1
|
de Souza RF, de Matos DG, Lopes Dos Santos J, Andrade Lima C, Reis Pires Ferreira A, Moreno G, Santos Oliveira A, Dutra Pereira D, Knechtle B, Aidar FJ. Effects of ibuprofen during 42-km trail running on oxidative stress, muscle fatigue, muscle damage and performance: a randomized controlled trial. Res Sports Med 2024; 32:400-410. [PMID: 36154349 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2022.2122826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Up to 75% of marathon runners ingest non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) during competition. Despite the doubt whether or not they contribute to performance, the effect of NSAID in endurance sports is unclear. We evaluated the effect of ibuprofen (IBU) use on oxidative stress, muscle damage, physical performance, and vertical jump of runners participating in a 42-km-trail running. The sample consisted of 12 men randomly divided into 2 groups: a placebo group (placebo) and an ibuprofen group (IBG). A 400-mg IBU capsule was administered to the IBG 15 min prior to the start of the trial and during the course after 5 h. In the intergroup analysis, placebo 70.1% increase (p < 0.0001; Cohen's d = 4.77) of the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS); the IBG exhibited a 31.46% increase of the sulphhydryl groups (SH) (p = 0.024, Cohen's d = 0.27), 55% of squat jump (SJ) (p < 0.01; Cohen's d = 1.41) with no significant effect on creatine kinase (CK), pace, speed, and finish time. In summary, IBU had positive evidence on oxidative stress and muscle fatigue, but had no effect on physical performance and muscle damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Fabricio de Souza
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe - UFS, Sergipe, Brazil
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports - GEPEPS, the Federal University of Sergipe - UFS, Sergipe, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Master's level in Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe - UFS, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Dihogo Gama de Matos
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports - GEPEPS, the Federal University of Sergipe - UFS, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Jymmys Lopes Dos Santos
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe - UFS, Sergipe, Brazil
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Biosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Clésio Andrade Lima
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe - UFS, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Reis Pires Ferreira
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe - UFS, Sergipe, Brazil
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports - GEPEPS, the Federal University of Sergipe - UFS, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Giselle Moreno
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Biosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Alan Santos Oliveira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Inflammatory Process, Federal University of Sergipe-UFS, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Danielle Dutra Pereira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Biosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Felipe J Aidar
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe - UFS, Sergipe, Brazil
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports - GEPEPS, the Federal University of Sergipe - UFS, Sergipe, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Master's level in Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe - UFS, Sergipe, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Debertin D, Wargel A, Mohr M. Reliability of Xsens IMU-Based Lower Extremity Joint Angles during In-Field Running. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:871. [PMID: 38339587 PMCID: PMC10856827 DOI: 10.3390/s24030871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The Xsens Link motion capture suit has become a popular tool in investigating 3D running kinematics based on wearable inertial measurement units outside of the laboratory. In this study, we investigated the reliability of Xsens-based lower extremity joint angles during unconstrained running on stable (asphalt) and unstable (woodchip) surfaces within and between five different testing days in a group of 17 recreational runners (8 female, 9 male). Specifically, we determined the within-day and between-day intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and minimal detectable changes (MDCs) with respect to discrete ankle, knee, and hip joint angles. When comparing runs within the same day, the investigated Xsens-based joint angles generally showed good to excellent reliability (median ICCs > 0.9). Between-day reliability was generally lower than the within-day estimates: Initial hip, knee, and ankle angles in the sagittal plane showed good reliability (median ICCs > 0.88), while ankle and hip angles in the frontal plane showed only poor to moderate reliability (median ICCs 0.38-0.83). The results were largely unaffected by the surface. In conclusion, within-day adaptations in lower-extremity running kinematics can be captured with the Xsens Link system. Our data on between-day reliability suggest caution when trying to capture longitudinal adaptations, specifically for ankle and hip joint angles in the frontal plane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Debertin
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Fürstenweg 185, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | | | - Maurice Mohr
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Fürstenweg 185, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jiménez-Alfageme R, Álvarez J, Garbisu-Hualde A, Romero-García D, Giménez-Monzó D, Sospedra I, Ausó E, Martínez-Sanz JM. Are the Dietary-Nutritional Recommendations Met? Analysis of Intake in Endurance Competitions. Nutrients 2024; 16:189. [PMID: 38257082 PMCID: PMC10820672 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent decades the number of endurance events has increased, as well as the number of athletes participating in them. Adequate nutritional and water planning is essential to maintain optimal sports performance and to reduce the incidence of gastrointestinal problems. The main objective of this study is to determine the dietary intake and compliance with nutritional recommendations of athletes in two endurance competitions, as well as to assess the incidence of gastrointestinal complaints. METHODS An observational and cross-sectional study was carried out on the consumption of liquids, food, and supplements in 42 triathletes and mountain runners (MRs) participating in a Vi-Half-Gasteiz triathlon and the Ultra Sierra de Cazorla trail run. At the completion of the trials, participants completed a validated questionnaire (NIQEC). RESULTS The mean caloric intake during the test of the participants in this study was 192.17 kcal/h, while the mean carbohydrate intake was 43.67 g/h, the mean sodium intake was 267.43 mg/h, and the mean caffeine intake was 15.53 mg/h, with no significant differences between the two sports. The amount of liquids consumed by the participants was 421.21 mL/h, with no significant differences between the triathletes and MRs. As for gastrointestinal problems, it was observed that the participants presented gastrointestinal discomfort in 61.9% of the cases. CONCLUSIONS The intakes of energy, carbohydrates, water, sodium, and caffeine were lower than the current recommendations. There were no differences in the energy, carbohydrate, water, sodium, and caffeine intakes between the triathletes and mountain runners. Gastrointestinal problems showed a high prevalence in these athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Jiménez-Alfageme
- Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Gasteiz—EUNEIZ, 01013 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain;
| | - Javier Álvarez
- Estudis de Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 08018 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Arkaitz Garbisu-Hualde
- Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Departmnet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Gasteiz—EUNEIZ, 01013 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain;
| | | | - Daniel Giménez-Monzó
- Department of Community Nursing, Preventive Medicine and Public Health and History of Science Health, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Isabel Sospedra
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Eva Ausó
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bascuas PJ, Gutiérrez H, Piedrafita E, Rabal-Pelay J, Berzosa C, Bataller-Cervero AV. Running Economy in the Vertical Kilometer. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:9349. [PMID: 38067721 PMCID: PMC10708873 DOI: 10.3390/s23239349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
New and promising variables are being developed to analyze performance and fatigue in trail running, such as mechanical power, metabolic power, metabolic cost of transport and mechanical efficiency. The aim of this study was to analyze the behavior of these variables during a real vertical kilometer field test. Fifteen trained trail runners, eleven men (from 22 to 38 years old) and four women (from 19 to 35 years old) performed a vertical kilometer with a length of 4.64 km and 835 m positive slope. During the entire race, the runners were equipped with portable gas analyzers (Cosmed K5) to assess their cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses breath by breath. Significant differences were found between top-level runners versus low-level runners in the mean values of the variables of mechanical power, metabolic power and velocity. A repeated-measures ANOVA showed significant differences between the sections, the incline and the interactions between all the analyzed variables, in addition to differences depending on the level of the runner. The variable of mechanical power can be statistically significantly predicted from metabolic power and vertical net metabolic COT. An algebraic expression was obtained to calculate the value of metabolic power. Integrating the variables of mechanical power, vertical velocity and metabolic power into phone apps and smartwatches is a new opportunity to improve performance monitoring in trail running.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - César Berzosa
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Jorge, Autov. A-23 Zaragoza-Huesca, 50830 Villanueva de Gallego, Spain; (P.J.B.); (H.G.); (E.P.); (J.R.-P.); (A.V.B.-C.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Genitrini M, Fritz J, Stöggl T, Schwameder H. Performance Level Affects Full Body Kinematics and Spatiotemporal Parameters in Trail Running-A Field Study. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:188. [PMID: 37888515 PMCID: PMC10611210 DOI: 10.3390/sports11100188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Trail running is an emerging discipline with few studies performed in ecological conditions. The aim of this work was to investigate if and how biomechanics differ between more proficient (MP) and less proficient (LP) trail runners. Twenty participants (10 F) were recruited for a 9.1 km trail running time trial wearing inertial sensors. The MP athletes group was composed of the fastest five men and the fastest five women. Group differences in spatiotemporal parameters and leg stiffness were tested with the Mann-Whitney U-test. Group differences in joint angles were tested with statistic parametric mapping. The finish time was 51.1 ± 6.3 min for the MP athletes and 60.0 ± 5.5 min for the LP athletes (p < 0.05). Uphill sections: The MP athletes expressed a tendency to higher speed that was not significant (p > 0.05), achieved by combining higher step frequency and higher step length. They showed a tendency to shorter contact time, lower duty factor and longer flight time that was not significant (p > 0.05) as well as significantly lower knee flexion during the stance phase (p < 0.05). Downhill sections: The MP athletes achieved significantly higher speed (p < 0.05) through higher step length only. They showed significantly higher knee and hip flexion during the swing phase as well as higher trunk rotation and shoulder flexion during the stance phase (p < 0.05). No differences were found with respect to leg stiffness in the uphill or downhill sections (p > 0.05). In the uphill sections, the results suggest lower energy absorption and more favorable net mechanical work at the knee joint for the MP athletes. In the downhill sections, the results suggest that the more efficient motion of the swing leg in the MP athletes could increase momentum in the forward direction and full body center of mass' velocity at toe off, thus optimizing the propulsion phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Genitrini
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, 5400 Hallein-Rif, Austria
| | | | - Thomas Stöggl
- Red Bull Athlete Performance Center, 5303 Thalgau, Austria
| | - Hermann Schwameder
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, 5400 Hallein-Rif, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Moran-Cortes JF, Gómez-Martín B, Escamilla-Martínez E, Sánchez-Rodríguez R, Gómez-Carrión Á, Martínez-Nova A. Thermoregulation in Two Models of Trail Run Socks with Different Fabric Separation. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1768. [PMID: 37629624 PMCID: PMC10455639 DOI: 10.3390/life13081768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trail running socks with the same fibers and design but with different separations of their three-dimensional waves could have different thermoregulatory effects. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the temperatures reflected on the sole of the foot after a mountain race with the use of two models of socks with different wave separations. MATERIAL AND METHODS In a sample of 34 subjects (twenty-seven men and seven women), the plantar temperature was analyzed with the thermal imaging camera Flir E60bx® (Flir systems, Wilsonville, OR, USA) before and after running 14 km in mountainous terrain at a hot temperature of 27 °C. Each group of 17 runners ran with a different model of separation between the waves of the tissue (2 mm versus 1 mm). After conducting the post-exercise thermographic analysis, a Likert-type survey was conducted to evaluate the physiological characteristics of both types of socks. RESULTS There was a significant increase in temperature in all areas of interest (p < 0.001) after a 14 km running distance with the two models of socks. The hallux zone increased in temperature the most after the race, with temperatures of 8.19 ± 3.1 °C and 7.46 ± 2.1 °C for the AWC 2.2 and AWC 3, respectively. However, no significant differences in temperature increases were found in any of the areas analyzed between the two groups. Runners perceived significant differences in thermal sensation between AWC 2.2 socks with 4.41 ± 0.62 points and AWC 3 with 3.76 ± 1.03 points (p = 0.034). CONCLUSION Both models had a similar thermoregulatory effect on the soles of the feet, so they can be used interchangeably in short-distance mountain races. The perceived sensation of increased thermal comfort does not correspond to the temperature data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Francisco Moran-Cortes
- Nursing Department, Universidad de Extremadura (Centro Universitario de Plasencia), Avda. Virgen del Puerto 2, 10600 Plasencia, Spain (R.S.-R.); (A.M.-N.)
| | - Beatriz Gómez-Martín
- Nursing Department, Universidad de Extremadura (Centro Universitario de Plasencia), Avda. Virgen del Puerto 2, 10600 Plasencia, Spain (R.S.-R.); (A.M.-N.)
| | - Elena Escamilla-Martínez
- Nursing Department, Universidad de Extremadura (Centro Universitario de Plasencia), Avda. Virgen del Puerto 2, 10600 Plasencia, Spain (R.S.-R.); (A.M.-N.)
| | - Raquel Sánchez-Rodríguez
- Nursing Department, Universidad de Extremadura (Centro Universitario de Plasencia), Avda. Virgen del Puerto 2, 10600 Plasencia, Spain (R.S.-R.); (A.M.-N.)
| | - Álvaro Gómez-Carrión
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy, and Podiatry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Martínez-Nova
- Nursing Department, Universidad de Extremadura (Centro Universitario de Plasencia), Avda. Virgen del Puerto 2, 10600 Plasencia, Spain (R.S.-R.); (A.M.-N.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate whole-body kinematic adaptations when running on an unstable, irregular, and compliant surface in comparison to running on asphalt. We hypothesised that the gait pattern (H1) and its stride-to-stride variability (H2) would be affected by the unstable surface but that variability related to some movement features would be reduced over multiple testing days indicative of gait optimisation (H3). Fifteen runners ran on a woodchip and asphalt track on five testing days while their whole-body movements were captured using inertial motion capture and examined using joint angle and principal component analysis. Joint angles and stride-to-stride variability in eight principal running movements were subjected to surface by day analyses of variance. The woodchip track compared to asphalt resulted in (H1) a more crouched gait pattern including more leg flexion and forward trunk lean and (H2) higher stride-to-stride variability in most investigated principal running movements. However, (H3) stride-to-stride variability did not systematically change over testing days. Running on an unstable, irregular, and more compliant surface leads to the adoption a gait pattern and control strategy that are more robust against disturbances caused by the surface but may pose certain risks for overuse injury in trail runners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Mohr
- Department of Sport Science, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - L Peer
- Department of Sport Science, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - A De Michiel
- Department of Sport Science, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - S van Andel
- Department of Sport Science, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Ijsselheem Foundation, Kampen, The Netherlands
| | - P Federolf
- Department of Sport Science, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gameiro N, Rodrigues F, Antunes R, Matos R, Amaro N, Jacinto M, Monteiro D. Mental Toughness and Resilience in Trail Runner's Performance. Percept Mot Skills 2023; 130:1202-1220. [PMID: 36961754 DOI: 10.1177/00315125231165819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Our purpose with this study was to analyze trail runners' psychological variables of mental toughness (MT) and resilience, and their associations with runners' performances within a quantitative cross-sectional study. In total, we analyzed data from 307 Portuguese trail runners (60 female, 247 male), aged between 20 to 66 years (M age = 41.98; SD = 7.74). The results showed that the measurement model, including the factors of MT, resilience, and performance variables, exhibited an adequate fit to the data: χ2 = 150.01 (74); BS-p = .003; CFI= .953; TLI = .942; RMSEA = .058 90% (.045, .071) and SRMR= .042. Standardized direct effects revealed positive associations between these variables. More specifically: (a) MT was significantly associated with resilience; and (b) resilience was significantly associated with performance. The indirect regression paths showed that MT was positively associated with performance, with resilience considered a possible mediator (β = .09 IC = .010, .168; p = .02). In total, considering direct and indirect effects, the model explained 21% of performance variance among trail runners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Gameiro
- 70867ESECS - Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Leiria, Portugal
| | - Filipe Rodrigues
- 70867ESECS - Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Leiria, Portugal
| | - Raúl Antunes
- 70867ESECS - Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Leiria, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology (ciTechCare), 70866Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria 2411-901, Portugal
| | - Rui Matos
- 70867ESECS - Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Leiria, Portugal
| | - Nuno Amaro
- 70867ESECS - Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Leiria, Portugal
| | - Miguel Jacinto
- 70867ESECS - Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Leiria, Portugal
| | - Diogo Monteiro
- 70867ESECS - Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology (ciTechCare), 70866Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria 2411-901, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Corbí-Santamaría P, Herrero-Molleda A, García-López J, Boullosa D, García-Tormo V. Variable Pacing Is Associated with Performance during the OCC ® Ultra-Trail du Mont-Blanc ® (2017-2021). Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:3297. [PMID: 36833992 PMCID: PMC9962197 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The current evidence suggests that pacing may not be affected by performance level or sex in trail-running races as may occur in road running races. However, the previous studies included races of >100 km. Therefore, we aimed to verify the influence of performance level and sex on pacing in the last four (2017, 2018, 2019, and 2021) editions of a shorter (56.3 km) ultra-trail running race (i.e., Orsières-Champex-Chamonix; OCC®) that maintained the same race profile. The mean finishing time for the 5656 participants was 10 h 20 min 33 s ± 2 h 01 min 19 s. Pacing variability (CV%) was higher in high-level participants, thus showing a greater ability to adapt their pace to the race profile than low-level runners. Males also had a higher pacing variability than females although the effect sizes were small. Based on the current findings, we may recommend for non-elite OCC® participants to adapt their pace to the race profile with a slower pace during uphills and a faster pace during downhills. Further studies including participants' experience are necessary to confirm the effectiveness of this suggestion in trail-running races of variable distances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alba Herrero-Molleda
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, AMRED, Human Movement and Sports Performance Analysis, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Perrin TP, Rossi J, Kerhervé HA, Millet GY. Increasing Shoe Longitudinal Bending Stiffness Is Not Beneficial to Reduce Energy Cost During Graded Running. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:209-12. [PMID: 36634310 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Carbon plates have been used to increase running shoes' longitudinal bending stiffness (LBS), leading to reductions in the energy cost of level running (Cr). However, whether or not this is true during uphill (UH) running remains unknown. The aim of our study was to identify the effect of LBS on Cr during UH running. METHODS Twenty well-trained male runners participated in this study. Cr was determined using gas exchange during nine 4-minute bouts performed using 3 different LBS shoe conditions at 2.22 and 4.44 m/s on level and 2.22 m/s UH (gradient: + 15%) running. All variables were compared using 2-way analyses of variance (LBS × speed/grade effects). RESULTS There was no significant effect of LBS (F = 2.04; P = .14, ηp2=.11) and no significant LBS × grade interaction (F = 0.31; P = .87, ηp2=.02). Results were characterized by a very large interindividual variability in response to LBS changes. CONCLUSIONS The current study contributes to a growing body of literature reporting no effect of LBS on Cr during level and UH running. Yet, the very large interindividual differences in response to changes in LBS suggest that increasing shoe LBS may be beneficial for some runners.
Collapse
|
11
|
Muñoz-Pérez I, Varela-Sanz A, Lago-Fuentes C, Navarro-Patón R, Mecías-Calvo M. Central and Peripheral Fatigue in Recreational Trail Runners: A Pilot Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 20:402. [PMID: 36612727 PMCID: PMC9819577 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding fatigue mechanisms is crucial for exercise performance. However, scientific evidence on non-invasive methods for assessing fatigue in trail running competitions is scarce, especially when vertical kilometer trail running races (VK) are considered. The main purpose of this study was to assess the autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity (i.e., central fatigue) and the state of muscle activation (i.e., peripheral fatigue) before and after a VK competition. METHODS A cross-sectional pilot study was performed. After applying inclusion/exclusion criteria, 8 recreational male trail runners (31.63 ± 7.21 yrs, 1.75 m ± 0.05 m, 70.38 ± 5.41 kg, BMI: 22.88 ± 0.48, running experience: 8.0 ± 3.63 yrs, weekly training volume: 58.75 ± 10.35 km) volunteered to participate and were assessed for both central (i.e., via heart rate variability, HRV) and peripheral (via tensiomyography, TMG) fatigue before and after a VK race. RESULTS After the VK, resting heart rate, RMSSD (p = 0.01 for both) and SDNN significantly decreased (p = 0.02), while the stress score and the sympathetic-parasympathetic ratio increased (p = 0.01 and p = 0.02, respectively). The TMG analyses suggest that runners already suffered peripheral fatigue before the VK and that 20-30 min are enough for muscular recovery after the race. In summary, our data suggest that participants experienced a pre-competition fatigue status. Further longitudinal studies are necessary to investigate the mechanisms underlying fatigue during trail running races, while training periodization and tapering strategies could play a key role for minimizing pre-competition fatigue status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iker Muñoz-Pérez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación y Deporte, Universidad de Deusto, 48007 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Adrián Varela-Sanz
- Physical and Sports Education Department, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, 15179 A Coruna, Spain
| | - Carlos Lago-Fuentes
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Rubén Navarro-Patón
- Facultad de Formación del Profesorado, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27001 Lugo, Spain
| | - Marcos Mecías-Calvo
- Facultad de Formación del Profesorado, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27001 Lugo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zimmermann P, Müller N, Schöffl V, Ehrlich B, Moser O, Schöffl I. The Energetic Costs of Uphill Locomotion in Trail Running: Physiological Consequences Due to Uphill Locomotion Pattern-A Feasibility Study. Life (Basel) 2022; 12. [PMID: 36556435 DOI: 10.3390/life12122070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The primary aim of our feasibility reporting was to define physiological differences in trail running (TR) athletes due to different uphill locomotion patterns, uphill running versus uphill walking. In this context, a feasibility analysis of TR athletes' cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) data, which were obtained in summer 2020 at the accompanying sports medicine performance center, was performed. Fourteen TR athletes (n = 14, male = 10, female = 4, age: 36.8 ± 8.0 years) were evaluated for specific physiological demands by outdoor CPET during a short uphill TR performance. The obtained data of the participating TR athletes were compared for anthropometric data, CPET parameters, such as V˙Emaximum, V˙O2maximum, maximal breath frequency (BFmax) and peak oxygen pulse as well as energetic demands, i.e., the energy cost of running (Cr). All participating TR athletes showed excellent performance data, whereby across both different uphill locomotion strategies, significant differences were solely revealed for V˙Emaximum (p = 0.033) and time to reach mountain peak (p = 0.008). These results provide new insights and might contribute to a comprehensive understanding of cardiorespiratory consequences to short uphill locomotion strategy in TR athletes and might strengthen further scientific research in this field.
Collapse
|
13
|
Genitrini M, Fritz J, Zimmermann G, Schwameder H. Downhill Sections Are Crucial for Performance in Trail Running Ultramarathons-A Pacing Strategy Analysis. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2022; 7:jfmk7040103. [PMID: 36412765 PMCID: PMC9680470 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk7040103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Trail running is an increasingly popular discipline, especially over long-distance races (>42.195 km). Pacing strategy, i.e., how athletes modulate running speed for managing their energies during a race, appears to have a significant impact on overall performance. The aims of this study were to investigate whether performance level, terrain (i.e., uphill or downhill) and race stage affect pacing strategy and whether any interactions between these factors are evident. Race data from four race courses, with multiple editions (total races = 16), were retrieved from their respective events websites. A linear mixed effect model was applied to the full dataset, as well as to two subgroups of the top 10 male and female finishers, to assess potential differences in pacing strategy (i.e., investigated in terms of relative speed). Better finishers (i.e., athletes ranking in the best positions) tend to run downhill sections at higher relative speeds and uphill sections at lower relative speeds than slower counterparts (p < 0.001). In the later race stages, the relative speed decrease is larger in downhill sections than in uphill ones (p < 0.001) and in downhill sections, slower finishers perform systematically worse than faster ones, but the performance difference (i.e., between slower and faster finishers) becomes significantly larger in the later race stages (p < 0.001). Among elite athletes, no difference in pacing strategy between faster and slower finishers was found (p > 0.05). Both men (p < 0.001) and women (p < 0.001), in the later race stages, slow down more in downhill sections than in uphill ones. Moreover, elite women tend to slow down more than men (p < 0.001) in the later race stages, regardless of the terrain, in contrast to previous studies focusing on road ultramarathons. In conclusion, running downhill sections at higher relative speeds, most likely due to less accentuated fatigue effects, as well as minimizing performance decrease in the later race stages in downhill sections, appears to be a hallmark of the better finishers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Genitrini
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, 5400 Hallein-Rif, Austria
| | | | - Georg Zimmermann
- Team Biostatistics and Big Medical Data, IDA Lab, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Research Management & Technology Transfer, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hermann Schwameder
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, 5400 Hallein-Rif, Austria
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Doucende G, Chamoux M, Defer T, Rissetto C, Mourot L, Cassirame J. Specific Incremental Test for Aerobic Fitness in Trail Running: IncremenTrail. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:174. [PMID: 36355824 PMCID: PMC9693161 DOI: 10.3390/sports10110174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Trail running (TR) is performed in a natural environment, including various ranges of slopes where maximal oxygen consumption is a major contributor to performance. The aim of this study is to investigate the validity of tests performed in uphill conditions named the "IncremenTrail" (IncT), based on the incremental ascending speed (AS) to evaluate trail runners' cardiorespiratory parameters. IncT protocol included a constant gradient slope set at 25% during the whole test; the starting speed was 500 m·h-1 (25% slope and 2.06 km·h-1) and increased by 100 m·h-1 every minute (0.41 km·h-1). Twenty trail runner specialists performed the IncT and a supramaximal exercise bout to exhaustion with intensity set at 105% of maximal AS (Tlim). Oxygen consumption, breathing frequency, ventilation, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and heart rate were continuously recorded during the exercises. The blood lactate concentration and rate of perceived exertion were collected at the end of the exercises. During the IncT test, 16 athletes (80%) reached a plateau of maximal oxygen uptake (65.5 ± 7.6 mL·kg-1·min-1), 19 athletes (95%) reached RER values over 1.10 (1.12 ± 0.02) and all the athletes achieved blood lactate concentration over 8.0 mmol·L-1 (17.1 ± 3.5 mmol·L-1) and a maximal heart rate ≥90% of the theoretical maximum (185 ± 11 bpm). Maximal values were not significantly different between IncT and Tlim. In addition, ventilatory thresholds could be determined for all runners with an associated AS. IncT provided a suitable protocol to evaluate trail runners' cardiorespiratory limitations and allowed us to obtain specific intensities based on the ascending speed useful for training purposes in specific conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Doucende
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Santé en Environnement de Montagne (LIPSEM), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, UR-4604, 7 Avenue Pierre de Coubertin, 66120 Font Romeu, France
| | - Maxime Chamoux
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Santé en Environnement de Montagne (LIPSEM), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, UR-4604, 7 Avenue Pierre de Coubertin, 66120 Font Romeu, France
| | - Thomas Defer
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Santé en Environnement de Montagne (LIPSEM), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, UR-4604, 7 Avenue Pierre de Coubertin, 66120 Font Romeu, France
| | - Clément Rissetto
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Santé en Environnement de Montagne (LIPSEM), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, UR-4604, 7 Avenue Pierre de Coubertin, 66120 Font Romeu, France
| | - Laurent Mourot
- EA 3920-Prognostic Markers and Regulatory Factors of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases and Plateforme EPSI, University of Franche-Comté, 25480 Besançon, France
| | - Johan Cassirame
- Laboratory Culture Sport Health and Society (C3S−UR 4660), Sport and Performance Department, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
- EA 7507, Laboratoire Performance, Santé, Métrologie, Société, 51100 Reims, France
- Mtraining, R&D Division, 25480 Ecole Valentin, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cassirame J, Godin A, Chamoux M, Doucende G, Mourot L. Physiological Implication of Slope Gradient during Incremental Running Test. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:12210. [PMID: 36231513 PMCID: PMC9566275 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Uphill running induces a higher physiological demand than level conditions. Although many studies have investigated this locomotion from a psychological point of view, there is no clear position on the effects of the slope on the physiological variables during an incremental running test performed on a slope condition. The existing studies have heterogeneous designs with different populations or slopes and have reported unclear results. Some studies observed an increase in oxygen consumption, whereas it remained unaffected in others. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of a slope on the oxygen consumption, breathing frequency, ventilation and heart rate during an incremental test performed on 0, 15, 25 and 40% gradient slopes by specialist trail runners. The values are compared at the first and second ventilatory threshold and exhaustion. A one-way repeated measures ANOVA, with a Bonferroni post-hoc analysis, was used to determine the effects of a slope gradient (0, 15, 25 and 40%) on the physiological variables. Our study shows that all the variables are not affected in same way by the slopes during the incremental test. The heart rate and breathing frequency did not differ from the level condition and all the slope gradients at the ventilatory thresholds or exhaustion. At the same time, the ventilation and oxygen consumption increased concomitantly with the slope (p < 0.001) in all positions. The post-hoc analysis highlighted that the ventilation significantly increased between each successive gradient (0 to 15%, 15% to 25% and 25% to 40%), while the oxygen consumption stopped increasing at the 25% gradient. Our results show that the 25 and 40% gradient slopes allow the specialist trail runners to reach the highest oxygen consumption level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Cassirame
- Laboratory Culture Sport Health and Society (C3S−UR 4660), Sport and Performance Department, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comte, 25000 Besançon, France
- EA7507, Laboratoire Performance, Santé, Métrologie, Société, 51100 Reims, France
- Mtraining, R&D Division, 25480 Ecole-Valentin, France
| | - Antoine Godin
- EA3920-Prognostic Markers and Regulatory Factors of Heart and Vascular Diseases, and Exercise Performance, Health, Innovation Platform, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Maxime Chamoux
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Santé en Environnement de Montagne (LIPSEM), UR-4604, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 7 Avenue Pierre de Coubertin, 66120 Font-Romeu, France
| | - Gregory Doucende
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Santé en Environnement de Montagne (LIPSEM), UR-4604, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 7 Avenue Pierre de Coubertin, 66120 Font-Romeu, France
| | - Laurent Mourot
- EA3920-Prognostic Markers and Regulatory Factors of Heart and Vascular Diseases, and Exercise Performance, Health, Innovation Platform, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Johnson AJ, Schmitt EE, French JR, Johnson EC. Uneven but Conservative Pacing Is Associated With Performance During Uphill and Downhill Running. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022;:1-9. [PMID: 35537708 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the relationship between pacing strategy and performance during uphill and downhill running-specifically, what distribution of energy corresponds to faster race finish times between and among participants. METHODS Eighteen years of race data from a 10.2-mile running race with an uphill first half and a downhill second half were analyzed to identify relationships between pacing and performance. A pacing coefficient (PC), equal to a participant's ascent time divided by finishing time (FT), was used to define each participant's pacing strategy. The American College of Sports Medicine metabolic running equation was used to estimate energy expenditure during the ascent, descent, and total race. Statistical analyses compared participants' PC to their FT and finishing place within their age and gender category. Additionally, FT and finishing place were compared between groups of participants who exhibited similar pacing strategies. RESULTS PCs were positively associated with faster FTs (r2 = .120, P < .001) and better finishing positions (r2 = .104, P < .001). PCs above .600 were associated with the fastest average FTs and best average finishing position within age and gender categories (all P ≤ .047). CONCLUSIONS Participants performed the best when energy expenditure increased no more than 10.4% during the uphill portion compared to their overall average. It is not possible to state that overly aggressive uphill efforts resulted in premature fatigue and thus slower decent times and worse race performance. However, participants should still avoid overly aggressive uphill pacing, as performance was associated with larger PCs.
Collapse
|
17
|
Giovanelli N, Mari L, Patini A, Lazzer S. Pole Walking Is Faster but Not Cheaper During Steep Uphill Walking. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022;:1-7. [PMID: 35316790 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to compare pole walking (PW) and walking without poles (W) on a steep uphill mountain path (1.3 km, 433 m of elevation gain) at 2 different intensities: a maximal effort that would simulate a vertical kilometer intensity and a lower intensity (80% of maximal) simulating an ultratrail race. METHODS On the first day, we tested the participants in the laboratory to determine their maximal physiological parameters, respiratory compensation point, and gas exchange threshold. Then, they completed 4 uphill tests along a mountain path on 4 separate days, 2 at their maximum effort (PWmax and Wmax, randomized order) and 2 at 80% of the mean vertical velocity maintained during the first 2 trials (PW80 and W80, randomized order). We collected metabolic data, heart rate, blood lactate concentration, and rating of perceived exertion at the end of each trial. We also collected rating of perceived exertion at every 100 m of elevation gain during PW80 and W80. RESULTS Participants completed the maximal effort faster with poles versus without poles (18:51 [03:12] vs 19:19 [03:01] in min:s, P = .013, d = 0.08, small). Twelve of the 15 participants (80%) improved their performance when they used poles. During PW80 and W80, none of the physiological or biomechanical parameters were different. CONCLUSION In the examined condition, athletes should use poles during steep uphill maximal efforts to obtain the best performance. Conversely, during submaximal effort, the use of poles does not provide advantages in uphill PW.
Collapse
|
18
|
Giovanelli N, Mari L, Patini A, Lazzer S. Energetics and Mechanics of Steep Treadmill Versus Overground Pole Walking: A Pilot Study. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022;:1-4. [PMID: 35008038 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare energetics and spatiotemporal parameters of steep uphill pole walking on a treadmill and overground. METHODS First, the authors evaluated 6 male trail runners during an incremental graded test on a treadmill. Then, they performed a maximal overground test with poles and an overground test at 80% (OG80) of vertical velocity of maximal overground test with poles on an uphill mountain path (length = 1.3 km, elevation gain = 433 m). Finally, they covered the same elevation gain using poles on a customized treadmill at the average vertical velocity of the OG80. During all the tests, the authors measured oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production, heart rate, blood lactate concentration, and rate of perceived exertion. RESULTS Treadmills required lower metabolic power (15.3 [1.9] vs 16.6 [2.0] W/kg, P = .002) and vertical cost of transport (49.6 [2.7] vs 53.7 [2.1] J/kg·m, P < .001) compared with OG80. Also, oxygen uptake was lower on a treadmill (41.7 [5.0] vs 46.2 [5.0] mL/kg·min, P = .001). Conversely, respiratory quotient was higher on TR80 compared with OG80 (0.98 [0.02] vs 0.89 [0.04], P = .032). In addition, rate of perceived exertion was higher on a treadmill and increased with elevation (P < .001). The authors did not detect any differences in other physiological measurements or in spatiotemporal parameters. CONCLUSIONS Researchers, coaches, and athletes should be aware that steep treadmill pole walking requires lower energy consumption but same heart rate and rate of perceived exertion than overground pole walking at the same average intensity.
Collapse
|
19
|
Vincent HK, Brownstein M, Vincent KR. Injury Prevention, Safe Training Techniques, Rehabilitation, and Return to Sport in Trail Runners. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil 2022; 4:e151-e162. [PMID: 35141547 PMCID: PMC8811510 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2021.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This current concept, narrative review provides the latest integrated evidence of the musculoskeletal injuries involved with trail running and therapeutic strategies to prevent injury and promote safe participation. Running activities that comprise any form of off-road running (trail running, orienteering, short-long distance, different terrain, and climate) are relevant to this review. Literature searches were conducted to 1) identify types and mechanisms of acute and chronic/overuse musculoskeletal injuries in trail runners, 2) injury prevention techniques most relevant to running trails, 3) safe methods of participation and rehabilitation timelines in the sport. The majority of acute and chronic trail running-related musculoskeletal injuries in trail running occur in the lower leg, primarily in the knee and ankle. More than 70% are due to overuse, and ankle sprains are the most common acute injury. Key mechanisms underlying injury and injury progression include inadequate neuromotor control-balance-coordination, running through fatigue, and abnormal kinematics on variable terrain. Complete kinetic chain prehabilitation programs consisting of dynamic flexibility, neuromotor strength and balance, and plyometrics exercise can foster stable, controlled movement on trails. Patient education about early musculoskeletal pain symptoms and training adjustment can help prevent injury from progressing to serious overuse injuries. Real-time adjustments to cadence, step length, and knee flexion on the trail may also mitigate impact-related risk for injury. After injury occurs, rehabilitation will involve similar exercise components, but it will also incorporate rest and active rest based on the type of injury. Multicomponent prehabilitation can help prevent musculoskeletal injuries in trail runners through movement control and fatigue resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather K Vincent
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A
| | - Michael Brownstein
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A
| | - Kevin R Vincent
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lemire M, Remetter R, Hureau TJ, Geny B, Lonsdorfer E, Favret F, Dufour SP. Energy Cost of Running in Well-Trained Athletes: Toward Slope-Dependent Factors. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021;:1-9. [PMID: 34853187 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the contribution of metabolic, cardiopulmonary, neuromuscular, and biomechanical factors to the energy cost (ECR) of graded running in well-trained runners. METHODS Eight men who were well-trained trail runners (age: 29 [10] y, mean [SD]; maximum oxygen consumption: 68.0 [6.4] mL·min-1·kg-1) completed maximal isometric evaluations of lower limb extensor muscles and 3 randomized trials on a treadmill to determine their metabolic and cardiovascular responses and running gait kinematics during downhill (DR: -15% slope), level (0%), and uphill running (UR: 15%) performed at similar O2 uptake (approximately 60% maximum oxygen consumption). RESULTS Despite similar O2 demand, ECR was lower in DR versus level running versus UR (2.5 [0.2] vs 3.6 [0.2] vs 7.9 [0.5] J·kg-1·m-1, respectively; all P < .001). Energy cost of running was correlated between DR and level running conditions only (r2 = .63; P = .018). Importantly, while ECR was correlated with heart rate, cardiac output, and arteriovenous O2 difference in UR (all r2 > .50; P < .05), ECR was correlated with lower limb vertical stiffness, ground contact time, stride length, and step frequency in DR (all r2 > .58; P < .05). Lower limb isometric extension torques were not related to ECR whatever the slope. CONCLUSION The determining physiological factors of ECR might be slope specific, mainly metabolic and cardiovascular in UR versus mainly neuromuscular and mechanical in DR. This possible slope specificity of ECR during incline running opens the way for the implementation of differentiated physiological evaluations and training strategies to optimize performance in well-trained trail runners.
Collapse
|
21
|
Harnish CR, Ferguson HA, Swinand GP. Racing Demands of Off-Road Triathlon: A Case Study of a National Champion Masters Triathlete. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:136. [PMID: 34678917 PMCID: PMC8539484 DOI: 10.3390/sports9100136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: This report examines the unique demands of off-road triathlon (XT) by presenting physiological, field, and race data from a national champion off-road triathlete using several years of laboratory and field data to detail training and race intensity. (2) Methods: Laboratory and field data were collected when the athlete was at near peak fitness and included oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (HR), power output (W), and blood lactate (BLC) during cycling and running, while HR, cycling W, and running metrics were obtained from training and race data files over a period of seven years. Intensity was described using % HR max zones (Z) 1 < 75%, 2 = 75-87%, and Zone 3 > 87%, and W. An ordinary least squares analysis was used to model differences between event types. (3) Results: Weather conditions were not different across events. XT events had twice the elevation change (p < 0.01) and two-three times greater anaerobic work capacity (W') (p < 0.001) than road triathlon (ROAD), but similar HR intensity profiles (max, avg, and zones); both events are predominately performed at >Z2 or higher intensity. Championship XT events were longer (p < 0.01), with higher kJ expenditure (p < 0.001). Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) modelling suggested three variables were strongly related (R2 = 0.84; p < 0.0001) to cycling performance: event type (XT vs ROAD), total meters climbed, and total bike duration. Championship XT runs were slower than either regional (p < 0.05) or ROAD (p < 0.01) runs, but HR intensity profiles similar. OLS modelling indicates that slower running is linked to either greater total bike kJ expenditure (R2 = 0.57; p < 0.001), or total meters gained (R2 = 0.52; p < 0.001). Race simulation data support these findings but failed to produce meaningful differences in running. Conclusions: XT race demands are unique and mirror mountain bike (MTB) and trail running demands. XT athletes must be mindful of developing anaerobic fitness, technical ability, and aerobic fitness, all of which contribute to off-road cycling economy. It is unclear whether XT cycling affects subsequent running performance different from ROAD cycling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Harnish
- Department of Exercise Science, Murphy Deming College of Health Sciences, Mary Baldwin University, Fishersville, VA 22939, USA
| | - Hamish A Ferguson
- Centre for Bioengineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Giovanelli N, Floreani M, Vaccari F, Lazzer S. Peripheral Alterations Affect the Loss in Force after a Treadmill Downhill Run. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:8135. [PMID: 34360424 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18158135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Downhill running has an important effect on performance in trail running competitions, but it is less studied than uphill running. The purpose of this study was to investigate the cardiorespiratory response during 15 min of downhill running (DR) and to evaluate the neuromuscular consequences in a group of trail runners. Before and after a 15-min DR trial (slope: −25%) at ~60% of maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O2max), we evaluated maximal voluntary contraction torque (MVCt) and muscle contractility in a group of seventeen trail running athletes. Additionally, during the DR trial, we measured V̇O2 and heart rate (HR). V̇O2 and HR increased as a function of time, reaching +19.8 ± 15.9% (p < 0.001; ES: 0.49, medium) and +15.3 ± 9.9% (p < 0.001; ES: 0.55, large), respectively, in the last minute of DR. Post-exercise, the MVCt decreased (−22.2 ± 12.0%; p < 0.001; ES = 0.55, large) with respect to the pre-exercise value. All the parameters related to muscle contractility were impaired after DR: the torque evoked by a potentiated high frequency doublet decreased (−28.5 ± 12.7%; p < 0.001; ES: 0.61, large), as did the torque response from the single-pulse stimulation (St, −41.6 ± 13.6%; p < 0.001; ES: 0.70, large) and the M-wave (−11.8 ± 12.1%; p < 0.001; ES: 0.22, small). We found that after 15 min of DR, athletes had a decreased MVCt, which was ascribed mainly to peripheral rather than central alterations. Additionally, during low-intensity DR exercise, muscle fatigue and exercise-induced muscle damage may contribute to the development of O2 and HR drift.
Collapse
|
23
|
Gajardo-Burgos R, Monrroy-Uarac M, Barría-Pailaquilén RM, Norambuena-Noches Y, van Rensburg DCJ, Bascour-Sandoval C, Besomi M. Frequency of Injury and Illness in the Final 4 Weeks before a Trail Running Competition. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph18105431. [PMID: 34069583 PMCID: PMC8160869 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to (i) determine self-reported injury and illness frequency in trail runners 4 weeks preceding competition; (ii) compare athletes with and without injury/illness by sex, age, body mass index (BMI) and competition distance; (iii) describe mechanism of injury, anatomical region (injury)/organ system (illness) involved, consequences of injury on preparation and self-perception of injury severity; (iv) compare anatomical region (injury) and organ system (illness) by sex. A total of 654 trail runners (age 36.2, IQR 30.6-43.0; 36.9% females) participated in this retrospective cross-sectional study by completing a self-reported questionnaire. Injury and illness frequency rates were 31.3% (n = 205, CI: 27.7-35.0%) and 22.3% (n = 146, CI: 19.1-25.7%), respectively. No significant difference was found between injured vs. non-injured or ill vs. non-ill study participants by sex, age, BMI and competition distance. Regarding injuries, gradual onset (41.6%) and knee (33.2%) were the most indicated mechanism and anatomical region of injury. At least 85.4% of trail runners changed their training following injury and 79% indicated that their injury would affect their competition performance. Regarding illness, the respiratory tract was the most frequent organ system involved (82.9%). Male and female participants reported similar proportions of anatomical regions (injury) and organ systems (illness) affected. These results could help to generate education strategies and appropriate medical support before and during these competitions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Gajardo-Burgos
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Aparato Locomotor y Rehabilitación, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (M.M.-U.); (R.M.B.-P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-632293171; Fax: +56-632293727
| | - Manuel Monrroy-Uarac
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Aparato Locomotor y Rehabilitación, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (M.M.-U.); (R.M.B.-P.)
| | - René Mauricio Barría-Pailaquilén
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Aparato Locomotor y Rehabilitación, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (M.M.-U.); (R.M.B.-P.)
- Instituto de Enfermería, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | | | - Dina Christa Janse van Rensburg
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa;
- Medical Board Member, International Netball Federation, Manchester M1 5LN, UK
| | - Claudio Bascour-Sandoval
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4781218, Chile;
- Carrera de Kinesiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco 4810101, Chile
| | - Manuela Besomi
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile;
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ishihara K, Inamura N, Tani A, Shima D, Kuramochi A, Nonaka T, Oneda H, Nakamura Y. Contribution of Solid Food to Achieve Individual Nutritional Requirement during a Continuous 438 km Mountain Ultramarathon in Female Athlete. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph18105153. [PMID: 34067992 PMCID: PMC8152256 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background: Races and competitions over 100 miles have recently increased. Limited information exists about the effect of multiday continuous endurance exercise on blood glucose control and appropriate intake of food and drink in a female athlete. The present study aimed to examine the variation of blood glucose control and its relationship with nutritional intake and running performance in a professional female athlete during a 155.7 h ultramarathon race with little sleep. Methods: We divided the mountain course of 438 km into 33 segments by timing gates and continuously monitored the participant’s glucose profile throughout the ultramarathon. The running speed in each segment was standardized to the scheduled required time-based on three trial runs. Concurrently, the accompanying runners recorded the participant’s food and drink intake. Nutrient, energy, and water intake were then calculated. Results: Throughout the ultramarathon of 155.7 h, including 16.0 h of rest and sleep, diurnal variation had almost disappeared with the overall increase in blood glucose levels (25–30 mg/dL) compared with that during resting (p < 0.0001). Plasma total protein and triglyceride levels were decreased after the ultramarathon. The intake of protein and fat directly or indirectly contributed to maintaining blood glucose levels and running speed as substrates for gluconeogenesis or as alternative sources of energy when the carbohydrate intake was at a lower recommended limit. The higher amounts of nutrient intakes from solid foods correlated with a higher running pace compared with those from liquids and gels to supply carbohydrates, protein, and fat. Conclusion: Carbohydrate, protein, and fat intake from solid foods contributed to maintaining a fast pace with a steady, mild rise in blood glucose levels compared with liquids and gels when female runner completed a multiday continuous ultramarathon with little sleep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Ishihara
- Department of Food Sciences and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Shiga 520-2194, Japan; (N.I.); (A.T.); (D.S.); (A.K.); (Y.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-77-599-5601 (ext. 2011)
| | - Naho Inamura
- Department of Food Sciences and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Shiga 520-2194, Japan; (N.I.); (A.T.); (D.S.); (A.K.); (Y.N.)
| | - Asuka Tani
- Department of Food Sciences and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Shiga 520-2194, Japan; (N.I.); (A.T.); (D.S.); (A.K.); (Y.N.)
| | - Daisuke Shima
- Department of Food Sciences and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Shiga 520-2194, Japan; (N.I.); (A.T.); (D.S.); (A.K.); (Y.N.)
| | - Ai Kuramochi
- Department of Food Sciences and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Shiga 520-2194, Japan; (N.I.); (A.T.); (D.S.); (A.K.); (Y.N.)
| | | | | | - Yasuyuki Nakamura
- Department of Food Sciences and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Shiga 520-2194, Japan; (N.I.); (A.T.); (D.S.); (A.K.); (Y.N.)
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Pradas F, Falcón D, Peñarrubia-Lozano C, Toro-Román V, Carrasco L, Castellar C. Effects of Ultratrail Running on Neuromuscular Function, Muscle Damage and Hydration Status. Differences According to Training Level. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:5119. [PMID: 34065969 PMCID: PMC8150532 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The status of trail running races has exponentially grown in recent years. The present study aimed to: (a) evaluate the acute response of ultratrail racing in terms of neuromuscular function, muscle damage and hydration status; (b) analyze if responses could differ according to training levels. Twenty runners participated in the present study. The participants were divided into amateur training level (n = 10; 43.30 ± 4.52 years) or high level competitors (n = 10; 41.40 ± 6.18). Neuromuscular response (squat jump, countermovement jump and Abalakov jump), muscle damage (alanine aminotransferase, bilirubin, creatine kinase and leukocytes) and hydration status (sodium and creatinine) were evaluated before and after the Guara Somontano Ultratrail Race (108 km distance, with an accumulated slope of 5800 m). The height and power achieved by vertical jumps were lower after the race (p < 0.001). The post-race muscle damage and creatinine parameters increased in both groups (p < 0.001). The high-level group obtained lower percentages of change in squat jump and countermovement jump than the amateur-level group (p < 0.05). However, the increase in creatinine was greater for the high-level group (p < 0.05). Ultratrail racing reduces neuromuscular function and increases muscle damage. High-level runners showed less neuromuscular fatigue compared to amateur ones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Pradas
- ENFYRED Research Group, Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain; (F.P.); (D.F.); (C.P.-L.); (C.C.)
- Department of Corporal Expression, Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain
| | - David Falcón
- ENFYRED Research Group, Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain; (F.P.); (D.F.); (C.P.-L.); (C.C.)
- Department of Corporal Expression, Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain
| | - Carlos Peñarrubia-Lozano
- ENFYRED Research Group, Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain; (F.P.); (D.F.); (C.P.-L.); (C.C.)
- Department of Corporal Expression, Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain
| | - Víctor Toro-Román
- School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Luis Carrasco
- BIOFANEX Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Seville, 41004 Seville, Spain;
| | - Carlos Castellar
- ENFYRED Research Group, Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain; (F.P.); (D.F.); (C.P.-L.); (C.C.)
- Department of Corporal Expression, Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Ultra-endurance running (UER) has seen an important increase in participation over the last few decades. Long hours of UER can lead to excessive stress on the body, resulting in musculoskeletal injuries (MSKI). UER is not a uniform sport and events can differ considerably in distance (over 42.195 km), time (e.g., events over 6 h) and multi-day or multi-stage events on various surfaces (e.g., track, on-road, off-road). The aims of this scoping review were therefore: (1) to examine the current evidence of MSKI, providing a synthesis of the most common MSKI by anatomical region and specific diagnosis; (2) categorize MSKI by type of UER activity (competition: time-limited; multi-stage; continuous UER events and training); (3) describe knowledge gaps in the literature and provide advice on potential further research. Our electronic literature search (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science) identified a total of 13 studies (9 in competition, and 4 in training). Anatomical site, diagnosis and rate of injuries differ between competition and training as well as between different UER types. MSKI are observed in 18% of multi-stage events (0.7-1.8 injuries/runner and 7.2 injuries/1000 h). Most MSKI involve the lower leg (35.0%), ankle (16.8%), knee (13.1%) and foot (12.6%), with main diagnosis of medial tibial stress syndrome (30.1%) and patella femoral pain syndrome (PFPS; 7.2%). Single, continuous UER events differ between a 1005 km road race with almost all of the injuries due to overuse, with the main anatomical site of the knee (31%), ankle (28%) and lower leg (14%) and main diagnosis of PFPS (15.6%), compared to a 65 km trail race, with 32.8% of MSKI, mainly on the foot [plantar fasciitis (28.6%)], ankle [sprain (28.6%)] and knee. Timed-UER events (injury rate of 2.1 injuries/athlete) observed most injuries on the ankle (36%) and knee (19%), with the main diagnosis of tendinitis of the foot dorsiflexors (30%). Injuries during training most commonly affect, the back (42%), and knee (40%) and bone stress injuries (22%). Main diagnoses include ankle sprain (18%), iliotibial band injury (16%) and Achilles tendinopathy (11%). Future considerations include examining MSKI in different UER events, environments and surfaces, and on larger study populations. Establishing risk factors, examining sex differences and using a standard reporting system of MSKI in UER are also important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Volker Scheer
- Ultra Sports Science Foundation, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Brian J Krabak
- University of Washington and Seattle Children's Sports Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Matos S, Clemente FM, Silva R, Pereira J, Bezerra P, Carral JMC. Variations of Trail Runner's Fitness Measures across a Season and Relationships with Workload. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:318. [PMID: 33809264 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9030318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Trail running involves off-road running over different surfaces of positive and negative unevenness. Given these particularities and the associated physical demands, it is essential to understand this relationship and how fitness levels influence performance. This study aimed to analyze fitness level variations during different times of the season and establish a relationship between changes in fitness levels and accumulated load. Twenty-five trail running athletes (age: 36.23 ± 8.30 years) were monitored over 52 weeks. Three periods of assessment were implemented, while load between those periods was calculated. Athletes were monitored daily by global positioning systems. The collected data included distance covered, duration, and rate of perceived exertion (RPE), which were used to obtain session-RPE. Additionally, maximal aerobic speed, vertical jump, and dynamic balance were tested periodically. Moderate inverse correlations were found between assessment 1 and 2 for total sRPE and vertical jump: countermovement jump (VJ: CMJ) (r = −0.349), and Y balance test: left posterolateral (YBT: LPL) (r = −0.494). Similar correlations were found between assessment 2 and 3 for total sRPE and VJ: CMJ (r = −0.397), and vertical jump: drop jump (VJ: DJ) (r = −0.395). The results suggest that trail running coaches should monitor and assess dose–response relationships and possible anterior asymmetries of dynamic balance performance.
Collapse
|
28
|
Méndez-Alonso D, Prieto-Saborit JA, Bahamonde JR, Jiménez-Arberás E. Influence of Psychological Factors on the Success of the Ultra-Trail Runner. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:2704. [PMID: 33800167 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the psychological variables of runners of ultra-trail mountain races and their association with athletic performance and success. The sample was made up of 356 mountain runners, 86.7% men and 13.2% women, with a mean age of 42.7 years and 5.7 years of experience. Using pre- and post-race questionnaires, data were collected regarding mental toughness, resilience, and passion. The performance of each runner in the race was also recorded. The results showed very high values in the psychological variables analyzed compared with other sports disciplines. Completion of the race (not withdrawing) and the elite quality of the runners were presented as the most relevant indicators in the processes of resilience, mental toughness, and obsessive passion. Differences were noted between the pre- and post-race results, suggesting that the competition itself is a means of training those psychological factors that are essential to this sports discipline. It can be concluded that psychological factors are decisive to athletic performance and race completion in mountain ultra-marathon races.
Collapse
|
29
|
Matos S, Clemente FM, Silva R, Pereira J, Cancela Carral JM. Performance and Training Load Profiles in Recreational Male Trail Runners: Analyzing Their Interactions during Competitions. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17238902. [PMID: 33266272 PMCID: PMC7730662 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17238902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Endurance sports like trail running constitute an extensive individual modality causing numerous physiological changes to occur in the athlete. In this sense, an adequate monitoring of training load appears to be essential to improve competition performance. The aim of this study was two-fold: (i) to analyze trail runners’ weekly load variations in the four weeks leading up to a trail running competition, and (ii) to determine the relationship between the runners’ pacing in competitions and their physical fitness and workload parameters. Twenty-five amateur male trail runners (age: 36.23 ± 8.30 years old; minimum International Trail Running Association performance index: 600) were monitored daily for the duration of a season (52 weeks). External load (distance covered, pace) and internal load (rate of perceived exertion) were measured daily. Additionally, weekly workload measures of acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR), training monotony, and training strain were calculated. The runners were also assessed for maximal aerobic speed (MAS) every four months. No significant differences in workload measures (p > 0.05) were observed in the four weeks leading up to each short trail competition; however, leading up to the long trail, ultra-trail medium, and ultra-trail long/extra-long competitions, the differences in the runners’ workload measures were significant (p < 0.05). In the short trail, pace was found to be moderately correlated with the ACWR of total distance (r = −0.334) and with training monotony of rate of perceived exertion (RPE) (r = −0.303). In the ultra-trail, a large correlation was observed between pace and elevation accumulated (r = 0.677). We concluded that significant workload differences from one week to the next only occurred in preparation for longer-distance competitions, with sudden acute load decreases and very low ACWR values reported mainly in weeks 1 and 2 of the taper. Meaningful relationships were found between performance (pace) and MAS for longer trails and between pace and MAS for ultra-trail competitions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Matos
- Faculty of Educational Sciences and Sports Sciences, University of Vigo, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain;
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal; (R.S.); (J.P.)
- Douro Higher Institute of Educational Sciences, 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (F.M.C.)
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal; (R.S.); (J.P.)
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (F.M.C.)
| | - Rui Silva
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal; (R.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Joel Pereira
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal; (R.S.); (J.P.)
- Unidade de Investigação e Treino em Trabalhos em Alturas e Atividades de Ar Livre, 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal
- The Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Dawadi S, Basyal B, Subedi Y. Morbidity Among Athletes Presenting for Medical Care During 3 Iterations of an Ultratrail Race in the Himalayas. Wilderness Environ Med 2020; 31:437-440. [PMID: 33168403 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although ultratrail races are increasing in popularity, there is a dearth of data regarding illnesses and medical care at these events. Data about injuries and illnesses for races taking place in the Himalayas, where the nearest medical facility can be hundreds of miles away, are even harder to find. This study aimed to describe the injuries and illnesses befalling the participants of a 7-stage 212 km (132 mi) trail race at high altitude. METHODS Ethical approval was obtained from Nepal Research Health Council. A retrospective study of the record of medical encounters among the 100 participants competing in the Manaslu trail race in Nepal from 2014 to 2016 was performed. Diagnoses were classified into various categories. Informed consent was taken from all participants. RESULTS Acute diarrhea was the most common ailment reported among the participants (18%), followed closely by musculoskeletal problems (17%). Altitude illness made up 6% of care provided. Approximately 35% of the athletes were using acetazolamide as prophylaxis for high altitude illnesses. The 1 case needing evacuation in the 3 iterations was high altitude pulmonary edema. CONCLUSIONS Ultratrail races at high altitude pose a challenge in terms of provision of medical care in a remote setting with limited resources. However, most of the illnesses are minor in nature and easily managed by the race doctor. Knowledge of common illnesses among travelers to the area can help aid in preparation and provision of proper care, especially in remote settings with limited resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suvash Dawadi
- CIWEC Hospital and Travel Medicine, Center/Mountain Medicine Society of Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Bikash Basyal
- Abington Jefferson Health/Mountain Medicine Society of Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Yogesh Subedi
- MedStar Union Memorial Hospital/Mountain Medicine Society of Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Suter D, Sousa CV, Hill L, Scheer V, Nikolaidis PT, Knechtle B. Even Pacing Is Associated with Faster Finishing Times in Ultramarathon Distance Trail Running-The "Ultra-Trail du Mont Blanc" 2008-2019. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17197074. [PMID: 32992625 PMCID: PMC7578994 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17197074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increasing number of investigations analyzing the effects of sex, performance level, and age on pacing in various running disciplines. However, little is known about the impact of those factors on pacing strategies in ultramarathon trail running. This study investigated the effects of age, sex, and performance level on pacing in the UTMB® (Ultra-trail du Mont Blanc) and aimed to verify previous findings obtained in the research on other running disciplines and other ultramarathon races. Data from the UTMB® from 2008 to 2019 for 13,829 race results (12,681 men and 1148 women) were analyzed. A general linear model (two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)) was applied to identify a sex, age group, and interaction effect in pace average and pace variation. A univariate model (one-way ANOVA) was used to identify a sex effect for age, pace average, and pace variation for the fastest men and women. In our study, pace average and a steadier pace were positively correlated. Even pacing throughout the UTMB® correlated with faster finishing times. The average pace depended significantly on sex and age group. When considering the top five athletes in each age group, sex and age group also had significant effects on pace variation. The fastest women were older than the fastest men, and the fastest men were faster than the fastest women. Women had a higher pace variation than men. In male competitors, younger age may be advantageous for a successful finish of the UTMB®. Faster male runners seemed to be younger in ultramarathon trail running with large changes in altitude when compared to other distances and terrains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Suter
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Caio Victor Sousa
- Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Lee Hill
- Division of Gastroenterology & Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada;
| | - Volker Scheer
- Ultra Sports Science Foundation, 109 Boulevard de l’Europe, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France;
| | - Pantelis Theo Nikolaidis
- School of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece;
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, 18450 Nikaia, Greece
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Medbase St. Gallen, Am Vadianplatz, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-71-226-93-00
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Coates AM, King TJ, Currie KD, Tremblay JC, Petrick HL, Slysz JT, Pignanelli C, Berard JA, Millar PJ, Burr JF. Alterations in Cardiac Function Following Endurance Exercise Are Not Duration Dependent. Front Physiol 2020; 11:581797. [PMID: 33071833 PMCID: PMC7531437 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.581797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac function has been shown to transiently decrease following prolonged exercise, with greater durations related to increased impairment. However, the prospective assessment of exercise duration on cardiac performance is rare, and the influence of relative exercise intensity is typically not assessed in relation to these changes. The aim of this study was to determine whether progressively longer running distances over the same course would elicit greater cardiac impairment. The present investigation examined cardiac alterations in 49 athletes, following trail-running races of 25, 50, 80, and 160 km, performed on the same course on the same day. Echocardiography, including conventional and speckle tracking imaging, was performed with legs-raised to 60° to mitigate alterations in preload both pre- and post-race. Race-intensities were monitored via heart rate (HR). Following the races, mean arterial pressure (Δ−11 ± 7 mmHg, P < 0.0001), and HR (Δ19 ± 14 bpm, P < 0.0001) were altered independent of race distance. Both left and right ventricular (LV and RV) diastolic function were reduced (ΔLV E/A −0.54 ± 0.49, P < 0.0001; ΔRV A’ + 0.02 ± 0.04 m/s, P = 0.01) and RV systolic function decreased (ΔTAPSE −0.25 ± 0.9 cm, P = 0.01), independent of race distance. Cardiac impairment was not apparent using speckle tracking analysis with cubic spline interpolation. While race duration was unrelated to cardiac alterations, increased racing HR was related to greater RV base dilation (r = −0.37, P = 0.03). Increased time spent at higher exercise intensities was related to reduced LV ejection fraction following 25 km (r = −0.81, P = 0.03), LV systolic strain rate following 50 km (r = 0.59, P = 0.04), and TAPSE (r = −0.81, P = 0.03) following 80 km races. Increased running duration did not affect the extent of exercise-induced cardiac fatigue, however, intensity may be a greater driver of cardiac alterations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Coates
- The Human Performance and Health Research Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Trevor J King
- The Human Performance and Health Research Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Katharine D Currie
- Exercise and Cardiovascular Health Outcomes Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Joshua C Tremblay
- Cardiovascular Stress Response Laboratory, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Heather L Petrick
- The Human Performance and Health Research Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Joshua T Slysz
- The Human Performance and Health Research Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher Pignanelli
- The Human Performance and Health Research Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jordan A Berard
- The Human Performance and Health Research Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Philip J Millar
- Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jamie F Burr
- The Human Performance and Health Research Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ishihara K, Uchiyama N, Kizaki S, Mori E, Nonaka T, Oneda H. Application of Continuous Glucose Monitoring for Assessment of Individual Carbohydrate Requirement during Ultramarathon Race. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1121. [PMID: 32316458 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The current study intended to evaluate the feasibility of the application of continuous glucose monitoring to guarantee optimal intake of carbohydrate to maintain blood glucose levels during a 160-km ultramarathon race. Methods: Seven ultramarathon runners (four male and three female) took part in the study. The glucose profile was monitored continuously throughout the race, which was divided into 11 segments by timing gates. Running speed in each segment was standardized to the average of the top five finishers for each gender. Food and drink intake during the race were recorded and carbohydrate and energy intake were calculated. Results: Observed glucose levels ranged between 61.9–252.0 mg/dL. Average glucose concentration differed from the start to the end of the race (104 ± 15.0 to 164 ± 30.5 SD mg/dL). The total amount of carbohydrate intake during the race ranged from 0.27 to 1.14 g/kg/h. Glucose concentration positively correlated with running speeds in segments (P < 0.005). Energy and carbohydrate intake positively correlated with overall running speed (P < 0.01). Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that continuous glucose monitoring could be practical to guarantee optimal carbohydrate intake for each ultramarathon runner.
Collapse
|
34
|
Garbisu-Hualde A, Santos-Concejero J. What are the Limiting Factors During an Ultra-Marathon? A Systematic Review of the Scientific Literature. J Hum Kinet 2020; 72:129-39. [PMID: 32269654 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2019-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aimed to analyse factors that limited performance in ultra-marathons and mountain ultra-marathons. A literature search in one database (PubMed) was conducted in February 2019. Quality of information of the articles was evaluated using the Oxford´s level of evidence and the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. The search strategy yielded 111 total citations from which 23 met the inclusion criteria. Twenty one of the 23 included studies had a level of evidence 2b (individual cohort study), while the 2 remaining studies had a level of evidence of 5 (expert opinion). Also, the mean score in the PEDro scale was 3.65 ± 1.61, with values ranging from 0 to 7. Participants were characterised as experienced or well-trained athletes in all of the studies. The total number of participants was 1002 (893 men, 86 women and 23 unknown). The findings of this review suggest that fatigue in ultra-endurance events is a multifactorial phenomenon that includes physiological, neuromuscular, biomechanical and cognitive factors. Improved exercise performance during ultra-endurance events seems to be related to higher VO2max values and maximal aerobic speed (especially during submaximal efforts sustained over a long time), lower oxygen cost of transport and greater running experience.
Collapse
|
35
|
Svenningsen FP, Pavailler S, Giandolini M, Horvais N, Madeleine P. A narrative review of potential measures of dynamic stability to be used during outdoor locomotion on different surfaces. Sports Biomech 2019; 19:120-140. [PMID: 31456487 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2019.1642953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic stability of locomotion plays an important role in running injuries, particularly during trail running where ankle injuries occur frequently. Several studies have investigated dynamic stability of locomotion using wearable accelerometer measurements. However, no study has reviewed how dynamic stability of locomotion is quantified using accelerometry. Therefore, the present review aims to synthetise the methods and findings of studies investigating stability related parameters measured by accelerometry, during locomotion on various surfaces, and among asymptomatic participants. A systematic search of studies associated with locomotion was conducted. Only studies including assessment of dynamic stability parameters based on accelerometry, including at least one group of asymptomatic participants, and conditions that occur during trail running were considered relevant for this review. Consequently, all retrieved studies used a non-obstructive portable accelerometer or an inertial measurement unit. Fifteen studies used a single tri-axial accelerometer placed above the lumbar region allowing outdoor recordings. From trunk accelerations, a combination of index of cycle repeatability and signal dispersion can adequately be used to assess dynamic stability. However, as most studies included indoor conditions, studies addressing the biomechanics of trail running in outdoor conditions are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederik P Svenningsen
- Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.,AmerSports Innovation and Sport Science Laboratory, Salomon Simplified Stock Company, Annecy, France
| | - Sébastien Pavailler
- AmerSports Innovation and Sport Science Laboratory, Salomon Simplified Stock Company, Annecy, France
| | - Marlène Giandolini
- AmerSports Innovation and Sport Science Laboratory, Salomon Simplified Stock Company, Annecy, France
| | - Nicolas Horvais
- AmerSports Innovation and Sport Science Laboratory, Salomon Simplified Stock Company, Annecy, France
| | - Pascal Madeleine
- Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Pearce EA, Jelínková L, Fullerton L, Malcolm CJ, Heinrich HL, Norwil EJ, Plate A, Hall M, Bossart CS, Schaller E, Harrell AJ, Femling JK. Observational Study of Grand Canyon Rim-to-Rim Day Hikers: Determining Behavior Patterns to Aid in Preventive Search and Rescue Efforts. Wilderness Environ Med 2019; 30:4-11. [PMID: 30391110 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Grand Canyon National Park has seen an increase in visitors traversing the canyon from rim to rim (R2R) in a single day. R2R hikers travel over 33.8 km (21 mi) over 3300 m (11,000 ft) of elevation change and endure large temperature changes. Grand Canyon emergency medical service providers provide emergency medical services to over 1100 visitors annually. Direct guidance by Preventive Search and Rescue rangers has improved safety. The objective of this study was to examine visitors attempting an R2R traverse and to enhance PSAR rangers' anticipatory guidance. METHODS We conducted an observational study of R2R hikers in the spring and fall of 2015. Hikers consented to study inclusion and were interviewed at the starting trailhead, canyon bottom, and exit trailhead. We performed a survey and collected biometric data. RESULTS We enrolled 617 visitors with a median age of 43 y (interquartile range [IQR] 33-53); 65% were male and 46% had hiked the R2R a median number of 3 times previously (IQR 2-7). Hydration strategies included water bottle only (20%), hydration bladder only (31%), and both water bottle and hydration bladder (48%). R2R crossers had an average start time of 0530 (SD 1.3 h) and median crossing time of 11.9 h (IQR 10.7-13.3). Crossing time and self-reported fatigue were negatively correlated with prior R2R experience (P=0.02). CONCLUSIONS Crossing R2R in a day is hazardous and associated with risk of injury and illness. The results of this study can be used by Preventive Search and Rescue to reduce these risks by educating hikers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Pearce
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM; Grand Canyon National Park, Preventive Search and Rescue Team, Branch of Emergency Services, Grand Canyon, AZ
| | - Lucie Jelínková
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Lynne Fullerton
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Christian J Malcolm
- Grand Canyon National Park, Preventive Search and Rescue Team, Branch of Emergency Services, Grand Canyon, AZ
| | - Hannah L Heinrich
- Grand Canyon National Park, Preventive Search and Rescue Team, Branch of Emergency Services, Grand Canyon, AZ
| | - Evan J Norwil
- Grand Canyon National Park, Preventive Search and Rescue Team, Branch of Emergency Services, Grand Canyon, AZ
| | - Adam Plate
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Meryn Hall
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Christopher S Bossart
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Eric Schaller
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Andrew J Harrell
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Jon K Femling
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Rochat N, Gesbert V, Seifert L, Hauw D. Enacting Phenomenological Gestalts in Ultra- Trail Running: An Inductive Analysis of Trail Runners' Courses of Experience. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2038. [PMID: 30416469 PMCID: PMC6213919 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Using an enactive approach to trail runners' activity, this study sought to identify and characterize runners' phenomenological gestalts, which are forms of experience that synthesize the heterogeneous sensorimotor, cognitive and emotional information that emerges in race situations. By an in-depth examination of their meaningful experiences, we were able to highlight the different typologies of interactions between bodily processes (e.g., sensations and pains), behaviors (e.g., actions and strategies), and environment (e.g., meteorological conditions and route profile). Ten non-professional runners who ran an ultra-trail running race (330 km, 24,000 m of elevation gain) volunteered to participate in the study. Data were collected in two steps: (1) collection of past activity traces (i.e., race maps, field notes, and self-assessment scales) and (2) enactive interviews using the past activity traces in which the runners were invited to relive their experience and describe their activity. The enactive interviews were coded using the course-of-experience methodology to identify the phenomenological gestalts that emerged from activity and scaffolded the runners' courses of experience. The results revealed that runners typically enact three phenomenological gestalts: controlling global ease, enduring general fatigue and experiencing difficult situations, and feeling freedom in the running pace. These phenomenological gestalts were made up of specific behaviors, involvements, and meaningful situated elements that portrayed various ways of achieving an ultra-endurance performance in the race situation. They also highlighted how runners enact a meaningful world by acting in relation to the fluctuations in physical sensations and environmental conditions during an ultra-trail race. Practical applications for preparation, race management and sports psychology interventions are proposed to enrich the existing recommendations. In conclusion, this approach provides new research perspectives by offering a more holistic grasp of activity in trail running through an in-depth analysis of athletes' experience. In doing so, we may expect that runners can connect these typical gestalts to their own personal experiences and stories as trail runners in order to sustain a viable approach to their sport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Rochat
- Center for the Study and the Transformation of Physical Activities (CETAPS EA 3832), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Rouen Normandy, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.,Centre de Recherche en Psychologie de la Santé, du Sport et du Vieillissement (PHASE), Institute of Sport Sciences of the University of Lausanne (ISSUL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Raidlight-Vertical Outdoor Lab Company, Saint-Pierre-de-Chartreuse, France
| | - Vincent Gesbert
- Centre de Recherche en Psychologie de la Santé, du Sport et du Vieillissement (PHASE), Institute of Sport Sciences of the University of Lausanne (ISSUL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ludovic Seifert
- Center for the Study and the Transformation of Physical Activities (CETAPS EA 3832), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Rouen Normandy, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Denis Hauw
- Centre de Recherche en Psychologie de la Santé, du Sport et du Vieillissement (PHASE), Institute of Sport Sciences of the University of Lausanne (ISSUL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Recreational trail runners often participate in online community forums where they can freely read posted messages, join discussions and/or introduce new discussion topics. This tool can enhance learning as runners connect with other trail runners and reflect on how they can better organize their own practice. Studying forum activity would provide greater insight into the relationship between field practice and dedicated forums. The aim of this study was therefore to detect the topics discussed online by trail runners in order to understand how they collectively look for solutions that help them adapt to issues that emerge during actual practice. The discussion topics (n = 171) on the forum hosted by the Raidlight brand were examined using inductive content analysis, which distinguished two general dimensions. The first dimension was training and had four first-order themes (i.e., “specific trail running sessions”, “complementary trail running sessions”. “training plans” and “specific questions about races”) grouped into two second-order themes (i.e., “training session contents” and “structure and schedule”). The second dimension was health and had seven first-order themes (i.e., “tendinitis”, “muscle issues”, “foot issues”, “sprains and fractures”, “pain”, “physiology” and “substances and practitioners”) grouped into two second-order themes (i.e., “pain and injury” and “prevention”). The results indicate that the issues that trail runners discuss on forums are significant and that the successions of questions and solutions are a fruitful means for building, enriching and adjusting their activity as they cope with constraints. As a practical consequence, suggestions for improving such online platforms are made.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Rochat
- Company Raidlight-Vertical SAS Outdoor Lab, Saint-Pierre-de-Chartreuse, France.,Institute of Sport Sciences of University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, CETAPS, Rouen, France
| | - Denis Hauw
- Institute of Sport Sciences of University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gaëlle Gür
- Institute of Sport Sciences of University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Giandolini M, Horvais N, Rossi J, Millet GY, Morin JB, Samozino P. Effects of the foot strike pattern on muscle activity and neuromuscular fatigue in downhill trail running. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 27:809-819. [PMID: 27283465 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Minimizing musculo-skeletal damage and fatigue is considered paramount for performance in trail running. Our purposes were to investigate the effects of the foot strike pattern and its variability on (a) muscle activity during a downhill trail run and (b) immediate and delayed neuromuscular fatigue. Twenty-three runners performed a 6.5-km run (1264 m of negative elevation change). Electromyographic activity of lower-limb muscles was recorded continuously. Heel and metatarsal accelerations were recorded to identify the running technique. Peripheral and central fatigue was assessed in knee extensors (KE) and plantar flexors (PF) at Pre-, Post-, and 2 days post downhill run (Post2d). Anterior patterns were associated with (a) higher gastrocnemius lateralis activity and lower tibialis anterior and vastus lateralis activity during the run and (b) larger decreases in KE high-frequency stimulus-evoked torque Post and larger decrements in KE MVC Post2d. High patterns variability during the run was associated with (a) smaller decreases in KE Db100 Post and MVC Post2d and (b) smaller decreases in PF MVC Post and Post2d. Anterior patterns increase the severity of KE peripheral fatigue. However, high foot strike pattern variability during the run reduced acute and delayed neuromuscular fatigue in KE and PF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Giandolini
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, University Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France.,Amer Sports Footwear Laboratory of Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology, Salomon SAS, Annecy, France
| | - N Horvais
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, University Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France.,Amer Sports Footwear Laboratory of Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology, Salomon SAS, Annecy, France
| | - J Rossi
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - G Y Millet
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - J-B Morin
- Laboratory of Human Motricity, Education Sport and Health (LAMHESS), University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - P Samozino
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, University Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Giandolini M, Horvais N, Rossi J, Millet GY, Morin JB, Samozino P. Acute and delayed peripheral and central neuromuscular alterations induced by a short and intense downhill trail run. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 26:1321-1333. [PMID: 26584478 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Downhill sections are highly strenuous likely contributing to the development of neuromuscular fatigue in trail running. Our purpose was to investigate the consequences of an intense downhill trail run (DTR) on peripheral and central neuromuscular fatigue at knee extensors (KE) and plantar flexors (PF). Twenty-three runners performed a 6.5-km DTR (1264-m altitude drop) as fast as possible. The electromyographic activity of vastus lateralis (VL) and gastrocnemius lateralis (GL) was continuously recorded. Neuromuscular functions were assessed Pre-, Post-, and 2-day Post-DTR (Post2d). Maximal voluntary torques decreased Post (∼ -19% for KE, ∼ -25% for PF) and Post2d (∼ -9% for KE, ∼ -10% for PF). Both central and peripheral dysfunctions were observed. Decreased KE and PF voluntary activation (VA), evoked forces, VL M-wave amplitude, and KE low-frequency fatigue were observed at Post. Changes in VL M-wave amplitude were negatively correlated to VL activity during DTR. Changes in PF twitch force and VA were negatively correlated to GL activity during DTR. The acute KE VA deficit was about a third of that reported after ultramarathons, although peripheral alterations were similar. The prolonged force loss seems to be mainly associated to VA deficit likely induced by the delayed inflammatory response to DTR-induced ultrastructural muscle damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Giandolini
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA4338), University Savoie Mont-Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France. .,Amer Sports Footwear Laboratory of Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology, Salomon SAS, Annecy, France.
| | - N Horvais
- Amer Sports Footwear Laboratory of Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology, Salomon SAS, Annecy, France
| | - J Rossi
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA4338), University Savoie Mont-Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
| | - G Y Millet
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - J-B Morin
- Laboratory of Human Motricity, Education Sport and Health, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - P Samozino
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA4338), University Savoie Mont-Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
| |
Collapse
|