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Micheloud JF, Aguirre LS, Marioni J, Mugas ML, Cabrera JL, Martinez OG, Gallardo SC, Gimeno EJ, Núñez-Montoya SC. Experimental poisoning by Heterophyllaea pustulata Hook. f. (Rubiaceae) in goats. Clinical, biochemical and toxicological aspects. Toxicon 2019; 165:56-61. [PMID: 31029636 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical, biochemical and toxicological findings of the experimentally poisoning induced by Heterophyllaea pustulata in goats. Ten healthy adult female Saanen breed goats were used in the experiment. The goats were randomly assigned to two groups of five individuals: control and experimental group (CG and EG). Both groups were kept in the same enclosure devoid of shade for 8 h daily. The EG received only H. pustulata samples (leaves and thin steam) and water ad libitum. The CG received lucerne hay. Blood samples were taken at different times after oral administration of vegetal samples, and level of hepatic enzymes, total bilirubin, conjugated and non-conjugated bilirubin was measured, together with the detection of anthraquinones (AQs) and phylloerythrin by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode-Array Detector and Mass Spectrometry with Electron Spray Ionization and Quadrupole Time Of Fly analysis. At the same time, skin biopsy samples were collected for AQs determinations. For histopathological examination, hepatic biopsy samples were collected on day 8. Clinically, all goats of the EG revealed photophobia, dermatitis and photosensitization. None of these goats developed jaundice or died during the experiment (15 days). In addition, affected goats exhibited a significant elevation in the serum levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, direct bilirubin, and total bilirubin. Microscopic examination of the liver samples revealed slight degenerative lesions. Although phylloerythrin was not detected in sera, a high level of two predominant AQs in H. pustulata (rubiadin/soranjidiol) were noted between 24 and 72 h after plant consumption, which coincided with the period in which the clinical signs were more obvious. Since those AQs were not identified in skin samples, the clinical findings were supported by the presence of AQs in sera. Finally, toxicological studies of the AQs are important, since many current works suggest their potential use in the photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Francisco Micheloud
- Grupo de Trabajo de Patología, Epidemiología e Investigación Diagnóstica Área de Sanidad Animal-IIACS, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Argentina; Práctica Hospitalaria de Grandes Animales, Fac. Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Católica de Salta, Argentina.
| | - Laura S Aguirre
- Práctica Hospitalaria de Grandes Animales, Fac. Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Católica de Salta, Argentina
| | - Juliana Marioni
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IMBIV, CONICET), Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad Ciencias Químicas, Dpto. Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Farmacognosia, Edificio de Ciencias 2, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Maria Laura Mugas
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IMBIV, CONICET), Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad Ciencias Químicas, Dpto. Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Farmacognosia, Edificio de Ciencias 2, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - José Luis Cabrera
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IMBIV, CONICET), Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad Ciencias Químicas, Dpto. Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Farmacognosia, Edificio de Ciencias 2, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Olga Gladys Martinez
- Herbario MCNS - Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, IBIGEO. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta, Argentina
| | - Silvina Carola Gallardo
- Herbario MCNS - Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, IBIGEO. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Juan Gimeno
- Cátedra de Patología General, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias-Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina
| | - Susana Carolina Núñez-Montoya
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IMBIV, CONICET), Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad Ciencias Químicas, Dpto. Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Farmacognosia, Edificio de Ciencias 2, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
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Zheng Z, Li S, Zhong Y, Zhan R, Yan Y, Pan H, Yan P. UPLC-QTOF-MS Identification of the Chemical Constituents in Rat Plasma and Urine after Oral Administration of Rubia cordifolia L. Extract. Molecules 2017; 22:E1327. [PMID: 28800124 PMCID: PMC6152264 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with the quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF/MS) method was developed for analysing the chemical constituents in rat plasma and urine after the oral administration of Rubia cordifolia L. extract. Under the optimized conditions, nine of 11 prototypes in rat plasma and four prototypes in urine were identified or characterized by comparing the retention time, accurate mass, fragmentation patterns, reference compounds, and literature data. In total, six metabolites, including alizarin-1-O-β-glucuronide, alizarin-2-O-β-glucuronide, alizarin-1-O-sulfation, alizarin-2-O-sulfation, purpurin-1-O-β-glucuronide, and purpurin-3-O-β-glucuronide, were identified in rat plasma, which were confirmed by lavaging standard solutions. Purpurin was found to be able to be transformed into alizarin based on the results in which alizarin was detected in rat plasma after the oral administration of a purpurin solution. In total, four metabolites were found in rat urine, but their chemical structures were not confirmed. The results indicate that the metabolic pathway of alizarin involves glucuronidation and sulfation, with the purpurins having undergone glucuronidation. The components absorbed into the blood, and the metabolites have the opportunity to become bioactive constituents. The experimental results would supply a helpful chemical basis for further research on the mechanism of actions of Rubia cordifolia L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoliang Zheng
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources from Lingnan of Ministry of Education, Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Shengqing Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yuping Zhong
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Ruoting Zhan
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources from Lingnan of Ministry of Education, Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yan Yan
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Huafeng Pan
- Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Ping Yan
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources from Lingnan of Ministry of Education, Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Wei F, Chen M, Luo C, Chen F, Shen Q, Mo Z. Developing an Absorption-Based Quality Control Method for Hu-Gan-Kang-Yuan Capsules by UFLC-QTOF-MS/MS Screening and HPLC-DAD Quantitative Determination. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21050592. [PMID: 27213308 PMCID: PMC6274194 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese Medicine Preparations (TCMPs) contain massive numbers of ingredients responsible for their multiple efficacies. An absorption–based quality control method for complicated TCMPs using Hu–gan–kang–yuan Capsule (HGKYC) as an example was developed. To select proper chemical markers for quality control of HGKYC, an ultra–fast liquid chromatography (UFLC) coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time–off light mass spectrometry (UFLC–QTOF–MS/MS) method was used for the rapid separation and structural identification of the constituents in the HGKYC extract and the rat serum after oral administration of HGKYC. As a result, one hundred and seven prototype constituents including flavonoids, organic acid, phenylpropanoids, anthraquinones, saponins, alkaloids, terpenes, phenols and amino acids in HGKYC extract, and 43 compounds found in rat serum after oral administration of HGKYC were unambiguously identified or tentatively characterized by comparing retention times and MS information with those of authentic standards or available literature references. Finally, a simple, low–cost and effective method of simultaneous determination for baicalein, wogonin, paeonol and emodin in HGKYC was developed using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector. In conclusion, an absorption–based quality control pattern was developed and successfully used for evaluating HGKYC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghuan Wei
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Minting Chen
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Chaohua Luo
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Feilong Chen
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Qun Shen
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Zhixian Mo
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Yu CP, Shia CS, Lin HJ, Hsieh YW, Lin SP, Hou YC. Analysis of the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of aloe-emodin following intravenous and oral administrations in rats. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 30:1641-7. [PMID: 27061721 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Aloe-emodin, a natural polyphenolic anthraquinone, has shown various beneficial bioactivities in vitro. The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of aloe-emodin. Aloe-emodin was intravenously and orally administered to rats. The concentrations of aloe-emodin and rhein, a metabolite of aloe-emodin, were determined by HPLC method prior to and after hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase and sulfatase/β-glucuronidase. The results showed that the systemic exposures of aloe-emodin and its metabolites were ranked as aloe-emodin glucuronides (G) > rhein sulfates (S) > aloe-emodin > rhein and rhein G when aloe-emodin was given intravenously. In contrast, when aloe-emodin was administered orally, the parent form of aloe-emodin was not absorbed per se, and the systemic exposures of its metabolites were ranked as aloe-emodin G > rhein G > rhein. In conclusion, the metabolites of aloe-emodin are more important than the parent form for the bioactivities in vivo. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ping Yu
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chi-Sheng Shia
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hui-Ju Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yow-Wen Hsieh
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shiuan-Pey Lin
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Chi Hou
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Dong LC, Fan YX, Yu Q, Ma J, Dong X, Li P, Li HJ. Synergistic effects of rhubarb-gardenia herb pair in cholestatic rats at pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic levels. J Ethnopharmacol 2015; 175:67-74. [PMID: 26376237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Herb pair serves as the basic building block of a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula. The rhubarb-gardenia herb pair (RGHP), composed of rhubarb and gardenia, has meaningful clinical effects to cure cholestasis diseases. This study was designed to confirm the expected synergistic effects of RGHP at pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control, model and drug-treated groups. After intragastrically administrated with α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) to induce cholestasis, rats were treated with rhubarb, gardenia or RGHP. For pharmacodynamic study, biochemical and histopathological tests were performed to assess the hepatoprotective effects. While for pharmacokinetic study, a LC-MS method was developed for determination of five main chemical markers, namely genipin, rhein, aloe emodin, emodin and chrysophanol in rat plasma. RESULTS The biochemical and histopathological tests suggested that RGHP exerted enhanced hepatoprotective effects against the ANIT-induced cholestasis compared with single herbs. The pharmacokinetic study indicated RGHP could significantly elevate systemic exposure level and prolong retention time of five markers in comparison with rhubarb or gardenia alone. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated the synergistic effects of RGHP in ANIT-induced cholestatic rats at pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic levels, and has significant enlightenments for the rational use of the related TCM formulas containing RGHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei-Chi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University), No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ya-Xi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University), No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qiong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University), No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jiang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University), No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University), No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University), No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hui-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University), No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Yang C, Wang S, Guo X, Sun J, Liu L, Wu L. Simultaneous determination of seven anthraquinones in rat plasma by Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry and pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of Semen Cassiae extract. J Ethnopharmacol 2015; 169:305-313. [PMID: 25907980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Semen Cassiae, called Juemingzi in China, is the seed of the annual Cassia obtusifolia L., of the leguminosae family. It has been used as healthy drinks to alleviate constipation and improve eyesight for many years in China. AIM OF THE STUDY A simple sensitive UHPLC-MS/MS method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination and pharmacokinetic study of chrysophanol, emodin, aloe-emodin, rhein, physcion, obtusifolin and aurantio-obtusin in rat plasma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chromatographic separation was accomplished on a C18 column with a 5min gradient elution. A tandem mass spectrometric detection was conducted using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) via an electrospray ionization (ESI) source and operating in the negative ionization mode. The samples were prepared by LLE with ethyl acetate after being spiked with an internal standard (butylparaben). RESULTS The current UHPLC-MS/MS assay was validated for linearity, intra-day and inter-day precisions, accuracy, extraction recovery and stability. The method was linear for all analytes over investigated range with all correlation coefficients greater than 0.9900. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of each analyte was lower than 5ng/mL. Intra-day and inter-day precisions were less than 14.99%. The relative errors of accuracies were in the range of -14.60% to 5.11%. The mean recoveries and matrix effects of anthraquinones were higher than 65.54% and 93.26%, respectively. After oral administration 1.25g/kg of Semen Cassiae extract, the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) was 1189.25±333.40ng/mL for chrysophanol, 38.48±3.15ng/mL for emodin, 79.20±34.76ng/mL for aloe-emodin, 152.70±23.91ng/mL for rhein, 461.85±266.77ng/mL for physcion, 243.59±22.71ng/mL for obtusifolin and 1950.44±638.86ng/mL for aurantio-obtusin, respectively. The time to reach the maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) was 0.333±0.071h for chrysophanol, 0.333±0.059h for emodin, 0.333±0.009h for aloe-emodin, 0.333±0.09h for rhein, 0.167±0.002h for physcion, 0.5±0.074h for obtusifolin and 0.333±0.06h for aurantio-obtusin, respectively. CONCLUSION The proposed method was further applied to investigate the pharmacokinetics of seven anthraquinones after oral administration of Semen Cassia extract to rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjuan Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang Distrct., Harbin 150081, PR China
| | - Shuhong Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang Distrct., Harbin 150081, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang Distrct., Harbin 150081, PR China
| | - Jiahui Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang Distrct., Harbin 150081, PR China
| | - Lu Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang Distrct., Harbin 150081, PR China
| | - Lijun Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang Distrct., Harbin 150081, PR China.
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Huang JQ, Yan XM, Feng F. [Simultaneous determination of four anthraquinones in rat plasma by HPLC-FLD method and its pharmacokinetic study]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2014; 39:3850-3854. [PMID: 25612453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims to develop a method for the determination of aloe-emodin, rhein, chrysophanol and physcion and study the pharmacokinetic properties of four anthraquinones in rat plasma after oral administration of gardenia and rhubarb decoction. The plasma concentrations at different time points of four anthraquinones were determined by HPLC-FLD method. Plasma samples were extracted with liquid-liquid extraction procedure. Plasma samples were separated on a C18 column (4.6 mm x 150 mm, 5 μm), using 0.2% acetic acid and methanol as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min(-1) with gradient elution. The excitation and emission wavelengths were set at 430, 525 nm, respectively. DAS 2.0 software was applied to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters. The results showed four anthraquinones can be absorbed. The main parameters of aloe-emodin, rhein, chrysophanol and physcion were as follows: C(max) for aloe-emodin was (0.085 ± 0.058), (3.772 ± 1.152), (0.464 ± 0.267), (0.028 ± 0.008) mg x L(-1) respectively; t(max) for rhein was (1.042 ± 0.510), (0.805 ± 0.307), (1.167 ± 0.283), (0.616 ± 0.162) h respectively; t½ for chrysophanol was (3.557 ± 1.250), (6.879 ± 1.126), (5.196 ± 2.032), (4.337 ± 1.816) h; AUC(0-t) for physcion was (0.504 ± 0.130), (9.558 ± 1.106), (2.545 ± 1.554), (0.052 ± 0.018) mg x h x L(-1). This paper developed a selective, accurate and sensitive HPLC-FLD method for the simultaneous determination of four anthraquiones in rat plasma.
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Peng YH, Lin SP, Yu CP, Tsai SY, Chen MY, Hou YC, Chao PDL. Serum concentrations of anthraquinones after intake of Folium Sennae and potential modulation on P-glycoprotein. Planta Med 2014; 80:1291-1297. [PMID: 25177847 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1383040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Folium Sennae (leaves of Cassia angustifolia or senna) is a laxative and a component in diets for weight control. It contains a variety of anthranoids such as sennosides, aloe-emodin, and rhein. In order to measure the serum concentrations of senna anthranoids, Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administered with single dose and multiple doses of Folium Sennae. The concentrations of anthranoids in serum were determined by HPLC method before and after hydrolysis with sulfatase and β-glucuronidase. The results showed that in the serum, aloe-emodin glucuronides and rhein glucuronides were the major metabolites. Traces of rhein free form were present transiently during the early phase, whereas the free form of aloe-emodin was not detected. We also evaluated the modulation effect of Folium Sennae on P-glycoprotein by using the LS 180 cell model which showed that it significantly inhibited P-glycoprotein by 16-46 %. In conclusion, senna anthranoids were rapidly and extensively metabolized to rhein glucuronides and aloe-emodin glucuronides in rats. Folium Sennae ingestion inhibited the efflux function of P-glycoprotein in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsuan Peng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R. O. C
| | - Shiuan-Pey Lin
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R. O. C
| | - Chung-Ping Yu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R. O. C
| | - Shang-Yuan Tsai
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R. O. C
| | - Min-Yu Chen
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R. O. C
| | - Yu-Chi Hou
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R. O. C
| | - Pei-Dawn Lee Chao
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R. O. C
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Feng SX, Li JS, Wang SM, Yang R, Zhou TQ, Li XY, Qu LB. Simultaneous determination and pharmacokinetics of five rhubarb anthraquinones in dog plasma by HPLC after orally administration the rhubarb extract. Pak J Pharm Sci 2014; 27:847-854. [PMID: 25015450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Rhubarb is widely used in the treatment of obstipation, gastrointestinal indigestion and other diseases in China and other Asian countries for thousands of years. Anthraquinones are the major group of polyphenol constituents including aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol and physcion. In order to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of five rhubarb anthraquinones, a high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) method for simultaneous determination of aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol and physcion in dog plasma was established. Solid phase extraction (SPE) was applied to the extraction and purification of samples. The calibration curves of five anthraquinones showed good linearity with r greater than 0.9925. The average extraction recoveries, examined at three concentration levels, carried from 92.1% to 102.3%, and the accuracies ranged from 87.7% to 102.5% with precision (RSD) <10%. The pharmacokinetic paremeters of five anthraquinones were investigated systematically after orally administration the rhubarb extract. Five anthraquinones were rapidly absorbed and Tmax for aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol and physcion was at 0.75, 1.50, 0.75, 1.0 and 2.0 h respectively. The Cmax of five anthraquinones was 0.031, 3.39, 0.27, 0.036 and 0.032 μg/mL while the AUC of five anthraquinones was 0.35 ± 0.058, 32.22 ± 8.29, 2.97 ± 0.66, 0.43 ± 0.10 and 0.41 ± 0.12 mg h/L, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-xiang Feng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China / College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jian-sheng Li
- Institute of Geriatrics, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shu-mei Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Ran Yang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ti-qiang Zhou
- Institute of Geriatrics, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao-yu Li
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ling-bo Qu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Hou ML, Chang LW, Lin CH, Lin LC, Tsai TH. Determination of bioactive components in Chinese herbal formulae and pharmacokinetics of rhein in rats by UPLC-MS/MS. Molecules 2014; 19:4058-75. [PMID: 24699148 PMCID: PMC6271780 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19044058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhein (4,5-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxoanthracene-2-carboxylic acid, cassic acid) is a pharmacological active component found in Rheum palmatum L. the major herb of San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang (SHXXT), a medicinal herbal product used as a remedy for constipation. Here we have determined multiple bioactive components in SHXXT and investigated the comparative pharmacokinetics of rhein in rats. A sensitive and specific method combining liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry has been developed and validated to simultaneously quantify six active compounds in the pharmaceutical herbal product SHXXT to further study their pharmacokinetics in rats. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was employed for quantification with switching electrospray ion source polarity between positive and negative modes in a single run. There were no significant matrix effects in the quantitative analysis and the mean recovery for rhein in rat plasma was 91.6%±3.4%. The pharmacokinetic data of rhein demonstrate that the herbal formulae or the single herbal extract provide significantly higher absorption rate than the pure compound. This phenomenon suggests that the other herbal ingredients of SHXXT and rhubarb extract significantly enhance the absorption of rhein in rats. In conclusion, the herbal formulae (SHXXT) are more efficient than the single herb (rhubarb) or the pure compound (rhein) in rhein absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Hou
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong St, Beitou District, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
| | - Li-Wen Chang
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong St, Beitou District, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Hung Lin
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong St, Beitou District, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
| | - Lie-Chwen Lin
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, No. 155-1, Sec. 2, Li-Nong St., Beitou District, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
| | - Tung-Hu Tsai
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong St, Beitou District, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
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Wang Z, Hu H, Chen F, Lan K, Wang A. Reduced system exposures of total rhein and baicalin after combinatory oral administration of rhein, baicalin and berberine to beagle dogs and rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2013; 145:442-449. [PMID: 23159470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Rhein (Rh), baicalin (BG) and berberine (Be) are important coexisted constituents of San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang, which was widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of gastritis, hypertension, gastric bleeding and peptic ulcers, etc. AIM OF THE STUDY Based on the extensive phase II conjugation reactions of polyphenols (Rh and BG) in vivo, the aims of the present study were to investigate the effects of combination (Rh, BG and Be) on the system exposures of total Rh and BG involving the phase II conjugates metabolites and its possible mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS A 3×3 Latin square single heavy design was used to investigate the pharmacokinetics influence of total Rh and BG after combination of Be by treating plasma samples with β-glucuronidase/sulfatase both in beagle dogs and Wistar rats. In vitro and in situ experiment models including in situ rat intestinal perfusion, Caco-2 cell monolayer transport and small intestinal flora incubation system were used to discuss the possible mechanism. RESULTS The results of pharmacokinetic interactions showed that combination significantly reduced the system exposures of total Rh and BG. Compared with Rh or BG alone, the mean area under concentration-time curves (AUC(0-t)) of total Rh and BG reduced by 31% and 77% in beagle dog experiment. In Wistar rat experiment, the AUC(0-t) of total Rh and BG reduced by 22% and 21%. Subsequently, the results of in situ rat intestinal perfusion and small intestinal flora incubation system tests revealed that combination may decrease the absorption and metabolism of BG. However, combination could not affect the transport profile of BG across the Caco-2 cell. Moreover, combination did not affect the absorption or metabolism profile of Rh in all three in situ/in vitro experiments. CONCLUSIONS It was deduced that the possible mechanism of the reduction of the system exposures of total Rh and BG was related to that combination decreased the metabolism of BG to B or the phase II conjugates of Rh/BG excreted from liver/bile duct to their free aglycones in vivo by inhibiting intestinal flora. The potent effects of combination on the phase II conjugates of Rh and B in pharmacokinetics, shown in this paper, indicated that more attention should be paid to the phase II conjugates metabolites of these polyphenols (undergo extensive phase II conjugation reactions in vivo) when applied herbal products composed of these coexist compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanguo Wang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan University, No.24 South Section 1, First Ring Road, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan Province, PR China
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Yang YM, Wang P, Zhang Y. [A comparative study on the absorption kinetics parameters of rhubarb free anthraquinones between normal dogs and dogs with severe acute pancreatitis]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 2012; 32:494-498. [PMID: 22803431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effects of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) on absorption kinetic parameters of rhubarb free anthraquinones. METHODS Eleven healthy Beagle dogs were randomly divided into the normal group (n = 6) and the SAP group (n = 5). The SAP animal model was prepared by surgery through portal vein blood channel building to collect blood from normal dogs and dogs with SAP. The free anthraquinones (20 mg/kg) was given by gastrogavage. The concentrations of five anthraquinones (aloe emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion) in the blood plasma of the portal vein and the femoral artery were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The kinetic parameters were calculated using MATLAB2007B Software. The half life (t(1/2Ka)), the absorption peak time (Tmax), the peak concentration (Cmax), the area under the curve [AUC(0-infinity)], and the mean residence time (MRT) were calculated using the statistical moment method. The transport velocity of corresponding medicines from the gastrointestinal tract to the blood (ka) was calculated. RESULTS There was no difference in the chemical composition absorption type of the portal vein and the femoral artery between the two groups. Aloe emodin could be detected in the portal vein of each animal at each time point, and they were in the quantitative range. Rhein could be detected in the portal vein of each animal at each time point, and they were lower than the quantitative limit at few time points. Emodin and chrysophanol could be detected in the portal vein of partial animals at each time point, and most of them were higher than the quantitative limit. Physcion could be detected only in the portal vein of less animals at few time points. Rhein could be detected in the femoral artery at most time points, but the rhein plasma concentration at most time points were lower than the quantitative limit. Lower concentration of aloe emodin, emodin, and chrysophanol could be detected in the femoral artery at only few time points. Physcion was not detected in the femoral artery. The rhein plasma concentration of the femoral artery and the chrysophanol Cmax of the portal vein at 45 min were higher in the SAP group than in the normal group with statistical difference (P<0.05). There was no statistical difference in the rest indices. The AUC of rhein in the two groups were 59.32% and 66.07% of the total free anthraquinones respectively. CONCLUSIONS SAP could not obviously affect the absorption kinetics parameters of rhubarb free anthraquinones. The intestinal tract and the liver might possibly play important roles in metabolizing or transforming rhubarb free anthraquinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Mao Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137
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Shia CS, Tsai SY, Lin JC, Li ML, Ko MH, Chao PDL, Huang YC, Hou YC. Steady-state pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of anthraquinones of Rhei Rhizoma in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2011; 137:1388-1394. [PMID: 21855620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Rhei Rhizoma, the rhizome of Rheum palmatum L. (RP), is a popular herb in clinical Chinese medicine. RP is abundant in polyphenolic anthraquinones, which have been reported to show various beneficial bioactivities. This study investigated the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of anthraquinones following seven-dose administration of RP decoction to rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six Sprague-Dawley rats were given 2.0 g/kg of RP twice daily for seven doses and blood samples were collected at designated time after the 7th dose. Another six rats were sacrificed at 30 min after the 7th dose and organs including liver, kidney, lung and brain were collected. Serum and tissue specimens were assayed by HPLC before and after hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase and sulfatase, respectively. RESULTS Pharmacokinetic analysis indicated that the anthraquinones in serum mainly presented as glucuronides/sulfates and contained higher ratio of sulfates when compared with single-dose administration of RP. Contrary to the finding in serum, tissue analysis discovered mainly free form of anthraquinone in most organs assayed, such as aloe-emodin and rhein in kidney, liver, lung; emodin in liver, lung; trace of chrysophanol in kidney and liver. In all brains, neither free forms nor their glucuronides/sulfates have been detected. CONCLUSIONS The glucuronides/sulfates of anthraquinones were the major forms in bloodstream, whereas the free forms of most anthraquinones were predominant in kidney and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Sheng Shia
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Zhang A, Sun H, Yuan Y, Sun W, Jiao G, Wang X. An in vivo analysis of the therapeutic and synergistic properties of Chinese medicinal formula Yin-Chen-Hao-Tang based on its active constituents. Fitoterapia 2011; 82:1160-8. [PMID: 21835230 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2011.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
6,7-Dimethylesculetin (D), geniposide (G) and rhein (R) are the three major active ingredients of Yin-Chen-Hao-Tang (YCHT), a famous Chinese herbal formula, which has been shown to be clinically effective for treating hepatic injury (HI) syndrome. The present study was conducted to investigate the therapeutic and synergistic effects of COC (combination of D, G and R) on HI rats by combining pharmacokinetic with biochemical analysis strategy. Plasma was analyzed by using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models were built to evaluate the therapeutic and synergistic effects of COC at the biochemical level. Here, we report that the COC combination could increase the plasma level, slow elimination rate, exert a more robust therapeutic effect than any one or two of the three individual compounds by hitting multiple targets in a rat model of HI. Overall, this beneficially accounts for the popular view that traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula usually takes multi-component to exert their therapeutic effects. We suggest that dissecting the mode of action of clinically effective formula to be capable of producing a sufficient effect at low doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Zhang
- National TCM Key Lab of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China
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15
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Liu Q, Li F, Li J, Yao J, Wang X, Wang C, Wang W. [Regulating effects of aquaporin 4 expression in LoVo cells by serum containing total anthraquinone in rheum]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2009; 34:3247-3250. [PMID: 20353011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the regulating effects of serum containing total anthraquinone in rheum on the expression of AQP4 in cultured LoVo cells in vitro. METHOD Sixteen SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups respectively treated with 0, 1.4, 2.5, 4.5 g x kg(-1) x d(-1) of total anthraquinone in rheum by intragastric administration. After 7 days of treatment, the rats were anesthetized and celiotomized to prepare the serum containing total anthraquinone in rheum. LoVo cells cultured in vitro were treated with different concentrations of total anthraquinone in rheum for 24 h. The expression levels of protein and mRNA of AQP4 IN LoVo cells were decided by Western blot and semiquantive RT-PCR. RESULT Western blot and semiquantive RT-PCR showed that serum containing total anthraquinone in rheum prepared from rats treated with 4.5 g x kg(-1) x d(-1) of total anthraquinone in rheum could inhibit the expression of mRNA and protein levels of AQP 4 in LoVo cells (P<0.01). CONCLUSION Serum containing total anthraquinone in rheum can inhibit both the transcription and translation of AQP4 gene, indicating that the regulation mechanism of rhubarb on the expression of AQP4 can be related to the cathartic effect of rhubarb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Fourth Military Medical University PLA Centre of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Xi'an 710032, China
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Shia CS, Juang SH, Tsai SY, Chang PH, Kuo SC, Hou YC, Chao PDL. Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of anthraquinones in Rheum palmatum in rats and ex vivo antioxidant activity. Planta Med 2009; 75:1386-92. [PMID: 19877312 DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1185725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Anthraquinones are a major group of polyphenols in the rhizome of Rheum palmatum L. (RP). This study investigated the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of anthraqinones in RP decoction in rats. The concentrations of four anthraquinones including aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, and their glycosides in the decoction were quantitated by HPLC before and after acid hydrolysis with the results indicating that the anthraquinones mainly existed as the glycoside form except for rhein. Rats were orally administered RP decoction and blood samples were assayed by HPLC before and after treatments with sulfatase and beta-glucuronidase. It was found that the glucuronides of aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin and chrysophanol were predominant in the blood, whereas their aglycones were not detected except for rhein. In conclusion, the anthraquinones were subject to a rapid and extensive conjugation metabolism in rats and the serum metabolites of RP exhibited a potential free radical scavenging effect on AAPH-induced hemolysis at pharmacologically relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Sheng Shia
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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Sun DX, Tian HF, Meng ZY, Du A, Yuan D, Gu RL, Wu ZN, Dou GF. Quantitative determination of acetylshikonin in macaque monkey blood by LC-ESI-MS/MS after precolumn derivatization with 2-mercaptoethanol and its application in pharmacokinetic study. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2008; 29:1499-506. [PMID: 19026170 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2008.00898.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To develop and validate a novel precolumn derivatization method for the quantitative determination and pharmacokinetic application of acetylshikonin in macaque monkeys by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). METHODS 2-Mercaptoethanol was added to the blood sample as the derivatization reagent. The derivatization reaction formed 1 major derivation product, which was well correlated with acetylshikonin. The acetylshikonin concentrations in the biological samples were calculated by quantitative determination of the major derivation product using LC-ESI- MS/MS. Separation was achieved using a C18 column (2 mm x 50 mm, 5 microm) at room temperature and a linear gradient elution with a mobile phase containing methanol (1.96% acetic acid) and 10% methanol in water (1.96% acetic acid and 10 mmol/L ammonium acetate) at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. In addition, the major derivative, named derivative III, was identified by UV spectra, MS, and the (1)H-NMR and (13)C-NMR spectra. RESULTS Good linearity was obtained within the range of 5 and 2000 ng/mL (r>0.99 using a linear regression model with 1/x2 weighting) for acetylshikonin. The interday and intraday precisions were found to be less than 12.3%, with the exception of the lowest concentration, which was less than 17.2%. The interday and intraday accuracies, which were between -3% and 0.6%, were also observed. After the administration of acetylshikonin (80 mg/kg, po) in macaque monkeys, the pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained through the non-compartmental analysis, where the area under the concentration-time curve to the last measurable concentration, the terminal elimination halflife, and the mean residual time were 615.4+/-206.5 ng x dh/mL,12.3+/-1.6 h, and 10.2+/-0.7 h, respectively. CONCLUSION The method was validated and applied to the quantitative determination and pharmacokinetic study of acetylshikonin in the blood samples of macaque monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-xiao Sun
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
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18
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Tang WF, Huang X, Yu Q, Qin F, Wan MH, Wang YG, Liang MZ. Determination and pharmacokinetic comparison of rhein in rats after oral dosed with Da-Cheng-Qi decoction and Xiao-Cheng-Qi decoction. Biomed Chromatogr 2008; 21:1186-90. [PMID: 17582236 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Da-Cheng-Qi decoction (DCQD) is composed of dahuang, houpu, zhishi and mangxiao, while Xiao-Cheng-Qi decoction (XCQD) just contains dahuang, houpu, and zhishi. A validated high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed for the determination and pharmacokinetic comparison of rhein in rats. It was performed on a reversed-phase C(18) column (150 x 4.6 mm) with a mobile phase of methanol and 0.2% acetic acid (89:11, v/v) and ultraviolet detection at 254 nm. The assay was linear over the range 30-3000 ng/mL (r(2) = 0.9991), with mean percentage recovery of 101.4%. The RSD of intra- and inter-day precision were less than 3.0%, with accuracy in the range 96.8-102.5% for each of the concentrations tested. Following oral administration, rhein plasma levels revealed curves characterized by peaks at 20.5 and 30.1 min corresponding to dosages of 15 mg/kg (XCQD) and 20 mg/kg (DCQD) at mean concentrations of 1184.67 and 1814.27 ng/mL, respectively. The half-lives of rhein from XCQD and DCQD were 45.3 and 139.6 min, respectively. AUC(0-12h) of rhein after oral dosage with XCQD and DCQD were 3435.68 and 5382.25 microg/L h, respectively. The pharmacokinetic parameters may be used to guide the clinical prescription compatibility of traditional Chinese prescriptions related to dahuang and mangxiao.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Fu Tang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China. @
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Yan D, Ma Y. Simultaneous quantification of five anthraquinones in rat plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Biomed Chromatogr 2007; 21:502-7. [PMID: 17294506 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method with fluorescence detection (excitation 435 and emission 515 nm) was established and validated for quantification of five anthraquinones (aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol and physcion) in rat plasma. Following a single-step liquid-liquid extraction, the analytes and internal standard (1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone) were separated on a reversed-phase C(18) column with water-phosphoric acid-methanol as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The linear ranges of the calibration curves were 6.5-1300 ng/mL for aloe-emodin, 20-4000 ng/mL for rhein, 40-8000 ng/mL for emodin, 15-3000 ng/mL for chrysophanol and 13-2600 ng/mL for physcion. The lower limit of quantification was 6.5 ng/mL for aloe-emodin, 20 ng/mL for rhein, 40 ng/mL for emodin, 15 ng/mL for chrysophanol and 13 ng/mL for physcion. The mean accuracy was 94.3-105.1% for aloe-emodin, 90.3-108.8% for rhein, 92.6-106.7% for emodin, 95.8-103.8% for chrysophanol and 98.7-101.2% for physcion. The within-batch and between-batch precisions were < or = 5.5% and < or = 13.4%, respectively. This method is suitable for determining the five anthraquinones in plasma simultaneously and thus investigating the pharmacokinetics of anthraquinones from Xiexin decoction in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongming Yan
- College of Chinese Material Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
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Yi L, Jian-Ping G, Xu X, Lixin D. Simultaneous determination of baicalin, rhein and berberine in rat plasma by column-switching high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 838:50-5. [PMID: 16730245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2005] [Revised: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 04/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A simple HPLC method using column-switching and ultraviolet detection was developed for the simultaneous determination of baicalin (BA), rhein (RH) and berberine (BE) in rat plasma. Plasma samples were injected directly onto a Capcell Pak MF C(8) column (150 mm x 4.6 mm i.d.) to remove protein and to be pre-separated by an isocratic elution using 50 mmol/L phosphate sodium (pH 6.85)-acetonitrile (10:1, v/v). After the drug-containing fractions were transferred to a Kromasil C(18) column (150 mm x 4.6 mm i.d.) by a valve switching step, the valve position was switched back and the main separation was performed by an isocratic elution using triethylamine adjusted 20 mmol/L phosphoric acid (pH 6.78)-acetonitrile (4:1, v/v). The flow rate was always 1.0 mL/min. The calibration curve showed excellent linear relationship (r>or=0.9997) over the concentration range of 0.4-7.9 microg/mL for baicalin, 0.2-7.8 microg/mL for rhein and 0.4-7.7 microg/mL for berberine in rat plasma. The intra- and inter-day assay precisions (R.S.D.) of three analytes were in the range of 0.34-4.3% and the accuracies were between 98.0% and 102.4%. Their recoveries were all greater than 95%. The method was successfully applied to the multi-constituents plasma concentration-time curve study after oral administration of a traditional Chinese medicine prescription Xiexin-Tang in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yi
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS, Shanghai 200032, China
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Zhu W, Wang XM, Zhang L, Li XY, Wang BX. Pharmacokinetic of rhein in healthy male volunteers following oral and retention enema administration of rhubarb extract: a single dose study. Am J Chin Med 2006; 33:839-50. [PMID: 16355440 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x05003508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Rhubarb is a common herb used in traditional Chinese medicine. However, few publications exist about its pharmacokinetic profiles in animals or healthy volunteers. Whether retention enema administration of rhubarb extract affects its pharmacokinetics as well as its tolerability is unknown. Therefore, we set out to compare the pharmacokinetic parameters of rhein administered by retention enemas with those of conventional oral dosing of rhubarb extract. Eight healthy male volunteers were enrolled in a prospective crossover study. All subjects received a single dose of rhubarb extract (50 mg.kg(-1)) on two separate occasions, once orally, once by a retention enema. Rhein plasma concentration was measured by HPLC. The C(max), AUC(0-infinity), AUMC were significantly higher in oral administration than those in retention enema administration (p < 0.05), while V(d) of rhein after oral administration of rhubarb extract was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than that after retention enema administration. However, no statistically significant differences between the two treatments were observed for any of the other pharmacokinetic parameters (T(max), t(1/2), MRT(0-infinity), CL). Dosage adjustment is advisable for retention enema administration of rhubarb extract in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
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Bi S, Song D, Kan Y, Xu D, Tian Y, Zhou X, Zhang H. Spectroscopic characterization of effective components anthraquinones in Chinese medicinal herbs binding with serum albumins. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2005; 62:203-12. [PMID: 16257715 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2004.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2004] [Accepted: 12/16/2004] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The interactions of serum albumins such as human serum albumin (HSA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) with emodin, rhein, aloe-emodin and aloin were assessed employing fluorescence quenching and absorption spectroscopic techniques. The results obtained revealed that there are relatively strong binding affinity for the four anthraquinones with HSA and BSA and the binding constants for the interactions of anthraquinones with HSA or BSA at 20 degrees C were obtained. Anthraquinone-albumin interactions were studied at different temperatures and in the presence of some metal ions. And the competition binding of anthraquinones with serum albumins was also discussed. The Stern-Volmer curves suggested that the quenching occurring in the reactions was the static quenching process. The binding distances and transfer efficiencies for each binding reactions were calculated according to the Föster theory of non-radiation energy transfer. Using thermodynamic equations, the main action forces of these reactions were also obtained. The reasons of the different binding affinities for different anthraquinone-albumin reactions were probed from the point of view of molecular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyun Bi
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Linyuan Road 1788, Changchun 130023, PR China
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Zhu W, Zhang L, Wang XM, Wang BX, Li XY. [The pharmacokinetics of rhein in 12 healthy volunteers after oral administration of rhubarb extract]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2005; 30:1458-61. [PMID: 16381472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the pharmacokinetics of rhein in 12 healthy volunteers after oral administration of rhubarb extract. METHOD The blood sample were obtained at 0,0.083,0.5,1,1.5,2,3,4,5,7,10 h after a single dose oral administration of rhubarb (50 mg x kg(-1)). The plasma rhein concentration was determined by HPLC. The pharmacokinetics of rhein were analysed by 3P97 program. RESULT The absorption of rhein was very fastafter oral administration of rhubarb extract in the healthy volunteers. The main pharmacokinetic parameters of rhein were C(max) (3.20 +/- 1.08) microg x mL(-1); t(max) (1.03 +/- 0.41) h; t(1/2alpha) (0.21 +/- 0.02) h; t(1/2beta) (2.68 +/- 1.09) h; MRT(5.31 +/- 1.78) h; AUC(0-infinity) (1 573.08 +/- 366.48) microg x mL(-1) min(-1), respectively. CONCLUSION Rhein could be absorbed rapidly and its pharmacokinetics was consistent with two-compartment model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- Institute of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine of Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.
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24
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Li XE, Ma W, Guo BJ, Zeng Z. [Analysis of anthraquinones in serum and urine after oral administration of semen Cassiae]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2003; 28:849-51. [PMID: 15015380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analysie the anthraquinones absorbed into serum by different animals (or human beings) after oral administration of Semen Cassiae. METHOD Anthraquinones in serum and urine of rats and urine of healthy men after taking Semen Cassiae orally were detected with HPLC. RESULT Only some of the anthraquinones were absorbed into serum. There were differences in absorption and metabolism of anthraquinones between rats and men and some new anthraquinones were produced in the process. CONCLUSION Anthraquinones absorbed into serum by the experimental animals or men should become target for researching into active compounds of anthraquinones in Semen Cassiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-e Li
- College of Life Science of South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, Guangdong, China.
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25
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Abstract
Onpi-to, an herbal medicine composed of five crude drugs (Rhei Rhizoma, Glycyrrhizae Radix, Ginseng Radix, Zingiberis Rhizoma and Aconiti Tuber), was administered orally to rats. Onpi-to includes 1.240% of total potential rhein derived from sennoside A, sennoside B, rhein 8-O-glucopyranoside and rhein. Plasma, urinary and biliary levels of rhein were determined by an HPLC-UV method. The plasma levels displayed curves characterized by maximum peaks at 8.3+/-5.2 min, 8.3+/-5.2 min and 20.0+/-21.9 min following dosages of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg with mean concentrations of 1302.5+/-926.4, 2973.6+/-684.3 and 3118.8+/-1701.2 ng/ml, respectively, followed by a subsequent decline. Area under the concentration-time curve (AUC)(0-48 h) at doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg were 752.3+/-321.5, 2443.3+/-554.4 and 4443.2+/-2641.3 ng.h/ml, respectively. In female rats, rhein plasma levels showed curves which had a maximum peak at 45.0+/-16.4 min after a dosage of 250 mg/kg with mean concentration of 3058.0+/-1533.7 ng/ml, followed by a subsequent decline. AUC(0-48 h) was 5537.7+/-1876.0 ng.h/ml. The cumulative urinary excretion of rhein and of conjugated rhein was 3.14+/-1.56% and 38.21+/-18.87% of dose, respectively, 48 h after dosing at 500 mg/kg of Onpi-to in male rats. The cumulative biliary excretion of rhein was 1.34+/-0.44% of dose 48 h after dosing at 500 mg/kg of Onpi-to in male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiho Takizawa
- Department of Drug Metabolism & Disposition, Tsumura Research Institute, Tsumura & Co, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Abstract
This research aims to identify the main active compounds of Rhei undulati Rhizoma (roots of Rheum undulatum LINNE) and determine the types of anthraquinones absorbed into the body and their pharmacokinetic parameters. The boiling-water extract of the herb was administered to 12 healthy volunteers (9 men/3 women) at a dosage of 100 mg/kg the anthraquinone levels in plasma were determined with TLC, HPLC, and LC-MS. Rhein was the only anthraquinone compound absorbed by the body as determined for plasma analysis of the volunteers. The elimination rate constant of rhein in Rhei undulati Rhizoma was 0.23+/-0.02/h and the half life was 3.38+/-0.35 h. This experiment confirmed that rhein is the most important active compound absorbed by the body among anthraquinones contained in Rhei undulati Rhizoma, indicating that rhein is a promising marker substance to evaluate Rhei Rhizoma and Rhei undulati Rhizoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Hyun Lee
- Drug Research and Development Team, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 129-11 Chungdam-dong, Sejin Building, Kangnam-ku, Seoul 135-100, South Korea
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27
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Zhu C, Zheng Z, Chen Z, Liang X. [Determination of rhein in plasma of rat by HPLC/MS]. Zhong Yao Cai 2002; 25:646-9. [PMID: 12451976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
A HPLC/MS method has been established for the determination of rhein in rat plasma, using an Alltima C18 column (4.6 x 250 mm, 5 microns) and a mixture of ACN-water (60:40) as the mobile phase, at the flow rate of 0.8 ml/min with the column temperature at 25 degrees C. The results showed that the level of rhein distributed in plasma reached the max value 0.5 h after the oral administration, and maintained a relatively high value from 0.25 h to 1.5 h. The method possessed high selectivity and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Zhu
- New Drug R&D Center, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405
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28
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Abstract
The anti-stress and anti-fatigue effects on rats and mice of a hot water extract of rice bran fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisae IFO 2346 were investigated. Oral administration (1 g/kg/day) of the hot water extract of fermented rice bran (FRB) inhibited major changes in the weight of the adrenal, thymus, spleen and thyroid, showing an anti-stress effect. The hot water extract of FRB also inhibited increases in the GPT and LDH activity, cholesterol and glucose in the serum. The administration (1 g/kg/day) for 2 weeks significantly prolonged the swimming time, resulting in an increase in the anti-fatigue effect. It is considered from these results that FRB had anti-stress and anti-fatigue effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Kim
- School of Food Biotechnology, Woosong University, Daejeon, Korea
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29
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Joshi AS, Pieniaszek HJ, Vokes EE, Vogelzang NJ, Davidson AF, Richards LE, Chai MF, Finizio M, Ratain MJ. Elimination pathways of [14C]losoxantrone in four cancer patients. Drug Metab Dispos 2001; 29:96-9. [PMID: 11159796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Losoxantrone is an anthrapyrazole derivative in Phase III development in the U.S. for solid tumors, notably breast cancer. To obtain information on the routes of elimination of the drug, a study was conducted in four patients with advanced solid tumors, which involved intravenous administration of 100 microCi of [14C]losoxantrone for a total dose of 50 mg/m(2) during the first course of losoxantrone therapy. Blood, urine, and feces were collected for up to 2 weeks and were analyzed for total radioactivity and parent drug. In addition, feces were profiled for the presence of metabolites. Plasma concentrations of total radioactivity exhibited a temporal pattern similar to the parent drug. Combined recovery of administered total radioactivity from urine and feces was 70% with the majority (87%) of this radioactivity excreted in the feces, presumably via biliary excretion. Feces extracts were profiled for metabolites using a high-performance liquid chromatography method developed to separate synthetic standards of previously identified human urinary metabolites. Only intact losoxantrone was found in the feces. About 9% of the dose was excreted in the urine, primarily during the first 24 h and mostly in the form of parent compound. Collectively, these data indicate that fecal excretion of unmetabolized drug via biliary and/or intestinal excretion is the primary pathway of intravenously administered losoxantrone elimination in cancer patients with refractory solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Joshi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, DuPont Pharmaceuticals Company, Newark and Wilmington, Delaware, USA
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Cheng HH, Kuo SC, Lin WC. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies of anthraquinone 2-carboxylic acid on passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in rats. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 2000; 105:97-103. [PMID: 10850373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study are to describe the inhibitory effect of 9,10-anthraquinone 2-carboxylic acid (AQCA) on IgE-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction, and the pharmacokinetics of AQCA. Pharmacodynamic assessments were performed at 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/kg (i.v.) and 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg (p.o) dose levels. In separate groups, pharmacokinetics were assessed at 5 mg/kg (i.v.) and 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg (p.o.) dose levels. Intravenous and oral administration of AQCA inhibited the PCA reaction in rats in a dose-dependent manner. The PCA-inhibitory activity of AQCA (20 mg/kg) lasted more than 12 hrs after oral administration. The oral bio-availability decreased with increasing dosage, from 96% (5 mg/kg) to 81% (10 and 20 mg/kg). The absorption after oral administration was prolonged with Tmax values ranging from 1 to 6 h; while t(1/2) (4.8-16 h) values appeared to be comparable. These results suggest that AQCA has a potent and long acting anti-PCA activity. It is likely to be therapeutically useful in the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, China Medical College Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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31
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Swaine DJ, Loadman PM, Bibby MC, Graham MA, Patterson LH. High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of AQ4N, an alkylaminoanthraquinone N-oxide. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 2000; 742:239-45. [PMID: 10901128 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00160-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple, highly selective and reproducible reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method has been developed for the analysis of the new anti-cancer pro-drug AQ4N. The sample pre-treatment involves a simple protein precipitation protocol, using methanol. Chromatographic separations were performed using a HiChrom HIRPB (25 cmX4.6 mm I.D.) column, with mobile phase of acetonitrile-ammonium formate buffer (0.05 M) (22:78, v/v), with final pH adjusted to 3.6 with formic acid. The flow-rate was maintained at 1.2 ml min(-1). Detection was via photodiode array performed in the UV range at 242 nm and, since the compounds are an intense blue colour, in the visible range at 612 nm. The structurally related compound mitoxantrone was used as internal standard. The validated quantification range of the method was 0.05-10.0 microg ml(-1) in mouse plasma. The inter-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) (n=5) ranged from 18.4% and 12.1% at 0.05 microg ml(-1) to 2.9% and 3.3% at 10.0 microg ml(-1) for AQ4N and AQ4, respectively. The intra-day RSDs for supplemented mouse plasma (n=6) ranged from 8.2% and 14.2% at 0.05 microg ml(-1) to 7.6% and 11.5% at 10.0 microg ml(-1) for AQ4N and AQ4, respectively. The overall recovery of the procedure for AQ4N was 89.4 +/- 1.77% and 76.1 +/- 7.26% for AQ4. The limit of detection was 50 ng ml(-1) with a 100 microl sample volume. The method described provides a suitable technique for the future analysis of low levels of AQ4N and AQ4 in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Swaine
- Clinical Oncology Unit, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
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Hernández-Zavala A, Del Razo LM, Aguilar C, García-Vargas GG, Borja VH, Cebrián ME. Alteration in bilirubin excretion in individuals chronically exposed to arsenic in Mexico. Toxicol Lett 1998; 99:79-84. [PMID: 9817078 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(98)00115-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
We have studied hepatic function in individuals chronically exposed to arsenic (As) via drinking water in Region Lagunera, Mexico. We studied 51 individuals living in three villages exposed to As in water. Nazareno (0.014 mgAs/l), Santa Ana (0.1 mgAs/l) and Benito Juárez (0.3 mgAs/l). We determined the serum activity of aspartate aminotransferase (SAT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) as indicators of hepatocellular injury and that of gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as indicators of cholestasic injury. Serum bilirubin was used as an indicator of organic conjugated anion transport. Total proteins, albumin and globulin fraction in serum were used as indicators of biosynthetic liver capacity. The main findings of this study were the predominantly conjugated hyperbilirubinemia and increased serum ALP activity which were related to the concentration of total arsenic (TAs) in urine, suggesting the presence of cholestasis in As-exposed individuals. No significant changes were observed in the other parameters studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hernández-Zavala
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, CINVESTAV-IPN, México, DF, Mexico
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Abstract
Administration of Withania somnifera extract (Solanaceae) was found to significantly reduce leucopenia induced by cyclophosphamide (CTX) treatment. The total WBC count on the 12th day of the CTX-treated group was 3720 cells/mm3 and that of CTX along with Withania was 6120 cells/mm3. Treatment of Withania along with CTX was found to significantly (P < 0.001) increase the bone marrow cellularity (13.1 x 10(6) cells/femur) compared to CTX alone treated group (8 x 10(6) cells/femur). Administration of Withania extract increased the number of alpha-esterase positive cells (1130/4000 cells) in the bone marrow of CTX treated animals, compared to the CTX-alone treated group (687/4000 cells). The major activity of Withania somnifera may be the stimulation of stem cell proliferation. These studies indicate that Withania somnifera could reduce the cyclophosphamide induced toxicity and its usefulness in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Davis
- Professor Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Nagar P.O., Kerala, India
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Cummings J, Meikle I, Macpherson JS, Smyth JF. Determination of the novel topoisomerase I inhibitor NU/ICRF 505 and its major metabolite in plasma, tissue and tumour by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl 1996; 685:159-64. [PMID: 8930764 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(96)00155-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic technique is presented for the determination of the novel topoisomerase I inhibitor NU/ICRF 505 (a tyrosine conjugate of anthraquinone), its major metabolite (NU/ICRF 505/M) and an internal standard (NU/ICRF 513, dihydroxyphenylalanine conjugate). The method uses a reversed-phase (Apex ODS-2) stationary phase and a mobile phase consisting of 0.25 M ammonium acetate adjusted to pH 3 with 25% (v/v) trifluoroacetic acid and methanol with gradient elution. Between-day variation in retention times were less than 1% for NU/ICRF 505 and 513 and 2.4% for the metabolite. Selective detection was achieved at a wavelength of 545 nm giving a limit of detection of 2 ng on column and 50 ng/ml after sample preparation for all three components. Chromatograms were free from interfering peaks even at very high detector sensitivity. Sample preparation was based on incubation of biological specimens (0.5 ml plasma or homogenate) with dimethylsulphoxide and acetonitrile at 4 degrees C for 30 min followed by centrifugation. Liver and tumour were homogenised in phosphate buffered saline. Recoveries were consistently high (81.7-106.7% for NU/ICRF 505; 88.7-103.3% for NU/ICRF 513 and 83.7-98.7% for NU/ICRF 505/M) with between day coefficients of variation of normally less than 10%. The method will contribute significantly to the preclinical evaluation of NU/ICRF 505.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cummings
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Medical Oncology Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
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Proksch B, Blanz J, Zeller KP, Ehninger G. Detection and separation of the anthrapyrazole CI-941 and its metabolites in serum and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl 1994; 658:349-53. [PMID: 7820263 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(94)00235-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic method using ion-pairing chromatography on reversed-phase C18 material with a mobile phase of acetonitrile-water (19:81, v/v) containing 5 mM 1-pentanesulfonic acid was developed for the detection and separation of the anthrapyrazole CI-941 (I) and its metabolites. After sample clean-up with solid-phase extraction, I and its metabolites were measurable at a wavelength of 491 nm. A detection limit of 5 ng/ml was achievable for I. The dicarboxylic acid derivative and the isomers of the monocarboxylic acid derivative could be separated. Application of the method to a human pharmacokinetic study showed two and four metabolites of I in serum and urine respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Proksch
- Medizinische Klinik and Poliklinik, Universität Tübingen, Germany
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Debord P, Louchahi K, Tod M, Cournot A, Perret G, Petitjean O. Influence of renal function on the pharmacokinetics of diacerein after a single oral dose. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 1994; 19:13-9. [PMID: 7957446 DOI: 10.1007/bf03188817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of diacetylrhein following a single oral dose of 50 mg was studied in 12 healthy volunteers and two groups of 8 patients with mild or severe renal insufficiency. Statistical analysis using a Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test showed a significant difference between the three groups for the following parameters. In severely uraemic patients, median AUC0-infinity was multiplied by a factor of about 2: 40.5 mg.h/l versus 21.3 mg.h/l in healthy subjects, P = 0.04; and t1/2 was prolonged by the same factor: 9.6 h versus 4.3 h in the control group, P = 0.003. Apparent drug availability and renal clearance assessed through urinary data decreased with renal failure, respectively: 14.5% and 0.045 l/h versus 35.4% (P = 0.01) and 0.13 l/h (P = 0.008) in healthy subjects. Amounts of glucuro- and sulpho-conjugates in urine were lower in severely uraemic patients. Intermediate values were observed for mildly uraemic patients. Other parameters: lag time, Cmax, tmax, Vss/F, urinary glucuro- to sulpho-conjugate ratios did not change significantly. Apparent total clearance of rhein was poorly correlated with creatinine clearance and this was related to a decrease of non-renal clearance of rhein in renal insufficiency. It was concluded that, from a pharmacokinetic point of view, a reduction (50%) in the initial dosage of diacerein should be considered in severe renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Debord
- Department of Pharmacotoxicology, Avicenne Hospital, Bobigny, France
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Debord P, Louchahi K, Tod M, Molinier P, Berdah L, Perret G, Petitjean O. Influence of renal function on the pharmacokinetics of diacerein after a single oral dose. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 1993; 7:435-41. [PMID: 8294081 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.1993.tb01039.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of diacerein (a new anti-inflammatory analgesic antipyretic drug) following a single oral dose of 50 mg was studied in 12 healthy volunteers and two groups of eight patients with mild or severe renal insufficiency. Statistical analysis using a Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test showed a significant difference between the three groups for the following parameters. In severely uraemic patients, median AUC0-infinity was multiplied by a factor of ca 2: 40.5 mg h/l versus 21.3 in healthy subjects, P = 0.04; and t1/2 was prolonged by the same factor: 9.6 h versus 4.3 in the control group, P = 0.003. Apparent drug availability and renal clearance assessed through urinary data decreased with renal failure, respectively: 14.5% and 0.045 l/h versus 35.4% (P = 0.01) and 0.13 l/h (P = 0.008) in healthy subjects. Amounts of glucuro and sulfo conjugates in urine were lower in severely uraemic patients. Intermediate values were observed for mildly uraemic patients. Other parameters: lag-time, Cmax, tmax, Vss/F, urinary glucuro- to sulphoconjugate ratios did not change significantly. Apparent total clearance of rhein was poorly correlated with creatinine clearance and this was related to a decrease of non-renal clearance of rhein in renal insufficiency. It was concluded that, from a pharmacokinetic point of view, a reduction (50%) in the maintenance dosage of diacerein should be considered in severe renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Debord
- Department of Pharmacotoxicology, Avicenne Hospital, Bobigny, France
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Magnard O, Louchahi K, Tod M, Petitjean O, Molinier P, Berdah L, Perret G. Pharmacokinetics of diacerein in patients with liver cirrhosis. Biopharm Drug Dispos 1993; 14:401-8. [PMID: 8218958 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2510140506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of diacerein following a single oral dose of 50 mg was studied in 12 healthy volunteers, 10 patients with a mild liver cirrhosis (Child Pugh's grade A), and 6 patients with a more severe liver cirrhosis (Child Pugh's grade B to C). Statistical analysis using a Kruskal-Wallis test showed no significant differences between the three groups for the following parameters: median Cmax was 3.9 mg l-1 for the cirrhotic patients group I (CPI) and 3.2 mg l-1 for the cirrhotic patients group II (CPII) versus 3.2 mg l-1 for the healthy volunteers (HV); median t1/2 was 4.9 h for CPI and 4.3 h for CPII versus 4.3 h for HV; median Cl/F was 2.1 l h-1 for CPI and 2.5 l h-1 for CPII versus 1.6 l h-1 for HV; median Vdss/F was 12.6 l for CPI and 14.0 l for CPII versus 13.21 for HV. The urinary parameters were comparable. It was concluded that, from a pharmacokinetic point of view, no reduction in the initial dosage of diacerein need be proposed in liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Magnard
- Department of Pharmacotoxicology, Avicenne Hospital, Bobigny, France
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Berg SL, Savarese DM, Balis FM, Denicoff AM, Hillig M, O'Shaughnessy JA, Poplack DG, Cowan KH. Pharmacokinetics of piroxantrone in a phase I trial of piroxantrone and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor. Cancer Res 1993; 53:2587-90. [PMID: 7684320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Piroxantrone is an anthrapyrazole derivative with broad antitumor activity in vitro. In previous phase I trials, the dose-limiting toxicity of this agent was myelosuppression. Therefore, a phase I and pharmacokinetic study of a 1-h infusion of piroxantrone in combination with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor was conducted. In this article, we report the results of the pharmacokinetic analysis. Thirty-seven patients were studied over a dosage range of 150 to 555 mg/m2. The plasma elimination of piroxantrone was biexponential with a mean (+/- SD) t1/2 alpha of 3.2 +/- 2.7 min and a mean (+/- SD) t1/2 beta of 82 +/- 92 min. Clearance was 840 +/- 230 ml/min/m2. A limited sampling strategy was developed to allow the estimation of total drug exposure (area under the plasma concentration-time curve) from the plasma piroxantrone concentrations at 30, 60, and 120 min after the start of the infusion. The pharmacokinetic behavior of a presumed piroxantrone metabolite not previously described in plasma was also characterized. Based on in vitro cytotoxicity studies with partially purified extract of this compound, we do not believe that it contributes to the antitumor effects of piroxantrone at the concentrations observed in plasma. Finally, piroxantrone elimination was linear over the nearly 4-fold dose range studied, indicating that when dose adjustments are made, systemic drug exposure will remain predictable.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Berg
- Pediatric Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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40
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Hassan EE, Gallo JM. High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of the anticancer drug oxantrazole in rat whole blood and tissues. J Chromatogr 1992; 582:225-31. [PMID: 1491045 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(92)80323-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay was developed for the antitumor anthrapyrazole analogue, oxantrazole (OX), in rat whole blood and tissues. Blood samples were mixed with equal volumes of a 25% (w/v) aqueous solution of L-ascorbic acid, whereas tissue samples were homogenized with 1.5-3 volumes of an L-ascorbic acid-methanol-water (1:10:1, w/v/v) mixture to prevent oxidative degradation of OX. Samples were then treated with 60% (v/v) perchloric acid (25-30 microliters/ml of stabilized sample) to precipitate proteins, and centrifuged, with the resultant supernatants analyzed on HPLC utilizing a C8 column. The mobile phase for blood and urine samples consisted of 8% (v/v) glacial acetic acid, 13% (v/v) acetonitrile, 79% (v/v) water, 0.16% (w/v) sodium acetate, and 0.05% (w/v) L-ascorbic acid (final pH 2.7), and was pumped at 1.8 ml/min. Tissue samples were eluted at 2 ml/min with a mobile phase consisting of 8% (v/v) glacial acetic acid, 12% (v/v) acetonitrile, 80% (v/v) water, 0.16% (w/v) sodium acetate, and 0.0;5% (w/v) L-ascorbic acid. OX and internal standard were detected at 514 nm and had retention times of 2.3 and 3.1 min, respectively. The limit of quantitation of OX was 25-50 ng/g. Recovery of OX from biological samples ranged from 50 +/- 0.9% in spleen to 102.8 +/- 1.8% in RG-2 glioma. The analytical method was applied to a pharmacokinetic study in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Hassan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
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de Ferreyra EC, Villarruel MC, Bernacchi AS, de Fenos OM, Castro JA. Prevention of carbon tetrachloride-induced liver necrosis by the chelator alizarin sodium sulfonate. Exp Mol Pathol 1992; 56:197-207. [PMID: 1639179 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(92)90036-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The administration of the calcium chelator alizarin sodium sulfonate (ASR) (100 mg/kg ip in saline) 30 min before or 6 or 10 hr after CCl4 (1 ml/kg ip as a 20% v/v solution in olive oil) partially prevents the necrogenic effect of the hepatotoxin at 24 hr, but prevention of CCl4 fat accumulation was not observed. Protective action cannot be attributed to potential decreasing effects of ASR on CCl4 levels reaching the liver, on the covalent binding of CCl4-reactive metabolites to cellular components, or on CCl4-induced lipid peroxidation because ASR does not modify these parameters significantly. ASR administration increases GSH levels in livers of both control and CCl4-poisoned animals and decreases the calcium content of intoxicated animals at 24 hr of poisoning. ASR significantly lowers the body temperature of CCl4-treated animals at different times of the intoxication process. Present and previous results from our laboratory on the preventive effects of another very specific calcium chelator, calcion, and several anticalmodulins suggest that the beneficial effects of ASR might be associated with its calcium chelating ability. Other protective effects of ASR, such as lowering body temperature or increasing GSH content in liver, cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C de Ferreyra
- Centro de Investigaciones Toxicológicas (CEITOX), CITEFA/CONICET, Villa Martelli Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Foster BJ, Newell DR, Graham MA, Gumbrell LA, Jenns KE, Kaye SB, Calvert AH. Phase I trial of the anthrapyrazole CI-941: prospective evaluation of a pharmacokinetically guided dose-escalation. Eur J Cancer 1992; 28:463-9. [PMID: 1591064 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(05)80077-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The development of new drugs in early clinical trials is currently based upon the results of preclinical antitumour and toxicity studies in animals. More recently, the use of preclinical pharmacokinetic information in mice has been proposed to also provide information that might expedite early clinical trials and more specifically phase I studies. The anthrapyrazole CI-941 was one of three chosen for phase I anticancer drug development. In addition, because of the predictability of the preclinical dose limiting toxicity and linear CI-941 pharmacokinetics in mice; a pharmacokinetically guided dose escalation scheme was attempted during the phase I trial, but had to be abandoned. 44 patients were entered who received 95 courses of treatment using a bolus injection every 21 days. The dose range was 5-55 mg/m2. The dose limiting toxicity was leucopenia and other toxicities, which included nausea and vomiting, mucositis, diarrhoea, alopecia and skin discolouration were either mild or manageable. Pharmacokinetic studies were performed with 27 courses. There were wide interpatient variations in the dose-AUC relationship (r = 0.7496) that hampered application of the proposed pharmacokinetically guided dose escalation scheme as planned. No complete or partial responses were observed. The recommended phase II dose using this schedule is 50 mg/m2.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Foster
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Detroit, Michigan 48202-0188
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Wong B, Nordblom G, Chang T, Whitfield L. Lack of dose proportional pharmacokinetics for CI-937, an anthrapyrazole DNA intercalator, in mice. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1989; 66:191-202. [PMID: 2602655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The time course of CI-937, an anthrapyrazole DNA intercalator, was studied in plasma of mice after single intravenous doses of 1.2, 8, 12, and 15 mg/kg (1/10 the LD10, 2/3 the LD10, LD10, and LD50). CI-937 concentrations in plasma were determined by a sensitive radioimmunoassay capable of quantifying 0.1 ng/ml. Area under the plasma concentration-time curve increased less than proportionally to dose. Time-averaged plasma clearance was dose-dependent, increasing from 31.1 to 63.6 ml/min/kg over the 1.2 to 12 mg/kg dose range. Terminal half-life in plasma ranged from 11 to 25 days. Fraction plasma protein bound was 69 to 76% from 10 to 10,000 ng/ml, which suggests the nonlinear behavior was not due to saturable protein binding. Potential mechanisms include autoinduction of metabolism and dose-dependent reabsorption from the gastrointestinal tract or kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wong
- Pharmacokinetics/Drug Metabolism Department, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research Division, Warner-Lambert Company, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
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Nordblom GD, Pachla LA, Chang T, Whitfield LR, Showalter HD. Development of a radioimmunoassay for the anthrapyrazole chemotherapy agent CI-937 and the pharmacokinetics of CI-937 in rats. Cancer Res 1989; 49:5345-51. [PMID: 2766301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The anthracyclines daunorubicin and doxorubicin are cancer chemotherapy agents that complex DNA and are widely utilized clinically. Cumulative cardiotoxicity, however, limits their prolonged use. The novel anthrapyrazole agent, CI-937, which has shown exceptional in vivo anticancer activity and reduced cardiotoxicity in preclinical models has been developed at the Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research Division, Warner-Lambert Co. Due to an inability to extract CI-937 reproducibly from biological fluids, high-performance liquid chromatography is not a feasible analytical method. We developed a radioimmunoassay by conjugating CI-937 to porcine thyroglobulin to elicit rabbit antibody which was used with a radioiodinated derivative. The assay was validated for rat plasma using 50 microliters of sample with a resulting limit of quantitation of 100 pg/ml. By dilution of samples the assay can quantitate CI-937 levels up to 16 micrograms/ml. The antiserum is very specific as evidenced by cross-reactivities of less than 0.4% for structural analogues and less than 0.004% for any of the commonly used cancer chemotherapy agents. Analysis of plasma samples from rats treated with a single 5 mg/kg i.v. dose indicated that CI-937 is rapidly cleared from plasma and is extensively bound to tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Nordblom
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research Division, Warner-Lambert Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
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Graham MA, Newell DR, Calvert AH. Determination of the anthrapyrazole anticancer drug CI-941 in plasma and urine by solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 1989; 491:253-61. [PMID: 2793977 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)82841-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M A Graham
- Drug Development Section, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, U.K
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Affiliation(s)
- V Springolo
- Proter Research Laboratories, Opera, Milan, Italy
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Abstract
After oral or intravenous administration of 14C-rhein to male rats, blood concentrations were measured for up to 48 h. Both mean blood level curves and also the calculated pharmacokinetic constants show a fairly good conformity. Organ distribution was measured up to 2 days after intravenous and up to 7 days after oral application. In most organs the activity is lower than in plasma with very low values in testicles and in brain. Higher values are found in the main excretion organ, the kidney. The plasma protein binding of 14C-rhein is very high both in rat and human serum. Absorption in or adsorption on erythrocytes is very small. Rhein and its metabolites are excreted by kidney and liver. Biliary-excreted rhein metabolites are easily reabsorbed and finally excreted with urine. In bile, there are mainly two conjugated metabolites of rhein, whereas in urine also larger amounts of rhein and one or two additional metabolites can be detected. All metabolites seem to be conjugates, because they can be split by glucuronidase/arylsulfatase to rhein. Rhein is absorbed after oral application by about 50-60% and after administration into the colon by about 50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Lang
- Department of Radiobiochemistry, Dr. Madaus GmbH & Co., Cologne, FRG
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Abstract
A HPLC method was developed to measure rhein, a laxatively active metabolite of sennosides A + B, in milk and plasma. Samples from 2 lactating rhesus monkeys were taken over 48 h after oral administration of sennosides (1 mg kg-1). Detectable rhein levels were found in plasma between 2 and 12 h and in milk between 4 and 12 h after administration, but rhein excretion in milk seems to be far below the dose necessary to elicit a laxative effect in the suckling offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Cameron
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Inveresk Research International, Musselburgh, UK
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Frank SK, Mathiesen DA, Whitfield LR, Ames MM. High-performance liquid chromatographic assay for the experimental anticancer agent oxantrazole. J Chromatogr 1987; 419:225-32. [PMID: 3667780 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(87)80280-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxantrazole is an anthrapyrazole analogue developed as an anthracycline-like agent with potentially reduced cardiotoxicity. A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic assay was developed using a C2 column and mobile solvent system of dimethylformamide-acetonitrile-0.2 M ammonium acetate, pH 4.5 (20:5:75, v/v/v) at a flow-rate of 1 ml/min. Drug and internal standard were detected by ultraviolet absorbance at 514 nm. Isolation of drug and internal standard was afforded by elution from C18 disposable isolation columns with a mixture of methanol-glacial acetic acid-0.02 M sodium acetate, pH 4.0 (12:1:3, v/v/v). The assay was linear (r2 greater than 0.99) over concentrations of 0.025-2.5 micrograms/ml and the limit of detection was 10 ng/ml plasma. Oxantrazole was unstable in neutral and particularly alkaline aqueous solutions. Utilizing this assay, plasma pharmacokinetics were determined following intravenous infusion of oxantrazole to beagle dogs. Plasma elimination was rapid with elimination phase half-life values less than 45 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Frank
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905
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Abstract
The plasma kinetics of mitoxantrone (MX), a new cytostatic anthracenedione, were investigated with HPLC in five leukemic patients suffering from acute myeloid leukemia, at the dose of 24 mg m-2 infused over 30 min at constant rate. The decay of the plasma concentrations was best fitted to a three compartment model with average elimination half-lives of respectively 4.1 min (alpha-phase), 19.8 min (beta-phase) and 8.9 h (gamma-phase), a mean distribution volume of 317 l m-2 and an average total body clearance of 0.37 l min-1 m-2. The cumulative urinary recovery of unchanged MX was 7.5% of the administered dose in 4 days, with the highest elimination during the first day. No MX urinary metabolites or conjugates have been detected.
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