1
|
Liang B, Chen X, Li M, Zhang L, Yang X, Shi L, Gong Y, Gong Y, Xu H, Wu X, Jin Z, Wang Y, Liu L, Yi X, Xie L, Zhong H, Shen C, Wang Y, Yang L. Liuwei Dihuang pills attenuate ovariectomy-induced bone loss by alleviating bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) senescence via the Yes-associated protein (YAP)-autophagy axis. Pharm Biol 2024; 62:42-52. [PMID: 38112463 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2023.2291675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Liuwei Dihuang pill (LWDH) has been used to treat postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP). OBJECTIVE To explore the effects and mechanisms of action of LWDH in PMOP. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-eight female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: sham-operated (SHAM), ovariectomized (OVX), LWDH high dose (LWDH-H, 1.6 g/kg/d) and LWDH low dose (LWDH-L, 0.8 g/kg/d); the doses were administered after ovariectomy via gavage for eight weeks. After eight weeks, the bone microarchitecture was evaluated. The effect of LWDH on the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) was assessed via osteogenesis- and lipogenesis-induced BMSC differentiation. The senescence-related biological indices were also detected using senescence staining, cell cycle analysis, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Finally, the expression levels of autophagy-related proteins and Yes-associated protein (YAP) were evaluated. RESULTS LWDH-L and LWDH-H significantly modified OVX-induced bone loss. LWDH promoted osteogenesis and inhibited adipogenesis in OVX-BMSCs. Additionally, LWDH decreased the positive ratio of senescence OVX-BMSCs and improved cell viability, cell cycle, and the mRNA and protein levels of p53 and p21. LWDH upregulated the expression of autophagy-related proteins, LC3, Beclin1 and YAP, in OVX-BMSCs and downregulated the expression of p62. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS LWDH improves osteoporosis by delaying the BMSC senescence through the YAP-autophagy axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Liang
- Basic Medicine College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiongbin Chen
- Basic Medicine College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Li
- Basic Medicine College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Basic Medicine College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xia Yang
- Basic Medicine College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Liangqin Shi
- Basic Medicine College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanju Gong
- Basic Medicine College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Gong
- Basic Medicine College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Huan Xu
- Basic Medicine College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Wu
- Basic Medicine College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhong Jin
- Basic Medicine College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanru Wang
- Basic Medicine College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Luwei Liu
- Basic Medicine College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohong Yi
- Basic Medicine College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lushuang Xie
- Basic Medicine College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Zhong
- Basic Medicine College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chongyang Shen
- Basic Medicine College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Basic Medicine College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lan Yang
- Basic Medicine College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tudorica DA, Basak B, Puerta Cordova AS, Khuu G, Rose K, Lazarou M, Holzbaur EL, Hurley JH. A RAB7A phosphoswitch coordinates Rubicon Homology protein regulation of Parkin-dependent mitophagy. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202309015. [PMID: 38728007 PMCID: PMC11090050 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202309015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Activation of PINK1 and Parkin in response to mitochondrial damage initiates a response that includes phosphorylation of RAB7A at Ser72. Rubicon is a RAB7A binding negative regulator of autophagy. The structure of the Rubicon:RAB7A complex suggests that phosphorylation of RAB7A at Ser72 would block Rubicon binding. Indeed, in vitro phosphorylation of RAB7A by TBK1 abrogates Rubicon:RAB7A binding. Pacer, a positive regulator of autophagy, has an RH domain with a basic triad predicted to bind an introduced phosphate. Consistent with this, Pacer-RH binds to phosho-RAB7A but not to unphosphorylated RAB7A. In cells, mitochondrial depolarization reduces Rubicon:RAB7A colocalization whilst recruiting Pacer to phospho-RAB7A-positive puncta. Pacer knockout reduces Parkin mitophagy with little effect on bulk autophagy or Parkin-independent mitophagy. Rescue of Parkin-dependent mitophagy requires the intact pRAB7A phosphate-binding basic triad of Pacer. Together these structural and functional data support a model in which the TBK1-dependent phosphorylation of RAB7A serves as a switch, promoting mitophagy by relieving Rubicon inhibition and favoring Pacer activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan A. Tudorica
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Bishal Basak
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alexia S. Puerta Cordova
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Grace Khuu
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kevin Rose
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Michael Lazarou
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Erika L.F. Holzbaur
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James H. Hurley
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guo E, Yuan H, Li R, Yang J, Liu S, Liu A, Jiang X. Calcitriol ameliorates the progression of hepatic fibrosis through autophagy-related gene 16-like 1-mediated autophagy. Am J Med Sci 2024; 367:382-396. [PMID: 38431191 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2024.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcitriol has the potential to counteract fibrotic diseases beyond its classical action of maintaining calcium and bone metabolism; however, its functional mechanism remains unknown. Autophagy-related gene 16-like 1 (Atg16l1) is one of the genes related to autophagy and is involved in protecting against fibrotic diseases. The present study aimed to explore the contribution of autophagy to the inhibition of calcitriol-induced hepatic fibrosis, as well as its potential molecular mechanism. METHODS Carbon tetrachloride (Ccl4)-treated mice were established as hepatic fibrosis models and received calcitriol treatment for 6 weeks. Quantification of Sirius red staining and measurement of key fibrotic markers (collagen-1 and α-SMA) was performed to detect hepatic fibrosis. Chloroquine (CQ) treatment was used to observe autophagic flux, and 3-methyladenine (3-MA) was used to inhibit autophagy. Furthermore, the effects of calcitriol on transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1)-stimulated primary hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were detected. Downregulation of Atg16l1 or vitamin D receptor (VDR) in LX-2 cells was used to explore the mechanism of action of calcitriol in fibrosis and autophagy. Additionally, the electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) was used to investigate the interactions between VDR and ATG16L1. RESULTS Calcitriol increased the expression of VDR and ATG16L1, enhanced autophagy and attenuated hepatic fibrosis. 3-MA treatment and VDR silencing abolished the protective effects of calcitriol against fibrosis. Calcitriol-induced anti-fibrosis effects were blocked by ATG16L1 suppression. Furthermore, VDR bound to the ATG16L1 promoter and downregulation of VDR decreased the expression of ATG16L1 in LX-2 cells. CONCLUSION Calcitriol mitigates hepatic fibrosis partly through ATG16L1-mediated autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enshuang Guo
- Experimental Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan 430070, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Huixing Yuan
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Renlong Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan 430070, China; Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jiankun Yang
- Experimental Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Shenpei Liu
- Experimental Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Anding Liu
- Experimental Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Xiaojing Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan 430070, China; Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen J, Mei Q, Wang L, Wei Y. DEFB114 protein enhances host resistance to fungal infection through the NOD1/2-ATG16L1-NF-κB signaling pathway. Bioorg Chem 2024; 146:107245. [PMID: 38484587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The overuse of antibiotics has led to the enhanced resistance of many pathogenic bacteria, posing a threat to human health. Therefore, there is a need to develop green and safe alternatives to antibiotics. Beta-defensins play a crucial role in host defense against pathogens and have multifunctional properties, exerting key roles in innate and adaptive immunity, as well as non-immune processes. In this study, a 210 bp long cDNA sequence of yak DEFB114 gene was amplified and successfully expressed in a prokaryotic system. The DEFB114 protein exhibited significant inhibitory effects on the growth of Aspergillus fumigatus in vitro. When co-cultured with yak macrophages, DEFB114 protein enhanced macrophage phagocytic activity and increased nucleic acid fluorescence intensity (P < 0.05). DEFB114 protein also enhanced the activity of yak macrophages stimulated by inactivated Aspergillus fumigatus spores, increased the release of nitric oxide (NO), and promoted the expression of genes such as γ-actin, Lgals, Man2b, and Capg (P < 0.05). In mice experiments, DEFB114 protein promoted resistance against Aspergillus fumigatus infection, by regulating the NOD1/2-ATG16L1-NF-κB pathway to modulate the host immune response and exert its anti-infective effects. In summary, the yak DEFB114 protein could inhibit the growth of Aspergillus fumigatus and enhance the animal's resistance to pathogenic microorganisms, thereby having significant implications in the treatment and prevention of fungal infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Science of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Qundi Mei
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Science of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Science of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
| | - Yong Wei
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Sciences Academy, Chengdu 610066, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nementzik LR, Thumbadoo KM, Murray HC, Gordon D, Yang S, Blair IP, Turner C, Faull RLM, Curtis MA, McLean C, Nicholson GA, Swanson MEV, Scotter EL. Distribution of ubiquilin 2 and TDP-43 aggregates throughout the CNS in UBQLN2 p.T487I-linked amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. Brain Pathol 2024; 34:e13230. [PMID: 38115557 PMCID: PMC11007053 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the UBQLN2 gene cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). The neuropathology of such UBQLN2-linked cases of ALS/FTD is characterised by aggregates of the ubiquilin 2 protein in addition to aggregates of the transactive response DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43). ALS and FTD without UBQLN2 mutations are also characterised by TDP-43 aggregates, that may or may not colocalise with wildtype ubiquilin 2. Despite this, the relative contributions of TDP-43 and ubiquilin 2 to disease pathogenesis remain largely under-characterised, as does their relative deposition as aggregates across the central nervous system (CNS). Here we conducted multiplex immunohistochemistry of three UBQLN2 p.T487I-linked ALS/FTD cases, three non-UBQLN2-linked (sporadic) ALS cases, and 8 non-neurodegenerative disease controls, covering 40 CNS regions. We then quantified ubiquilin 2 aggregates, TDP-43 aggregates and aggregates containing both proteins in regions of interest to determine how UBQLN2-linked and non-UBQLN2-linked proteinopathy differ. We find that ubiquilin 2 aggregates that are negative for TDP-43 are predominantly small and punctate and are abundant in the hippocampal formation, spinal cord, all tested regions of neocortex, medulla and substantia nigra in UBQLN2-linked ALS/FTD but not sporadic ALS. Curiously, the striatum harboured small punctate ubiquilin 2 aggregates in all cases examined, while large diffuse striatal ubiquilin 2 aggregates were specific to UBQLN2-linked ALS/FTD. Overall, ubiquilin 2 is mainly deposited in clinically unaffected regions throughout the CNS such that symptomology in UBQLN2-linked cases maps best to the aggregation of TDP-43.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura R. Nementzik
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- Centre for Brain ResearchUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Kyrah M. Thumbadoo
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- Centre for Brain ResearchUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Helen C. Murray
- Centre for Brain ResearchUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Medical ImagingUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - David Gordon
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- Centre for Brain ResearchUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Shu Yang
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health, and Human SciencesMacquarie UniversityNorth RydeNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Ian P. Blair
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health, and Human SciencesMacquarie UniversityNorth RydeNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Clinton Turner
- Centre for Brain ResearchUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Medical ImagingUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, LabPlusAuckland City HospitalAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Richard L. M. Faull
- Centre for Brain ResearchUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Medical ImagingUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Maurice A. Curtis
- Centre for Brain ResearchUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Medical ImagingUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Catriona McLean
- Department of Anatomical PathologyAlfred HealthMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Garth A. Nicholson
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health, and Human SciencesMacquarie UniversityNorth RydeNew South WalesAustralia
- Northcott Neuroscience LaboratoryANZAC Research InstituteSydneyAustralia
- Molecular Medicine LaboratoryConcord Repatriation General HospitalSydneyAustralia
| | - Molly E. V. Swanson
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- Centre for Brain ResearchUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Emma L. Scotter
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- Centre for Brain ResearchUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tang J, Fang D, Zhong J, Li M. Missing WD40 Repeats in ATG16L1 Delays Canonical Autophagy and Inhibits Noncanonical Autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4493. [PMID: 38674078 PMCID: PMC11050548 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Canonical autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process that forms double-membrane structures and mediates the degradation of long-lived proteins (LLPs). Noncanonical autophagy (NCA) is an important alternative pathway involving the formation of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-positive structures that are independent of partial core autophagy proteins. NCA has been defined by the conjugation of ATG8s to single membranes (CASM). During canonical autophagy and NCA/CASM, LC3 undergoes a lipidation modification, and ATG16L1 is a crucial protein in this process. Previous studies have reported that the WDR domain of ATG16L1 is not necessary for canonical autophagy. However, our study found that WDR domain deficiency significantly impaired LLP degradation in basal conditions and slowed down LC3-II accumulation in canonical autophagy. We further demonstrated that the observed effect was due to a reduced interaction between ATG16L1 and FIP200/WIPI2, without affecting lysosome function or fusion. Furthermore, we also found that the WDR domain of ATG16L1 is crucial for chemical-induced NCA/CASM. The results showed that removing the WDR domain or introducing the K490A mutation in ATG16L1 significantly inhibited the NCA/CASM, which interrupted the V-ATPase-ATG16L1 axis. In conclusion, this study highlights the significance of the WDR domain of ATG16L1 for both canonical autophagy and NCA functions, improving our understanding of its role in autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiuge Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dongmei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jialing Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Guangzhou 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shatz O, Fraiberg M, Isola D, Das S, Gogoi O, Polyansky A, Shimoni E, Dadosh T, Dezorella N, Wolf SG, Elazar Z. Rim aperture of yeast autophagic membranes balances cargo inclusion with vesicle maturation. Dev Cell 2024; 59:911-923.e4. [PMID: 38447569 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy eliminates cytoplasmic material by engulfment in membranous vesicles targeted for lysosome degradation. Nonselective autophagy coordinates sequestration of bulk cargo with the growth of the isolation membrane (IM) in a yet-unknown manner. Here, we show that in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, IMs expand while maintaining a rim sufficiently wide for sequestration of large cargo but tight enough to mature in due time. An obligate complex of Atg24/Snx4 with Atg20 or Snx41 assembles locally at the rim in a spatially extended manner that specifically depends on autophagic PI(3)P. This assembly stabilizes the open rim to promote autophagic sequestration of large cargo in correlation with vesicle expansion. Moreover, constriction of the rim by the PI(3)P-dependent Atg2-Atg18 complex and clearance of PI(3)P by Ymr1 antagonize rim opening to promote autophagic maturation and consumption of small cargo. Tight regulation of membrane rim aperture by PI(3)P thus couples the mechanism and physiology of nonselective autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oren Shatz
- Departments of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Milana Fraiberg
- Departments of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Damilola Isola
- Departments of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shubhankar Das
- Departments of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Olee Gogoi
- Departments of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alexandra Polyansky
- Departments of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eyal Shimoni
- Chemical Research Support, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tali Dadosh
- Chemical Research Support, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nili Dezorella
- Chemical Research Support, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sharon G Wolf
- Chemical Research Support, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Zvulun Elazar
- Departments of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xu W, Tang Y, Yang Y, Wang C, Liu C, Zhang J, Zhao L, Wang G. Depletion of CPNE7 sensitizes colorectal cancer to 5-fluorouracil by downregulating ATG9B expression. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18261. [PMID: 38526029 PMCID: PMC10962129 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
We aimed to explore the biological function of CPNE7 and determine the impact of CPNE7 on chemotherapy resistance in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. According to the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis database and previously published data, CPNE7 was identified as a potential oncogene in CRC. RT-qPCR and Western blotting were performed to verify the expression of CPNE7. Chi-square test was used to evaluate the associations between CPNE7 and clinical features. Cell proliferation, colony formation, cell migration and invasion, cell cycle and apoptosis were assessed to determine the effects of CPNE7. Transcriptome sequencing was used to identify potential downstream regulatory genes, and gene set enrichment analysis was performed to investigate downstream pathways. The effect of CPNE7 on 5-fluorouracil chemosensitivity was verified by half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). Subcutaneous tumorigenesis assay was used to examine the role of CPNE7 in sensitivity of CRC to chemotherapy in vivo. Transmission electron microscopy was used to detect autophagosomes. CPNE7 was highly expressed in CRC tissues, and its expression was correlated with T stage and tumour site. Knockdown of CPNE7 inhibited the proliferation and colony formation of CRC cells and promoted apoptosis. Knockdown of CPNE7 suppressed the expression of ATG9B and enhanced the sensitivity of CRC cells to 5-fluorouracil in vitro and in vivo. Knockdown of CPNE7 reversed the induction of the autophagy pathway by rapamycin and reduced the number of autophagosomes. Depletion of CPNE7 attenuated the malignant proliferation of CRC cells and enhanced the chemosensitivity of CRC cells to 5-fluorouracil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weile Xu
- The Department of General surgeryThe Second Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
- The Department of General surgeryHebei Chest HospitalShijiazhuangHebeiChina
- The Second Department of SurgeryThe Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
| | - Yujie Tang
- The Department of Gastrointestinal surgeryThe Third Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
| | - Yang Yang
- The Department of Gastrointestinal surgeryThe Third Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
| | - Changjing Wang
- The Department of Gastrointestinal surgeryThe Third Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
| | - Chen Liu
- The Department of Gastrointestinal surgeryThe Third Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
| | - Jianqing Zhang
- The Department of Gastrointestinal surgeryThe Third Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
| | - Lianmei Zhao
- Scientific Research CenterThe Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
| | - Guiying Wang
- The Department of General surgeryThe Second Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
- The Second Department of SurgeryThe Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Patel A, Faesen AC. Metamorphosis by ATG13 and ATG101 in human autophagy initiation. Autophagy 2024; 20:968-969. [PMID: 37394799 PMCID: PMC11062386 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2230054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
ABBREVIATIONS ATG, Autophagy-related, HORMA, protein domain named after HOP1-MAD2-REV7; RB1CC1, RB1 inducible coiled-coil 1; ULK, Unc-51-like kinase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anoshi Patel
- Max-Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Laboratory of Biochemistry of Signal Dynamics, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alex C. Faesen
- Max-Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Laboratory of Biochemistry of Signal Dynamics, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Binotti B, Ninov M, Cepeda AP, Ganzella M, Matti U, Riedel D, Urlaub H, Sambandan S, Jahn R. ATG9 resides on a unique population of small vesicles in presynaptic nerve terminals. Autophagy 2024; 20:883-901. [PMID: 37881948 PMCID: PMC11062364 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2274204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In neurons, autophagosome biogenesis occurs mainly in distal axons, followed by maturation during retrograde transport. Autophagosomal growth depends on the supply of membrane lipids which requires small vesicles containing ATG9, a lipid scramblase essential for macroautophagy/autophagy. Here, we show that ATG9-containing vesicles are enriched in synapses and resemble synaptic vesicles in size and density. The proteome of ATG9-containing vesicles immuno-isolated from nerve terminals showed conspicuously low levels of trafficking proteins except of the AP2-complex and some enzymes involved in endosomal phosphatidylinositol metabolism. Super resolution microscopy of nerve terminals and isolated vesicles revealed that ATG9-containing vesicles represent a distinct vesicle population with limited overlap not only with synaptic vesicles but also other membranes of the secretory pathway, uncovering a surprising heterogeneity in their membrane composition. Our results are compatible with the view that ATG9-containing vesicles function as lipid shuttles that scavenge membrane lipids from various intracellular membranes to support autophagosome biogenesis.Abbreviations: AP: adaptor related protein complex: ATG2: autophagy related 2; ATG9: autophagy related 9; DNA PAINT: DNA-based point accumulation for imaging in nanoscale topography; DyMIN STED: dynamic minimum stimulated emission depletion; EL: endosome and lysosome; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; GA: Golgi apparatus; iBAQ: intensity based absolute quantification; LAMP: lysosomal-associated membrane protein; M6PR: mannose-6-phosphate receptor, cation dependent; Minflux: minimal photon fluxes; Mito: mitochondria; MS: mass spectrometry; PAS: phagophore assembly site; PM: plasma membrane; Px: peroxisome; RAB26: RAB26, member RAS oncogene family; RAB3A: RAB3A, member RAS oncogene family; RAB5A: RAB5A, member RAS oncogene family; SNARE: soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive-factor attachment receptor; SVs: synaptic vesicles; SYP: synaptophysin; TGN: trans-Golgi network; TRAPP: transport protein particle; VTI1: vesicle transport through interaction with t-SNAREs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beyenech Binotti
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Momchil Ninov
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Bioanalytics, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreia P. Cepeda
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marcelo Ganzella
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ulf Matti
- Abberior Instruments GmbH, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dietmar Riedel
- Facility for Transmission Electron Microscopy, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Henning Urlaub
- Bioanalytics, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Multiscale Bioimaging : from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells” (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sivakumar Sambandan
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Synaptic Metal Ion Dynamics and Signalin, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Jahn
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wallace NS, Gadbery JE, Cohen CI, Kendall AK, Jackson LP. Tepsin binds LC3B to promote ATG9A trafficking and delivery. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar56. [PMID: 38381558 PMCID: PMC11064669 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-09-0359-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Tepsin is an established accessory protein found in Adaptor Protein 4 (AP-4) coated vesicles, but the biological role of tepsin remains unknown. AP-4 vesicles originate at the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and target the delivery of ATG9A, a scramblase required for autophagosome biogenesis, to the cell periphery. Using in silico methods, we identified a putative LC3-Interacting Region (LIR) motif in tepsin. Biochemical experiments using purified recombinant proteins indicate tepsin directly binds LC3B preferentially over other members of the mammalian ATG8 family. Calorimetry and structural modeling data indicate this interaction occurs with micromolar affinity using the established LC3B LIR docking site. Loss of tepsin in cultured cells dysregulates ATG9A export from the TGN as well as ATG9A distribution at the cell periphery. Tepsin depletion in a mRFP-GFP-LC3B HeLa reporter cell line using siRNA knockdown increases autophagosome volume and number, but does not appear to affect flux through the autophagic pathway. Reintroduction of wild-type tepsin partially rescues ATG9A cargo trafficking defects. In contrast, reintroducing tepsin with a mutated LIR motif or missing N-terminus drives diffuse ATG9A subcellular distribution. Together, these data suggest roles for tepsin in cargo export from the TGN; ensuring delivery of ATG9A-positive vesicles; and in overall maintenance of autophagosome structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie S. Wallace
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - John E. Gadbery
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Cameron I. Cohen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Amy K. Kendall
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Lauren P. Jackson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Broadbent D, Barnaba C, Schmidt JC. Tracking the transition from an ATG9A vesicle to an autophagosome. Autophagy 2024; 20:976-977. [PMID: 37405380 PMCID: PMC11062357 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2232641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ABBREVIATIONS ATG: autophagy-related proteins; ULK1/2: Unc-51-Like activating Kinases; PI3Ks: Phosphoinositide 3-Kinases; ATG2A: autophagy-related protein 2A; ATG5: autophagy-related protein 5; ATG16: autophagy-related protein 16; ATG8: autophagy-related protein 8; U2OS: human bone osteosarcoma epithelial cell; LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B Light Chain 3B; GABARAPL1: GABA type A Receptor-Associated Protein Like 1; ATG9A: autophagy-related protein 9A; ATG13: autophagy-related protein 13; SQSTM1: Sequestosome-1/p62; WIPI2: WD repeat domain, Phosphoinositide Interacting 2; PI3P: Phosphoinositide-3-phosphate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Broadbent
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Carlo Barnaba
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jens C. Schmidt
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Induction of autophagy is a primordial function of the cGAS-STING pathway. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating autophagosome formation during STING-induced autophagy remain largely unknown. Recently, we reported that STING directly interacts with WIPI2 to recruit WIPI2 onto STING-positive vesicles for LC3 lipidation and autophagosome formation. We found that STING and PtdIns3P competitively bind to the FRRG motif of WIPI2, resulting in a mutual inhibition between STING-induced and PtdIns3P-dependent autophagy. We also showed that STING-WIPI2 interaction is necessary for cells to clear cytoplasmic DNA and attenuate activated cGAS-STING signaling. In summary, by identifying the interaction between STING and WIPI2, our study revealed a mechanism that allows STING to bypass the canonical upstream machinery to induce autophagosome formation.Abbreviations: ATG: autophagy-related; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; cGAMP: cyclic GMP-AMP; cGAS: cyclic GMP-AMP synthase; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ERGIC: ER-Golgi intermediate compartment; IRF3: interferon regulatory factor 3; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; STING: stimulator of interferon genes; TBK1: TANK-binding kinase 1; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; WIPI2: WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting 2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wan
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Thoracic Surgery of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Thoracic Surgery of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
The recruitment of ATG12-ATG5-ATG16L1 complex to phagophore mediated by the specific interaction between ATG16L1 and WIPI2, is pivotal to the formation of autophagosomes during macroautophagy. Recently, we reported that ATG16L1 contains two distinct WIPI2-binding sites, the previously reported WIPI2-binding site (WBS1), and the newly identified site (WBS2). By determining the crystal structures of WIPI2 with ATG16L1 WBS1 and WBS2 respectively, we uncovered that, unlike ATG16L1 WBS1, ATG16L1 WBS2 and its binding mechanism to WIPI2 are conserved from yeast to mammals. Using cell-based functional assays, we further demonstrated that the integrity of two WIPI2-binding sites of ATG16L1 is essential for normal autophagic flux. In summary, our study provided mechanistic insights into the interaction of two key autophagic proteins, ATG16L1 and WIPI2, and revealed a dual-binding-site mode adopted by ATG16L1 to associate with WIPI2.Abbreviations: ATG: autophagy-related protein; CCD: coiled-coil domain; ITC: isothermal titration calorimetry; PI3KC3-C1: class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex I; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; ULK: Unc-51-like kinase; WBS: WIPI2-binding site; WIPI: WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lifeng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chen XK, Yi ZN, Lau JJY, Ma ACH. Distinct roles of core autophagy-related genes in zebrafish definitive hematopoiesis. Autophagy 2024; 20:830-846. [PMID: 37921505 PMCID: PMC11062383 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2274251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the well-described discrepancy between ATG (macroautophagy/autophagy-related) genes in the regulation of hematopoiesis, varying essentiality of core ATG proteins in vertebrate definitive hematopoiesis remains largely unclear. Here, we employed zebrafish (Danio rerio) to compare the functions of six core atg genes, including atg13, becn1 (beclin1), atg9a, atg2a, atg5, and atg3, in vertebrate definitive hematopoiesis via clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein and morpholino targeting. Zebrafish with various atg mutations showed autophagic deficiency and presented partially consistent hematopoietic abnormalities during early development. All six atg mutations led to a declined number of spi1b+ (Spi-1 proto-oncogene b) myeloid progenitor cells. However, only becn1 mutation resulted in the expansion of myb+ (v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog) hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and transiently increased coro1a+ (coronin, actin binding protein, 1A) leukocytes, whereas atg3 mutation decreased the number of HSPCs and leukocytes. Proteomic analysis of caudal hematopoietic tissue identified sin3aa (SIN3 transcription regulator family member Aa) as a potential modulator of atg13- and becn1-regulated definitive hematopoiesis. Disruption of sin3aa rescued the expansion of HSPCs and leukocytes in becn1 mutants and exacerbated the decrease of HSPCs in atg13 mutants. Double mutations were also performed to examine alternative functions of various atg genes in definitive hematopoiesis. Notably, becn1 mutation failed to induce HSPCs expansion with one of the other five atg mutations. These findings demonstrated the distinct roles of atg genes and their interplays in zebrafish definitive hematopoiesis, thereby suggesting that the vertebrate definitive hematopoiesis is regulated in an atg gene-dependent manner.Abbreviations: AGM: aorta-gonad-mesonephros; AO: acridine orange; atg: autophagy related; becn1: beclin 1, autophagy related; CHT: caudal hematopoietic tissue; CKO: conditional knockout; coro1a: coronin, actin binding protein, 1A; CQ: chloroquine; CRISPR: clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats; dpf: days post fertilization; FACS: fluorescence-activated cell sorting; hbae1.1: hemoglobin, alpha embryonic 1.1; HSCs: hematopoietic stem cells; HSPCs: hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells; KD: knockdown; KO: knockout; map1lc3/lc3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MO: morpholino; mpeg1.1: macrophage expressed 1, tandem duplicate 1; mpx: myeloid-specific peroxidase; myb: v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog; PE: phosphatidylethanolamine; p-H3: phospho-H3 histone; PtdIns3K: class 3 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; rag1: recombination activating 1; rb1cc1/fip200: RB1-inducible coiled-coil 1; RFLP: restriction fragment length polymorphism; RNP: ribonucleoprotein; sin3aa: SIN3 transcription regulator family member Aa; spi1b: Spi-1 proto-oncogene b; ulk: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase; vtg1: vitellogenin 1; WISH: whole-mount in situ hybridization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Ke Chen
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhen-Ni Yi
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jack Jark-Yin Lau
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alvin Chun-Hang Ma
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tang X, Walter E, Wohleb E, Fan Y, Wang C. ATG5 (autophagy related 5) in microglia controls hippocampal neurogenesis in Alzheimer disease. Autophagy 2024; 20:847-862. [PMID: 37915255 PMCID: PMC11062374 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2277634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is the intracellular degradation process of cytoplasmic content and damaged organelles. Autophagy is strongly associated with the progression of Alzheimer disease (AD). Microglia are brain-resident macrophages, and recent studies indicate that autophagy in microglia protects neurons from neurodegeneration. Postnatal neurogenesis, the generation of new neurons from adult neural stem cells (NSCs), is impaired in AD patients as well as in AD animal models. However, the extent to which microglial autophagy influences adult NSCs and neurogenesis in AD animal models has not been studied. Here, we showed that conditional knock out (cKO) of Atg5 (autophagy related 5) in microglia inhibited postnatal neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus, but not in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of a 5×FAD mouse model. Interestingly, the protection of neurogenesis by Atg5 in microglia was only observed in female AD mice. To confirm the roles of autophagy in microglia for postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis, we generated additional cKO mice to delete autophagy essential genes Rb1cc1 or Atg14 in microglia. However, these rb1cc1 cKO and atg14 cKO mice did not exhibit neurogenesis defects in the context of a female AD mouse model. Last, we used the CSF1R antagonist to deplete ATG5-deficient microglia and this intervention restored neurogenesis in the hippocampus of 5×FAD mice. These results indicate that microglial ATG5 is essential to maintain postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis in a mouse model of AD. Our findings further support the notion that ATG5 in microglia supports NSC health and may prevent neurodegeneration.Abbreviations: 5×FAD: familial Alzheimer disease; Aβ: β-amyloid; AD: Alzheimer disease; AIF1: allograft inflammatory factor 1; ATG: autophagy related; BrdU: 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine; CA: Cornu Ammonis; cKO: conditional knock out; CSF1R: colony stimulating factor 1 receptor; Ctrl: control; DCX: doublecortin; DG: dentate gyrus; GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein; GZ: granular zone; H&E: hematoxylin and eosin; IF: immunofluorescence; LD: lipid droplet; LDAM: lipid droplets accumulated microglia; LPS: lipopolysaccharides; MAP1LC3B/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; NSCs: neural stem cells; RB1CC1: RB1-inducible coiled-coil 1; SOX2: SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2; SGZ: subgranular zone; SVZ: subventricular zone; WT: wild type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ellen Walter
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Eric Wohleb
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yanbo Fan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Chenran Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yang F, Guan JL. Autophagy-dependent expression of osteopontin and its downstream Stat3 signaling contributes to lymphatic malformation progression to lymphangiosarcoma. Autophagy 2024; 20:941-942. [PMID: 37170617 PMCID: PMC11062358 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2213527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic malformation (LM) is a vascular anomaly from lymphatic endothelial cells (ECs), and a fraction of the patients could progress to the deadly malignant lymphangiosarcoma (LAS). Using genetic tools to delete an essential autophagy gene Rb1cc1/FIP200 or its mutation specifically blocking its autophagy function, we demonstrated that autophagy inhibition abrogated LM progression to LAS although not affecting LM formation in our recently developed mouse model of LAS. Analysis of the mouse models in vivo and vascular tumor cells in vitro showed that autophagy inhibition reduced vascular tumor cell proliferation in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo without affecting mTORC1 signaling as an oncogenic driver directly. Transcriptional profiling of autophagy-deficient tumor cells and further mechanistic studies revealed a role for osteopontin (OPN) and its downstream Jak/Stat3 signaling in mediating regulation of vascular tumor cells by autophagy. Together, these results support potential new prophylactic strategies to targeting autophagy and/or its downstream OPN expression to prevent progression of the benign LM to the malignant and deadly LAS.Abbreviations: LM: lymphatic malformation; EC: endothelial cell; LAS: lymphangiosarcoma; OPN: osteopontin; RB1CC1: RB1 Inducible Coiled-Coil 1; FIP200: FAK family-interacting protein of 200 kDa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuchun Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jun-Lin Guan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ostacolo K, López García de Lomana A, Larat C, Hjaltalin V, Holm KY, Hlynsdóttir SS, Soucheray M, Sooman L, Rolfsson O, Krogan NJ, Steingrimsson E, Swaney DL, Ogmundsdottir MH. ATG7(2) Interacts With Metabolic Proteins and Regulates Central Energy Metabolism. Traffic 2024; 25:e12933. [PMID: 38600522 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is an essential catabolic process that targets a wide variety of cellular components including proteins, organelles, and pathogens. ATG7, a protein involved in the autophagy process, plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and can contribute to the development of diseases such as cancer. ATG7 initiates autophagy by facilitating the lipidation of the ATG8 proteins in the growing autophagosome membrane. The noncanonical isoform ATG7(2) is unable to perform ATG8 lipidation; however, its cellular regulation and function are unknown. Here, we uncovered a distinct regulation and function of ATG7(2) in contrast with ATG7(1), the canonical isoform. First, affinity-purification mass spectrometry analysis revealed that ATG7(2) establishes direct protein-protein interactions (PPIs) with metabolic proteins, whereas ATG7(1) primarily interacts with autophagy machinery proteins. Furthermore, we identified that ATG7(2) mediates a decrease in metabolic activity, highlighting a novel splice-dependent function of this important autophagy protein. Then, we found a divergent expression pattern of ATG7(1) and ATG7(2) across human tissues. Conclusively, our work uncovers the divergent patterns of expression, protein interactions, and function of ATG7(2) in contrast to ATG7(1). These findings suggest a molecular switch between main catabolic processes through isoform-dependent expression of a key autophagy gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Ostacolo
- Department of Anatomy, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Adrián López García de Lomana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Clémence Larat
- Department of Anatomy, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Valgerdur Hjaltalin
- Department of Anatomy, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Kristrun Yr Holm
- Department of Anatomy, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Sigríður S Hlynsdóttir
- Department of Anatomy, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Margaret Soucheray
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Linda Sooman
- Department of Anatomy, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ottar Rolfsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Eirikur Steingrimsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Danielle L Swaney
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Margret H Ogmundsdottir
- Department of Anatomy, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Shang JN, Yu CG, Li R, Xi Y, Jian YJ, Xu N, Chen S. The nonautophagic functions of autophagy-related proteins. Autophagy 2024; 20:720-734. [PMID: 37682088 PMCID: PMC11062363 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2254664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
ABBREVIATIONS ATG: autophagy related; BECN1: beclin 1; cAMP: cyclic adenosine monophosphate; dsDNA: double-stranded DNA; EMT: epithelial-mesenchymal transition; IFN: interferon; ISCs: intestinal stem cells; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MAPK/JNK: mitogen-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinases; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; STING1: stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1; UVRAG: UV radiation resistance associated; VPS: vacuolar protein sorting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ni Shang
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Metabolism and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, Henan, PR China
| | - Chen-Ge Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Metabolism and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, Henan, PR China
| | - Rui Li
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Metabolism and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, Henan, PR China
| | - Yan Xi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Metabolism and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, Henan, PR China
| | - Yue Jenny Jian
- Nanjing Foreign Language School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Nan Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Metabolism and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, Henan, PR China
| | - Su Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Metabolism and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, Henan, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hosseini SA, Mirzaei SA, Kermani S, Yaghoobi H. Valproate modulates the activity of multidrug resistance efflux pumps, as a chemoresistance factor in gastric cancer cells. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:427. [PMID: 38498238 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09284-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug resistance is one of the most critical problems in gastric cancer therapy. This study was performed to investigate the valproic acid effects on the proliferation of sensitive and resistant cell lines of human gastric cancer, and to explore the mechanism of the agent on multi drug resistance and apoptosis genes. METHODS The cytotoxicity effect of valproic acid on the EPG85.257 and EPG85.257RDB cells was assessed by the MTT assay, and the IC50 concentration was evaluated. Apoptosis, genotoxicity, and drug resistance pump activity were evaluated using comet assay, Real-time PCR, and flow cytometry, respectively. Cell proliferation was assayed using a scratch test. RESULTS Dose-dependent toxicity was recorded after treatment of cells with valproic acid. Valproic acid represented a significant growth inhibition on EPG85.257 cells with IC50 values of 5.84 µM and 4.78 µM after 48 h and 72 h treatment, respectively. In contrast, the drug-resistant counterpart represented 8.7 µM and 7.02 µM IC50 values after the same treatment time. Valproic acid induced PTEN, Bcl2, P53, Bax, P21, and caspase3 expression in EPG85.257 cells, whereas p21, p53, PTEN, and ABCB1 were overexpressed in EPG5.257RDB. Valproic acid hindered cell migration in both cell lines (P < 0.01). Valproate genotoxicity was significantly higher in the parent cells than in their resistant EPG85.257RDB counterparts. Valproate led to a 62% reduction in the daunorubicin efflux of the MDR1 pump activity. CONCLUSIONS Valproate can affect drug resistance in gastric cancer via a unique mechanism independent of MDR1 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayedeh Azimeh Hosseini
- Student Research Commitee, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technology, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Seyed Abbas Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technology, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Shahriar Kermani
- Student Research Commitee, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Hajar Yaghoobi
- Clinical Biochemistry Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Eguchi T, Sakurai M, Wang Y, Saito C, Yoshii G, Wileman T, Mizushima N, Kuwahara T, Iwatsubo T. The V-ATPase-ATG16L1 axis recruits LRRK2 to facilitate the lysosomal stress response. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202302067. [PMID: 38227290 PMCID: PMC10791558 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202302067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), a Rab kinase associated with Parkinson's disease and several inflammatory diseases, has been shown to localize to stressed lysosomes and get activated to regulate lysosomal homeostasis. However, the mechanisms of LRRK2 recruitment and activation have not been well understood. Here, we found that the ATG8 conjugation system regulates the recruitment of LRRK2 as well as LC3 onto single membranes of stressed lysosomes/phagosomes. This recruitment did not require FIP200-containing autophagy initiation complex, nor did it occur on double-membrane autophagosomes, suggesting independence from canonical autophagy. Consistently, LRRK2 recruitment was regulated by the V-ATPase-ATG16L1 axis, which requires the WD40 domain of ATG16L1 and specifically mediates ATG8 lipidation on single membranes. This mechanism was also responsible for the lysosomal stress-induced activation of LRRK2 and the resultant regulation of lysosomal secretion and enlargement. These results indicate that the V-ATPase-ATG16L1 axis serves a novel non-autophagic role in the maintenance of lysosomal homeostasis by recruiting LRRK2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Eguchi
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maria Sakurai
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yingxue Wang
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Chieko Saito
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gen Yoshii
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Thomas Wileman
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Noboru Mizushima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Kuwahara
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Iwatsubo
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gross AS, Ghillebert R, Schuetter M, Reinartz E, Rowland A, Bishop BC, Stumpe M, Dengjel J, Graef M. A metabolite sensor subunit of the Atg1/ULK complex regulates selective autophagy. Nat Cell Biol 2024; 26:366-377. [PMID: 38316984 PMCID: PMC10940145 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01348-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Cells convert complex metabolic information into stress-adapted autophagy responses. Canonically, multilayered protein kinase networks converge on the conserved Atg1/ULK kinase complex (AKC) to induce non-selective and selective forms of autophagy in response to metabolic changes. Here we show that, upon phosphate starvation, the metabolite sensor Pho81 interacts with the adaptor subunit Atg11 at the AKC via an Atg11/FIP200 interaction motif to modulate pexophagy by virtue of its conserved phospho-metabolite sensing SPX domain. Notably, core AKC components Atg13 and Atg17 are dispensable for phosphate starvation-induced autophagy revealing significant compositional and functional plasticity of the AKC. Our data indicate that, instead of functioning as a selective autophagy receptor, Pho81 compensates for partially inactive Atg13 by promoting Atg11 phosphorylation by Atg1 critical for pexophagy during phosphate starvation. Our work shows Atg11/FIP200 adaptor subunits bind not only selective autophagy receptors but also modulator subunits that convey metabolic information directly to the AKC for autophagy regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A S Gross
- Max Planck Research Group of Autophagy and Cellular Ageing, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - R Ghillebert
- Max Planck Research Group of Autophagy and Cellular Ageing, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - M Schuetter
- Max Planck Research Metabolomics Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - E Reinartz
- Max Planck Research Group of Autophagy and Cellular Ageing, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - A Rowland
- Max Planck Research Group of Autophagy and Cellular Ageing, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - B C Bishop
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - M Stumpe
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - J Dengjel
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - M Graef
- Max Planck Research Group of Autophagy and Cellular Ageing, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Banerjee C, Puchner EM, Kim DH. ULK1 seen at the single-molecule level during autophagy initiation. Autophagy 2024; 20:707-708. [PMID: 37992308 PMCID: PMC10936622 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2286078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy research often involves overexpressing proteins to investigate their localization, function and activity. However, this approach can disturb the inherent balance of cellular components, potentially affecting the integrity of the autophagy process. With the advent of genome-editing techniques like CRISPR-Cas9, it is now possible to tag endogenous proteins with fluorescent markers, enabling the study of their behaviors under more physiologically relevant conditions. Nevertheless, conventional microscopy methods have limitations in characterizing the behaviors of proteins expressed at endogenous levels. This challenge can be overcome by single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) methods, which provide single-molecule sensitivity and super-resolution imaging capabilities. In our recent study, we used SMLM in combination with genome editing to explore the behavior of endogenous ULK1 during autophagy initiation, yielding unprecedented insights into the autophagy initiation process.Abbreviation: ATG13: autophagy related 13; ATG14: autophagy related 14; ATG16L1: autophagy related 16 like 1; BECN1: beclin 1; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; GABARAPL1: GABA type A receptor associated protein like 1; MAP1LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MTORC1: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase complex 1; PALM: photo-activated localization microscopy; PIK3C3/VPS34: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; PIK3R4/VPS15: phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 4; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; SMLM: single-molecule localization microscopy; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; WIPI2: WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting 2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjib Banerjee
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, USA
| | - Elias M. Puchner
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, USA
| | - Do-Hyung Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chen Z, Chen Z, Gao S, Shi J, Li X, Sun F. PFOS exposure destroys the integrity of the blood-testis barrier (BTB) through PI3K/AKT/mTOR-mediated autophagy. Reprod Biol 2024; 24:100846. [PMID: 38160586 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2023.100846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanesulfonate or perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), a type of perfluorinated compound, is mainly found in consumer products. Exposure to PFOS could cause male reproductive toxicity by causing injury to the blood-testis barrier (BTB). However, the specific mechanisms through which PFOS affects male reproduction remain unclear. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a vital protein kinase that is believed to be a central regulator of autophagy. In this study, we established in vivo and in vitro models to explore the effects of PFOS on the BTB, autophagy, and the regulatory role of the mTOR signaling pathway. Adult mice were developmentally exposed to 0, 0.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg/day PFOS for five weeks. Thereafter, their testicular morphology, sperm counts, serum testosterone, expression of BTB-related proteins, and autophagy-related proteins were evaluated. Additionally, TM4 cells (a mouse Sertoli cell line) were used to delineate the molecular mechanisms that mediate the effects of PFOS on BTB. Our results demonstrated that exposure to PFOS induced BTB injury and autophagy, as evidenced by increased expression of autophagy-related proteins, accumulation of autophagosomes, observed through representative electron micrographs, and decreased activity of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Moreover, treatment with chloroquine, an autophagy inhibitor, alleviated the effects of PFOS on the integrity of TM4 cells in the BTB and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Overall, this study highlights that exposure to PFOS destroys the integrity of the BTB through PI3K/AKT/mTOR-mediated autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zifeng Chen
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Zhengru Chen
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Sheng Gao
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Jie Shi
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Xinyao Li
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Fei Sun
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chiduza GN, Garza-Garcia A, Almacellas E, De Tito S, Pye VE, van Vliet AR, Cherepanov P, Tooze SA. ATG9B is a tissue-specific homotrimeric lipid scramblase that can compensate for ATG9A. Autophagy 2024; 20:557-576. [PMID: 37938170 PMCID: PMC10936676 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2275905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a fundamental aspect of eukaryotic biology, and the autophagy-related protein ATG9A is part of the core machinery facilitating this process. In addition to ATG9A vertebrates encode ATG9B, a poorly characterized paralog expressed in a subset of tissues. Herein, we characterize the structure of human ATG9B revealing the conserved homotrimeric quaternary structure and explore the conformational dynamics of the protein. Consistent with the experimental structure and computational chemistry, we establish that ATG9B is a functional lipid scramblase. We show that ATG9B can compensate for the absence of ATG9A in starvation-induced autophagy displaying similar subcellular trafficking and steady-state localization. Finally, we demonstrate that ATG9B can form a heteromeric complex with ATG2A. By establishing the molecular structure and function of ATG9B, our results inform the exploration of niche roles for autophagy machinery in more complex eukaryotes and reveal insights relevant across species.Abbreviation: ATG: autophagy related; CHS: cholesteryl hemisuccinate; cryo-EM: single-particle cryogenic electron microscopy; CTF: contrast transfer function: CTH: C- terminal α helix; FSC: fourier shell correlation; HDIR: HORMA domain interacting region; LMNG: lauryl maltose neopentyl glycol; MD: molecular dynamics simulations; MSA: multiple sequence alignment; NBD-PE: 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(7-nitro-2-1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl ammonium salt); POPC: palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; RBG: repeating beta groove domain; RMSD: root mean square deviation; SEC: size-exclusion chromatography; TMH: transmembrane helix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George N. Chiduza
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Acely Garza-Garcia
- Mycobacterial Metabolism and Antibiotic Research Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Eugenia Almacellas
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Stefano De Tito
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Valerie E Pye
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Peter Cherepanov
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sharon A. Tooze
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Woo J, Jung S, Kim S, Li Y, Chung H, Roubtsova TV, Zhang H, Caseys C, Kliebenstein D, Kim KN, Bostock RM, Lee YH, Dickman MB, Choi D, Park E, Dinesh-Kumar SP. Attenuation of phytofungal pathogenicity of Ascomycota by autophagy modulators. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1621. [PMID: 38424448 PMCID: PMC10904834 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45839-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy in eukaryotes functions to maintain homeostasis by degradation and recycling of long-lived and unwanted cellular materials. Autophagy plays important roles in pathogenicity of various fungal pathogens, suggesting that autophagy is a novel target for development of antifungal compounds. Here, we describe bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)-based high-throughput screening (HTS) strategy to identify compounds that inhibit fungal ATG4 cysteine protease-mediated cleavage of ATG8 that is critical for autophagosome formation. We identified ebselen (EB) and its analogs ebselen oxide (EO) and 2-(4-methylphenyl)-1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one (PT) as inhibitors of fungal pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Magnaporthe oryzae ATG4-mediated ATG8 processing. The EB and its analogs inhibit spore germination, hyphal development, and appressorium formation in Ascomycota pathogens, B. cinerea, M. oryzae, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Monilinia fructicola. Treatment with EB and its analogs significantly reduced fungal pathogenicity. Our findings provide molecular insights to develop the next generation of antifungal compounds by targeting autophagy in important fungal pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jongchan Woo
- Department of Plant Biology and the Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture, Life Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
- Plant Immunity Research Center, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungmee Jung
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture, Life Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Seongbeom Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yurong Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA, USA
| | - Hyunjung Chung
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tatiana V Roubtsova
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Honghong Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Celine Caseys
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Dan Kliebenstein
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kyung-Nam Kim
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Richard M Bostock
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Martin B Dickman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Doil Choi
- Plant Immunity Research Center, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eunsook Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture, Life Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA.
| | - Savithramma P Dinesh-Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology and the Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
van Vliet AR, Jefferies HBJ, Faull PA, Chadwick J, Ibrahim F, Skehel MJ, Tooze SA. Exploring the ATG9A interactome uncovers interaction with VPS13A. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261081. [PMID: 38294121 PMCID: PMC10911177 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
ATG9A, a transmembrane protein of the core autophagy pathway, cycles between the Golgi, endosomes and a vesicular compartment. ATG9A was recently shown to act as a lipid scramblase, and this function is thought to require its interaction with another core autophagy protein, ATG2A, which acts as a lipid transfer protein. Together, ATG9A and ATG2A are proposed to function to expand the growing autophagosome. However, ATG9A is implicated in other pathways including membrane repair and lipid droplet homeostasis. To elucidate other ATG9A interactors within the autophagy pathway, or interactors beyond autophagy, we performed an interactome analysis through mass spectrometry. This analysis revealed a host of proteins involved in lipid synthesis and trafficking, including ACSL3, VPS13A and VPS13C. Furthermore, we show that ATG9A directly interacts with VPS13A and forms a complex that is distinct from the ATG9A-ATG2A complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter A. Faull
- Proteomics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - Fairouz Ibrahim
- Proteomics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Mark J. Skehel
- Proteomics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Sharon A. Tooze
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Rao S, Skulsuppaisarn M, Strong LM, Ren X, Lazarou M, Hurley JH, Hummer G. Three-step docking by WIPI2, ATG16L1, and ATG3 delivers LC3 to the phagophore. Sci Adv 2024; 10:eadj8027. [PMID: 38324698 PMCID: PMC10851258 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj8027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The covalent attachment of ubiquitin-like LC3 proteins (microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3) prepares the autophagic membrane for cargo recruitment. We resolve key steps in LC3 lipidation by combining molecular dynamics simulations and experiments in vitro and in cellulo. We show how the E3-like ligaseautophagy-related 12 (ATG12)-ATG5-ATG16L1 in complex with the E2-like conjugase ATG3 docks LC3 onto the membrane in three steps by (i) the phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate effector protein WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 2 (WIPI2), (ii) helix α2 of ATG16L1, and (iii) a membrane-interacting surface of ATG3. Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) lipids concentrate in a region around the thioester bond between ATG3 and LC3, highlighting residues with a possible role in the catalytic transfer of LC3 to PE, including two conserved histidines. In a near-complete pathway from the initial membrane recruitment to the LC3 lipidation reaction, the three-step targeting of the ATG12-ATG5-ATG16L1 machinery establishes a high level of regulatory control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanlin Rao
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Marvin Skulsuppaisarn
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisa M. Strong
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Xuefeng Ren
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michael Lazarou
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - James H. Hurley
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Gerhard Hummer
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Institute of Biophysics, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Chen L, Gao T, Zhou P, Xia W, Yao H, Xu S, Xu J. Recent advances of vacuolar protein-sorting 34 inhibitors targeting autophagy. Bioorg Chem 2024; 143:107039. [PMID: 38134519 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.107039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a ubiquitous pathological/physiological antioxidant cellular reaction in eukaryotic cells. Vacuolar protein sorting 34 (Vps34 or PIK3C3), which plays a crucial role in autophagy, has received much attention. As the only Class III phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase in mammals, Vps34 participates in vesicular transport, nutrient signaling and autophagy. Dysfunctionality of Vps34 induces carcinogenesis, and abnormal autophagy mediated by dysfunction of Vps34 is closely related to the pathological progression of various human diseases, which makes Vps34 a novel target for tumor immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms underlying macroautophagy, and further discuss the structure-activity relationship of Vps34 inhibitors that have been reported in the past decade as well as their potential roles in anticancer immunotherapy to better understand the antitumor mechanism underlying the effects of these inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Tian Gao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Pijun Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Wenxuan Xia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Hong Yao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Shengtao Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Shenzhen Research Institute of China Pharmaceutical University, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518052, PR China.
| | - Jinyi Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Shenzhen Research Institute of China Pharmaceutical University, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518052, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bhattacharya A, Torggler R, Reiter W, Romanov N, Licheva M, Ciftci A, Mari M, Kolb L, Kaiser D, Reggiori F, Ammerer G, Hollenstein DM, Kraft C. Decoding the function of Atg13 phosphorylation reveals a role of Atg11 in bulk autophagy initiation. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:813-831. [PMID: 38233718 PMCID: PMC10897315 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-023-00055-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is initiated by the assembly of multiple autophagy-related proteins that form the phagophore assembly site where autophagosomes are formed. Atg13 is essential early in this process, and a hub of extensive phosphorylation. How these multiple phosphorylations contribute to autophagy initiation, however, is not well understood. Here we comprehensively analyze the role of phosphorylation events on Atg13 during nutrient-rich conditions and nitrogen starvation. We identify and functionally characterize 48 in vivo phosphorylation sites on Atg13. By generating reciprocal mutants, which mimic the dephosphorylated active and phosphorylated inactive state of Atg13, we observe that disrupting the dynamic regulation of Atg13 leads to insufficient or excessive autophagy, which are both detrimental to cell survival. We furthermore demonstrate an involvement of Atg11 in bulk autophagy even during nitrogen starvation, where it contributes together with Atg1 to the multivalency that drives phase separation of the phagophore assembly site. These findings reveal the importance of post-translational regulation on Atg13 early during autophagy initiation, which provides additional layers of regulation to control bulk autophagy activity and integrate cellular signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Bhattacharya
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Raffaela Torggler
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Reiter
- Department for Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Vienna, Center for Molecular Biology, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030, Vienna, Austria
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, Vienna, Austria
| | - Natalie Romanov
- Department for Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Vienna, Center for Molecular Biology, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Molecular Sociology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mariya Licheva
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Akif Ciftci
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Muriel Mari
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 4, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lena Kolb
- Department for Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Vienna, Center for Molecular Biology, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Kaiser
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 4, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Gustav Ammerer
- Department for Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Vienna, Center for Molecular Biology, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - David M Hollenstein
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
- Department for Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Vienna, Center for Molecular Biology, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Claudine Kraft
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
- CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Yang W, Li L, Zhang J, Wu J, Kang W, Wang Y, Ding H, Li D, Zheng H. SNX32 is a host restriction factor that degrades African swine fever virus CP204L via the RAB1B-dependent autophagy pathway. J Virol 2024; 98:e0159923. [PMID: 38169281 PMCID: PMC10804981 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01599-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a highly contagious and deadly disease in domestic pigs and European wild boars, posing a severe threat to the global pig industry. ASFV CP204L, a highly immunogenic protein, is produced during the early stages of ASFV infection. However, the impact of CP204L protein-interacting partners on the outcome of ASFV infection is poorly understood. To accomplish this, coimmunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry analysis were conducted in ASFV-infected porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). We have demonstrated that sorting nexin 32 (SNX32) is a CP204L-binding protein and that CP204L interacted and colocalized with SNX32 in ASFV-infected PAMs. ASFV growth and replication were promoted by silencing SNX32 and suppressed by overexpressing SNX32. SNX32 degraded CP204L by recruiting the autophagy-related protein Ras-related protein Rab-1b (RAB1B). RAB1B overexpression inhibited ASFV replication, while knockdown of RAB1B had the opposite effect. Additionally, RAB1B, SNX32, and CP204L formed a complex upon ASFV infection. Taken together, this study demonstrates that SNX32 antagonizes ASFV growth and replication by recruiting the autophagy-related protein RAB1B. This finding extends our understanding of the interaction between ASFV CP204L and its host and provides new insights into exploring the relationship between ASFV infection and autophagy.IMPORTANCEAfrican swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and acute hemorrhagic viral disease with a high mortality near 100% in domestic pigs. ASF virus (ASFV), which is the only member of the family Asfarviridae, is a dsDNA virus of great complexity and size, encoding more than 150 proteins. Currently, there are no available vaccines against ASFV. ASFV CP204L represents the most abundantly expressed viral protein early in infection and plays an important role in regulating ASFV replication. However, the mechanism by which the interaction between ASFV CP204L and host proteins affects ASFV replication remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that the cellular protein SNX32 interacted with CP204L and degraded CP204L by upregulating the autophagy-related protein RAB1B. In summary, this study will help us understand the interaction mechanism between CP204L and its host upon infection and provide new insights for the development of vaccines and antiviral drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lingxia Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Junhuang Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weifang Kang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tian Y, Okamoto K. The nascent polypeptide-associated complex subunit Egd1 is required for efficient selective mitochondrial degradation in budding yeast. Sci Rep 2024; 14:546. [PMID: 38177147 PMCID: PMC10767044 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50245-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Selective degradation of dysfunctional or excess mitochondria is a fundamental process crucial for cell homeostasis in almost all eukaryotes. This process relies on autophagy, an intracellular self-eating system conserved from yeast to humans and is thus called mitophagy. Detailed mechanisms of mitophagy remain to be fully understood. Here we show that mitochondrial degradation in budding yeast, which requires the pro-mitophagic protein Atg32, is strongly reduced in cells lacking Egd1, a beta subunit of the nascent polypeptide-associated complex acting in cytosolic ribosome attachment and protein targeting to mitochondria. By contrast, loss of the sole alpha subunit Egd2 or the beta subunit paralogue Btt1 led to only a partial or slight reduction in mitophagy. We also found that phosphorylation of Atg32, a crucial step for priming mitophagy, is decreased in the absence of Egd1. Forced Atg32 hyperphosphorylation almost completely restored mitophagy in egd1-null cells. Together, we propose that Egd1 acts in Atg32 phosphorylation to facilitate mitophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koji Okamoto
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tooze SA, Zhang W, Lazzeri G, Gahlot D, Thukral L, Covino R, Nishimura T. Membrane association of the ATG8 conjugation machinery emerges as a key regulatory feature for autophagosome biogenesis. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:107-113. [PMID: 37259601 PMCID: PMC10952647 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved intracellular pathway that is essential for survival in all eukaryotes. In healthy cells, autophagy is used to remove damaged intracellular components, which can be as simple as unfolded proteins or as complex as whole mitochondria. Once the damaged component is captured, the autophagosome engulfs it and closes, isolating the content from the cytoplasm. The autophagosome then fuses with the late endosome and/or lysosome to deliver its content to the lysosome for degradation. Formation of the autophagosome, sequestration or capture of content, and closure all require the ATG proteins, which constitute the essential core autophagy protein machinery. This brief 'nutshell' will highlight recent data revealing the importance of small membrane-associated domains in the ATG proteins. In particular, recent findings from two parallel studies reveal the unexpected key role of α-helical structures in the ATG8 conjugation machinery and ATG8s. These studies illustrate how unique membrane association modules can control the formation of autophagosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A. Tooze
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Wenxin Zhang
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | | | - Deepanshi Gahlot
- CSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative BiologyNew DelhiIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)GhaziabadIndia
| | - Lipi Thukral
- CSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative BiologyNew DelhiIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)GhaziabadIndia
| | | | - Taki Nishimura
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology AgencyTokyoJapan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoJapan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Conjugation of ATG8 to single membranes (CASM) is a fundamental cellular process that entails the conjugation of mammalian Atg8 homologs, here referred to as ATG8, to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylserine (PS) on endolysosomal compartments. Our current research, together with recent reports from the Randow, Wu, and Wileman labs, has uncovered yet another layer to this process. We discovered that, in addition to ATG16L1-containing complexes, TECPR1 (tectonin beta-propeller repeat containing 1)-containing ATG12-ATG5 E3 complexes can facilitate CASM, thereby providing a broader understanding of this pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Namrita Kaur
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sven R Carlsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alf Håkon Lystad
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Han D, Huang M, Chang Z, Sun W. KLF15 Transcriptionally Activates ATG14 to Promote Autophagy and Attenuate Damage of ox-LDL-Induced HAECs. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:112-122. [PMID: 37043109 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00742-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Kruppel-like factor 15 (KLF15) is involved in many cardiovascular diseases and is abnormally expressed in atherosclerosis (AS), but the regulatory mechanism of KLF15 in AS has not been reported so far. RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression of KLF15 and ATG14 in AS patients. Subsequently, human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were induced by oxidized low densitylipoprotein (ox-LDL), and the expression of KLF15 in model cells was detected. KLF15 was overexpressed in cells by lipofection transfection, and then CCK8, flow cytometry, Western blot, ELISA, and related assay kits were used to detect cell viability, apoptosis, inflammatory response as well as oxidative stress, respectively. The targeted regulatory relationship between KLF15 and autophagy-related 14 (ATG14) was detected by ChIP and luciferase reporter assays. Following ATG14 silencing in KLF15-overexpressing cells, immunofluorescence and Western blot were used to detect the autophagy. Finally, after the addition of 3-Methyladenine (3-MA), an autophagy inhibitor, the aforementioned experiments were conducted again to further explore the mechanism. The expression of KLF15 and ATG14 were decreased in AS patients and ox-LDL-induced HAECs. Overexpression of KLF15 protected ox-LDL-induced HAECs from damage, which might be achieved through transcriptional regulation of ATG14. In addition, KLF15 could promote autophagy through transcriptional activation of ATG14. KLF15 transcriptionally activated ATG14 to promote autophagy and attenuate damage of ox-LDL-induced HAECs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Han
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, No. 1000 Hefeng Road, Wuxi, 214125, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ming Huang
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, No. 1000 Hefeng Road, Wuxi, 214125, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhen Chang
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, No. 1000 Hefeng Road, Wuxi, 214125, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, No. 1000 Hefeng Road, Wuxi, 214125, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Nishimura T, Lazzeri G, Tooze SA, Covino R. ATG3 proteins possess a unique amphipathic α-helix essential for the Atg8/LC3 lipidation reaction. Autophagy 2024; 20:212-213. [PMID: 37679935 PMCID: PMC10761131 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2255458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In our recent paper, we uncovered that ATG3 exhibits a large degree of structural dynamics on autophagic membranes to efficiently carry out LC3 lipidation. ATG3 proteins possess an amphipathic α-helix (AH) identified by a small number of bulky and hydrophobic residues. This biophysical fingerprint allows for transient membrane association of ATG3 and facilitates its enzymatic reaction. This study will pave the way for a structural and mechanistic understanding of how membrane association of ATG proteins is orchestrated during autophagosome formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taki Nishimura
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Gianmarco Lazzeri
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Frankfurt, Hesse, Germany
- Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Hesse, Germany
| | - Sharon A. Tooze
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Roberto Covino
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Frankfurt, Hesse, Germany
- Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Hesse, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kraft C, Reggiori F. Phagophore closure, autophagosome maturation and autophagosome fusion during macroautophagy in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:73-83. [PMID: 37585559 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Macroautophagy, hereafter referred to as autophagy, is a complex process in which multiple membrane-remodeling events lead to the formation of a cisterna known as the phagophore, which then expands and closes into a double-membrane vesicle termed the autophagosome. During the past decade, enormous progress has been made in understanding the molecular function of the autophagy-related proteins and their role in generating these phagophores. In this Review, we discuss the current understanding of three membrane remodeling steps in autophagy that remain to be largely characterized; namely, the closure of phagophores, the maturation of the resulting autophagosomes into fusion-competent vesicles, and their fusion with vacuoles/lysosomes. Our review will mainly focus on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which has been the leading model system for the study of molecular events in autophagy and has led to the discovery of the major mechanistic concepts, which have been found to be mostly conserved in higher eukaryotes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Kraft
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Noda NN. Structural view on autophagosome formation. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:84-106. [PMID: 37758522 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved intracellular degradation system in eukaryotes, involving the sequestration of degradation targets into autophagosomes, which are subsequently delivered to lysosomes (or vacuoles in yeasts and plants) for degradation. In budding yeast, starvation-induced autophagosome formation relies on approximately 20 core Atg proteins, grouped into six functional categories: the Atg1/ULK complex, the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase complex, the Atg9 transmembrane protein, the Atg2-Atg18/WIPI complex, the Atg8 lipidation system, and the Atg12-Atg5 conjugation system. Additionally, selective autophagy requires cargo receptors and other factors, including a fission factor, for specific sequestration. This review covers the 30-year history of structural studies on core Atg proteins and factors involved in selective autophagy, examining X-ray crystallography, NMR, and cryo-EM techniques. The molecular mechanisms of autophagy are explored based on protein structures, and future directions in the structural biology of autophagy are discussed, considering the advancements in the era of AlphaFold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo N Noda
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Alam JM, Maruyama T, Noshiro D, Kakuta C, Kotani T, Nakatogawa H, Noda NN. Complete set of the Atg8-E1-E2-E3 conjugation machinery forms an interaction web that mediates membrane shaping. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024; 31:170-178. [PMID: 38057553 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-01132-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Atg8, a ubiquitin-like protein, is conjugated with phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) via Atg7 (E1), Atg3 (E2) and Atg12-Atg5-Atg16 (E3) enzymatic cascade and mediates autophagy. However, its molecular roles in autophagosome formation are still unclear. Here we show that Saccharomyces cerevisiae Atg8-PE and E1-E2-E3 enzymes together construct a stable, mobile membrane scaffold. The complete scaffold formation induces an in-bud in prolate-shaped giant liposomes, transforming their morphology into one reminiscent of isolation membranes before sealing. In addition to their enzymatic roles in Atg8 lipidation, all three proteins contribute nonenzymatically to membrane scaffolding and shaping. Nuclear magnetic resonance analyses revealed that Atg8, E1, E2 and E3 together form an interaction web through multivalent weak interactions, where the intrinsically disordered regions in Atg3 play a central role. These data suggest that all six Atg proteins in the Atg8 conjugation machinery control membrane shaping during autophagosome formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daisuke Noshiro
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Chika Kakuta
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kotani
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nakatogawa
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Nobuo N Noda
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Tokyo, Japan.
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Wang L, Zhang S, Yi S, Ho MS. A new regulator of autophagy initiation in glia. Autophagy 2024; 20:207-209. [PMID: 37615623 PMCID: PMC10761159 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2251821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is the major degradation pathway in neurons for eliminating damaged proteins and organelles in Parkinson disease (PD). Like neurons, glial cells are important contributors to PD, yet how autophagy is executed in glia and whether it is using similar interplay as in neurons or other tissues, remain largely elusive. Recently, we reported that the PD risk factor, GAK/aux (cyclin-G-associated kinase/auxilin), regulates the onset of glial autophagy. In the absence of GAK/aux, the number and size of the autophagosomes and autophagosomal precursors increase in adult fly glia and mouse microglia. The protein levels of components in the initiation and class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PtdIns3K) complexes are generally upregulated. GAK/aux interacts with the master initiation regulator ULK1/Atg1 (unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1) via its uncoating domain, hinders autophagy activation by competing with ATG13 (autophagy related 13) for binding to the ULK1 C terminus, and regulates ULK1 trafficking to phagophores. Nonetheless, lack of GAK/aux impairs the autophagic flux and blocks substrate degradation, suggesting that GAK/aux might play additional roles. Overall, our findings reveal a new regulator of autophagy initiation in glia, advancing our understanding on how glia contribute to PD in terms of eliminating pathological protein aggregates.Abbreviations: ATG13: autophagy related 13; GAK/aux: cyclin G associated kinase/auxilin; PtdIns3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PD: Parkinson disease; ULK1/Atg1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linfang Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, Pudong New Area, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shiping Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, Pudong New Area, China
| | - Shuanglong Yi
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, Pudong New Area, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Margaret S. Ho
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, Pudong New Area, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Perucho-Jaimes L, Do J, Van Elgort A, Kaplan KB. Septins modulate the autophagy response after nutrient starvation. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar4. [PMID: 37910217 PMCID: PMC10881159 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-11-0520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathways that induce macroautophagy (referred to as autophagy hereafter) in response to the stress of starvation are well conserved and essential under nutrient-limiting conditions. However, less is understood about the mechanisms that modulate the autophagy response. Here we present evidence that after induction of autophagy in budding yeast septin filaments rapidly assemble into discrete patches distributed along the cell cortex. These patches gradually mature over 12 h of nutrient deprivation to form extended structures around Atg9 membranes tethered at the cortical endoplasmic reticulum, a class of membranes that are limiting for autophagosome biogenesis. Loss of cortical septin structures alters the kinetics of autophagy activation and most dramatically extends the duration of the autophagy response. In wild-type cells, diffusion of Atg9 membranes at the cell cortex undergoes transient pauses that are dependent on septins, and septins at the bud neck block the diffusion of Atg9 membranes between mother and daughter cells. We conclude that septins reorganize at the cell cortex during autophagy to locally limit access of Atg9 membranes to autophagosome assembly sites, and thus modulate the autophagy response during nutrient deprivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Perucho-Jaimes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Jonathan Do
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Alexandria Van Elgort
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Kenneth B. Kaplan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Mallén-Ponce MJ, Pérez-Pérez ME. Redox-mediated activation of ATG3 promotes ATG8 lipidation and autophagy progression in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Physiol 2023; 194:359-375. [PMID: 37772945 PMCID: PMC10756753 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is one of the main degradative pathways used by eukaryotic organisms to eliminate useless or damaged intracellular material to maintain cellular homeostasis under stress conditions. Mounting evidence indicates a strong interplay between the generation of reactive oxygen species and the activation of autophagy. Although a tight redox regulation of autophagy has been shown in several organisms, including microalgae, the molecular mechanisms underlying this control remain poorly understood. In this study, we have performed an in-depth in vitro and in vivo redox characterization of ATG3, an E2-activating enzyme involved in ATG8 lipidation and autophagosome formation, from 2 evolutionary distant unicellular model organisms: the green microalga Chlamydomonas (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) and the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our results indicated that ATG3 activity from both organisms is subjected to redox regulation since these proteins require reducing equivalents to transfer ATG8 to the phospholipid phosphatidylethanolamine. We established the catalytic Cys of ATG3 as a redox target in algal and yeast proteins and showed that the oxidoreductase thioredoxin efficiently reduces ATG3. Moreover, in vivo studies revealed that the redox state of ATG3 from Chlamydomonas undergoes profound changes under autophagy-activating stress conditions, such as the absence of photoprotective carotenoids, the inhibition of fatty acid synthesis, or high light irradiance. Thus, our results indicate that the redox-mediated activation of ATG3 regulates ATG8 lipidation under oxidative stress conditions in this model microalga.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel J Mallén-Ponce
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis (IBVF), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)- Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - María Esther Pérez-Pérez
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis (IBVF), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)- Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Danieli A, Vucak G, Baccarini M, Martens S. Sequestration of translation initiation factors in p62 condensates. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113583. [PMID: 38096057 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective autophagy mediates the removal of harmful material from the cytoplasm. This cargo material is selected by cargo receptors, which orchestrate its sequestration within double-membrane autophagosomes and subsequent lysosomal degradation. The cargo receptor p62/SQSTM1 is present in cytoplasmic condensates, and a fraction of them are constantly delivered into lysosomes. However, the molecular composition of the p62 condensates is incompletely understood. To obtain insights into their composition, we develop a method to isolate these condensates and find that p62 condensates are enriched in components of the translation machinery. Furthermore, p62 interacts with translation initiation factors, and eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) and eIF4E are degraded by autophagy in a p62-dependent manner. Thus, p62-mediated autophagy may in part be linked to down-regulation of translation initiation. The p62 condensate isolation protocol developed here may facilitate the study of their contribution to cellular quality control and their roles in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Danieli
- Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria; University of Vienna, Center for Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria; Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Georg Vucak
- Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria; Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria; University of Vienna, Center for Molecular Biology, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuela Baccarini
- Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria; University of Vienna, Center for Molecular Biology, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sascha Martens
- Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria; University of Vienna, Center for Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Omrane M, Melia TJ, Thiam AR. LC3 conjugation to lipid droplets. Autophagy 2023; 19:3251-3253. [PMID: 37599471 PMCID: PMC10621252 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2249390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy and lipid droplet (LD) biology are intricately linked, with autophagosome-dependent degradation of LDs in response to different signals. LDs play crucial roles in forming autophagosomes possibly by providing essential lipids and serving as a supportive autophagosome assembly platform at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-LD interface. LDs and autophagosomes share common proteins, such as VPS13, ATG2, ZFYVE1/DFCP1, and ATG14, but their dual functions remain poorly understood. In our recent study, we found that prolonged starvation leads to ATG3 localizing to large LDs and lipidating LC3B, revealing a non-canonical autophagic role on LDs. In vitro, ATG3 associates with purified and artificial LDs, and conjugated Atg8-family proteins. In long-term starved cells, only LC3B is found on the specific large LDs, positioned near LC3B-positive membranes that undergo lysosome-mediated acidification. This implies that LD-lipidated LC3B acts as a tethering factor, connecting phagophores to LDs and promoting degradation. Our data also support the notion that certain LD surfaces may function as lipidation stations for LC3B, which may move to nearby sites of autophagosome formation. Overall, our study unveils an unknown non-canonical implication of LDs in autophagy processes.Abbreviation: ATG: autophagy-related enzyme, ATP: adenosine triphosphate, E2 enzyme: ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, ER: endoplasmic reticulum, LD: lipid droplet, LIR motif: LC3-interacting region, MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta, PE: phosphatidylethanolamine, PLIN1: perilipin 1, PNPLA2/ATGL: patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 2, SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1, VSP13: vacuolar protein sorting 13, ZFYVE1/DFCP1: zinc finger, FYVE domain containing 1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohyeddine Omrane
- Laboratoire de Physique de L’École Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Thomas J. Melia
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Abdou Rachid Thiam
- Laboratoire de Physique de L’École Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Sun W, Jia M, Feng Y, Cheng X. Lactate is a bridge linking glycolysis and autophagy through lactylation. Autophagy 2023; 19:3240-3241. [PMID: 37565742 PMCID: PMC10621282 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2246356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactate is a glycolysis product that is produced from pyruvate by LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) and plays an important role in physiological and pathological processes. However, whether lactate regulates autophagy is still unknown. We recently reported that LDHA is phosphorylated at serine 196 by ULK1 (unc-51 like kinase 1) under nutrient-deprivation conditions, promoting lactate production. Then, lactate mediates PIK3C3/VPS34 lactylation at lysine 356 and lysine 781 via acyltransferase KAT5/TIP60. PIK3C3/VPS34 lactylation enhances the association of PIK3C3/VPS34 with BECN1 (beclin 1, autophagy related), ATG14 and UVRAG, increases PIK3C3/VPS34 lipid kinase activity, promotes macroautophagy/autophagy and facilitates the endolysosomal degradation pathway. PIK3C3/VPS34 hyperlactylation induces autophagy and plays an essential role in skeletal muscle homeostasis and cancer progression. Overall, this study describes an autophagy regulation mechanism and the integration of two highly conserved life processes: glycolysis and autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weixia Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Optogenetics & Synthetic Biology Interdisciplinary Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengshu Jia
- School of Pharmacy, Optogenetics & Synthetic Biology Interdisciplinary Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingyan Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Optogenetics & Synthetic Biology Interdisciplinary Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiawei Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Optogenetics & Synthetic Biology Interdisciplinary Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Miklaszewska M, Zienkiewicz K, Klugier-Borowska E, Rygielski M, Feussner I, Zienkiewicz A. CALEOSIN 1 interaction with AUTOPHAGY-RELATED PROTEIN 8 facilitates lipid droplet microautophagy in seedlings. Plant Physiol 2023; 193:2361-2380. [PMID: 37619984 PMCID: PMC10663143 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) of seed tissues are storage organelles for triacylglycerols (TAGs) that provide the energy and carbon for seedling establishment. In the major route of LD degradation (lipolysis), TAGs are mobilized by lipases. However, LDs may also be degraded via lipophagy, a type of selective autophagy, which mediates LD delivery to vacuoles or lysosomes. The exact mechanisms of LD degradation and the mobilization of their content in plants remain unresolved. Here, we provide evidence that LDs are degraded via a process morphologically resembling microlipophagy in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings. We observed the entry and presence of LDs in the central vacuole as well as their breakdown. Moreover, we show co-localization of AUTOPHAGY-RELATED PROTEIN 8b (ATG8b) and LDs during seed germination and localization of lipidated ATG8 (ATG8-PE) to the LD fraction. We further demonstrate that structural LD proteins from the caleosin family, CALEOSIN 1 (CLO1), CALEOSIN 2 (CLO2), and CALEOSIN 3 (CLO3), interact with ATG8 proteins and possess putative ATG8-interacting motifs (AIMs). Deletion of the AIM localized directly before the proline knot disrupts the interaction of CLO1 with ATG8b, suggesting a possible role of this region in the interaction between these proteins. Collectively, we provide insights into LD degradation by microlipophagy in germinating seeds with a particular focus on the role of structural LD proteins in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Miklaszewska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, Gdańsk 80-308, Poland
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Zienkiewicz
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Goettingen 37077, Germany
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Ewa Klugier-Borowska
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Marcin Rygielski
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Goettingen 37077, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Goettingen 37077, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Zienkiewicz
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Goettingen 37077, Germany
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Feng X, Sun D, Li Y, Zhang J, Liu S, Zhang D, Zheng J, Xi Q, Liang H, Zhao W, Li Y, Xu M, He J, Liu T, Hasim A, Ma M, Xu P, Mi N. Local membrane source gathering by p62 body drives autophagosome formation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7338. [PMID: 37957156 PMCID: PMC10643672 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42829-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagosomes are double-membrane vesicles generated intracellularly to encapsulate substrates for lysosomal degradation during autophagy. Phase separated p62 body plays pivotal roles during autophagosome formation, however, the underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. Here we describe a spatial membrane gathering mode by which p62 body functions in autophagosome formation. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics reveals significant enrichment of vesicle trafficking components within p62 body. Combining cellular experiments and biochemical reconstitution assays, we confirm the gathering of ATG9 and ATG16L1-positive vesicles around p62 body, especially in Atg2ab DKO cells with blocked lipid transfer and vesicle fusion. Interestingly, p62 body also regulates ATG9 and ATG16L vesicle trafficking flux intracellularly. We further determine the lipid contents associated with p62 body via lipidomic profiling. Moreover, with in vitro kinase assay, we uncover the functions of p62 body as a platform to assemble ULK1 complex and invigorate PI3KC3-C1 kinase cascade for PI3P generation. Collectively, our study raises a membrane-based working model for multifaceted p62 body in controlling autophagosome biogenesis, and highlights the interplay between membraneless condensates and membrane vesicles in regulating cellular functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Daxiao Sun
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Yanchang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Institute of Lifeomics, 102206, Beijing, China
| | - Jinpei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shiyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Dachuan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxiang Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Haisha Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Wenkang Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Mengbo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jiayu He
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Tong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ayshamgul Hasim
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Meisheng Ma
- Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Institute of Lifeomics, 102206, Beijing, China.
| | - Na Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China.
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of High Incidence Disease Research in Xinjiang (Xinjiang Medical University), Ministry of Education, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Huang M, Zhang Y, Park J, Chowdhury K, Xu J, Lu A, Wang L, Zhang W, Ekser B, Yu L, Dong XC. ATG14 plays a critical role in hepatic lipid droplet homeostasis. Metabolism 2023; 148:155693. [PMID: 37741434 PMCID: PMC10591826 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Autophagy-related 14 (ATG14) is a key regulator of autophagy. ATG14 is also localized to lipid droplet; however, the function of ATG14 on lipid droplet remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the role of ATG14 in lipid droplet homeostasis. METHODS ATG14 loss-of-function and gain-of-function in lipid droplet metabolism were analyzed by fluorescence imaging in ATG14 knockdown or overexpression hepatocytes. Specific domains involved in the ATG14 targeting to lipid droplets were analyzed by deletion or site-specific mutagenesis. ATG14-interacting proteins were analyzed by co-immunoprecipitation. The effect of ATG14 on lipolysis was analyzed in human hepatocytes and mouse livers that were deficient in ATG14, comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58), or both. RESULTS Our data show that ATG14 is enriched on lipid droplets in hepatocytes. Mutagenesis analysis reveals that the Barkor/ATG14 autophagosome targeting sequence (BATS) domain of ATG14 is responsible for the ATG14 localization to lipid droplets. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis illustrates that ATG14 interacts with adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and CGI-58. Moreover, ATG14 also enhances the interaction between ATGL and CGI-58. In vitro lipolysis analysis demonstrates that ATG14 deficiency remarkably decreases triglyceride hydrolysis. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that ATG14 can directly enhance lipid droplet breakdown through interactions with ATGL and CGI-58.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Menghao Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jimin Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kushan Chowdhury
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jiazhi Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alex Lu
- Park Tudor School, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Burcin Ekser
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Liqing Yu
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - X Charlie Dong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA..
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Wang JF, Wen DT, Wang SJ, Gao YH, Yin XY. Muscle-specific overexpression of Atg2 gene and endurance exercise delay age-related deteriorations of skeletal muscle and heart function via activating the AMPK/Sirt1/PGC-1α pathway in male Drosophila. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23214. [PMID: 37773768 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301312r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Atg2 is a key gene in autophagy formation and plays an important role in regulating aging progress. Exercise is an important tool to resist oxidative stress in cells and delay muscle aging. However, the relationship between exercise and the muscle Atg2 gene in regulating skeletal muscle aging remains unclear. Here, overexpression or knockdown of muscle Atg2 gene was achieved by constructing the AtgUAS/MhcGal4 system in Drosophila, and these flies were also subjected to an exercise intervention for 2 weeks. The results showed that both overexpression of Atg2 and exercise significantly increased the climbing speed, climbing endurance, cardiac function, and lifespan of aging flies. They also significantly up-regulated the expression of muscle Atg2, AMPK, Sirt1, and PGC-1α genes, and they significantly reduced muscle malondialdehyde and triglyceride. These positive benefits were even more pronounced when the two were combined. However, the effects of Atg2 knockdown on skeletal muscle, heart, and lifespan were reversed compared to its overexpression. Importantly, exercise ameliorated age-related changes induced by Atg2 knockdown. Therefore, current results confirmed that both overexpression of muscle Atg2 and exercise delayed age-related deteriorations of skeletal muscle, the heart function, and lifespan, and exercise could also reverse age-related changes induced by Atg2 knockdown. The molecular mechanism is related to the overexpression of the Atg2 gene and exercise, which increase the activity of the AMPK/Sirt1/PGC-1α pathway, oxidation and antioxidant balance, and lipid metabolism in aging muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Feng Wang
- School of Physical Education, Ludong University, Yantai, P.R. China
| | - Deng-Tai Wen
- School of Physical Education, Ludong University, Yantai, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Jie Wang
- School of Physical Education, Ludong University, Yantai, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Hui Gao
- School of Physical Education, Ludong University, Yantai, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Yuan Yin
- School of Physical Education, Ludong University, Yantai, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Tanaka Y, Ito SI, Honma Y, Hasegawa M, Kametani F, Suzuki G, Kozuma L, Takeya K, Eto M. Dysregulation of the progranulin-driven autophagy-lysosomal pathway mediates secretion of the nuclear protein TDP-43. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105272. [PMID: 37739033 PMCID: PMC10641265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytoplasmic accumulation of the nuclear protein transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 kDa (TDP-43) has been linked to the progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. TDP-43 secreted into the extracellular space has been suggested to contribute to the cell-to-cell spread of the cytoplasmic accumulation of TDP-43 throughout the brain; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. We herein demonstrated that the secretion of TDP-43 was stimulated by the inhibition of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway driven by progranulin (PGRN), a causal protein of frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Among modulators of autophagy, only vacuolar-ATPase inhibitors, such as bafilomycin A1 (Baf), increased the levels of the full-length and cleaved forms of TDP-43 and the autophagosome marker LC3-II (microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B) in extracellular vesicle fractions prepared from the culture media of HeLa, SH-SY5Y, or NSC-34 cells, whereas vacuolin-1, MG132, chloroquine, rapamycin, and serum starvation did not. The C-terminal fragment of TDP-43 was required for Baf-induced TDP-43 secretion. The Baf treatment induced the translocation of the aggregate-prone GFP-tagged C-terminal fragment of TDP-43 and mCherry-tagged LC3 to the plasma membrane. The Baf-induced secretion of TDP-43 was attenuated in autophagy-deficient ATG16L1 knockout HeLa cells. The knockdown of PGRN induced the secretion of cleaved TDP-43 in an autophagy-dependent manner in HeLa cells. The KO of PGRN in mouse embryonic fibroblasts increased the secretion of the cleaved forms of TDP-43 and LC3-II. The treatment inducing TDP-43 secretion increased the nuclear translocation of GFP-tagged transcription factor EB, a master regulator of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway in SH-SY5Y cells. These results suggest that the secretion of TDP-43 is promoted by dysregulation of the PGRN-driven autophagy-lysosomal pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Tanaka
- Biochemistry Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari-shi, Ehime, Japan.
| | - Shun-Ichi Ito
- Biochemistry Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari-shi, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yuki Honma
- Biochemistry Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari-shi, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masato Hasegawa
- Department of Brain and Neurosciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fuyuki Kametani
- Department of Brain and Neurosciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Genjiro Suzuki
- Department of Brain and Neurosciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lina Kozuma
- Biochemistry Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari-shi, Ehime, Japan
| | - Kosuke Takeya
- Biochemistry Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari-shi, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masumi Eto
- Biochemistry Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari-shi, Ehime, Japan
| |
Collapse
|