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Tappe D, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Rauch J, Allartz P, Herden C. Immunopathology of Fatal Human Variegated Squirrel Bornavirus 1 Encephalitis, Germany, 2011-2013. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:1058-1065. [PMID: 31107210 PMCID: PMC6537742 DOI: 10.3201/eid2506.181082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 (VSBV-1) is a zoonotic virus that causes fatal encephalitis in humans who are infected after contact with exotic squirrels. We analyzed the brain lesions and the immune responses in all 4 known human cases that showed panencephalitis. Inflammatory infiltrates in areas positive for VSBV-1 RNA and antigen consisted of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, with perivascular B-cell accumulation. Strong microglial response and bizarre astroglial expansion were present. Areas of malacia contained neutrophils and foamy microglia and macrophages. Immunopathologic examination during infection showed cleavage of caspase 3 in brain cells adjacent to CD8+ cells and widespread p53 expression, hallmarks of apoptosis. Cerebrospinal fluid analyses over time demonstrated increasing protein concentrations and cell counts, paralleled by pathologic lactate elevations in all patients. The most severe cerebrospinal fluid and histologic changes occurred in the patient with the highest viral load, shortest duration of disease, and most medical preconditions.
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Rall I, Amann R, Malberg S, Herden C, Rubbenstroth D. Recombinant Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara (MVA) Vaccines Efficiently Protect Cockatiels Against Parrot Bornavirus Infection and Proventricular Dilatation Disease. Viruses 2019; 11:v11121130. [PMID: 31817690 PMCID: PMC6950018 DOI: 10.3390/v11121130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Parrot bornaviruses (PaBVs) are the causative agents of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD), a chronic and often fatal neurologic disorder in Psittaciformes. The disease is widely distributed in private parrot collections and threatens breeding populations of endangered species. Thus, immunoprophylaxis strategies are urgently needed. In previous studies we demonstrated a prime-boost vaccination regime using modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) constructs expressing the nucleoprotein and phosphoprotein of PaBV-4 (MVA/PaBV-4 and NDV/PaBV-4, respectively) to protect cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) against experimental challenge infection. Here we investigated the protective effect provided by repeated immunization with either MVA/PaBV-4, NDV/PaBV-4 or Orf virus constructs (ORFV/PaBV-4) individually. While MVA/PaBV-4-vaccinated cockatiels were completely protected against subsequent PaBV-2 challenge infection and PDD-associated lesions, the course of the challenge infection in NDV/PaBV-4- or ORFV/PaBV-4-vaccinated birds did not differ from the unvaccinated control group. We further investigated the effect of vaccination on persistently PaBV-4-infected cockatiels. Remarkably, subsequent immunization with MVA/PaBV-4 and NDV/PaBV-4 neither induced obvious immunopathogenesis exacerbating the disease nor reduced viral loads in the infected birds. In summary, we demonstrated that vaccination with MVA/PaBV-4 alone is sufficient to efficiently prevent PaBV-2 challenge infection in cockatiels, providing a suitable vaccine candidate against avian bornavirus infection and bornavirus-induced PDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Rall
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany;
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Ralf Amann
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Sara Malberg
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology, University Justus Liebig Gießen, Frankfurter Str. 96, D-35392 Gießen, Germany; (S.M.); (C.H.)
| | - Christiane Herden
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology, University Justus Liebig Gießen, Frankfurter Str. 96, D-35392 Gießen, Germany; (S.M.); (C.H.)
| | - Dennis Rubbenstroth
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany;
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald–Insel Riems, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-38351-7-1521
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Wensman JJ, Munir M, Thaduri S, Hörnaeus K, Rizwan M, Blomström AL, Briese T, Lipkin WI, Berg M. The X proteins of bornaviruses interfere with type I interferon signalling. J Gen Virol 2012; 94:263-269. [PMID: 23100370 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.047175-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) is a neurotropic, negative-stranded RNA virus causing persistent infection and progressive neurological disorders in a wide range of warm-blooded animals. The role of the small non-structural X protein in viral pathogenesis is not completely understood. Here we investigated whether the X protein of BDV and avian bornavirus (ABV) interferes with the type I interferon (IFN) system, similar to other non-structural proteins of negative-stranded RNA viruses. In luciferase reporter assays, we found that the X protein of various bornaviruses interfered with the type I IFN system at all checkpoints investigated, in contrast to previously reported findings, resulting in reduced type I IFN secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Johansson Wensman
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Ruminant Medicine and Veterinary Epidemiology, PO Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Virology, PO Box 7028, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Muhammad Munir
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Virology, PO Box 7028, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Srinivas Thaduri
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Virology, PO Box 7028, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Katarina Hörnaeus
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Virology, PO Box 7028, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Virology, PO Box 7028, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anne-Lie Blomström
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Virology, PO Box 7028, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thomas Briese
- Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, Center for Infection and Immunity, 722 West 168th Street, 10032 New York, NY, USA
| | - W Ian Lipkin
- Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, Center for Infection and Immunity, 722 West 168th Street, 10032 New York, NY, USA
| | - Mikael Berg
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Virology, PO Box 7028, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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