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Bashkami AA, Kaddumi EG, Al-Saghbini M, Kenana AJ. Brainstem nuclei responsive to cystometry in both endometriosis and cystitis rat models: C-fos immunohistochemistry study. Neurourol Urodyn 2024; 43:779-791. [PMID: 38348646 DOI: 10.1002/nau.25419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although the co-occurrence of interstitial cystitis (IC) and endometriosis (ENDO) is remarkably high, the exact pathophysiology for this co-occurrence is unknown. The convergence of the inputs from the involved structures to the same neuronal centers may suggest neuronal hyperexcitability as a mechanism for this co-occurrence. METHODS The present study aimed to investigate the association between IC and ENDO, by studying the changes in brainstem responses to cystometry in a rat model of ENDO and cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced IC using c-fos immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Following cystometry the brainstem areas that had significant increase in c-fos expression in ENDO alone included: periaqueductal gray (PAG) nuclei, dorsal raphe nucleus, raphe obscurus nucleus, kolliker- Fuse areas, and area postrema. However, the brainstem areas that had increased significantly in the c-fos expression in the ENDO and CYP treated animals included: gigantocellular nucleus, lateral paragigantocellular nucleus, caudoventrolateral nucleus, rostroventrolateral/caudoventrolateral nucleus, lateral reticular nucleus, locus coeruleus, lateral PAG, raphe pallidus nucleus, raphe magnus nucleus, rostroventrolateral nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, and solitary tract nucleus. Whereas only lateral parabrachial nucleus showed significant increase in c-fos expression in CYP treated animals alone. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study demonstrate the overlap of brainstem nuclei that are excited by urinary bladder under ENDO and IC conditions. The pattern of hyperexcitability of the brainstem nuclei may help in understating the pathophysiology of IC and ENDO conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayah A Bashkami
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt, Jordan
| | - Ezidin G Kaddumi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt, Jordan
| | - Mohamad Al-Saghbini
- Department of Doctor of Dental Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Afnan J Kenana
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt, Jordan
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2
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Peskar D, Kerec Kos M, Cerkvenik U, Nemec Svete A, Erman A. Sex-Dependent Differences in Blood-Urine Barrier Are Subtle but Significant in Healthy and Chronically Inflamed Mouse Bladders. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16296. [PMID: 38003485 PMCID: PMC10670955 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The urothelium is a vital permeability barrier that prevents the uncontrolled flow of urinary components into and out of the bladder interstitium. Our study addressed the question of possible sex-specific variations in the urothelium of healthy mice and their impact on chronic bladder inflammation. We found that healthy female bladders have a less robust barrier function than male bladders, as indicated by significant differences in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) values. These differences could be attributed to detected higher claudin 2 mRNA expression and a less pronounced glycocalyx in females than in males. In addition, TEER measurements showed delayed barrier recovery in chronically inflamed female bladders. We found subtle differences in the expressions of genes involved in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton between the sexes, as well as pronounced urothelial hyperplasia in females compensating for attenuated barrier function. The identified genetic variations in glycosylation pathways may also contribute to this divergence. Our findings add to the growing body of literature on the intricate sex-specific nuances of urothelial permeability function and their implications for chronic bladder inflammation. Understanding these differences could lead to tailored diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in the treatment of bladder disorders in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Peskar
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.P.); (U.C.)
| | - Mojca Kerec Kos
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Uroš Cerkvenik
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.P.); (U.C.)
| | - Alenka Nemec Svete
- Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Andreja Erman
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.P.); (U.C.)
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3
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Chueh KS, Lu JH, Juan TJ, Chuang SM, Juan YS. The Molecular Mechanism and Therapeutic Application of Autophagy for Urological Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14887. [PMID: 37834333 PMCID: PMC10573233 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation process known as autophagic flux, involving the engulfment of damaged proteins and organelles by double-membrane autophagosomes. It comprises microautophagy, chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), and macroautophagy. Macroautophagy consists of three stages: induction, autophagosome formation, and autolysosome formation. Atg8-family proteins are valuable for tracking autophagic structures and have been widely utilized for monitoring autophagy. The conversion of LC3 to its lipidated form, LC3-II, served as an indicator of autophagy. Autophagy is implicated in human pathophysiology, such as neurodegeneration, cancer, and immune disorders. Moreover, autophagy impacts urological diseases, such as interstitial cystitis /bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), ketamine-induced ulcerative cystitis (KIC), chemotherapy-induced cystitis (CIC), radiation cystitis (RC), erectile dysfunction (ED), bladder outlet obstruction (BOO), prostate cancer, bladder cancer, renal cancer, testicular cancer, and penile cancer. Autophagy plays a dual role in the management of urologic diseases, and the identification of potential biomarkers associated with autophagy is a crucial step towards a deeper understanding of its role in these diseases. Methods for monitoring autophagy include TEM, Western blot, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and genetic tools. Autophagosome and autolysosome structures are discerned via TEM. Western blot, immunofluorescence, northern blot, and RT-PCR assess protein/mRNA levels. Luciferase assay tracks flux; GFP-LC3 transgenic mice aid study. Knockdown methods (miRNA and RNAi) offer insights. This article extensively examines autophagy's molecular mechanism, pharmacological regulation, and therapeutic application involvement in urological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Shun Chueh
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, San-min District, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 80145, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Jian-He Lu
- Center for Agricultural, Forestry, Fishery, Livestock and Aquaculture Carbon Emission Inventory and Emerging Compounds (CAFEC), General Research Service Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan;
| | - Tai-Jui Juan
- Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan;
- Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung 80284, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Mien Chuang
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Yung-Shun Juan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, San-min District, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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Liu L, Zhao Y, An W, Zhao M, Ding N, Liu H, Ge N, Wen J, Zhang X, Zu S, Sun W. Piezo2 Channel Upregulation is Involved in Mechanical Allodynia in CYP-Induced Cystitis Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:5000-5012. [PMID: 37227654 PMCID: PMC10415424 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03386-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical sensing Piezo2 channel in primary sensory neurons has been shown contribute to mechanical allodynia in somatic chronic pain conditions. Interstitial cystitis (IC)-associated pain is often triggered by bladder filling, a presentation that mimics the mechanical allodynia. In the present study, we aimed to examine the involvement of sensory Piezo2 channel in IC-associated mechanical allodynia using a commonly employed cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced IC model rat. Piezo2 channels in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) was knocked down by intrathecal injections of Piezo2 anti-sense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) in CYP-induced cystitis rats, and mechanical stimulation-evoked referred bladder pain was measured in the lower abdomen overlying the bladder using von Frey filaments. Piezo2 expression at the mRNA, protein, and functional levels in DRG neurons innervating the bladder was detected by RNA-fluorescence in situ hybridization, western blotting, immunofluorescence, and Ca2+ imaging, respectively. We found that Piezo2 channels were expressed on most (> 90%) of the bladder primary afferents, including afferents that express CGRP, TRPV1 and stained with isolectin B4. CYP-induced cystitis was associated with Piezo2 upregulation in bladder afferent neurons at the mRNA, protein, and functional levels. Knockdown of Piezo2 expression in DRG neurons significantly suppressed mechanical stimulation-evoked referred bladder pain as well as bladder hyperactivity in CYP rats compared to CYP rats treated with mismatched ODNs. Our results suggest upregulation of Piezo2 channels is involved in the development of bladder mechanical allodynia and bladder hyperactivity in CYP-induced cystitis. Targeting Piezo2 might be an attractive therapeutic approach for IC-related bladder pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250032, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Wenhan An
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250032, P. R. China
| | - Ning Ding
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250032, P. R. China
| | - Hanwen Liu
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250032, P. R. China
| | - Nan Ge
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250032, P. R. China
| | - Jiliang Wen
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250032, P. R. China
| | - Xiulin Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250032, P. R. China
| | - Shulu Zu
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250032, P. R. China
| | - Wendong Sun
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250032, P. R. China.
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Hinden L, Ludyansky R, Leidershnaider S, Harris Y, Nemirovski A, Gofrit ON, Tam J, Hidas G. Peripheral Cannabinoid-1 Receptor Blockade Ameliorates Cystitis Severity. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023; 8:623-633. [PMID: 35647939 PMCID: PMC10442677 DOI: 10.1089/can.2022.0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The endocannabinoid system (ECS) plays a key physiological role in bladder function and it has been suggested as a potential target for relieving lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTSs). Whereas most studies indicate that activating the ECS has some beneficial effects on the bladder, some studies imply the opposite. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of peripheral cannabinoid-1 receptor (CB1R) blockade in a mouse model for LUTSs. Materials and Methods: To this end, we used the cyclophosphamide (CYP; 300 mg/kg, intraperitoneal)-induced cystitis model of bladder dysfunction, in which 12-week-old, female C57BL/6 mice were treated with the peripherally restricted CB1R antagonist, JD5037 (3 mg/kg), or vehicle for three consecutive days. Bladder dysfunction was assessed using the noninvasive voiding spot assay (VSA) as well as the bladder-to-body weight (BW) ratio and gene and protein expression levels; ECS tone was assessed at the end of the study. Results: Peripheral CB1R blockade significantly ameliorated the severity of CYP-induced cystitis, manifested by reduced urination events measured in the VSA and an increased bladder-to-BW ratio. Moreover, JD5037 normalized CYP-mediated bladder ECS tone imbalance by affecting both the expression of CB1R and the endocannabinoid levels. These effects were associated with the ability of JD5037 to reduce CYP-induced inflammatory response, manifested by a reduction in levels of the proinflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), in the bladder and serum. Conclusions: Collectively, our results highlight the therapeutic relevance of peripheral CB1R blockade in ameliorating CYP-induced cystitis; they may further support the preclinical development and clinical use of peripherally restricted CB1R antagonism for treatment of LUTSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liad Hinden
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rami Ludyansky
- Department of Urology Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sary Leidershnaider
- In partial fulfillment of MD requirements, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yoav Harris
- In partial fulfillment of MD requirements, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alina Nemirovski
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ofer N. Gofrit
- Department of Urology Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Joseph Tam
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Guy Hidas
- Department of Urology Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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6
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Ness TJ, DeWitte C, Randich A. Neonatal cystitis leads to alterations in spinal corticotropin releasing factor receptor-type 2 content and function in adult rats following bladder re-inflammation. Brain Res 2022; 1788:147927. [PMID: 35477003 PMCID: PMC11062479 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Spinal mechanisms associated with visceral hypersensitivity are poorly understood. One model of bladder hypersensitivity with phenotypic features similar to the disorder interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome is the neonatal bladder inflammation (NBI) model. In this model, rat pup bladders are infused with zymosan solutions on post-partum days 14-16 and then rats are retested as adults. Studies of other sites of deep tissue hypersensitivity have suggested a role for corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptors type 1 and 2 (CRFR1 and CRFR2). Using neurochemical measures, pharmacological manipulations and both reflex and neuronal responses to urinary bladder distension as endpoints, the present study probed the role of CRFR2s in bladder hyperalgesia secondary to NBI and acute bladder re-inflammation as an adult (ABI). ELISA measures of the lumbosacral spinal cord demonstrated increased CRFR1s and CRFR2s following pretreatment with both NBI + ABI as well as NBI-related increases in the CRFR2 agonist urocortin 2. Intrathecal CRFR2 antagonists, but not a CRFR1 antagonist, blocked the augmentation of visceromotor responses to distension following pretreatment with both NBI + ABI. Lumbosacral dorsal horn neuronal responses to distension in rats pretreated with NBI + ABI were attenuated by the spinal topical administration of a CRFR2 antagonist. These studies suggest therapeutic value of CRFR2 antagonists in the treatment of painful bladder disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Ness
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Cary DeWitte
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Alan Randich
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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7
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Abstract
Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a bladder syndrome of unclear etiology with no generally accepted treatment. Growing evidence suggest that periostin (POSTN) is an important homeostatic component in the tissue repair and regeneration in adulthood, but its function in urinary bladder regeneration is still unknown. Here we investigate whether POSTN is involved in bladder tissue repair in a cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced interstitial cystitis model. POSTN is primarily expressed in bladder stroma (detrusor smooth muscle and lamina propria) and upregulated in response to CYP-induced injury. POSTN deficiency resulted in more severe hematuria, aggravated edema of the bladder, and delayed umbrella cell recovery. Besides, less proliferative urothelial cells (labeled by pHH3, Ki67, and EdU) and lower expression of Krt14 (a urothelial stem cell marker) were detected in POSTN−/− mice post CYP exposure, indicating a limited urothelial regeneration. Further investigations revealed that POSTN could induce Wnt4 upregulation and activate AKT signaling, which together activates β-catenin signaling to drive urothelial stem cell proliferation. In addition, POSTN can promote resident macrophage proliferation and polarization to a pro-regenerative (M2) phenotype, which favors urothelial regeneration. Furthermore, we generated injectable P-GelMA granular hydrogel as a biomaterial carrier to deliver recombinant POSTN into the bladder, which could increase urothelial stem cells number, decrease umbrella cells exfoliation, and hence alleviate hematuria in a CYP-induced interstitial cystitis model. In summary, our findings identify a pivotal role of POSTN in bladder urothelial regeneration and suggest that intravesical biomaterials-assisted POSTN delivery may be an efficacious treatment for interstitial cystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Minjie Liu
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Andy Peng Xiang
- Program of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children’s Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunhua Deng
- Chunhua Deng, Department of Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, People’s Republic of China. Tel: +86 20 87335633; Fax: +86 20 87332200;
| | - Mei Hua Jiang
- Corresponding authors: Mei Hua Jiang, Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, People’s Republic of China. Tel: +86 20 87330639; Fax: +86 20 87330709;
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Vanneste M, Mulier M, Nogueira Freitas AC, Van Ranst N, Kerstens A, Voets T, Everaerts W. TRPM3 Is Expressed in Afferent Bladder Neurons and Is Upregulated during Bladder Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010107. [PMID: 35008533 PMCID: PMC8745475 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cation channel TRPM3 is activated by heat and the neurosteroid pregnenolone sulfate. TRPM3 is expressed on sensory neurons innervating the skin, where together with TRPV1 and TRPA1, it functions as one of three redundant sensors of acute heat. Moreover, functional upregulation of TRPM3 during inflammation contributes to heat hyperalgesia. The role of TRPM3 in sensory neurons innervating internal organs such as the bladder is currently unclear. Here, using retrograde labeling and single-molecule fluorescent RNA in situ hybridization, we demonstrate expression of mRNA encoding TRPM3 in a large subset of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons innervating the mouse bladder, and confirm TRPM3 channel functionality in these neurons using Fura-2-based calcium imaging. After induction of cystitis by injection of cyclophosphamide, we observed a robust increase of the functional responses to agonists of TRPM3, TRPV1, and TRPA1 in bladder-innervating DRG neurons. Cystometry and voided spot analysis in control and cyclophosphamide-treated animals did not reveal differences between wild type and TRPM3-deficient mice, indicating that TRPM3 is not critical for normal voiding. We conclude that TRPM3 is functionally expressed in a large proportion of sensory bladder afferent, but its role in bladder sensation remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Vanneste
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research (LICR), VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Belgium & Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.V.); (M.M.); (A.C.N.F.); (N.V.R.)
| | - Marie Mulier
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research (LICR), VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Belgium & Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.V.); (M.M.); (A.C.N.F.); (N.V.R.)
| | - Ana Cristina Nogueira Freitas
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research (LICR), VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Belgium & Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.V.); (M.M.); (A.C.N.F.); (N.V.R.)
| | - Nele Van Ranst
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research (LICR), VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Belgium & Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.V.); (M.M.); (A.C.N.F.); (N.V.R.)
| | - Axelle Kerstens
- VIB Bio Imaging Core, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Belgium & Research Group Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Thomas Voets
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research (LICR), VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Belgium & Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.V.); (M.M.); (A.C.N.F.); (N.V.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-16-33-02-17
| | - Wouter Everaerts
- Laboratory of Organ Systems, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Belgium & Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
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Montalbetti N, Carattino MD. Acid-sensing ion channels modulate bladder nociception. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 321:F587-F599. [PMID: 34514879 PMCID: PMC8813206 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00302.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensitization of neuronal pathways and persistent afferent drive are major contributors to somatic and visceral pain. However, the underlying mechanisms that govern whether afferent signaling will give rise to sensitization and pain are not fully understood. In the present report, we investigated the contribution of acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) to bladder nociception in a model of chemical cystitis induced by cyclophosphamide (CYP). We found that the administration of CYP to mice lacking ASIC3, a subunit primarily expressed in sensory neurons, generates pelvic allodynia at a time point at which only modest changes in pelvic sensitivity are apparent in wild-type mice. The differences in mechanical pelvic sensitivity between wild-type and Asic3 knockout mice treated with CYP were ascribed to sensitized bladder C nociceptors. Deletion of Asic3 from bladder sensory neurons abolished their ability to discharge action potentials in response to extracellular acidification. Collectively, the results of our study support the notion that protons and their cognate ASIC receptors are part of a mechanism that operates at the nerve terminals to control nociceptor excitability and sensitization.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our study indicates that protons and their cognate acid-sensing ion channel receptors are part of a mechanism that operates at bladder afferent terminals to control their function and that the loss of this regulatory mechanism results in hyperactivation of nociceptive pathways and the development of pain in the setting of chemical-induced cystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Montalbetti
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Marcelo D Carattino
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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10
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Feng Z, Shi H, Liang B, Ge T, Cai M, Liu F, Huang K, Wen J, Chen Q, Ge B. Bioinformatics and experimental findings reveal the therapeutic actions and targets of pachymic acid against cystitis glandularis. Biofactors 2021; 47:665-673. [PMID: 33893687 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pachymic acid (PA), a bioactive ingredient isolated from Poria cocos Wolf, is reported with potential benefits of anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative actions. It is reasoned that PA may play the potential benefits against cystitis glandularis (CG), an inflammation of the bladder tissue. In this study, we aimed to apply the network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses to reveal concrete anti-CG targets and mechanisms of PA, and then the bioinformatic findings were verified by using clinical and animal samples. The methodological data from network pharmacology approach showed that 303 and 243 reporting targets of CG and PA, and other 31 shared targets of CG and PA were identified. Subsequently, all top targets of PA against CG were screened out, including cyclooxygenase-2, epidermal growth factor receptor, tumor antigen p53 (TP53), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), interleukin-1 (IL-1) beta, proto-oncogene c-jun. Molecular docking data demonstrated that PA exerted potent bonding capacities with TNF, TP53 proteins in CG. In human study, the findings suggested that overactivated TNF-α expression and suppressed TP53 activation were detected in CG samples. In animal study, PA-treated mice showed reduced intravesical IL-1, IL-6 levels, and lactate dehydrogenase content, downregulated TNF-α and upregulated TP53 proteins in bladder samples. Taken together, our bioinformatics and experimental findings identify the key anti-CG biotargets and mechanisms of PA. More markedly, these pivotal pharmacological targets of PA against CG have been screened out and verified by using computational and experimental analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Feng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hailin Shi
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Bojian Liang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyu Ge
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Menghui Cai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Kunping Huang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jintao Wen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuhong Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Ge
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
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11
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Ni B, Chen Z, Shu L, Shao Y, Huang Y, Tamrat NE, Wei Z, Shen B. Nrf2 Pathway Ameliorates Bladder Dysfunction in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Cystitis via Suppression of Oxidative Stress. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2021; 2021:4009308. [PMID: 34306306 PMCID: PMC8279868 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4009308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the protective effect and molecular mechanism of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway in interstitial cystitis (IC). METHODS We established a mouse model of IC by cyclophosphamide (CYP) in wild-type mice and Nrf2 gene knockout mice. We examined the histological and functional alterations, the changes of oxidative stress markers, and the expression of the antioxidant genes downstream of Nrf2 pathway. RESULTS After CYP administration, the mice showed urinary frequency and urgency, pain sensitization, decreased contractility, bladder edema, and oxidative stress disorder. Notably, the Nrf2-/- CYP mice had more severe symptoms. The mRNA and protein levels of antioxidant genes downstream of Nrf2 pathway were significantly upregulated in the Nrf2+/+ CYP mice, while there were no significant changes in the Nrf2-/- CYP mice. CONCLUSION Nrf2 pathway protects bladder injury and ameliorates bladder dysfunction in IC, possibly by upregulating antioxidant genes and inhibiting oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ni
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Zhengsen Chen
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Le Shu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Yunpeng Shao
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Nebiyu Elias Tamrat
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Zhongqing Wei
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Baixin Shen
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China
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12
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Yang Y, Zhang H, Lu Q, Liu X, Fan Y, Zhu J, Sun B, Zhao J, Dong X, Li L. Suppression of adenosine A 2a receptors alleviates bladder overactivity and hyperalgesia in cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis by inhibiting TRPV1. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 183:114340. [PMID: 33189675 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a type of chronic bladder inflammation characterized by increased voiding frequency, urgency and pelvic pain. The sensitization of bladder afferents is widely regarded as one of the pathophysiological changes in the development of IC/BPS. There is evidence that adenosine A2a receptors are involved in regulating the sensitization of sensory afferents. However, the effect of adenosine A2a receptors on cystitis remains unknown. In the present study, a rat model of chronic cystitis was established by intraperitoneal injection with cyclophosphamide (CYP). Cystometry and behavioral tests were performed to investigate bladder micturition function and nociceptive pain. The rats with chronic cystitis showed symptoms of bladder overactivity, characterized by an increase in bladder voiding frequency and voiding pressure. CYP treatment significantly increased the expression of the A2a receptor in bladder afferent fibers and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. The A2a receptor antagonist ZM241385 prevented bladder overactivity and hyperalgesia elicited by CYP-induced cystitis. In addition, the A2a receptor and TRPV1 were coexpressed on DRG neurons. The TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine blocked bladder overactivity induced by the A2a receptor agonist CGS21680. In contrast, ZM241385 significantly inhibited the capsaicin-induced increase in intracellular calcium concentration in DRG neurons. These results suggest that suppression of adenosine A2a receptors in bladder afferents alleviates bladder overactivity and hyperalgesia elicited by CYP-induced cystitis in rats by inhibiting TRPV1, indicating that the adenosine A2a receptor in bladder afferents is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of IC/BPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Hengshuai Zhang
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Qudong Lu
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Yi Fan
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Jingzhen Zhu
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Bishao Sun
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Jiang Zhao
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Xingyou Dong
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
| | - Longkun Li
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
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13
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Zirak MR, Karimi G, Rahimian R, Jafarian AH, Hayes AW, Mehri S. Tropisetron ameliorates cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 883:173310. [PMID: 32619674 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic cystitis is one of the most important complications of cyclophosphamide, a drug widely used in cancer chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation. 5-HT3 antagonists are anti-emetic agents and have been shown to have notable anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study was designed to investigate the possible protective effects of tropisetron against cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis in rats. Hemorrhagic cystitis was induced in female rats by cyclophosphamide (270 mg/kg). Tropisetron (2.5, 5 and 7.5 mg/kg), granisetron (2.5 and 5 mg/kg), and ondansetron (5 mg/kg) were injected 15 min before, 4 and 8 h after cyclophosphamide. To evaluate the role of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR), its antagonist, methyllycaconitine (5 mg/kg) was administered 30 min before tropisetron. After 24 h, animals were killed under anesthesia. Macroscopic and histological changes were evaluated. Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and Evans blue were measured spectrophotometrically. Furthermore, the protein levels of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (P38 MAPK), p-P38, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), p-STAT3 and Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) were determined using Western blot. Cyclophosphamide administration significantly induced histopathological damages and increased MDA, p-p38/p38, p-STAT3/STAT3, and PARP levels compared with the saline group. Tropisetron treatment diminished histopathological injuries as well as MDA level, and STAT3 activity compared to cyclophosphamide treated rats. Co-administration of methyllycaconitine with tropisetron, partially or completely reversed the protective effects of tropisetron. Our results showed that prophylactic administration of tropisetron markedly ameliorated the cyclophosphamide-induced bladder hemorrhage and inflammation in rats. These effects of tropisetron were α7nAChR dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Zirak
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Rahimian
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Amir Hossein Jafarian
- Cancer Molecular Pathology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - A Wallace Hayes
- University of South Florida College of Public Health, Tampa, FL, USA; Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Soghra Mehri
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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14
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Wu J, Hayes BW, Phoenix C, Macias GS, Miao Y, Choi HW, Hughes FM, Todd Purves J, Lee Reinhardt R, Abraham SN. A highly polarized T H2 bladder response to infection promotes epithelial repair at the expense of preventing new infections. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:671-683. [PMID: 32424366 PMCID: PMC7480508 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0688-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) typically evoke prompt and vigorous innate bladder immune responses, including extensive exfoliation of the epithelium. To explain the basis for the extraordinarily high recurrence rates of UTIs, we examined adaptive immune responses in mouse bladders. We found that, following each bladder infection, a highly T helper type 2 (TH2)-skewed immune response directed at bladder re-epithelialization is observed, with limited capacity to clear infection. This response is initiated by a distinct subset of CD301b+OX40L+ dendritic cells, which migrate into the bladder epithelium after infection before trafficking to lymph nodes to preferentially activate TH2 cells. The bladder epithelial repair response is cumulative and aberrant as, after multiple infections, the epithelium was markedly thickened and bladder capacity was reduced relative to controls. Thus, recurrence of UTIs and associated bladder dysfunction are the outcome of the preferential focus of the adaptive immune response on epithelial repair at the expense of bacterial clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxuan Wu
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Byron W Hayes
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Cassandra Phoenix
- Department of Science, North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Yuxuan Miao
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hae Woong Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Francis M Hughes
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - J Todd Purves
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - R Lee Reinhardt
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Soman N Abraham
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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15
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Patel B, Perez F, Aronsson P, Alothmani R, Carlsson T, Winder M. Combination drug therapy against OAB normalizes micturition parameters and increases the release of nitric oxide during chemically induced cystitis. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2020; 8:e00564. [PMID: 32030913 PMCID: PMC7005531 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Today, monotherapy is the most common pharmacological treatment option for patients suffering from overactive bladder (OAB). Recent reports have indicated potential benefits of combination therapy, using a muscarinic antagonist and a β3 -adrenoceptor agonist. This may be of particular interest for therapy-resistant patients with OAB and concomitant cystitis. The objective of the current study was to assess how combination therapy affects bladder parameters in health and cystitis and if the efficacy of the drugs can be linked to altered release of nitric oxide (NO). Rats were pretreated with either a combination of the muscarinic antagonist tolterodine and β3 -selective adrenoceptor agonist mirabegron or saline for 10 days. Forty-eight hours prior to assessing micturition parameters in a metabolic cage, the rats were intraperitoneally injected with cyclophosphamide, causing cystitis, or saline. Urine samples were collected and analyzed for NO content. Bladder contractile properties were assessed in an organ bath setup. Induction of cystitis led to bladder overactivity. Combination therapy normalized bladder parameters. Both induction of cystitis and drug treatment increased the release of NO. The innate contractile properties of the bladder were unaffected by combination therapy. This study demonstrates positive effects of combination drug therapy on symptoms of OAB, possibly indicating it to be a good option for treatment of OAB during concomitant cystitis. It remains to be determined if increased release of NO is crucial for successful pharmacological treatment of bladder overactivity during cystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavik Patel
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of BrightonBrightonUK
- Centre for Stress and Age‐Related DiseasesUniversity of BrightonBrightonUK
| | - Fernando Perez
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of BrightonBrightonUK
- Centre for Stress and Age‐Related DiseasesUniversity of BrightonBrightonUK
| | - Patrik Aronsson
- Department of PharmacologyInstitute of Neuroscience and PhysiologyThe Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Ranya Alothmani
- Department of PharmacologyInstitute of Neuroscience and PhysiologyThe Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Thomas Carlsson
- Department of PharmacologyInstitute of Neuroscience and PhysiologyThe Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Michael Winder
- Department of PharmacologyInstitute of Neuroscience and PhysiologyThe Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
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16
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Narla ST, Bushnell DS, Schaefer CM, Nouraie M, Bates CM. Keratinocyte Growth Factor Reduces Injury and Leads to Early Recovery from Cyclophosphamide Bladder Injury. Am J Pathol 2020; 190:108-124. [PMID: 31654636 PMCID: PMC6943803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) improves cyclophosphamide-induced bladder injury. To understand the mechanisms, we subcutaneously administered KGF to mice 24 hours before i.p. cyclophosphamide administration, followed by histologic assays and immunostaining. In vehicle (phosphate-buffered saline)-pretreated mice, nonapoptotic superficial cell death from 2 to 6 hours and apoptosis in intermediate and basal cells from 4 to 24 hours was observed after cyclophosphamide. Despite superficial cell loss, KGF suppressed intermediate and basal cell apoptosis, likely via AKT signaling. At 6 and 24 hours after cyclophosphamide, KGF-pretreated mice also had apparent extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-driven proliferation of mostly keratin 5 (KRT5)+/KRT14- intermediate cells. At 1 to 28 days after cyclophosphamide treatment, mostly KRT14+ basal progenitor cells proliferated in response to injury, peaking at 3 days in both treatment groups; however, proliferation rates were lower in the KGF group at 3 days, consistent with less injury. Three days after injury, unlike controls, KGF-pretreated mice had regenerated superficial cells. At 10 and 28 days after cyclophosphamide treatment, KGF-pretreated mice had little proliferation and marked restoration of urothelial layers, whereas the phosphate-buffered saline group had ongoing regeneration. Administration of KGF to uninjured mice reproduced ERK-driven KRT5+/KRT14- proliferation seen in injured mice; KRT14+ cells were unaffected. KGF pretreatment blocks cyclophosphamide-induced intermediate and basal cell apoptosis, likely by phosphorylated AKT, and drives phosphorylated ERK-mediated KRT5+/KRT14- cell proliferation, leading to early urothelial regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar T Narla
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel S Bushnell
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Caitlin M Schaefer
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mehdi Nouraie
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Carlton M Bates
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Division of Nephrology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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17
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Phillips S, Quigley BL, Aziz A, Bergen W, Booth R, Pyne M, Timms P. Antibiotic treatment of Chlamydia-induced cystitis in the koala is linked to expression of key inflammatory genes in reactive oxygen pathways. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221109. [PMID: 31415633 PMCID: PMC6695219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydial-induced cystitis in the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) is currently treated by antibiotics. However, while reducing the chlamydial load, this treatment can also lead to gastrointestinal complications and death. Development of alternative treatments, such as a therapeutic chlamydial vaccine, are hindered by the lack of detailed understanding of the innate immune response to chlamydial clearance and disease regression during antibiotic treatment. Through clinical, microbiological and transcriptomic approaches, disease regression, bacterial clearance and innate immune responses were mapped in koalas with signs of chlamydial-induced cystitis while receiving anti-chlamydial antibiotics. Significant reduction in the signs of cystitis were observed during and post antibiotic treatment. This was observed as a thinning of the bladder wall and complete reversal of urinary incontinence. Transcriptomic analysis before treatment, at the end of treatment and prior to release identified significant down-regulation of specific genes involved in 21 biological pathways. Of these, the chemokine receptor signalling and NOD-like receptor signalling pathways where identified as important markers of inflammation. Specific genes within these pathways (NCF1 and NOX2) were significantly down-regulated, suggesting a decrease in reactive oxygen species production. Through the monitoring of specific clinical and transcriptomic markers, these findings allow detailed profiling of the clinical response to therapeutic vaccination in koalas with current signs of disease. This also adds to our understanding of innate immune responses to chlamydial infections and indicates that chlamydial-induced cystitis in the koala is linked to the regulation of reactive oxygen pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Phillips
- Genecology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Bonnie L. Quigley
- Genecology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ammar Aziz
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Wendy Bergen
- Australia Zoo Wildlife Hospital, Steve Irwin Way, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rosemary Booth
- Australia Zoo Wildlife Hospital, Steve Irwin Way, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael Pyne
- Currumbin Wildlife Hospital, Currumbin, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter Timms
- Genecology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
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18
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Montalbetti N, Stocker SD, Apodaca G, Bastacky SI, Carattino MD. Urinary K + promotes irritative voiding symptoms and pain in the face of urothelial barrier dysfunction. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5509. [PMID: 30940909 PMCID: PMC6445132 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41971-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The internal surface of the bladder is lined by the urothelium, a stratified epithelium that forms an impermeable barrier to water and urine constituents. Abnormalities in the urothelial barrier have been described in certain forms of cystitis and were hypothesized to contribute to irritative voiding symptoms and pain by allowing the permeation of urinary K+ into suburothelial tissues, which then alters afferent signaling and smooth muscle function. Here, we examined the mechanisms underlying organ hyperactivity and pain in a model of cystitis caused by adenoviral-mediated expression of claudin-2 (Cldn2), a tight junction protein that forms paracellular pores and increases urothelial permeability. We found that in the presence of a leaky urothelium, intravesical K+ sensitizes bladder afferents and enhances their response to distension. Notably, dietary K+ restriction, a maneuver that reduces urinary K+, prevented the development of pelvic allodynia and inflammation seen in rats expressing Cldn2. Most importantly, intravesical K+ causes and is required to maintain bladder hyperactivity in rats with increased urothelial permeability. Our study demonstrates that in the face of a leaky urothelium, urinary K+ is the main determinant of afferent hyperexcitability, organ hyperactivity and pain. These findings support the notion that voiding symptoms and pain seen in forms of cystitis that coexist with urothelial barrier dysfunction could be alleviated by cutting urinary K+ levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Montalbetti
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sean D Stocker
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gerard Apodaca
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sheldon I Bastacky
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marcelo D Carattino
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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19
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Huang CP, Chen CC, Tsai YT, Wu CC, Shyr CR. Intravesical Administration of Xenogeneic Porcine Urothelial Cells Attenuates Cyclophosphamide-Induced Cystitis in Mice. Cell Transplant 2019; 28:296-305. [PMID: 30675801 PMCID: PMC6425110 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718822773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The urothelium of the bladder, renal pelvis, ureter and urethra is maintained through the regulated proliferation and differentiation of urothelial stem and progenitor cells. These cells provide a rich source of a novel urothelial cell therapy approach that could be used to protect, regenerate, repair and restore a damaged urothelium. Urothelial injury caused by physical, chemical and microbial stress is the pathological basis of cystitis (bladder inflammation). The loss of urothelial integrity triggers a series of inflammatory events, resulting in pain and hematuria such as hemorrhage cystitis and interstitial cystitis. Here we investigate a novel cell therapy strategy to treat cystitis by protecting the urothelium from detrimental stresses through intravesically instilling porcine urothelial cells (PUCs) into the bladder. Using a chemical-induced urothelial injury mouse model of cyclophosphamide (CPP)-induced hemorrhagic cystitis, we determined how the intravesical instillation of PUCs could protect the urothelium from toxic attack from CPP metabolites. We show that intravesical PUC instillation protected the bladder from toxic chemical attack in mice receiving CPP with reduced inflammation and edema. Compared with the vehicle control mice, the proliferative response to chemical injury and apoptotic cells within the bladder tissues were reduced by intravesical PUC treatment. Furthermore, the urothelium integrity was maintained in the intravesical PUC-treated group. After xenogeneic PUCs were introduced and adhered to the mouse urothelium, immunological rejection responses were observed with increased neutrophil infiltration in the lamina propria and higher immune-related gene expression. Our findings provide an innovative and promising intravesical PUC cell therapy for cystitis with urothelial injury by protecting the urothelium from noxious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ping Huang
- Departments of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology and Urology, Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung
| | - Chi-Cheng Chen
- Department of Urology, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung
| | - Yi-Tung Tsai
- Departments of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology and Urology, Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung
| | - Chun-Chie Wu
- Departments of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology and Urology, Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung
| | - Chih-Rong Shyr
- Departments of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology and Urology, Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung
- Chih-Rong Shyr, Sex Hormone Research Center, Departments of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University and Hospital, No. 9, Hsiuh-Shih Rd, Taichung 404.
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20
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González-Cano R, Tejada MÁ, Artacho-Cordón A, Nieto FR, Entrena JM, Wood JN, Cendán CM. Effects of Tetrodotoxin in Mouse Models of Visceral Pain. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E188. [PMID: 28635651 PMCID: PMC5484138 DOI: 10.3390/md15060188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral pain is very common and represents a major unmet clinical need for which current pharmacological treatments are often insufficient. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin that exerts analgesic actions in both humans and rodents under different somatic pain conditions, but its effect has been unexplored in visceral pain. Therefore, we tested the effects of systemic TTX in viscero-specific mouse models of chemical stimulation of the colon (intracolonic instillation of capsaicin and mustard oil) and intraperitoneal cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis. The subcutaneous administration of TTX dose-dependently inhibited the number of pain-related behaviors in all evaluated pain models and reversed the referred mechanical hyperalgesia (examined by stimulation of the abdomen with von Frey filaments) induced by capsaicin and cyclophosphamide, but not that induced by mustard oil. Morphine inhibited both pain responses and the referred mechanical hyperalgesia in all tests. Conditional nociceptor‑specific Nav1.7 knockout mice treated with TTX showed the same responses as littermate controls after the administration of the algogens. No motor incoordination after the administration of TTX was observed. These results suggest that blockade of TTX-sensitive sodium channels, but not Nav1.7 subtype alone, by systemic administration of TTX might be a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of visceral pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael González-Cano
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Research Centre and Institute of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Biosanitary Research Institute, University Hospital Complex of Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain.
| | - Miguel Ángel Tejada
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Research Centre and Institute of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Biosanitary Research Institute, University Hospital Complex of Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain.
| | - Antonia Artacho-Cordón
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Research Centre and Institute of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Biosanitary Research Institute, University Hospital Complex of Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain.
| | - Francisco Rafael Nieto
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Research Centre and Institute of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Biosanitary Research Institute, University Hospital Complex of Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain.
| | - José Manuel Entrena
- Animal Behavior Research Unit, Scientific Instrumentation Center, University of Granada, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain.
| | - John N Wood
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Cruz Miguel Cendán
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Research Centre and Institute of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Biosanitary Research Institute, University Hospital Complex of Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain.
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Zaitsev AV, Kasyan GR, Spivak LG. [Cystitis]. Urologiia 2017; 1-supplement_2017:34-44. [PMID: 28406594 DOI: 10.18565/urol.2017.1-supplement.34-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
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22
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Haldar S, Dru C, Mishra R, Tripathi M, Duong F, Angara B, Fernandez A, Arditi M, Bhowmick NA. Histone deacetylase inhibitors mediate DNA damage repair in ameliorating hemorrhagic cystitis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39257. [PMID: 27995963 PMCID: PMC5171776 DOI: 10.1038/srep39257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhagic cystitis is an inflammatory and ulcerative bladder condition associated with systemic chemotherapeutics, like cyclophosphomide. Earlier, we reported reactive oxygen species resulting from cyclophosphamide metabolite, acrolein, causes global methylation followed by silencing of DNA damage repair genes. Ogg1 (8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase) is one such silenced base excision repair enzyme that can restore DNA integrity. The accumulation of DNA damage results in subsequent inflammation associated with pyroptotic death of bladder smooth muscle cells. We hypothesized that reversing inflammasome-induced imprinting in the bladder smooth muscle could prevent the inflammatory phenotype. Elevated recruitment of Dnmt1 and Dnmt3b to the Ogg1 promoter in acrolein treated bladder muscle cells was validated by the pattern of CpG methylation revealed by bisulfite sequencing. Knockout of Ogg1 in detrusor cells resulted in accumulation of reactive oxygen mediated 8-Oxo-dG and spontaneous pyroptotic signaling. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), restored Ogg1 expression in cells treated with acrolein and mice treated with cyclophosphamide superior to the standard of care, mesna or nicotinamide-induced DNA demethylation. SAHA restored cyclophosphamide-induced bladder pathology to that of untreated control mice. The observed epigenetic imprinting induced by inflammation suggests a new therapeutic target for the treatment of hemorrhagic cystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Haldar
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Ochin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Dru
- Division of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rajeev Mishra
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Ochin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Manisha Tripathi
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Ochin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Frank Duong
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Ochin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Administration, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bryan Angara
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Ochin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Administration, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ana Fernandez
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Ochin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Administration, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Moshe Arditi
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Neil A. Bhowmick
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Ochin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Administration, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Ozyuvali E, Yildirim ME, Yaman T, Kosem B, Atli O, Cimentepe E. Protective Effect of Intravesical Platelet-Rich Plasma on Cyclophosphamide-Induced Hemorrhagic Cystitis. CLIN INVEST MED 2016; 39:27514. [PMID: 27917804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) is the most common urotoxic side effect of cyclophosphamide (CYP). Platelet rich plasma (PRP) plays an important role in wound healing and inflammatory responses. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of intravesical PRP at treatment of interstitial cystitis (IC). MATERIAL-METHODS Female rats (n=24) were used. IC was induced by intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide (CYP). Rats were randomly allocated to one of four groups (n = 6 per group): a control group; a sham group with saline (75 mg/kg; i.p.) instead of CYP on day 1; a IC group, which was injected with CYP (150 mg/kg; i.p.) on day 1; and, a intravesical PRP‑treated group which was injected with CYP (150 mg/kg; i.p.) on day 1. On day 2, the rats in each group were sacrificed under anesthesia. RESULTS Histological evaluation showed that bladder inflammation in CYP‑treated rats was not suppressed by PRP. CYP administration induced severe IC with marked edema, hemorrhage and inflammation in CYP and CYP+PRP groups, but PRP was not found to be effective to decrease these effects. CONCLUSION The application of PRP could not reverse the histopathological changes in rats that had interstitial cystitis due to the cyclophosphamide injection.
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Zhang X, Yao J, Gao K, Chi Y, Mitsui T, Ihara T, Sawada N, Kamiyama M, Fan J, Takeda M. AMPK Suppresses Connexin43 Expression in the Bladder and Ameliorates Voiding Dysfunction in Cyclophosphamide-induced Mouse Cystitis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19708. [PMID: 26806558 PMCID: PMC4726257 DOI: 10.1038/srep19708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder voiding dysfunction is closely related to local oxidation, inflammation, and enhanced channel activities. Given that the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and channel-inhibiting properties, we examined whether and how AMPK affected bladder activity. AMPK activation in rat bladder smooth muscle cells (BSMCs) using three different AMPK agonists resulted in a decrease in connexin43 (Cx43) expression and function, which was associated with reduced CREB phosphorylation, Cx43 promoter activity and mRNA expression, but not Cx43 degradation. Downregulation of CREB with siRNA increased Cx43 expression. A functional analysis revealed that AMPK weakened BSMC contraction and bladder capacity. AMPK also counteracted the IL-1β- and TNFα-induced increase in Cx43 in BSMCs. In vivo administration of the AMPK agonist AICAR attenuated cyclophosphamide-initiated bladder oxidation, inflammation, Cx43 expression and voiding dysfunction. Further analysis comparing the responses of the wild-type (Cx43(+/+)) and heterozygous (Cx43(+/-)) Cx43 mice to cyclophosphamide revealed that the Cx43(+/-) mice retained a relatively normal micturition pattern compared to the Cx43(+/+) mice. Taken together, our results indicate that AMPK inhibits Cx43 in BSMCs and improves bladder activity under pathological conditions. We propose that strategies that target AMPK can be developed as novel therapeutic approaches for treating bladder dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiling Zhang
- Department of Molecular Signaling, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
- Department of Urology, The 4th affiliated hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jian Yao
- Department of Molecular Signaling, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kun Gao
- Department of Molecular Signaling, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yuan Chi
- Department of Molecular Signaling, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Takahiko Mitsui
- Department of Urology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ihara
- Department of Urology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Norifumi Sawada
- Department of Urology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Manabu Kamiyama
- Department of Urology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Jianglin Fan
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Masayuki Takeda
- Department of Urology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
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Spencer JD, Jackson AR, Li B, Ching CB, Vonau M, Easterling RS, Schwaderer AL, McHugh KM, Becknell B. Expression and Significance of the HIP/PAP and RegIIIγ Antimicrobial Peptides during Mammalian Urinary Tract Infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144024. [PMID: 26658437 PMCID: PMC4675559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) serve key roles in defending the urinary tract against invading uropathogens. To date, the individual contribution of AMPs to urinary tract host defense is not well defined. In this study, we identified Regenerating islet-derived 3 gamma (RegIIIγ) as the most transcriptionally up-regulated AMP in murine bladder transcriptomes following uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) infection. We confirmed induction of RegIIIγ mRNA during cystitis and pyelonephritis by quantitative RT-PCR. Immunoblotting demonstrates increased bladder and urinary RegIIIγ protein levels following UPEC infection. Immunostaining localizes RegIIIγ protein to urothelial cells of infected bladders and kidneys. Human patients with UTI have increased urine concentrations of the orthologous Hepatocarcinoma-Intestine-Pancreas / Pancreatitis Associated Protein (HIP/PAP) compared to healthy controls. Recombinant RegIIIγ protein does not demonstrate bactericidal activity toward UPEC in vitro, but does kill Staphylococcus saprophyticus in a dose-dependent manner. Kidney and bladder tissue from RegIIIγ knockout mice and wild-type mice contain comparable bacterial burden following UPEC and Gram-positive UTI. Our results demonstrate that RegIIIγ and HIP/PAP expression is induced during human and murine UTI. However, their specific function in the urinary tract remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- John David Spencer
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ashley R. Jackson
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Birong Li
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Christina B. Ching
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Martin Vonau
- Department of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | - Andrew L. Schwaderer
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kirk M. McHugh
- Department of Anatomy, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Brian Becknell
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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Zhao J, Song Q, Wang L, Dong X, Yang X, Bai X, Song B, Damaser M, Li L. Detrusor myocyte autophagy protects the bladder function via inhibiting the inflammation in cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis in rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122597. [PMID: 25830308 PMCID: PMC4382282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a highly conserved homeostatic cellular process that removes and recycles damaged proteins and organelles in response to cellular stress, is believed to play a crucial role in the immune response and inflammation. The role of autophagy in bladder cystitis, however, has not well been clarified. Here we investigate the role of detrusor myocytes autophagy (DMA) in cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis animal model. 164 female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into three experimental groups and compared to three control groups, respectively. The expressions of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), p-p70s6k (the phosphorylated form of ribosomal protein S6), SOD2 (superoxide dismutase 2) in the bladder muscular layer were measured using western blot. The co-location of LC3, alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and autophagic vacuoles were investigated with double-labeled immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The expression of lL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH) in the detrusor layer were analyzed using ELISA. The bladder inflammation and the number of mast cells in the muscular layer were analyzed by histology. The bladder function was evaluated using cystometry. In cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis, autophagy was detected in detrusor myocytes by increased LC3, p-p70s6k expression, and autophagosomes. However, the presence of enhanced inflammation and oxidative stress in the cyclophosphamide-treated group suggest autophagy of detrusor myocytes may not be sufficiently activated. Inflammation and oxidative stress were significantly decreased and the bladder histology and micturition function were significantly improved with rapamycin (RAPA, autophagy agonist) pre-treatment. In contrast, inflammation and oxidative stress were dramatically increased and the bladder histology and function were negatively affected with chloroquine (CQ, autophagy blocker) pre-treated. These findings preferentially provide evidence of the association between DMA and cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis in rats. The autophagy agonist RAPA significantly decreased the inflammation and protected the bladder function, which might be considered as a potential treatment for interstitial cystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Zhao
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qixiang Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingyou Dong
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingliang Yang
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinyu Bai
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Margot Damaser
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Longkun Li
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail:
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Vladimirova IA, Philyppov IB, Kulieva EM, Paduraru ON, Shuba YY, Shuba YM. [Impact of diabetic complications on neuromuscular transmission in the smooth muscle of the bladder of rats with experimental diabetes]. Fiziol Zh (1994) 2015; 61:56-62. [PMID: 26552306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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Qiao Z, Xia C, Shen S, Corwin FD, Liu M, Guan R, Grider JR, Qiao LY. Suppression of the PI3K pathway in vivo reduces cystitis-induced bladder hypertrophy and restores bladder capacity examined by magnetic resonance imaging. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114536. [PMID: 25486122 PMCID: PMC4259345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study utilized magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to monitor the real-time status of the urinary bladder in normal and diseased states following cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced cystitis, and also examined the role of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway in the regulation of urinary bladder hypertrophy in vivo. Our results showed that under MRI visualization the urinary bladder wall was significantly thickened at 8 h and 48 h post CYP injection. The intravesical volume of the urinary bladder was also markedly reduced. Treatment of the cystitis animals with a specific PI3K inhibitor LY294002 reduced cystitis-induced bladder wall thickening and enlarged the intravesical volumes. To confirm the MRI results, we performed H&E stain postmortem and examined the levels of type I collagen by real-time PCR and western blot. Inhibition of the PI3K in vivo reduced the levels of type I collagen mRNA and protein in the urinary bladder ultimately attenuating cystitis-induced bladder hypertrophy. The bladder mass calculated according to MRI data was consistent to the bladder weight measured ex vivo under each drug treatment. MRI results also showed that the urinary bladder from animals with cystitis demonstrated high magnetic signal intensity indicating considerable inflammation of the urinary bladder when compared to normal animals. This was confirmed by examination of the pro-inflammatory factors showing that interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α levels in the urinary bladder were increased with cystitis. Our results suggest that MRI can be a useful technique in tracing bladder anatomy and examining bladder hypertrophy in vivo during disease development and the PI3K pathway has a critical role in regulating bladder hypertrophy during cystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Qiao
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Division of Radiology, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunmei Xia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Shanwei Shen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Frank D. Corwin
- Department of Radiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Miao Liu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ruijuan Guan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - John R. Grider
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Li-Ya Qiao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Jiang YH, Kuo HC. Urothelial dysfunction and increased suburothelial inflammation of urinary bladder are involved in patients with upper urinary tract urolithiasis--clinical and immunohistochemistry study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110754. [PMID: 25329457 PMCID: PMC4203847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate the urothelial dysfunction and inflammation of urinary bladder in patients with upper urinary tract (UUT) urolithiasis through the results of cystoscopic hydrodistension and immunohistochemistry study. Methods Ninety-one patients with UUT urolithiasis underwent cystoscopic hydrodistension before the stone surgery. Immunofluorescence staining of E-cadherin, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), tryptase (mast cell activation), and TUNEL (urothelial apoptosis) were performed in 42 patients with glomerulations after hydrodistension, 10 without glomerulations, and 10 controls. Results Of the 91 patients, 62 (68.2%) developed glomerulations after hydrodistension. Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) were present in 53.8% patients, in whom significantly smaller maximal anesthetic bladder capacity (MBC) was noted. Patients with middle or lower 1/3 ureteral stones had a significantly higher glomerulation rate (88.6% vs. 55.4%, p<0.01) and lower MBC (618.4±167.6 vs. 701.2±158.4 ml, p = 0.027) than those with upper 1/3 ureteral or renal stones. Patients with UUT urolithiasis had significantly lower expression of E-cadherin (26.2±14.8 vs. 42.4±16.7) and ZO-1 (5.16±4.02 vs. 11.02±5.66); and higher suburothelial mast cell (13.3±6.8 vs. 1.3±1.2) and apoptotic cell (2.6±2.5 vs. 0.1±0.3) numbers than in controls (all p<0.01). Conclusions Urothelial dysfunction and increased suburothelial inflammation and apoptosis are highly prevalent in the bladders of UUT urolithiasis patients, indicating inflammation cross-talk between UUT and urinary bladder. Patients with UUT urolithiaisis concomitant with LUTS had a smaller MBC, which may explain the presence of irritative bladder symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Hong Jiang
- Department of Urology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hann-Chorng Kuo
- Department of Urology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Bladder chronic inflammation is associated with the pathogenesis of bladder cancer; the underlying mechanism is unclear. The PT53 gene is an important anticancer gene in the body, which is suppressed in cancer. The ubiquitin E3 ligase A20 (A20) plays a role in regulating the activities of epithelial cells. This study was designed to investigate the correlation between A20 and the pathogenesis of bladder cancer. The biopsy tissues of human bladder cancer, bladder polypoid cystitis, and chronic inflammation were collected; the levels of A20 and p53 were analyzed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR, Western blotting, and immune precipitation. HEK293 cells were employed to test the role of overexpression of A20 in the suppression of the p53 gene in the cells. Fifty-six patients with bladder cancer, 48 patients with bladder polypoid cystitis, and 16 patients with bladder chronic inflammation were recruited into this study. Human bladder cancer tissue and the polypoid tissue showed high levels of A20, which had a positive correlation with the tumorigenesis in the bladder; 12 out of 46 (26.1%) patients with bladder polypoid cystitis were diagnosed as bladder cancer. A20 bound to p53 to form complexes in bladder cancer tissue and bladder polypoid tissue. The overexpression of A20 suppresses p53 protein levels in HEK293 cells. A20 has a positive correlation in the tumorigenesis of bladder polypoid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China,
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Qiao LY, Yu SJ, Kay JC, Xia CM. In vivo regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in dorsal root ganglia is mediated by nerve growth factor-triggered Akt activation during cystitis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81547. [PMID: 24303055 PMCID: PMC3841217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in sensory hypersensitivity has been suggested; however the molecular mechanisms and signal transduction that regulate BDNF expression in primary afferent neurons during visceral inflammation are not clear. Here we used a rat model of cystitis and found that the mRNA and protein levels of BDNF were increased in the L6 dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in response to bladder inflammation. BDNF up-regulation in the L6 DRG was triggered by endogenous nerve growth factor (NGF) because neutralization of NGF with a specific NGF antibody reduced BDNF levels during cystitis. The neutralizing NGF antibody also subsequently reduced cystitis-induced up-regulation of the serine/threonine kinase Akt activity in L6 DRG. To examine whether the NGF-induced Akt activation led to BDNF up-regulation in DRG in cystitis, we found that in cystitis the phospho-Akt immunoreactivity was co-localized with BDNF in L6 DRG, and prevention of the endogenous Akt activity in the L6 DRG by inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) with a potent inhibitor LY294002 reversed cystitis-induced BDNF up-regulation. Further study showed that application of NGF to the nerve terminals of the ganglion-nerve two-compartmented preparation enhanced BDNF expression in the DRG neuronal soma; which was reduced by pre-treatment of the ganglia with the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 and wortmannin. These in vivo and in vitro experiments indicated that NGF played an important role in the activation of Akt and subsequent up-regulation of BDNF in the sensory neurons in visceral inflammation such as cystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ya Qiao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Sharon J. Yu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jarren C. Kay
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Chun-Mei Xia
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
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Zhao J, Wang L, Yang XL, Dong XY, Li LK, Song B. [Function of bladder smooth muscle autophagy in cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2013; 93:3333-3337. [PMID: 24418026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the existence of bladder smooth muscle autophagy and its function in cyclophosphamide (CYP) -induced cystitis. METHODS A total of 30 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into control (n = 6) and experimental groups (4 h, 48 h, 72 h, 96 h, n = 24) . The experimental group received a single intraperitoneal injection of 150 mg/kg CYP in 0.6 ml saline while the control group had the same volume of saline injection. The changes of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) proteins in bladder muscular layer were measured with Western blot. Co-location of LC3 and alpha-small muscle action (α-SMA) was detected with double-labeled immunofluorescence. Autophagic vacuoles were observed with electron microscopy. The changes in bladder inflammation were measured by hematoxylin and eosin staining. RESULTS Autophagy was confirmed in detrusor myocytes with electron microscope, LC3 Western blot and double-labeled immunofluorescence. As compared with the control group, the expression level of LC3 in experimental groups decreased (0.08 ± 0.01 vs 0.13 ± 0.01, P < 0.05) at 4 h and increased 1.19, 0.75 and 0.20 fold (0.29 ± 0.04 vs 0.13 ± 0.01, P < 0.05; 0.23 ± 0.03 vs 0.13 ± 0.01, P < 0.05;0.16 ± 0.03 vs 0.13 ± 0.01, P > 0.05) at 48, 72 and 96 h respectively.Electron microscopy and double-labeled immunofluorescent also supported the above change of LC3 by Western blot.In addition, as compared with the control groups, IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α and bladder histological scores of bladder muscular layer significantly increased in experimental groups (all P < 0.05) . CONCLUSIONS Autophagy exists in bladder smooth muscle. In cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis, bladder smooth muscle autophagy activation may not be sufficient to protect bladder muscle layer inflammation in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Zhao
- Research Institute of Urinary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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Lee WY, Savage JR, Zhang J, Jia W, Oottamasathien S, Prestwich GD. Prevention of anti-microbial peptide LL-37-induced apoptosis and ATP release in the urinary bladder by a modified glycosaminoglycan. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77854. [PMID: 24204996 PMCID: PMC3813730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial cystitis (IC), often referred to in combination with painful bladder syndrome, is a chronic inflammatory disease of the bladder. Current therapies primarily focus on replenishing urothelial glycosaminoglycan (GAG) layer using GAG analogs and managing pain with supportive therapies. However, the elusive etiology of IC and the lack of animal models to study the disease have been major hurdles developing more effective therapeutics. Previously, we showed an increased urinary concentration of antimicrobial peptide LL-37 in spina bifida patients and used LL-37 to develop a mouse model of cystitis that mimics important clinical findings of IC. Here we investigate (1) the molecular mechanism of LL-37 induced cystitis in cultured human urothelial cells and in mice, (2) the protective effects of GM-0111, a modified GAG, within the context of this mechanism, (3) the physiological and molecular markers that correlate with the severity of the inflammation, and (4) the protective effects of several GAGs using these biomarkers in our LL-37 induced cystitis model. We find that LL-37 quickly induces release of ATP and apoptosis in the urothelium. These changes can be inhibited by a chemically-modified GAG, GM-0111. Furthermore, we also find that GAG analogs provide varying degrees of protection against LL-37 challenge in mice. These findings suggest that GM-0111 and possibly GAG molecules prevent the development of cystitis by blocking the apoptosis and the concurrent release of ATP from the urothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Yong Lee
- GlycoMira Therapeutics, Inc. Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Justin R. Savage
- GlycoMira Therapeutics, Inc. Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jianxing Zhang
- GlycoMira Therapeutics, Inc. Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Center for Therapeutic Biomaterials, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Wanjian Jia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Center for Therapeutic Biomaterials, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Siam Oottamasathien
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Center for Therapeutic Biomaterials, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Surgery and Division of Pediatric Urology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Glenn D. Prestwich
- GlycoMira Therapeutics, Inc. Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Center for Therapeutic Biomaterials, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
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Boudes M, Uvin P, Pinto S, Freichel M, Birnbaumer L, Voets T, De Ridder D, Vennekens R. Crucial role of TRPC1 and TRPC4 in cystitis-induced neuronal sprouting and bladder overactivity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69550. [PMID: 23922735 PMCID: PMC3726658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE During cystitis, increased innervation of the bladder by sensory nerves may contribute to bladder overactivity and pain. The mechanisms whereby cystitis leads to hyperinnervation of the bladder are, however, poorly understood. Since TRP channels have been implicated in the guidance of growth cones and survival of neurons, we investigated their involvement in the increases in bladder innervation and bladder activity in rodent models of cystitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS To induce bladder hyperactivity, we chronically injected cyclophosphamide in rats and mice. All experiments were performed a week later. We used quantitative transcriptional analysis and immunohistochemistry to determine TRP channel expression on retrolabelled bladder sensory neurons. To assess bladder function and referred hyperalgesia, urodynamic analysis, detrusor strip contractility and Von Frey filament experiments were done in wild type and knock-out mice. RESULTS Repeated cyclophosphamide injections induce a specific increase in the expression of TRPC1 and TRPC4 in bladder-innervating sensory neurons and the sprouting of sensory fibers in the bladder mucosa. Interestingly, cyclophosphamide-treated Trpc1/c4(-/-) mice no longer exhibited increased bladder innervations, and, concomitantly, the development of bladder overactivity was diminished in these mice. We did not observe a difference neither in bladder contraction features of double knock-out animals nor in cyclophosphamide-induced referred pain behavior. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our data suggest that TRPC1 and TRPC4 are involved in the sprouting of sensory neurons following bladder cystitis, which leads to overactive bladder disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Boudes
- Laboratory of Experimental Urology, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Agrawal P, Pandey A, Sompura S, Pursnani ML. Role of blood C - reactive protein levels in upper urinary tract infection and lower urinary tract infection in adult patients (>16 years). J Assoc Physicians India 2013; 61:462-463. [PMID: 24772749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM Role of blood C - reactive protein levels in upper urinary tract infection and lower urinary tract infection in adult patients (>16 years). MATERIAL AND METHODS Study included 2 groups of patients -Test group (n=58). Control group (n=28).Test group further classified into 2 groups- a). Patients having upper urinary tract infection b). Patients having lower urinary tract infection. Patients were subjected to following tests - complete hemogram, blood C-reactive protein levels, urinalysis. RESULTS The mean value of C-reactive protein in the cases of upper urinary tract infection 127.33 mg/L which is statistically significantly raised when compared to control(t-value 12.370 and p-value<0.01). C-reactive protein was significantly raised in upper urinary tract infection in comparison to control group( p<0.01), while in lower urinary tract infection this difference was insignificant (p<0.05). CONCLUSION C-reactive protein has a good diagnostic role in differentiating upper and lower urinary tract infection. The simple size of our study is very small to say these authentically, hence, further studies of large number of cases is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott R Manson
- Division of Urology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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37
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Smeliakov VA, Borisov VV. [Ozone therapy and tamsulosin in the treatment of cystitis]. Urologiia 2013:38-40. [PMID: 23662493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of cystitis remains an urgent problem in urology due to its prevalence, physical and social disadaptation of patients, and not always satisfactory treatment results. The article presents the results of treatment of 40 women aged 41.5 +/- 12.4 years with chronic cystitis. 20 patients received ozone therapy, 20 patients--ozone therapy in combination with alpha-adrenoblocker tamsulosin. Effectiveness of the treatment was evaluated using clinical data, data of bladder diaries, IPSS score, and uroflowmetry data. Dynamics of all the parameters in patients treated with ozone therapy in combination with tamsulosin was significantly higher in comparison with that in patients treated with ozone therapy only. As a result of the treatment, increased urine flow rate was accompanied by an increase in urination. Combination therapy with the use of ozone therapy and tamsulosin can be successfully and safely used in the treatment of patients with cystitis.
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Abraham P, Isaac B, Ramamoorthy H, Natarajan K. Oral glutamine attenuates cyclophosphamide-induced oxidative stress in the bladder but does not prevent hemorrhagic cystitis in rats. J Med Toxicol 2011; 7:118-24. [PMID: 20661687 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-010-0103-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide (CP) is widely used in the treatment of cancer and non-malignant disease states such as rheumatoid arthritis. Hemorrhagic cystitis is a major dose-limiting side effect of CP. The incidence of this side effect is related to the dosage and can be as high as 75%. Elimination of the side effects of CP can lead to better tolerance of the drug, and a more efficient therapy can be achieved for patients in need of CP treatment. Several studies have demonstrated that oxidative stress and neutrophil infiltration play important roles in CP-induced bladder damage. Glutamine is utilized under clinical conditions for preventing chemotherapeutic drug-induced side effects, based on its ability to attenuate oxidative stress. The aim of the study is to verify whether glutamine prevents CP-induced oxidative stress and bladder damage using a rat model. Adult male rats were administered 150 mg/kg body weight of CP intraperitoneally. Glutamine pretreated rats were administered 1 g/kg body weight of glutamine orally 2 h before the administration of CP. Vehicle/glutamine-treated rats served as controls. All the rats were killed 16 h after the dose of CP/vehicle. The urinary bladders were removed and used for light microscopic and biochemical studies. The markers of oxidative stress including malondialdehyde content, protein carbonyl content, protein thiol, and myeloperoxidase activity, a marker of neutrophil infiltration, were measured in bladder homogenates. CP treatment induced hemorrhagic cystitis in the rats. Pretreatment with glutamine significantly reduced CP-induced lipid peroxidation (p < 0.01), protein oxidation (p < 0.01), and increase in myeloperoxidase activity (p < 0.05). However, it did not prevent CP-induced bladder damage. The results of the present study show that glutamine pretreatment does not attenuate CP-induced hemorrhagic cystitis, although it prevents CP-induced oxidative stress and neutrophil infiltration significantly. It is therefore necessary to clarify the utility of glutamine as a chemoprotective agent before it is recommended in the market as a nutrient supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premila Abraham
- Department of Biochemistry, Christian Medical College, Bagayam, Vellore, 632002, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Nakamura Y, Orikasa K, Fujishima F, Shibahara Y, Saito R, Ohkubo T, Ueno S, Sasano H. A case of villous adenoma of the urinary bladder with tubulovillous architecture: characterization by immunohistochemical analysis. POL J PATHOL 2011; 62:179-182. [PMID: 22102078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Villous adenomas of the urinary tract are rare as compared to urothelial carcinoma. We report a case of urinary bladder villous adenoma in a 90-year-old woman. Cystoscopic examination revealed a papillary tumour in the diverticulum at the posterior wall of the urinary bladder. Transurethral resection was performed and histopathological examination revealed predominantly tubulovillous architecture, and showed an identical immunohistochemical profile to villous adenoma associated with cystitis glandularis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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CHENG L, HUANG WB. [Pathologic diagnosis of benign glandular lesions of urinary bladder]. Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi 2011; 40:147-150. [PMID: 21575382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang CHENG
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianappolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Abstract
To examine the expression of human telomere reverse transcriptase (hTERT), p53 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in cystitis glandularis, 38 patients were divided into two groups: group A (including 18 cases of papillary cystitis glandularis) and group B (including 20 subjects with normal bladder mucosa). All the cases were immunohistochemically examined by using antibodies specifically against p53 and PCNA, and hTERT was determined by in situ hybridization. hTERT was found in 6 cases (33.3%) and p53 was detected in 4 cases (22.2%) in group A, while they were not detected in group B. There were significant differences in hTERT and p53 expression between groups A and B (P<0.05 for both). PCNA was detected in 7 cases (38.9%) in group A and 1 case (5.0%) in group B, and significant difference in PCNA expression was found between the two groups (P<0.05). The expressions of hTERT, p53 and PCNA were significantly higher in group A than in group B, suggesting that papillary cystitis glandularis is predisposed to cancerous change, and p53, PCNA, hTERT may be related to the malignant alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Wei
- Department of Urology, Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command of PLA, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu, China.
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Pinto R, Frias B, Allen S, Dawbarn D, McMahon SB, Cruz F, Cruz CD. Sequestration of brain derived nerve factor by intravenous delivery of TrkB-Ig2 reduces bladder overactivity and noxious input in animals with chronic cystitis. Neuroscience 2010; 166:907-16. [PMID: 20079809 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Brain derived nerve factor (BDNF) is a trophic factor belonging to the neurotrophin family. It is upregulated in various inflammatory conditions, where it may contribute to altered pain states. In cystitis, little is known about the relevance of BDNF in bladder-generated noxious input and bladder overactivity, a matter we investigated in the present study. Female rats were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with cyclophosphamide (CYP; 200 mg/kg). They received saline or TrkB-Ig(2) via intravenously (i.v.) or intravesical administration. Three days after CYP-injection, animals were anaesthetized and cystometries performed. All animals were perfusion-fixed and the spinal cord segments L6 collected, post-fixed and processed for c-Fos and phosphoERK immunoreactivity. BDNF expression in the bladder, as well as bladder histology, was also assessed. Intravesical TrkB-Ig(2) did not change bladder reflex activity of CYP-injected rats. In CYP-animals treated with i.v. TrkB-Ig(2) a decrease in the frequency of bladder reflex contractions, in comparison with saline-treated animals, was observed. In spinal sections from the latter group of animals, the number of phosphoERK and c-Fos immunoreactive neurons was lower than in sections from saline-treated CYP-animals. BDNF immunoreactivity was higher during cystitis but was not changed by TrkB-Ig(2) i.v. treatment. Evaluation of the bladder histology showed similar inflammatory signs in the bladders of inflamed animals, irrespective of the treatment. Data show that i.v. but not intravesical administration of TrkB-Ig(2) reduced bladder hyperactivity in animals with cystitis to levels comparable to those observed in unirritated rats. Since i.v. TrkB-Ig(2) also reduced spinal extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation, it is possible that BDNF contribution to inflammation-induced bladder hyperactivity is via spinal activation of the ERK pathway. Finally, the reduction in c-Fos expression indicates that TrkB-Ig(2) also reduced bladder-generated noxious input. Our results show that sequestration of BDNF may be considered a new therapeutic strategy to treat chronic cystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pinto
- Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Porto, Portugal; Department of Urology, Hospital de S João, Porto, Portugal
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Kobayashi M, Nomura M, Fujihara H, Suzuki H, Otsubo H, Nishii H, Fujimoto N, Matsumoto T, Ueta Y. Involvement of orexin-A on micturition reflex in normal and cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis bladder in rat. Peptides 2009; 30:2348-56. [PMID: 19666069 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2009] [Revised: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of orexin-A in the spinal cord on bladder function in normal rats and cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced cystitis rat models. The effects of intrathecal (i.t.) injection of orexin-A (0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 nmol) on bladder function were examined during continuous infusion cystometrogram (CMG) in urethane anesthetized normal and CYP-induced cystitis rats. The effects of i.t. injection of selective orexin-1 receptor (OXR1) antagonist SB334867 (10 nmol) on orexin-A-induced bladder overactivity in normal rats and SB334867 (10 and 30 nmol) on changes in bladder function in normal and CYP-induced cystitis rats were investigated. The effects of intravenous (i.v.) injection of orexin-A (0.3 and 1.0 nmol) on micturition reflex were also investigated in normal rats. I.t. injection of orexin-A (0.1 and 1.0 nmol) significantly decreased the intercontraction intervals (ICI) in normal and CYP-induced cystitis rats. I.t. injection of SB334867 (10 nmol) significantly increased the ICI of orexin-A induced overactive bladder in normal rats and i.t. injection of SB334867 (30 nmol) also increased the ICI in normal rat bladder. However, in CYP-injected cystitis rat models, i.t. injection of SB334867 did not change the bladder function. I.v. injection of orexin-A failed to affect the bladder function in normal rats. Orexin mRNA levels in the lateral hypothalamus were significantly decreased in CYP-induced cystitis rats. These results indicate that orexin-A in the spinal cord activates micturition reflex via OXR1 in normal rats. In addition, OXR1 antagonist did not have any effect on micturition reflex in CYP-induced cystitis rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Kobayashi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan.
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Munday JS, McKinnon H, Aberdein D, Collett MG, Parton K, Thompson KG. Cystitis, pyelonephritis, and urolithiasis in rats accidentally fed a diet deficient in vitamin A. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2009; 48:790-794. [PMID: 19930829 PMCID: PMC2786935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Female Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 100; age, 3 wk) were fed diets that included a vitamin premix and either albumin or milk powder. Rats fed the albumin diet gained weight more slowly than did the other group. Between 19 and 28 wk of being fed the albumin diet, 12 rats died of bacterial cystitis and pyelonephritis. In addition, 2 more rats from the same dietary group developed peritonitis after ovariohysterectomy. Examination of the 44 rats fed the albumin diet that completed the 34-wk experiment revealed pyelonephritis in 68%, cystitis in 66%, urolithiasis in 27%, and nephrolithiasis in 5%. Squamous metaplasia of the transitional epithelium was present in all 44 rats, although other epithelia were histologically normal. Vitamin A deficiency was diagnosed after analyses of blood and liver samples. Analysis of the vitamin premix revealed approximately 25% of the expected amount of vitamin A. Because the milk powder contained sufficient vitamin A, deficiency did not occur in rats fed the milk powder diet. The major consequences of vitamin A deficiency in the rats were squamous metaplasia, bacterial infection, and calculus formation within the urinary tract. This report illustrates the importance of careful formulation and storage of vitamin premixes used in experimental diets. Vitamin A deficiency should be considered in rats with decreased weight gain and urinary tract disease even if ocular lesions are not present.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Munday
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Veterinary, Animal, and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Abstract
Even though uroplakins (UPs) are believed to serve a strong protective barrier against toxic materials, cyclophosphamide (CP) causes extensive cystitis. We investigated the expression of UPs in the urothelium in CP induced mouse cystitis. A total of 27 ICR female mice received a single intraperitoneal injection of 200 mg CP/kg. Nine CP-treated mice and 6 controls were sequentially killed at 12, 24, and 72 hr post injection. Extensive cystitis and an increased vesical weight were seen. These all peaked within 12 hr post injection and they tended to decrease thereafter. The level of all the UPs mRNA, the protein expressions of UP II and III on immunoblotting study, and the expression of UP III on immunolocalization study were maximally suppressed within 12 hr; this partially recovered at 24 hr, and this completely recovered at 72 hr post CP injection. In conclusion, CP reduced the expression of UPs. The reduction of the UPs mRNA and protein was time dependent, and this peaked within 12 hr after CP injection. However, the damage was rapidly repaired within 24 hr. This study demonstrates a dynamic process, an extensive reduction and rapid recovery, for the UPs expression of the mouse urinary bladder after CP injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Hoo Choi
- Department of Urology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Youngmin Byun
- Department of Urology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Gilho Lee
- Department of Urology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
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Linares-Fernández B, Alfieri AB. [Changes in nitric oxide, prostaglandins and myeloperoxidase activity in acrolein-induced cystitis in rats]. Invest Clin 2009; 50:23-33. [PMID: 19418724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the role of substance P (sP), nitric oxide (ON) and prostaglandins (PGs) in acrolein (ACR)-induced cystitis, we studied the changes induced by ACR on bladder inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and mieloperoxidase (MPO) activities, along with PGs and NO metabolites levels. Sprague-Dawley male rats received i.p. ACR (5 mg/Kg) plus one of the following treatments: Group 1: saline 0.10 mL/100g i.p.; Group 2: Win-51.708 (WIN) 25 mg/Kg i.p.; Group 3: S-metilisothiourea (MITU) 35 mg/Kg i.p.; Group 4: Rofecoxib(ROF) 20 mg/Kg o.p.; Group 5: Meloxicam(MEL) 25 mg/Kg i.p.; Group 6: combination MITU+MEL. ACR-induced mortality was partially prevented by WIN (NK1 antagonist) and MITU (iNOS inhibitor). Animals that survived after 24h of ACR exposure, had histological inflammatory changes in bladder along with increased MPO activity. There was augmentation of nitrates+nitrites and of PGs. WIN didn't prevent any of these effects. ROF and MEL (COX-2 inhibitors) partially protected against bladder inflammation; MITU pre-treatment was able to prevent these changes and those of NO metabolites levels. The MITU+MEL combination produced the highest protection against ACR-induced damage. These results suggest that NO produced via iNOS and PGs produced by COX-1/COX-2, have an important role in the pathogenesis of cystitis induced by ACR. ACR could stimulate iNOS and COX-1/COX-2, producing lymphocyte migration and increases of NO and PGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Linares-Fernández
- Cátedra de Fisiología, Escuela de Medicina "Dr. Luis Razetti", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
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Abstract
The afferent innervation of the urinary bladder consists primarily of small myelinated (Adelta) and unmyelinated (C-fiber) axons that respond to chemical and mechanical stimuli. Immunochemical studies indicate that bladder afferent neurons synthesize several putative neurotransmitters, including neuropeptides, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and nitric oxide. The afferent neurons also express various types of receptors and ion channels, including transient receptor potential channels, purinergic, muscarinic, endothelin, neurotrophic factor, and estrogen receptors. Patch-clamp recordings in dissociated bladder afferent neurons and recordings of bladder afferent nerve activity have revealed that activation of many of these receptors enhances neuronal excitability. Afferent nerves can respond to chemicals present in urine as well as chemicals released in the bladder wall from nerves, smooth muscle, inflammatory cells, and epithelial cells lining the bladder lumen. Pathological conditions alter the chemical and electrical properties of bladder afferent pathways, leading to urinary urgency, increased voiding frequency, nocturia, urinary incontinence, and pain. Neurotrophic factors have been implicated in the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the sensitization of bladder afferent nerves. Neurotoxins such as capsaicin, resiniferatoxin, and botulinum neurotoxin that target sensory nerves are useful in treating disorders of the lower urinary tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C de Groat
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, West 1352 Starzl Biomedical Science Tower, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Merriam FV, Wang ZY, Guerios SD, Bjorling DE. Cannabinoid receptor 2 is increased in acutely and chronically inflamed bladder of rats. Neurosci Lett 2008; 445:130-4. [PMID: 18778751 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2008] [Revised: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2) are G-protein coupled receptors that are expressed throughout the body. Cannabinoid receptors are expressed in the urinary bladder and may affect bladder function. The purpose of this study was twofold: to confirm the presence of cannabinoid receptors in the bladder, the L6/S1 spinal cord, and dorsal root ganglia (DRG), and to determine the effects of acute and chronic bladder inflammation on expression of cannabinoid receptors. Acute or chronic bladder inflammation was induced in rats by intravesical administration of acrolein. Abundance of CB1 and CB2 protein and their respective mRNA was determined using immunoblotting and quantitative real-time PCR, respectively. We confirmed the presence of CB1 and CB2 receptor protein and mRNA in bladder, L6-S spinal cord, and DRG. Acute bladder inflammation induced increased expression of CB2, but not CB1, protein in the bladder detrusor. Chronic bladder inflammation increased expression of bladder CB2 protein and mRNA but not CB1 protein or mRNA. Expression of CB1 or CB2 in spinal cord or DRG was unaffected by acute or chronic bladder inflammation. CB1 and CB2 receptors are present in the bladder and its associated innervation, and CB2 receptors are up-regulated in bladder after acute or chronic inflammation. CB2 receptors may be a viable target for pharmacological treatment of bladder inflammation and associated pain.
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MESH Headings
- Acrolein
- Animals
- Cystitis/chemically induced
- Cystitis/metabolism
- Cystitis/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Urinary Bladder/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Voznika Merriam
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Vera PL, Wang X, Meyer-Siegler KL. Upregulation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and CD74, receptor for MIF, in rat bladder during persistent cyclophosphamide-induced inflammation. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2008; 233:620-6. [PMID: 18375833 DOI: 10.3181/0709-rm-240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is upregulated in the bladder during persistent cystitis. MIF is a pro-inflammatory cytokine found pre-formed in the urothelium. Previous findings showed that acute bladder inflammation increased MIF release into the bladder lumen while upregulating MIF and CD74 (MIF receptor) in the bladder. Because the effects of persistent cystitis on MIF and CD74 are not known, MIF and CD74 changes in the bladder were examined after short-term (1-day) or persistent (8-day) cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced bladder inflammation. Anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats received either a single CYP treatment (150 mg/kg, ip; saline, control) and examined 1 day after treatment (short-term), or repeated CYP doses (20-75 mg/ kg, ip; saline, control; every third day for 8 days) and examined after 8 days of treatment (persistent). MIF protein levels in urine and bladder were determined. In addition, Mif, CD74, and cox-2 expression in the bladder was determined. Histology verified cystitis and MIF and CD74 immunoreactivity in the bladder. Repeated CYP doses were decreased to avoid toxicity. Short-term or repeated low CYP doses (40 mg/kg; 8 days) increased urinary MIF and decreased bladder MIF amounts while upregulating bladder Mif and CD74 mRNA expression. Persistent CYP-induced bladder inflammation (even at 40 mg/kg; 8-day treatment) also upregulated other inflammatory cytokines (CCL5, IL-11, iNOS) in the bladder. Short-term and persistent (low dose) CYP cystitis are associated with markedly increased MIF release into the urine and upregulation of Mif and CD74 in bladder. This supports the hypothesis that MIF and CD74 play a significant role in both acute and persistent stages of bladder inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro L Vera
- Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Research & Development (151), 10000 Bay Pines Boulevard, Bay Pines, FL 33744, USA.
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Klinger MB, Girard B, Vizzard MA. p75NTR expression in rat urinary bladder sensory neurons and spinal cord with cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis. J Comp Neurol 2008; 507:1379-92. [PMID: 18189308 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A role for nerve growth factor (NGF) in contributing to increased voiding frequency and altered sensation from the urinary bladder has been suggested. Previous studies have examined the expression and regulation of tyrosine kinase receptors (Trks) in micturition reflexes with urinary bladder inflammation. The present studies examine the expression and regulation of another receptor known to bind NGF, p75(NTR), after various durations of bladder inflammation induced by cyclophosphamide (CYP). CYP-induced cystitis increased (P < or = 0.001) p75(NTR) expression in the superficial lateral and medial dorsal horn in L1-L2 and L6-S1 spinal segments. The number of p75(NTR)-immunoreactive (-IR) cells in the lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia (DRG) also increased (P < or = 0.05) with CYP-induced cystitis (acute, intermediate, and chronic). Quantitative, real-time polymerase chain reaction also demonstrated significant increases (P < or = 0.01) in p75(NTR) mRNA in DRG with intermediate and chronic CYP-induced cystitis. Retrograde dye-tracing techniques with Fastblue were used to identify presumptive bladder afferent cells in the lumbosacral DRG. In bladder afferent cells in DRG, p75(NTR)-IR was also increased (P < or = 0.01) with cystitis. In addition to increases in p75(NTR)-IR in DRG cell bodies, increases (P < or = 0.001) in pericellular (encircling DRG cells) p75(NTR)-IR in DRG also increased. Confocal analyses demonstrated that pericellular p75(NTR)-IR was not colocalized with the glial marker, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). These studies demonstrate that p75(NTR) expression in micturition reflexes is present constitutively and modified by bladder inflammation. The functional significance of p75(NTR) expression in micturition reflexes remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Beth Klinger
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
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