speculated that 15.9 g·kg--1·day--1 carbohy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Kondo
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Takai
- Department of Sport Medicine and Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sagayama
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Takahashi
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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19
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Hanley B, Bissas A, Merlino S, Burns GT. Changes in running biomechanics during the 2017 IAAF world championships men's 1500 m final. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:931-942. [PMID: 36779698 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze key kinematic, spatiotemporal, and global mechanical characteristics in world-class middle-distance racing. Eight men were recorded halfway along the home straight on the second, third, and final laps in the 2017 IAAF World Championship 1500 m final. Video data (150 Hz) from three high-definition camcorders were digitized to calculate relevant variables, subsequently analyzed in relation to running speed and finishing position. Better-placed finishers had greater hip extension at initial contact and through late stance, greater knee excursion throughout stance, and longer overstriding distances. Step length did not change with faster speeds as runners relied on increasing step frequency, but the highest-finishing athletes had longer contact phases and greater fluctuations in speed through the step cycle, which were related to higher normalized peak horizontal forces. The best athletes also had lower leg stiffnesses and vertical stiffnesses. The extended contact phase and greater compression could allow for more sustained force production, enabling better acceleration and maintenance of sprinting speed, indicating a trade-off between aerobic energetic efficiency and anaerobic power capacity. Coaches should note that these factors, as well as the best athletes' greater overstriding distances, show that elite 1500 m runners might prioritize a technique that favors running speed over economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Hanley
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Athanassios Bissas
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | - Stéphane Merlino
- International Relations and Development Department, World Athletics, Monte Carlo, Monaco
| | - Geoffrey T Burns
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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20
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King D, Burnie L, Nagahara R, Bezodis NE. Relationships between kinematic characteristics and ratio of forces during initial sprint acceleration. J Sports Sci 2023; 40:2524-2532. [PMID: 36722337 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2172797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In track sprinting, acceleration performance is largely determined by the ability to generate a high ratio of forces (RF), but the technical features associated with this remain unknown. This study therefore investigated the relationships between selected kinematic characteristics and RF during the initial acceleration phase. Fourteen male sprinters completed two maximal 60 m sprints from a block start. Full-body kinematic and external kinetic data were obtained from the first four steps, and the relationships between selected kinematic characteristics and mean RF over the first four steps were determined. Placing the stance foot further behind (or less far in front of) the whole-body centre of mass at touchdown was significantly related to greater RF (r = -0.672), and more anterior orientation of the proximal end of the foot (r = -0.724) and shank (r = -0.764) segments at touchdown were also significantly related to greater RF. Following touchdown, greater ankle dorsiflexion range of motion during early stance was significantly related to greater RF (r = 0.728). When aiming to enhance RF during initial acceleration, practitioners should be encouraged to focus on lower leg configurations when manipulating touchdown distance, and the role of dorsiflexion during early stance is also an important consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel King
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Louise Burnie
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ryu Nagahara
- Sports Performance Research Center, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kanoya, Japan
| | - Neil E Bezodis
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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21
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Rüeger E, Javet M, Born DP, Heyer L, Romann M. Why age categories in youth sport should be eliminated: Insights from performance development of youth female long jumpers. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1051208. [PMID: 36760524 PMCID: PMC9905234 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1051208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term sports participation and performance development are major issues in popular sports and talent development programs. This study aimed to provide longitudinal trends in youth female long jump performance development, participation, and relative age effects (RAEs), as longitudinal data for female athletes are missing. 51'894 season's best results of female long jump athletes (n = 16'189) were acquired from the Swiss Athletics online database and analyzed within a range of 6-22 years of age. To examine longitudinal performance development and RAEs, data from athletes who participated in at least three seasons were selected (n = 41'253) and analyzed. Performance development was analyzed using age groups (AGs) and exact chronological age (CA) at competition. Differences between performances of birth quarters were analyzed using 83% confidence intervals (CIs) and smallest worthwhile change. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CI were used to quantify RAEs. With the traditional classification into age groups (AG), performances of athletes born between January and March (Q1) were significantly better than those born between October and December (Q4) from U8 to U17. Using exact CA resulted in similar performances in Q1 and Q4 until the U20 age category. The peak of participation was reached in the U12 category, and then decreased until the U23 category with a substantial drop at U17. Significant RAEs were observed from U8 to U19 and at U22. RAEs continuously decreased from U8 (large effect) to U14 (small effect). The present results show that differences in performance arise from the comparison of athletes in AGs. Thus, going beyond AGs and using exact CA, Q4 athletes could benefit from a realistic performance comparison, which promotes fair performance evaluation, un-biased talent development, realistic feedback, and long-term participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Rüeger
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM, Magglingen, Switzerland
| | - Marie Javet
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM, Magglingen, Switzerland
| | - Dennis-Peter Born
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM, Magglingen, Switzerland,Swiss Swimming Federation, Ittigen, Switzerland
| | - Louis Heyer
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM, Magglingen, Switzerland,Swiss Athletics Federation, Ittigen, Switzerland
| | - Michael Romann
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM, Magglingen, Switzerland,*Correspondence: Michael Romann,
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22
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Tsukahara Y, Kamada H, Torii S, Yamamoto H, Yamasawa F. Awareness and Knowledge of Medical Issues Related to Female Athletes Among Track and Field Coaches. Open Access J Sports Med 2023; 14:9-19. [PMID: 36993875 PMCID: PMC10042256 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s403703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Little is known regarding medical knowledge pertaining to female athletes among track and field coaches and their interactions with female athletes regarding medical problems. Methods Participants were track and field coaches (369 males and 43 females) with Japan Sport Association certification and they completed an anonymous survey on their knowledge of medical problems pertinent to female athletes including whether the coaches knew about the female athlete triad and relative energy deficiency in sports; their feelings about female athletes' use of contraceptive pills; whether they speak about menses with the female athletes; and whether they have a gynecologist for consultation regarding their medical problems. Results Females coaches were significantly more likely to be aware of the triad (odds ratio (OR), 3.44; p = 0.003); to have access to a physician able to address the gynecological problems of female athletes (OR, 9.22; p < 0.001); and to talk to their female athletes about menses (OR, 2.30; p = 0.015) than their male counterparts. Coaches with more experience tended to be aware of the triad and relative energy deficiency in sports compared with those with ≤5 years of experience. Conclusion Females coaches are aware of the triad, talk about menses with their female athletes, and have access to a physician who can address gynecological problems with compared to male counterparts. Educating all coaches on these problems is essential to provide adequate support to female athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Tsukahara
- Department of Sports Medicine, Tokyo Women’s College of Physical Education, Kunitachi, Japan
- Medical Committee, Japan Association of Athletics Federations (JAAF), Tokyo, Japan
- Correspondence: Yuka Tsukahara, Department of Sports Medicine, Tokyo Women’s College of Physical Education, 4-30-1 Fujimidai, Kunitachi, Japan, Email
| | - Hiroshi Kamada
- Medical Committee, Japan Association of Athletics Federations (JAAF), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Suguru Torii
- Medical Committee, Japan Association of Athletics Federations (JAAF), Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | | | - Fumihiro Yamasawa
- Medical Committee, Japan Association of Athletics Federations (JAAF), Tokyo, Japan
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Pareja-Blanco F, Pereira LA, Reis VP, Fernandes V, Arruda AFS, Guerriero A, Alcaraz PE, Freitas TT, Loturco I. Impact of Sled Loads on Performance and Kinematics of Elite Sprinters and Rugby Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022;:1-9. [PMID: 34965512 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the changes in resisted sprint performance and kinematics provoked by different sled loads in elite sprinters and rugby players. METHODS Eight elite male sprinters and 10 rugby union players performed 20-m sprints under 3 loading conditions (0%, 20%, and 60% body mass [BM]). Sprint time was measured in 0 to 5, 5 to 10, and 10 to 20 m, while stride length and hip, knee, and ankle angles were measured using an 8-sensor motion analysis system at the same distances. RESULTS Sprinters were significantly faster than rugby players in unresisted and resisted sprints using 20% BM (effect size, "ES" [90% confidence limit, CL] range: 0.65 [0.03 to 1.27]; 3.95 [3.10 to 4.81]), but these differences were not significant at 60% BM. Compared to rugby players, sprinters showed lower velocity decrement in resisted sprints using 20% BM (ES [90% CL] range: 0.75 [0.06 to 1.44]; 2.43 [0.83 to 4.02], but higher velocity decrement using 60% BM (ES [90% CL] range: 1.13 [0.43 to 1.82]; 1.46 [0.81 to 2.11]). No significant differences were detected in stride length between sprinters and rugby players for any sprint condition (ES [90% CL] range: 0.02 [-0.72 to 0.76]; 0.84 [0.13 to 1.54]). Rugby players showed higher hip flexion in resisted sprints (ES [90% CL] range: 0.30 [-0.54 to 1.14]; 1.17 [0.20 to 2.15]) and lower plantar flexion in both unresisted and resisted sprints (ES [90% CL] range: 0.78 [0.18 to 1.38]; 1.69 [1.00 to 2.38] than sprinters. CONCLUSIONS The alterations induced by resisted sprints in sprint velocity and running technique differed between sprinters and rugby players. Some caution should be taken with general sled loads prescriptions, especially when relative loads are based on distinct percentages of BM, as training responses vary among sports and individuals.
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Enoki S, Kuramochi R, Takigawa H, Nakayama K, Mitsuyama H. Comparison of maximum joint angles during pole vaulting between male pole vaulters with and without lumbar disc degeneration or lumbar spondylolysis. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2022; 36:629-636. [PMID: 36530070 DOI: 10.3233/bmr-210331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pole vaulting involves trunk flexion, extension, and rotation, which may place the lumbar spine under stress. Repeated pole vaulting may cause lumbar disc degeneration (DD) and lumbar spondylolysis (LS); however, this phenomenon is yet to be established. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the difference in the maximum joint angles of the shoulder, hip, and trunk during pole vaulting between male pole vaulters with and without lumbar DD or LS. METHODS This retrospective study included 17 male pole vaulters. Four high-speed cameras were used to record the pole vaulters at 240 Hz. Radiography and magnetic resonance imaging were used to examine the lumbar spine in all athletes. Differences in the data between two sets of groups were analyzed using the unpaired t-test or the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS There was a significant difference in the maximum joint angle of hip flexion between pole vaulters with and without lumbar DD (p= 0.03). CONCLUSION Pole vaulters with lumbar DD may use lumbar flexion instead of hip flexion during the rock-back movement. Moreover, LS may occur due to repeated failed vaulting. Therefore, trunk stability and functional movements should be prioritized to prevent organic changes in the lower back.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Enoki
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
| | - Rieko Kuramochi
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, Toyota, Aichi, Japan.,Graduate School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroko Takigawa
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
| | - Koichi Nakayama
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hirohito Mitsuyama
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, Toyota, Aichi, Japan.,Graduate School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, Toyota, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yoshida Orthopedic Hospital, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
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25
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Edouard P, Pollock N, Guex K, Kelly S, Prince C, Navarro L, Branco P, Depiesse F, Gremeaux V, Hollander K. Hamstring Muscle Injuries and Hamstring Specific Training in Elite Athletics ( Track and Field) Athletes. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:10992. [PMID: 36078705 PMCID: PMC9518337 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to describe hamstring muscle injury (HMI) history and hamstring specific training (HST) in elite athletes. A secondary aim was to analyse the potential factors associated with in-championships HMI. METHODS We conducted a prospective cohort study to collect data before and during the 2018 European Athletics Championships. Injury and illness complaints during the month before the championship, HMI history during the entire career and the 2017-18 season, HST (strengthening, stretching, core stability, sprinting), and in-championship HMI were recorded. We calculated proportions of athletes with HMI history, we compared HST according to sex and disciplines with Chi2 tests or ANOVA, and analysed factors associated with in-championship HMI using simple model logistic regression. RESULTS Among the 357 included athletes, 48% reported at least one HMI during their career and 24% during the 2017-18 season. Of this latter group, 30.6% reported reduced or no participation in athletics' training or competition at the start of the championship due to the hamstring injury. For HST, higher volumes of hamstring stretching and sprinting were reported for disciplines requiring higher running velocities (i.e., sprints, hurdles, jumps, combined events and middle distances). Five in-championship HMIs were recorded. The simple model analysis showed a lower risk of sustaining an in-championships HMI for athletes who performed more core (lumbo-pelvic) stability training (OR = 0.49 (95% CI: 0.25 to 0.89), p = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS Our present study reports that HMI is a characteristic of the athletics athletes' career, especially in disciplines involving sprinting. In these disciplines, athletes were performing higher volumes of hamstring stretching and sprinting than in other disciplines. Further studies should be conducted to better understand if and how HST are protective approaches for HMI in order to improve HMI risk reduction strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Edouard
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (LIBM EA 7424), University of Lyon, University Jean Monnet, 42023 Saint Etienne, France
- Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, Sports Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France
- European Athletics Medical & Anti-Doping Commission, European Athletics Association (EAA), 1007 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Noel Pollock
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London W1T 7HA, UK
- National Performance Institute, British Athletics, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Kenny Guex
- School of Health Sciences (HESAV), HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Sprints, Hurdles and Relays, Swiss Athletics, Haus des Sports, 3063 Ittigen, Switzerland
| | - Shane Kelly
- National Performance Institute, British Athletics, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
- Ballet Healthcare, The Royal Ballet, London WC2E 9DA, UK
| | - Caroline Prince
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, EA 7424, 73000 Chambéry, France
- Physiotherapy Department and Motion Analysis Lab, Swiss Olympic Medical Center, La Tour Hospital, 1217 Meyrin, Switzerland
- Société Française des Masseurs Kinésithérapeute du Sport, SFMKS-Lab, 93380 Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, France
| | - Laurent Navarro
- Mines Saint-Etienne, U1059 Sainbiose, INSERM, Centre CIS, University Lyon, University Jean Monnet, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Pedro Branco
- European Athletics Medical & Anti-Doping Commission, European Athletics Association (EAA), 1007 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Depiesse
- CH Chalons en Champagne et Institut Mutualiste de Montsouris, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Gremeaux
- Swiss Olympic Medical Center, Centre de Médecine du Sport, Division de Médecine Physique et Réadaptation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Karsten Hollander
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, 20457 Hamburg, Germany
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26
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McAleer S, Macdonald B, Lee J, Zhu W, Giakoumis M, Maric T, Kelly S, Brown J, Pollock N. Time to return to full training and recurrence of rectus femoris injuries in elite track and field athletes 2010-2019; a 9-year study using the British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022; 32:1109-1118. [PMID: 35332596 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Rectus femoris (RF) injuries are common in sports requiring maximal acceleration and sprinting. The British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification (BAMIC) describes acute muscle injury based on the anatomical site of injury and has been associated with return to play in hamstring and calf muscle injury. The aim of this study was to describe and compare the time to return to full training (TRFT) and injury recurrence for BAMIC-classified RF injuries sustained by elite track and field (T&F) athletes over a 9-year period. All rectus femoris injuries sustained by elite T&F athletes on the British Athletics World Class Program between September 2010 and September 2019 that were investigated with an MRI within 7 days of acute onset anterior thigh pain were included. Injuries were graded from the MRI by a specialist musculoskeletal radiologist using the BAMIC, and TRFT and injury recurrence were determined by evaluation of the Electronic Medical Record. Athlete demographics and World Athletics event discipline were recorded. Specific injury details including mechanism, location of injury, and whether surgical or rehabilitation management was undertaken were recorded. There were 38 RF injuries in 27 athletes (24.7 ± 2.3 years; 10 male, 17 female). Average TRFT for rehabilitation managed cases was 20.4 ± 14.8 days. Grade 1 injuries had significantly shorter TRFT compared with grades 2 (p = 0.04) and 3 (p = 0.01). Intratendinous (c) and surgically managed RF injuries each had significantly longer TRFT compared with other injury classes (p < 0.001). Myofascial (a) injuries had reduced repeat injury rates compared with b or c classes (p = 0.048). Grade 3 injuries had an increased repeat injury rate compared with other grades (p = 0.02). There were 4 complete (4c) proximal free tendon injuries sustained during sprinting and all in female athletes. The average TRFT for RF injuries in elite T&F is similar to that previously identified in elite football and Australian Rules. Similar to previous research in hamstring and calf injury, RF injuries extending into the tendon (BAMIC class c) had delayed TRFT which may reflect the longer duration required for tendon healing and adaptation. Grade 3 injuries had in increased repeat injury rate compared with grades 1 and 2. The BAMIC diagnostic framework may provide useful information for clinicians managing rectus femoris injuries in T&F.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ben Macdonald
- Wolverhampton Wanderers Football Club, Wolverhampton, UK
| | | | | | | | - Tanya Maric
- Chelsea and Westminster NHS Trust, London, UK.,King's College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Noel Pollock
- University College London, London, UK.,The Royal Ballet, London, UK.,Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, London, UK
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Bezuglov E, Shoshorina M, Emanov A, Semenyuk N, Shagiakhmetova L, Cherkashin A, Pirmakhanov B, Morgans R. The Relative Age Effect in the Best Track and Field Athletes Aged 10 to 15 Years Old. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10. [PMID: 35878112 DOI: 10.3390/sports10070101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of the relative age effect (RAE) in the best young (10 to 15 years old) track and field athletes. (2) Hypothesis: The prevalence of the RAE in the best young track and field athletes of both genders will be evident in all age groups from 10 to 15 years old, which may be associated with the significant relationship between biological maturity, chronological age, and the development of physical qualities. (3) Materials and methods: In total, 1778 athletes volunteered for this study. The sample was based on the results of the best young athletes who participated in the final tournaments of the national competition “Shipovka Yunykh”(“Running spikes for young athletes”), which have been held since 1981. The sample group consisted of male and female athletes classified into specific age groups: 10 to 11 years old (n = 579), 12 to 13 years old (n = 600), and 14 to 15 years old (n = 599). Analysis was performed using Jamovi 1.8.1. The Chi-square test was used to compare the RAE between different groups. (4) Results: A wide distribution of the RAE was revealed both in the general sample and in boys and girls. The percentage of “early-born” athletes was 37.6% while only 12.3% were “late-born” athletes. The difference in the severity of the RAE may reflect the small sample of athletes from the fourth quartile, which was significantly less than the sample of boys from the fourth quartile (p = 0.04, OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.02−2.78). The RAE was also evident in all age groups of boys and girls, without any statistically significant differences in the severity (p > 0.05, Chi = 2.135, V = 0.02). In the 14- to 15-year-old male athletes group, the number of early-born compared to late-born athletes peaked. The RAE was most common amongst the most successful track and field athletes. Among the competition medalists during the analyzed time period, more than 50% of athletes were born in the first quarter and no athletes were born in the fourth quarter.
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Bezuglov E, Emanov A, Waśkiewicz Z, Semeniuk N, Butovsky M, Shoshorina M, Baranova D, Volodina K, Morgans R. Successful Young Athletes Have Low Probability of Being Ranked Among the Best Senior Athletes, but This Is Higher When Compared to Their Less Successful Peers. Front Psychol 2022; 13:869637. [PMID: 35719603 PMCID: PMC9202474 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.869637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Contemporary research has shown that only a small proportion of high achieving young athletes continue to become successful senior athletes. However, there is a lack of empirical literature tracking the success of senior male and female athletes who were considered high achieving as a youth. Hypothesis Athletes of both sexes who are successful in youth categories (U18 and U20) are more likely to be successful senior athletes. Conclusion Data from 67,600 athletes were collated from the tilastopaja.org platform. The inclusion criteria for both genders were determined by top-100 ranking in the U18 and U20 age groups and progression to the top-100 as a senior athlete. Only 23.5% of successful track and field athletes (ranked in top-100) at U18 became a successful senior athlete, while 35.4% were from the U20 group. Girls ranked in the top-100 U18 and U20 categories are significantly more likely to be ranked in the top-100 as a senior when compared to boys. Although, being ranked in the top-50 at U18 and U20 significantly increases the probability of becoming a successful senior athlete when compared with less successful athletes at these age groups (p < 0.001). Notably, the majority (68.5%) of the most successful senior athletes were not ranked in the top-100 when in the U18 or U20 age groups. Only a small group of track and field athletes that are successful at U18 and U20 become successful at senior level. The most successful track and field youth athletes are significantly more likely to succeed as a senior athlete than their less successful peers, while girls are more likely to be successful than boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Bezuglov
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russia Federation, Moscow, Russia.,High Performance Sport Laboratory, Moscow Witte University, Moscow, Russia.,Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia.,Professional Football Club CSKA, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton Emanov
- "Smart Recovery" Sports Medicine Clinic LLC, Moscow, Russia
| | - Zbigniew Waśkiewicz
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russia Federation, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Sport Science, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | | | | | - Maria Shoshorina
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russia Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria Baranova
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russia Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kristina Volodina
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russia Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ryland Morgans
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russia Federation, Moscow, Russia
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Hopkins C, Kanny S, Headley C. The Problem of Recurrent Injuries in Collegiate Track and Field. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2022; 17:643-647. [PMID: 35693868 PMCID: PMC9159726 DOI: 10.26603/001c.35579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As with most sports, participating in Track and Field (T&F) has inherent injury risks and a previous injury often predisposes athletes to a greater future injury risk. However, the frequency and burden of recurrent injuries in collegiate T&F have not been closely examined. Purpose The purpose of this study was to describe the frequency and burden of recurrent injuries in collegiate T&F and compare differences in the time loss associated with initial and recurrent injuries by sex and T&F discipline. Study Design Descriptive Epidemiology Study. Methods Data from the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program were analyzed to describe the frequency and burden of recurrent injuries in collegiate T&F between 2009 and 2014. Comparisons of recurrent injury proportions by T&F discipline were made using Injury Proportion Ratios (IPR) and injury-associated time loss comparisons by injury type and sex were made using Negative Binomial Regression. Results Four hundred and seventy-four injuries were reported, 13.1% of which were classified as recurrent injuries. T&F athletes who competed in jumps experienced a lower proportion of recurrent injuries (6.1%) than runners (14.6%) and throwers (19.2%) (Recurrent IPR 0.40, 95% CI 0.18-0.88, p<0.05). When controlling for sex and injury diagnosis, T&F athletes experienced 50% greater time loss from sport following a recurrent injury than an initial injury (95% CI 17%-107%, p<0.01). Conclusions Recurrent injuries in T&F athletes account for greater time loss than initial injuries, despite sex or injury diagnosis. The current study indicates a need for further research to assess factors contributing to time loss. Level of Evidence Level 3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samantha Kanny
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University
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30
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Freitas TT, Alcaraz PE, Winckler C, Zabaloy S, Pereira LA, Loturco I. Differences in Strength, Speed, and Power Performance Between Visually Impaired Paralympic and Olympic Sprinters. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:787-90. [PMID: 35045395 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the strength, speed, and power performance of elite sprinters with and without visual impairment. METHODS Twelve elite able-bodied sprinters and 15 Paralympic sprinters with visual impairment took part in this study. Sprinters from both groups performed the following tests: squat and countermovement jumps, maximum bar-power output in the half-squat and jump-squat exercises, and 60-m sprint. The differences between groups in all variables examined were analyzed using the independent t test. RESULTS Olympic sprinters revealed better performances in all tests when compared with Paralympic sprinters with visual impairment (effect sizes ranging from 1.29 to 9.04; P < .001). Differences of ∼32% and ∼20% were found for the half-squat and loaded and unloaded vertical jumps, respectively. Smaller differences (from ∼8% to ∼11%) were obtained in linear sprint performance. CONCLUSIONS Between-groups differences peaked at low-velocity exercises (eg, ∼32% in the half-squat) and decreased as movement velocity and specificity increased (eg, ∼8% at 60-m sprint). Thus, the greatest differences between Olympic and Paralympic sprinters seem to be related to their ability to apply force at low movement velocities. Coaches are encouraged to work on all sprinting phases and across the entire force-velocity spectrum, bearing in mind that improvements in strength capacity will possibly lead to increased sprint performance in Paralympic sprinters with visual impairment, especially in the acceleration phase of sprinting.
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Kelly S, Pollock N, Polglass G, Clarsen B. Injury and Illness in Elite Athletics: A Prospective Cohort Study Over Three Seasons. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2022; 17:420-433. [PMID: 35391874 PMCID: PMC8975568 DOI: 10.26603/001c.32589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Athletics (also known as track and field) is one of the most popular sports in the world and is the centrepiece of the Summer Olympic Games. Participation in athletics training and competition involves a risk of illness and injury. Purpose To describe injury and illness in British Olympic track and field athletes over three full training and competition seasons. Study Design Descriptive Epidemiology Study. Methods A total of 111 athletes on the British national program were followed prospectively for three consecutive seasons between 2015-2018. Team medical personnel recorded all injuries and illnesses during this time, following current consensus-based methods. All data pertaining to these records were reviewed and analyzed for sports injury and illness epidemiological descriptive statistics. Results The average age of the athletes was 24 years for both males and females (24 years, +/- 4). Total exposure for the three seasons was 79 205 athlete days (217 athlete years). Overuse injuries (56.4%) were more frequent than acute injuries (43.6%). The thigh was the most common injury location (0.6 per athlete year), followed by the lower leg (0.4 per athlete year) and foot (0.3 per athlete year). Muscle and tendon were the most commonly injured tissues, while strains and tears were the most common pathology type. Hamstring muscle strain was the most common diagnosis causing time loss, followed by Achilles tendinopathy and soleus muscle strain. Respiratory illness was the most common illness type (0.3 per athlete year). Conclusion Hamstring strains, Achilles tendinopathy, and soleus strains are the most common injuries in athletics and have highest burden. Respiratory illness is the most common illness and has the highest burden. Knowledge of this injury and illness profile within athletics could be utilised for the development of targeted prevention measures within the sport at the elite level. Level of Evidence 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Kelly
- Ballet Healthcare, The Royal Ballet, London, UK
| | - Noel Pollock
- British Athletics, National Performance Institute, Loughborough, UK; Institute of Sport Exercise and Health, London, UK
| | - George Polglass
- British Athletics, National Performance Institute, Loughborough, UK
| | - Ben Clarsen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Disease Burden, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
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Valamatos MJ, Abrantes JM, Carnide F, Valamatos MJ, Monteiro CP. Biomechanical Performance Factors in the Track and Field Sprint Start: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:ijerph19074074. [PMID: 35409757 PMCID: PMC8998119 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In athletics sprint events, the block start performance can be fundamental to the outcome of a race. This Systematic Review aims to identify biomechanical factors of critical importance to the block start and subsequent first two steps performance. A systematic search of relevant English-language articles was performed on three scientific databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science) to identify peer-reviewed articles published until June 2021. The keywords “Block Start”, “Track and Field”, “Sprint Running”, and “Kinetics and Kinematics” were paired with all possible combinations. Studies reporting biomechanical analysis of the block start and/or first two steps, with track and field sprinters and reporting PB100m were sought for inclusion and analysis. Thirty-six full-text articles were reviewed. Several biomechanical determinants of sprinters have been identified. In the “Set” position, an anthropometry-driven block setting facilitating the hip extension and a rear leg contribution should be encouraged. At the push-off, a rapid extension of both hips and greater force production seems to be important. After block exiting, shorter flight times and greater propulsive forces are the main features of best sprinters. This systematic review emphasizes important findings and recommendations that may be relevant for researchers and coaches. Future research should focus on upper limbs behavior and on the analysis of the training drills used to improve starting performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Valamatos
- Sport and Health Department, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; (J.M.A.); (F.C.); (M.-J.V.); (C.P.M.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
- Biomechanics and Functional Morphology Laboratory, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-214-149-207
| | - João M. Abrantes
- Sport and Health Department, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; (J.M.A.); (F.C.); (M.-J.V.); (C.P.M.)
- Biomechanics and Functional Morphology Laboratory, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Filomena Carnide
- Sport and Health Department, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; (J.M.A.); (F.C.); (M.-J.V.); (C.P.M.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
- Biomechanics and Functional Morphology Laboratory, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Maria-José Valamatos
- Sport and Health Department, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; (J.M.A.); (F.C.); (M.-J.V.); (C.P.M.)
| | - Cristina P. Monteiro
- Sport and Health Department, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; (J.M.A.); (F.C.); (M.-J.V.); (C.P.M.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
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Viana M, Karatzas K, Arvanitis A, Reche C, Escribano M, Ibarrola-Ulzurrun E, Adami PE, Garrandes F, Bermon S. Air Quality Sensors Systems as Tools to Support Guidance in Athletics Stadia for Elite and Recreational Athletes. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:3561. [PMID: 35329250 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
While athletes have high exposures to air pollutants due to their increased breathing rates, sport governing bodies have little guidance to support events scheduling or protect stadium users. A key limitation for this is the lack of hyper-local, high time-resolved air quality data representative of exposures in stadia. This work aimed to evaluate whether air quality sensors can describe ambient air quality in Athletics stadia. Sensing nodes were deployed in 6 stadia in major cities around the globe, monitoring NO2, O3, NO, PM10, PM2.5, PM1, CO, ambient temperature, and relative humidity. Results demonstrated that the interpretation of hourly pollutant patterns, in combination with self-organising maps (SOMs), enabled the interpretation of probable emission sources (e.g., vehicular traffic) and of atmospheric processes (e.g., local vs. regional O formation). The ratios between PM size fractions provided insights into potential emission sources (e.g., local dust re-suspension) which may help design mitigation strategies. The high resolution of the data facilitated identifying optimal periods of the day and year for scheduling athletic trainings and/or competitions. Provided that the necessary data quality checks are applied, sensors can support stadium operators in providing athlete communities with recommendations to minimise exposure and provide guidance for event scheduling.
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Enoki S, Kuramochi R, Nakajyuku S, Mitsuyama H. The prevalence of spondylolysis and intervertebral disc degeneration in male pole vaulters. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2022; 35:147-151. [PMID: 34092599 DOI: 10.3233/bmr-200296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lower back is the most common injury location in pole vaulters, but the prevalence of lumbar spondylolysis and intervertebral disc degeneration is not known. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the prevalence of lumbar spondylolysis and intervertebral disc degeneration in pole vaulters. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Tokai area of Japan and included 21 pole vaulters (mean ± standard deviation [range]: age, 22.2 ± 3.2 [18-28] years; height, 172.2 ± 4.7 [165.0-182.0] cm; body weight, 67.6 ± 7.3 [54.0- 80.0] kg). The majority of pole vaulters were collegiate athletes. We performed anterior, lateral, and oblique radiography at 45∘ and magnetic resonance imaging in the sagittal and coronal planes of the lumbar spine. The evaluation was performed independently of whether the athletes had lower back pain (LBP). Moreover, we investigated the duration of pole-vaulting experience and history and current presence of LBP using a questionnaire. RESULTS The prevalence of lumbar spondylolysis and intervertebral disc degeneration was 28.6% (6/21) and 38.1% (8/21), respectively. Herniation was found in six discs in four vaulters (19.0%). All athletes had a history of LBP. The prevalence of lumbar spondylolysis was high (28.6%). CONCLUSIONS Sport-specific movements performed by pole vaulters may be a risk factor for lumbar spondylolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Enoki
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Rieko Kuramochi
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, Aichi, Japan.,School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shinya Nakajyuku
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yoshida Orthopedic Hospital, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hirohito Mitsuyama
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, Aichi, Japan.,School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yoshida Orthopedic Hospital, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
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35
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Abstract
Males consistently outperform females in athletic endeavors, including running events of standard Olympic distances (100 m to Marathon). The magnitude of this percentage sex difference, i.e., the sex gap, has evolved over time. Two clear trends in sex gap evolution are evident; a narrowing of the gap during the 20th century, followed by a period of stability thereafter. However, an updated perspective on the average sex gap from top 20 athlete performances over the past two decades reveals nuanced trends over time, indicating the sex gap is not fixed. Additionally, the sex gap varies with performance level; the difference in absolute running performance between males and females is lowest for world record/world lead performances and increases in lower-ranked elite athletes. This observation of an increased sex gap with world rank is evident in events 400 m and longer and indicates a lower depth in female competitive standards. Explanations for the sex difference in absolute performance and competition depth include physical (physiological, anatomical, neuromuscular, biomechanical), sociocultural, psychological, and sport-specific factors. It is apparent that females are the disadvantaged sex in sport; therefore, measures should be taken to reduce this discrepancy and enable both sexes to reach their biological performance potential. There is scope to narrow the sex performance gap by addressing inequalities between the sexes in opportunities, provisions, incentives, attitudes/perceptions, research, and media representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia C Hallam
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise, and Sport Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Fabiano T Amorim
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise, and Sport Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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36
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Loturco I, Dello Iacono A, Nakamura FY, Freitas TT, Boullosa D, Valenzuela PL, Pereira LA, McGuigan MR. The Optimum Power Load: A Simple and Powerful Tool for Testing and Training. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021;:1-9. [PMID: 34942592 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The optimal power load is defined as the load that maximizes power output in a given exercise. This load can be determined through the use of various instruments, under different testing protocols. Specifically, the "optimum power load" (OPL) is derived from the load-velocity relationship, using only bar force and bar velocity in the power computation. The OPL is easily assessed using a simple incremental testing protocol, based on relative percentages of body mass. To date, several studies have examined the associations between the OPL and different sport-specific measures, as well as its acute and chronic effects on athletic performance. The aim of this brief review is to present and summarize the current evidence regarding the OPL, highlighting the main lines of research on this topic and discussing the potential applications of this novel approach for testing and training. CONCLUSIONS The validity and simplicity of OPL-based schemes provide strong support for their use as an alternative to more traditional strength-power training strategies. The OPL method can be effectively used by coaches and sport scientists in different sports and populations, with different purposes and configurations.
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37
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Chen CF, Wu HJ, Yang ZS, Chen H, Peng HT. Motion Analysis for Jumping Discus Throwing Correction. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:13414. [PMID: 34949021 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the kinematical characteristics of jumping discus throwing. Eight male right-handed discus throwers who used to practice the jumping throwing technique were recruited as participants. Two high-speed digital cameras with 120 Hz sampling rate were synchronized to capture the movement. The captured images were processed using a motion analysis suite, and the markers attached to joints on images were digitized manually. Based on the results, throwers should keep smaller the shoulder–hip twisting and the right anterior superior iliac spine (abbreviated: ASIS) in front of the right acromion (for right-handed throwers) from the instant the right foot lands to the instant the left foot lands, before the instant of the right foot lands; keep the discus at a depressed position; and reduce the time before discus release, particularly the time of the non-support phase and the second single-support phase. Additionally, release velocity must be improved because throwing distance is directly proportional to squared release velocity. In conclusion, the current study demonstrated comprehensive kinematical analyses, which can be used to instruct the jumping discus throwing technique with duration and angle characteristics of throwing movement for athletes by coaches with videos.
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38
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Dietze-Hermosa M, Montalvo S, Gonzalez MP, Rodriguez S, Cubillos NR, Dorgo S. Association and Predictive Ability of Jump Performance with Sprint Profile of Collegiate Track and Field Athletes. Sports Biomech 2021:1-20. [PMID: 34818989 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.2000022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between broad jump (BJ), countermovement jump (CMJ) and light load countermovement jump (LL-CMJ) performance and sprint performance and Sprint Profile measures in athletes. Additionally, this study aimed to determine the predictive ability of jump measures on Sprint Profile components. Twenty-five athletes performed BJ, CMJ, LL-CMJ, 30-metre acceleration and 30-metre maximal speed fly-by sprints. Results revealed moderate to very large correlations between BJ, CMJ and LL-CMJ performance with acceleration sprint completion times (r = -0.423 to -0.807; p < 0.05), fly-by sprint completion times (r = -0.452 to -0.838; p < 0.05) and maximal sprint speed (r = 0.424 to 0.794; p < 0.05). Additionally, associations were observed with multiple jumping measures and components of the Sprint Profile (r = 0.431 to 0.777; p < 0.05) during acceleration sprints. Furthermore, the BJ distance was the best predictor of Sprint Profile components during acceleration sprints (R2 = 0.57-0.76; p < 0.01) and maximal speed fly-by sprints (R2 = 0.775; p < 0.001). The forces and the manner of force application during the BJ to propel the athlete forwards and upwards are similar to those necessary to exhibit superior sprint performance. This may be due to the rapid generation of forces and orientation of force application during both movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dietze-Hermosa
- Fitness Research Facility, Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
- Department of Human Performance and Recreation, Brigham Young University-Idaho, Rexburg, ID, USA
| | - Samuel Montalvo
- Fitness Research Facility, Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Matthew P Gonzalez
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sergio Rodriguez
- Fitness Research Facility, Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas R Cubillos
- Fitness Research Facility, Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Sandor Dorgo
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Rowley LJ, Churchill SM, Dunn M, Wheat J. Effect of hurdling step strategy on the kinematics of the hurdle clearance technique. Sports Biomech 2021:1-15. [PMID: 34783302 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1970214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Athletes use either an eight-step or a seven-step strategy to reach the first hurdle in the 110 m hurdles event. This study investigates the effect of step strategy on the hurdle clearance technique and spatio-temporal parameters of the four steps prior to hurdle clearance. Two-dimensional video data were collected in the sagittal plane from 12 male sprinters, grouped as seven-step (n = 6) or eight-step (n = 6) strategists. The take-off distance was 0.20 m further from the hurdle and the touchdown was 0.42 m closer to the hurdle for seven-step athletes. Additionally, seven-step athletes reduced the length of the final step before hurdle take-off by 0.14 m compared with the previous step, whereas the eight-step athletes extended their final step by 0.17 m. There was negligible difference between the mean horizontal velocities of the two groups throughout the hurdle clearance (0.02 m/s) or the approach time to the first hurdle from the block clearance (0.01 s). This presents an important first insight into the effect of the step strategy on the first hurdle kinematics. Our findings identify the take-off and touchdown distance parameters of the hurdle clearance technique, and approach step characteristics for a successful seven- or eight-step approach strategy to be employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee J Rowley
- Sports Engineering Research Group, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Sarah M Churchill
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Marcus Dunn
- Sports Engineering Research Group, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jon Wheat
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
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Edouard P, Steffen K, Peuriere M, Gardet P, Navarro L, Blanco D. Effect of an Unsupervised Exercises-Based Athletics Injury Prevention Programme on Injury Complaints Leading to Participation Restriction in Athletics: A Cluster-Randomised Controlled Trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph182111334. [PMID: 34769849 PMCID: PMC8583284 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To test the efficacy of the Athletics Injury Prevention Programme (AIPP) to reduce the percentage of athletes presenting at least one injury complaint leading to participation restriction (ICPR) over an athletics season. Methods: During the 2017–2018 athletics season, we included in this cluster randomised controlled trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03307434) 840 athletes randomly assigned (randomisation unit: athletic clubs) to a control group (regular training) or to an intervention group (regular training plus the AIPP 2/week). Using a weekly online questionnaire, athletes reported the ICPR, training and competition exposures, and, for the intervention group, the compliance with the AIPP. The primary outcome was the percentage of athletes presenting at least one ICPR over the study follow-up. Results: A total of 449 and 391 athletes were included in the intervention and control groups, respectively. From them, 68 (15.1%) and 100 (25.6%) athletes, respectively, provided 100% of the requested information during the follow-up (39 weeks). A total of 6 (8.8%) performed the AIPP 2/week or more. The proportion of athletes who had at least one ICPR over the follow-up period was similar in the intervention (64.7%) and control groups (65.0%), with adjusted odds ratios: 0.81 (95% CI 0.36 to 1.85). There were no between-group differences when comparing separately the subgroups corresponding with the different compliance levels. Conclusion: This cluster randomised controlled trial reported no efficacy of the AIPP. However, the overall response proportion and the compliance with the AIPP in the intervention group were low. In individual sports especially, efforts should be first made to improve the implementation and adoption of interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Edouard
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Science (LIBM EA 7424), University Jean Monnet, University of Lyon, F-42023 Saint Etienne, France
- Sports Medicine Unit, Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-477-127-985; Fax: +33-477-127-229
| | - Kathrin Steffen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, 0806 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Marie Peuriere
- Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l’Innovation (DRCI), Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire (CHU) de Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France;
| | | | - Laurent Navarro
- Mines Saint-Etienne, U1059 Sainbiose, INSERM, University Jean Monnet, University of Lyon, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France;
| | - David Blanco
- Physiotherapy Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, 08195 Barcelona, Spain;
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Bazett-Jones DM, Garcia MC, Taylor-Haas JA, Long JT, Rauh MJ, Paterno MV, Ford KR. Changes in Motivation, Socialization, Wellness and Mental Health in Youth Long-Distance Runners During COVID-19 Social Distancing Restrictions. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:696264. [PMID: 34553139 PMCID: PMC8450500 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.696264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The COVID-19 pandemic impacted the sporting and exercise activities of millions of youth. Running is an activity that could be maintained while social distancing restrictions were implemented during the pandemic. However, a recent study has indicated that youth runners reported lower running distance, frequency, and intensity during COVID-19. The reason for this reduction and the impact on overall well-being is unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if the social distancing restrictions during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic influenced running motives, socialization, wellness and mental health in youth long-distance runners. Methods: A customized, open online questionnaire was provided to runners 9–19 years of age who participated in long-distance running activities including team/club cross-country, track and field (distances ≥800 m), road races, or recreational running. Participants responded to questions about demographics, motive for running, and wellness (sleep quality, anxiety, running enjoyment, food consumption quality) 6-months before as well as during social distancing restrictions due to COVID-19. Wilcoxon signed rank tests compared differences for ratio data and Chi-square tests were used to compare proportions before and during COVID-19 social distancing restrictions. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Results: A total of 287 youth long-distance runners (male = 124, female = 162, unspecified = 1; age = 15.3 ± 1.7 years; running experience = 5.0 ± 2.3 years) participated. Compared to their pre-COVID-19 responses, youth long-distance runners reported lower overall motivation to run (p < 0.001) and changes to most motive rankings (p < 0.001 to p = 0.71). The proportion of youth running alone increased during COVID-19 (65.8%) compared to pre-COVID-19 (13.8%, p < 0.001). Youth long-distance runners also reported less running enjoyment (p = 0.001), longer sleep duration (p < 0.001), lower sleep quality (p = 0.05), more anxiety (p = 0.043), and lower food quality consumed (p < 0.001) during COVID-19 social distance restrictions. Conclusion: The COVID-19 social distancing restrictions resulted in significant decreases in motivation and enjoyment of running. The removal of competition and team-based interactions likely had a role in these decreases for this population. Continuing team-based activities (e.g., virtual) during social distancing may help with maintaining motivation of youth long-distance runners. Reduced running occurred concurrently with reduced overall well-being of youth long-distance runners during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Bazett-Jones
- Motion Analysis and Integrative Neurophysiology Laboratory, School of Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Micah C Garcia
- Motion Analysis and Integrative Neurophysiology Laboratory, School of Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Jeffery A Taylor-Haas
- Division of Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jason T Long
- Motion Analysis Laboratory, Division of Occupational and Physical Therapy, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Mitchell J Rauh
- Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Mark V Paterno
- Division of Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Kevin R Ford
- Department of Physical Therapy, Congdon School of Health Sciences, High Point University, High Point, NC, United States
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Lauterbach CJ, Romano PA, Greisler LA, Brindle RA, Ford KR, Kuennen MR. Accuracy and Reliability of Commercial Wrist-Worn Pulse Oximeter During Normobaric Hypoxia Exposure Under Resting Conditions. Res Q Exerc Sport 2021; 92:549-558. [PMID: 32633688 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2020.1759768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The present study analyzed peripheral blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) and heart rate (HR) measurements taken on the Garmin fēnix® 5X Plus watch, comparing them to measurements taken on a standard medical-grade pulse oximeter during normobaric hypoxia exposure under resting conditions. Methods: Thirteen women (mean ± SD: Age 20 ± 1 years, height 165 ± 5 cm, mass, 67 ± 9 kg) and ten men (mean ± SD: Age 21 ± 3 years, height 177 ± 6 cm, mass 78 ± 11 kg) sat inside a customized environmental chamber while the fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2) was adjusted to simulate altitudes of 12,000; 10,000; 8,000; 6,000; and 900 ft. The novel commercial device (Garmin fēnix®) and a medical-grade pulse oximeter (Nonin® 7500) were used to measure SpO2 and HR in triplicate at each simulated altitude. Bland-Altman analyses were used to assess differences between methods. Results: Bland-Altman analysis indicated 3.3% bias for SpO2 measurements taken on the Garmin fēnix® at 12,000 ft of simulated altitude (limits of agreement: -1.9-8.6%). Mean differences in SpO2 measurements were smaller at the remaining simulated altitudes, where bias measurements ranged from 0.7% to 0.8%. The Garmin fēnix® also underestimated heart rate, but those discrepancies were minimal (bias measurements at all simulated altitude exposures were < 1.0 bpm). Conclusions: With the exception of readings taken at 12,000 ft of simulated altitude, the Garmin fēnix® exhibits minimal overestimation of SpO2 and minimal underestimation of HR during simulated altitude exposure. These data suggest the Garmin fēnix® watch may be a viable method to monitor SpO2 and HR under most ambient environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Richard A Brindle
- High Point University
- Baylor University - Keller Army Community Hospital
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43
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Hollander K, Klöwer M, Richardson A, Navarro L, Racinais S, Scheer V, Murray A, Branco P, Timpka T, Junge A, Edouard P. Apparent temperature and heat-related illnesses during international athletic championships: A prospective cohort study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:2092-2102. [PMID: 34333808 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
International outdoor athletics championships are typically hosted during the summer season, frequently in hot and humid climatic conditions. Therefore, we analyzed the association between apparent temperature and heat-related illnesses occurrence during international outdoor athletics championships and compared its incidence rates between athletics disciplines. Heat-related illnesses were selected from illness data prospectively collected at seven international outdoor athletics championships between 2009 and 2018 using a standardized methodology. The Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) was calculated as a measure of the apparent temperature based on weather data for each day of the championships. Heat-related illness numbers and (daily) incidence rates were calculated and analyzed in relation to the daily maximum UTCI temperature and between disciplines. During 50 championships days with UTCI temperatures between 15℃ and 37℃, 132 heat-related illnesses were recorded. Average incidence rate of heat-related illnesses was 11.7 (95%CI 9.7 to 13.7) per 1000 registered athletes. The expected daily incidence rate of heat-related illnesses increased significantly with UTCI temperature (0.12 more illnesses per 1000 registered athletes/°C; 95%CI 0.08-0.16) and was found to double from 25 to 35°C UTCI. Race walkers (RR = 45.5, 95%CI 21.6-96.0) and marathon runners (RR = 47.7, 95%CI 23.0-98.8) had higher heat-related illness rates than athletes competing in short-duration disciplines. Higher UTCI temperatures were associated with more heat-related illnesses, with marathon and race walking athletes having higher risk than athletes competing in short-duration disciplines. Heat-related illness prevention strategies should predominantly focus on marathon and race walking events of outdoor athletics championships when high temperatures are forecast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Hollander
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Milan Klöwer
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andy Richardson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England
| | | | - Sébastien Racinais
- Research and Scientific Support, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Volker Scheer
- Ultra Sports Science Foundation, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Andrew Murray
- Knowledge Translation Team, Sport and Exercise, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland.,Public Health and Medical Team, Fife, UK
| | - Pedro Branco
- European Athletics Medical & Anti-Doping Commission, European Athletics Association (EAA), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Toomas Timpka
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Astrid Junge
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,Swiss Concussion Center, Schulthess Klinik, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Edouard
- European Athletics Medical & Anti-Doping Commission, European Athletics Association (EAA), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences (LIBM EA 7424), University of Lyon, University Jean Monnet, Saint Etienne, France.,Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, Sports Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
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44
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the link between the upper and lower body during racewalking. Fifteen male and 16 female racewalkers were recorded in a laboratory as they racewalked at speeds equivalent to their 20-km personal records [men: 1:23:12 (±2:45); women: 1:34:18 (±5:15)]; a single representative trial was chosen from each athlete for analysis and averaged data analyzed. Spatial variables (e.g., stride length) were normalized to stature and referred to as ratios. None of the peak upper body joint angles were associated with speed (p < 0.05) and there were no correlations between pelvic motion and speed, but a medium relationship was observed between peak pelvic external rotation (right pelvis rotated backwards) and stride length ratio (r = 0.37). Greater peak shoulder extension was associated with lower stride frequencies (r = −0.47) and longer swing times (r = 0.41), whereas peak elbow flexion had medium associations with flight time (r = −0.44). Latissimus dorsi was the most active muscle at toe-off during peak shoulder flexion; by contrast, pectoralis major increased in activity just before initial contact, concurrent with peak shoulder extension. Consistent but relatively low rectus abdominis and external oblique activation was present throughout the stride, but increased in preparation for initial contact during late swing. The movements of the pelvic girdle were important for optimizing spatiotemporal variables, showing that this exaggerated movement allows for greater stride lengths. Racewalkers should note however that a larger range of shoulder swing movements was found to be associated with lower stride frequency, and smaller elbow angles with increased flight time, which could be indicative of faster walking but can also lead to visible loss of contact. Coaches should remember that racewalking is an endurance event and development of resistance to fatigue might be more important than strength development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen J Gravestock
- School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine B Tucker
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Hanley
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
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45
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Hanley B, Walker J, Paradisis GP, Merlino S, Bissas A. Biomechanics of World-Class Men and Women Hurdlers. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:704308. [PMID: 34308350 PMCID: PMC8298023 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.704308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The sprint hurdle events require athletes to cross ten hurdles between the start and finish line. The height of the hurdles, and the distances between them, differ for men and women, possibly resulting in technical differences. The aim of this study was to provide a kinematic comparison of in-competition hurdle technique for world-class men and women hurdlers. Video data were collected for the 16 finalists in the 100 m and 110 m hurdles events at the 2017 IAAF World Championships using four high-speed cameras (150 Hz), focusing on the sixth hurdle for the men and fifth for the women. Center of mass (CM) position, joint angles, step lengths and clearance times were compared between sexes at key events before, during and after hurdle clearance. The hurdle height was ~7% higher for men when calculated as a proportion of stature (p < 0.001). This discrepancy in relative hurdle height provided women with a kinematic and mechanical advantage over men as they took off farther from the hurdle (relative to hurdle height) (p < 0.001), leading to a lower and more efficient flight parabola. Women were also able to maintain longer relative step lengths after hurdle clearance and showed minimal vertical oscillation of the CM in the stance phases before and after the hurdle compared with men. The lower relative hurdle heights in the women's event provide a less demanding task, and thus these findings present preliminary evidence to those coaches who advocate revising the women's hurdle heights in competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Hanley
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Josh Walker
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgos P Paradisis
- Athletics Sector, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Stéphane Merlino
- International Relations and Development Department, World Athletics, Monte Carlo, Monaco
| | - Athanassios Bissas
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Athletics Biomechanics, Leeds, United Kingdom.,School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, United Kingdom
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46
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Abstract
This retrospective study investigated whether corrective adjustment procedures can remove the relative age effect (RAE) from world-class junior sprinters at the beginning of their career. A total of 2,918 male and 3,029 female athletes competing in sprint races (100 m, 200 m, and 400 m) of the World Athletics lists between 2000 and 2018 were considered. Longitudinal quadratic trendline equations across ages 16-25 yrs were calculated considering athletes' exact age and respective performance. Corrective adjustment calculations from the estimated longitudinal quadratic equations were applied at 16 yrs and 17 yrs. RAE was investigated for the whole sample and top-level athletes (i.e., first Top50 and Top100) considering the uncorrected and corrected performance. Moderate to large RAE was observed in Top50 and Top100 at 16 yrs. Differently, a lower RAE was observed at 17 yrs. When re-examining the data using the corrective adjustment calculations, the RAE disappeared in all sprint events and both genders at 16 yrs, while a more equal distribution was observed at 17 yrs. Corrective adjustment procedures can remove or at least reduce the RAE in world-class sprinters. Applying simple equations based on exact age might improve the accuracy of performance evaluation and talent identification in international track and field sprint competitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Riccardo Brustio
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,NeuroMuscularFunction Research Group, School of Exercise & Sport Sciences, SUISM, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Gennaro Boccia
- NeuroMuscularFunction Research Group, School of Exercise & Sport Sciences, SUISM, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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47
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Hanley B, Hettinga FJ. Meso-pacing in Olympic and World Championship sprints and hurdles: Medallists save their best for the final. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:2611-2617. [PMID: 34187332 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1947619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this novel study was to analyse performance changes across qualifying heats, semi-finals and finals in world-class sprinters and hurdlers. Finalists' finishing positions, times and rankings at the Olympic Games and IAAF World Championships (2012-2019) were obtained. 78% of gold, 67% of silver and 38% of bronze medallists won their qualifying heat and semi-final, and in most events final placings were associated with finishing positions in the qualifying heats (P ≤ 0.006), but not with finishing times. Medallists ran faster in each successive round (P < 0.001), whereas those finishing between 4th-6th did not improve on their semi-final times. Most athletes finishing last and second-last ran the final slower than both their semi-final and qualifying heats. The short hurdles events, with fixed barrier heights and distances, differed from the other races as the medallists were faster than most rivals in the qualifying rounds (P < 0.05), and their race times did not improve from the semi-final to the final. Coaches should note that the world's best athletes were able to conserve energy for the final within a meso-pacing strategy throughout the championships, which was more important in the short hurdles, and requires preparation within their training regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Hanley
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Florentina J Hettinga
- Department of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK
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Mann RH, McKay CD, Clift BC, Williams CA, Barker AR. Injuries and Training Practices in Competitive Adolescent Distance Runners: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:664632. [PMID: 34250468 PMCID: PMC8264289 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.664632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Distance running is one of the most popular sports around the world. The epidemiology of running-related injury (RRI) has been investigated in adults, but few studies have focused on adolescent distance runners. Objectives: (1) To provide descriptive epidemiology of RRI (risks, rates, body regions/areas, and severity) and examine the training practices (frequency, volume, and intensity) of competitive adolescent distance runners (13-18 years) in England, and (2) to describe potential risk factors of RRI. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used. Adolescent distance runners (n = 113) were recruited from England Athletics affiliated clubs. Participants voluntarily completed an online questionnaire between April and December 2018. At the time of completion, responses were based on the participant's previous 12-months of distance running participation. Incidence proportions (IP) and incidence rates (IR) were calculated. Results: The IP for "all RRI" was 68% (95% CI: 60-77), while the IR was 6.3/1,000 participation hours (95% CI: 5.3-7.4). The most commonly injured body areas were the knee, foot/toes, and lower leg; primarily caused by overuse. The number of training sessions per week (i.e., frequency) significantly increased with chronological age, while a large proportion of participants (58%) self-reported a high level of specialisation. Conclusions: RRI is common in competitive adolescent distance runners. These descriptive data provide guidance for the development of RRI prevention measures. However, analytical epidemiology is required to provide better insight into potential RRI risk factors in this specific population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Mann
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Carly D McKay
- Centre for Motivation and Health Behaviour Change, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan C Clift
- Centre for Qualitative Research, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom.,Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Craig A Williams
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Alan R Barker
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Holmes HH, Monaghan PG, Strunk KK, Paquette MR, Roper JA. Changes in Training, Lifestyle, Psychological and Demographic Factors, and Associations With Running-Related Injuries During COVID-19. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:637516. [PMID: 34164619 PMCID: PMC8215167 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.637516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary purpose of this study was to examine how the type and magnitude of changes in running behavior, as a consequence of COVID-19 pandemic restrictions, influence running-related injuries. Secondarily, we aimed to examine how lifestyle and psychosocial well-being measures may influence running behavior change. An online survey was advertised to individuals over the age of 18 that currently run or have previously participated in running for exercise. The survey questions examined injury history and new injuries sustained during COVID-19 restrictions, as well as changes related to training behavior changes, training environment changes, social behaviors, and psychosocial well-being. Changes reflected differences in running behaviors prior to COVID-19 restrictions (1 month prior to COVID-19 restrictions being imposed) and during COVID-19 restrictions (May 5 to June 10, 2020). A total of 1,035 runners were included in the analysis. Current injuries sustained during COVID-19 occurred in 9.5% of the runners. Injured runners made a greater number of total changes (p = 0.031) as well as training-related (p = 0.042) and environment-related (p = 0.017) changes compared with uninjured runners. A significant relationship was found between injury and those that reported less time to exercise to changes in work environment (p = 0017). This study highlights the multi-dimensional nature of running-related injuries and the need to consider the interaction of multiple changes in running behavior, rather than isolating single factors. Greater understanding of the underlying causes of running-related injuries can help reduce the risk of future injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary H Holmes
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | | | - Kamden K Strunk
- Department of Educational Foundations, Leadership and Technology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Max R Paquette
- College of Health Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Jaimie A Roper
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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50
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Santer J, MacDonald S, Rizzone K, Biehler S, Beiswenger T. Strategies for Gait Retraining in a Collegiate Runner with Transfemoral Amputation: A Case Report. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2021; 16:862-869. [PMID: 34123538 PMCID: PMC8169020 DOI: 10.26603/001c.23671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than fifty percent of people with limb amputations participate in sports or physical activity following amputation. Athletes with limb amputations may face additional challenges including phantom limb pain (PLP), psychological barriers, prosthetic complications, and gait abnormalities. Prevalence of PLP in the general amputee population is estimated to be as high as 85%. Despite the high prevalence of PLP, there is little research regarding the use of gait training as a treatment for PLP among both the general amputee population and athletes. CASE DESCRIPTION A 20-year old female collegiate track and field athlete presented with phantom knee pain brought on with running. The athlete demonstrated deficits in core and hip strength as well as decreased single leg stability bilaterally. Running gait analysis revealed circumduction with the prosthesis for limb advancement and increased vaulting with push off on the sound (uninvolved) limb. Gait retraining strategies were implemented to address video analysis findings and create a more efficient running gait and address phantom limb pain symptoms. OUTCOMES Rehabilitation and gait retraining strategies were effective in improving several clinical and functional outcomes in this case. Significant improvements were noted in PLP, running gait mechanics, and the patient's psychological and functional status as measured with a standardized outcome tool, the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System® (PROMIS®). DISCUSSION Running gait training following amputation could be a crucial component of rehabilitation for athletes in an attempt to lessen pain while running, especially in those experiencing phantom limb pain (PLP). Utilization of a multidisciplinary team in the gait retraining process is recommended. There is a need for further research to determine the effects of running gait retraining for management of PLP in athletes with amputation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 5.
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