1
|
Bélanger JJ, Leander NP, Agostini M, Kreienkamp J, Stroebe W. Passion for guns and beliefs in a dangerous world: An examination of defensive gun ownership. Aggress Behav 2024; 50:e22146. [PMID: 38623794 DOI: 10.1002/ab.22146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
This research examines the notion of defensive gun ownership using the Dualistic Model of Passion. We hypothesized that an obsessive (vs. harmonious) passion for guns would be associated with a belief in a dangerous world (BDW). We expected this relationship to intensify in threatening contexts, leading to a more expansive view on defensive gun ownership. We tested this hypothesis across three threat contexts: a gun-control message (Study 1, N = 342), a live shooting simulation (Study 2, N = 398), and the aftermath of the Christchurch mass shootings (Study 3, N = 314). In the experimental Study 1, exposure to a gun-control message increased the intention to purchase guns among those with an obsessive passion (OP) for guns. Study 2 revealed that BDW mediated the relationship between OP and assertive modes of protection, the desire to purchase high-stopping-power guns, and anti-Black racial bias in a shooting task. Study 3 showed that knowledge of the Christchurch attack intensified the link between OP and BDW, leading to increased support for gun access, a willingness to act as a citizen-protector, and prejudice against Muslims. Comprehending these dynamics can assist policymakers in crafting messaging campaigns for firearm regulation and public safety measures that are more effective.
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang R, Shuai B, Huang W, Zhang S. Identification and screening of key traffic violations: based on the perspective of expressing driver's accident risk. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot 2024; 31:12-29. [PMID: 37585709 DOI: 10.1080/17457300.2023.2245804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Drawing on the core idea of Propensity Score Matching, this study proposes a new concept named Historical Traffic Violation Propensity to describe the driver's historical traffic violations, and combines the new concept with an improved mutual information-based feature selection algorithm to construct a method for screening key traffic violations from the perspective of expressing driver's accident risk. The validation analysis based on the real data collected in Shenzhen demonstrated that drivers' state of Historical Traffic Violation Propensity on 19 key traffic violations screened have a stronger predictive ability of their subsequent accidents compared to the level in existing research. The positive state of Historical Traffic Violation Propensity on 'Drinking', 'Parking in dangerous areas', 'Wrong use of turn lights', 'Violating prohibited and restricted traffic regulations', and 'Disobeying prohibition sign' will increase the probability of a driver's subsequent accident by more than 1.7 times. The research provides directions to more efficiently and accurately capture the driver's accident risk through historical traffic violations, which is valuable for identifying high-risk drivers as well as the key psychological or physical risk factors that manifest in daily driving activities and lead to subsequent accidents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- School of Transportation and Logistics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu Sichuan, China
- Institute of System Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu Sichuan, China
- National United Engineering Laboratory of Integrated and Intelligent Transportation, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu Sichuan, China
- School of Economics and Management, Chang'an University, Xi'an Shanxi, China
| | - Bin Shuai
- School of Transportation and Logistics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu Sichuan, China
- Institute of System Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu Sichuan, China
- National United Engineering Laboratory of Integrated and Intelligent Transportation, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu Sichuan, China
- School of Economics and Management, Chang'an University, Xi'an Shanxi, China
| | - Wencheng Huang
- School of Transportation and Logistics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu Sichuan, China
- Institute of System Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu Sichuan, China
- National United Engineering Laboratory of Integrated and Intelligent Transportation, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu Sichuan, China
- School of Economics and Management, Chang'an University, Xi'an Shanxi, China
| | - Shihang Zhang
- School of Transportation and Logistics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu Sichuan, China
- School of Economics and Management, Chang'an University, Xi'an Shanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sando OJ, Kleppe R, Sandseter EBH. Children's risk assessment in street crossing using virtual reality. J Safety Res 2024; 88:1-7. [PMID: 38485352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Crossing streets represents a risky task for children where they have to assess both the probability and harm severity of being hit by a vehicle. To cross streets safely, children must perceive and interpret the traffic environment and scale their movements to the flow of traffic. Their ability to gather information about the surrounding environment through visual search strategies is essential in this process. This study aimed to explore children's street crossing behaviors and to identify successful risk-assessment strategies. METHOD Virtual reality (VR) with built-in eye tracking was used for this investigation; 55 children between 7 and 10 years old completed six street crossing tasks with varying complexity and difficulty. RESULTS Varying competencies in street crossing were demonstrated among the children. Those who crossed safely looked to the left and right more often to check for traffic and spent more time assessing the traffic environment by following oncoming vehicles with their gaze before crossing than those who crossed dangerously. No apparent differences between children who crossed safely and those who crossed dangerously were found while crossing. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that dangerous street crossings were, on different levels, related to assessment time before crossing, visual search strategies during assessment time, and the tasks harm severity and probability risk. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Future research could suggestively include indicators such as assessment time and visual search strategies, and tasks could discern harm severity and probability risk. These indicators might also be considered for training programs aiming to enhance children's pedestrian safety.
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhou Y, Fu C, Jiang X, Yu Q, Liu H. Who might encounter hard-braking while speeding? Analysis for regular speeders using low-frequency taxi trajectories on arterial roads and explainable AI. Accid Anal Prev 2024; 195:107382. [PMID: 37979465 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2023.107382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Regular speeders are those who commit speeding recidivism during a period. Among their speeding behaviors, some occurring in specific scenarios may cause more hazards to road users. Therefore, there is a need to evaluate the driving risks if the regular speeders have different speeding propensities. This study considers speeding-related hard-braking events (SHEs) as a safety surrogate measure and recognizes the regular speeders who encounter at least one SHEs during the study period as risky individuals. To identify speeding behaviors and hard-braking events from low-frequency GPS trajectories, we compare the average travel speed between pairwise adjacent GPS points to the posted speed limit and examine the speed curve and the corresponding travel distance between these GPS points, respectively. Thereafter, a logistic model, XGBoost, and three 1D Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) including AlexNet CNN, Mini-AlexNet CNN, and Simple CNN are respectively developed to recognize the regular speeders who encountered SHEs based on their speeding propensities. The proposed Mini-AlexNet CNN achieves a global F1-score of 91% and recall of 90% on the testing data, which are superior to other models. Further, the study uses the Shapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP) framework to visually interpret the contribution of speeding propensities on SHE likelihood. It is found that speeding by 50% or greater for no more than 285 m is the most dangerous kind among all the speeding behaviors. Speeding on roads without bicycle lanes or on roads with roadside parking and excessive accesses increases the probability of encountering SHEs. Based on the analyses, we put forward tailored recommendations that aim to restrict hazard-related speeding behaviors rather than speeding behaviors of all kinds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhou
- Flight Technology College, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan 618307, China
| | - Chuanyun Fu
- School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Xinguo Jiang
- School of Transportation and Logistics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China; National United Engineering Laboratory of Integrated and Intelligent Transportation, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China; National Engineering Laboratory of Integrated Transportation Big Data Application Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Qiong Yu
- School of Transportation and Logistics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Haiyue Liu
- School of Transportation and Logistics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ma S, Xu S, Song J, Wang K, Qin H, Wang R. Study on driver's active emergency response in dangerous traffic scenes based on driving simulator. Traffic Inj Prev 2024; 25:116-121. [PMID: 38019530 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2023.2282948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A driver's active emergency response in dangerous traffic scenes consists of two parts, including reaction behavior and physiological state. In dangerous traffic scenes, the driver's active emergency response has an important impact on human collision injury. Clarifying the driver's active emergency response is an important prerequisite for the study of human collision injury under nonstandard posture. Therefore, this study investigates the driver's active emergency response in different inevitable collision scenes using driving simulator. METHODS A driving simulator with a high-speed camera system and human physiological signal acquisition system was first built. Then, three typical vehicle dangerous collision scenes were developed, including frontal collision, side collision, and rear-end collision. Finally, twenty participants (15 males and 5 females) were recruited for a driving experiment, and their active emergency responses were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS All subjects would rotate the steering wheel to the left or right in the active emergency state, and the rotation of the hand would also cause the subject's upper body to tilt in the same direction. The maximum angle for male subjects to rotate the steering wheel was 59.98°, while for the female subjects, it was 44.28°. In addition, the maximum grip force between the male subjects and the steering wheel was 280.5 N, compared to 192.5 N for female subjects. Compared to the female participants, the male participants not only have a greater rotation angle and a greater grip force on the steering wheel, but also have greater pressure on the brake pedal, and the foot moves quickly from the accelerator pedal to the brake pedal and presses the brake pedal. CONCLUSIONS Drivers have different active emergency responses to different vehicle collision scenes. Quantitative statistics of driver's active emergency response will have important guiding significance for the analysis of the impact of human active emergency response on human injury characteristics in subsequent vehicle collision experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Ma
- School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Suzhou Automobile Research Institute (Xiang Cheng), Tsinghua University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shucai Xu
- School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Suzhou Automobile Research Institute (Xiang Cheng), Tsinghua University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiafeng Song
- School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Suzhou Automobile Research Institute (Xiang Cheng), Tsinghua University, Suzhou, China
| | - Kejun Wang
- Suzhou Automobile Research Institute (Xiang Cheng), Tsinghua University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Robotics, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haoyi Qin
- Suzhou Automobile Research Institute (Xiang Cheng), Tsinghua University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ruixiang Wang
- Suzhou Automobile Research Institute (Xiang Cheng), Tsinghua University, Suzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hare SM, Benzer S, Knight SR, Rouhakhtar PR, Reeves GM, McDonald K, RachBeisel J. Virtual Civil Commitment Hearings: Convenience at the Cost of Compromised Communication and Safety Assessments. Psychiatr Serv 2024; 75:3-5. [PMID: 37960864 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.20230217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Hare
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Hare, Knight, Reeves, McDonald, RachBeisel); Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Catonsville (Hare); University of Maryland Medical System, Baltimore (Benzer); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Catonsville (Rouhakhtar)
| | - Sandra Benzer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Hare, Knight, Reeves, McDonald, RachBeisel); Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Catonsville (Hare); University of Maryland Medical System, Baltimore (Benzer); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Catonsville (Rouhakhtar)
| | - Stephanie R Knight
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Hare, Knight, Reeves, McDonald, RachBeisel); Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Catonsville (Hare); University of Maryland Medical System, Baltimore (Benzer); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Catonsville (Rouhakhtar)
| | - Pamela Rakhshan Rouhakhtar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Hare, Knight, Reeves, McDonald, RachBeisel); Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Catonsville (Hare); University of Maryland Medical System, Baltimore (Benzer); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Catonsville (Rouhakhtar)
| | - Gloria M Reeves
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Hare, Knight, Reeves, McDonald, RachBeisel); Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Catonsville (Hare); University of Maryland Medical System, Baltimore (Benzer); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Catonsville (Rouhakhtar)
| | - Kathryn McDonald
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Hare, Knight, Reeves, McDonald, RachBeisel); Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Catonsville (Hare); University of Maryland Medical System, Baltimore (Benzer); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Catonsville (Rouhakhtar)
| | - Jill RachBeisel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Hare, Knight, Reeves, McDonald, RachBeisel); Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Catonsville (Hare); University of Maryland Medical System, Baltimore (Benzer); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Catonsville (Rouhakhtar)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sánchez-López MT, Fernández-Berrocal P, Tagliabue M, Megías-Robles A. Spanish adaptation and validation of the Dula Dangerous Driving Index (DDDI). Aggress Behav 2024; 50:e22129. [PMID: 38268389 DOI: 10.1002/ab.22129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The Dula Dangerous Driving Index (DDDI) is a widely used questionnaire that measures the tendency to drive dangerously on the road through three different types of behaviors: aggressive driving, risky driving, and experiencing negative emotions while driving. This study aimed to develop a Spanish version of the DDDI and verify the reliability and validity of this questionnaire in the Spanish population. A community sample of 2174 Spanish participants (51.1% male; age range: 18-79 years) completed the 28-item Spanish version of the DDDI. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that a three-factor model fitted adequately to the data. Analysis of internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity showed that the Spanish adaptation of the DDDI had good psychometric properties and retains the theoretical consistency of the original scale. Gender and age differences were observed. The Spanish version of the DDDI can be considered a good instrument for assessing dangerous driving behavior, thus contributing to the cross-cultural study of these types of behaviors and the possible development of intervention programs aimed at reducing road traffic accidents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María T Sánchez-López
- Department of Basic Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Mariaelena Tagliabue
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Mobility and Behavior Research Center (MoBe), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Alberto Megías-Robles
- Department of Basic Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sinyor M, Fraser L, Reidenberg D, Yip PSF, Niederkrotenthaler T. The Kenneth Law Media Event - A Dangerous Natural Experiment. Crisis 2024; 45:1-7. [PMID: 38252508 DOI: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Sinyor
- Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Dan Reidenberg
- National Council for Suicide Prevention, Burnsville, MN, USA
| | - Paul S F Yip
- The Hong Kong Jockey Club Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Thomas Niederkrotenthaler
- Unit Suicide Research & Mental Health Promotion, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Centre for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- Wiener Werkstaette for Suicide Research, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jiang K, Liu Y, Yu Z, Huang Z. Effects of smartwatch usage on Children's street-crossing behavior and visual attention allocation: An experimental study on street crossing in a real road environment. Accid Anal Prev 2024; 194:107364. [PMID: 37925759 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2023.107364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of smartwatches is facilitating the lives of children. However, smartwatch usage while crossing a street may lead to distractions and traffic safety hazards. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of smartwatch usage on the street-crossing behavior and visual strategies of children. Twenty-two children were recruited, and 220 street-crossing experiments were performed in real road environments, including at signalized and unsignalized intersections. ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis H test calibrations were used to analyze the street-crossing behavior between the control group (who performed a task without smartwatch distraction) and the experimental group (who performed four different tasks with smartwatch distraction), and to visualize and compare the visual behavior data of children crossing the street. The results showed that children wearing smartwatches crossed the street more slowly and had a relatively narrow range of visual search, focusing on only a small area of the zebra crossing around them and the crosswalk area within their sight, whereas children who did not wear smartwatches additionally focused on areas with dangerous oncoming traffic on the left and right sides. Children wearing smartwatches were under various mental workloads and distraction levels as they performed the various distracting tasks, with listening to stories being the least distracting and least intensive, followed by answering phone calls and viewing images; a simple arithmetic operation was the most distracting and intensive task. Children while performing the distracting tasks showed a lower street-crossing speed and scanned left and right fewer times; viewing images and performing the simple arithmetic task also increased their fixation time on the smartwatches, further affecting their street-crossing behavior and thus increasing the risk of collision. At signalized intersections, children paid more attention to hazardous oncoming traffic areas and exhibited cautious crossing behaviors compared with that at unsignalized intersections. This study elucidated the characteristics of the effects of smartwatch usage on the street-crossing behavior of children and the influence pattern of the visual attention allocation and revealed the hazards of smartwatch usage on the street-crossing safety. It can contribute to improving the safety cognition of children distracted by smartwatch usage and reducing the occurrence of distracting behaviors while crossing streets. The results can provide a theoretical basis for scientific interventions and safety improvement measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Jiang
- School of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, PR China
| | - Yanting Liu
- School of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, PR China
| | - Zhenhua Yu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, PR China.
| | - Zhipeng Huang
- School of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Psarras A, Panagiotidis T, Andronikidis A. The short-term impact of a referendum on motor vehicle collisions casualties. Traffic Inj Prev 2023; 25:65-69. [PMID: 37815789 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2023.2262660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A referendum took place in Greece on the 5th of July 2015 to decide whether the suggested bailout would be accepted. Since this was the first one since 1974, the period between the referendum and the subsequent national elections was characterized by increased uncertainty and had spillover effects in many aspects of everyday life. We take advantage of this quasi-experiment to investigate the short-term impact of the referendum on vehicle collisions casualties. METHODS We use data from the daily number of injuries and fatalities caused by vehicle collisions in 2015 and employ a difference-in-differences approach, comparing trends before and after the referendum. RESULTS We reveal that the referendum had a short-term impact on road traffic casualties (4.14 more casualties per day), compared to what would have been expected in the absence of the referendum. CONCLUSIONS The study provides evidence that negative emotions and anxiety, due to uncertainty, could promote dangerous driving behavior. Preventive and traffic control measures may need to be considered by policy makers during periods of uncertainty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Psarras
- Department of Business Administration, University of Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Andreas Andronikidis
- Department of Business Administration, University of Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Herrera-Pérez V, Salguero-Caparrós F, Pardo-Ferreira MDC, Rubio-Romero JC. Key Factors in Crane-Related Occupational Accidents in the Spanish Construction Industry (2012-2021). Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:7080. [PMID: 37998311 PMCID: PMC10671632 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20227080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The construction industry is one of the riskiest sectors worldwide, with crane operations being one of the most dangerous activities. The aim of this study was to gain insight into the key factors involved in crane-related occupational accidents in the construction industry in Spain. To this end, 1314 accidents involving cranes were analyzed from a total of 241,937 accidents that occurred in the construction of buildings. The data were collected from the Spanish government's occupational accident statistics corresponding to the years 2012-2021. The results evidenced a statistically significant relationship between cranes as the material agent and the size of the company, with 95% of cases corresponding to small- or medium-sized companies (less than 250 employees). Additionally, it shows how the crane operator is identified as a material contributor to crane accidents in the construction industry, and may be considered a key component to these accidents. In conclusion, improving the knowledge gained about the key factors in crane-related accidents at work in the construction industry provides essential information that helps to design and implement appropriate preventive measures to avoid the recurrence of unwanted events with these machines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Salguero-Caparrós
- Department of Economics and Business Administration, School of Industrial Engineering, University of Málaga, C/Doctor Ortiz Ramos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (V.H.-P.); (M.d.C.P.-F.); (J.C.R.-R.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Walshe EA, Elliott MR, Cheng S, Romer D, Curry AE, Grethlein D, Gonzalez AK, Winston FK. Driving Skills at Licensure and Time to First Crash. Pediatrics 2023; 152:e2022060817. [PMID: 37842724 PMCID: PMC10598635 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2022-060817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Young drivers are overrepresented in crashes, and newly licensed drivers are at high risk, particularly in the months immediately post-licensure. Using a virtual driving assessment (VDA) implemented in the licensing workflow in Ohio, this study examined how driving skills measured at the time of licensure contribute to crash risk post-licensure in newly licensed young drivers. METHODS This study examined 16 914 young drivers (<25 years of age) in Ohio who completed the VDA at the time of licensure and their subsequent police-reported crash records. By using the outcome of time to first crash, a Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate the risk of a crash during the follow-up period as a function of VDA Driving Class (and Skill Cluster) membership. RESULTS The best performing No Issues Driving Class had a crash risk 10% lower than average (95% confidence interval [CI] 13% to 6%), whereas the Major Issues with Dangerous Behavior Class had a crash risk 11% higher than average (95% CI 1% to 22%). These results withstood adjusting for covariates (age, sex, and tract-level socioeconomic status indicators). At the same time, drivers licensed at age 18 had a crash risk 16% higher than average (95% CI 6% to 27%). CONCLUSIONS This population-level study reveals that driving skills measured at the time of licensure are a predictor of crashes early in licensure, paving the way for better prediction models and targeted, personalized interventions. The authors of future studies should explore time- and exposure-varying risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Walshe
- Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael R. Elliott
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Michigan
- University of Michigan Institute for Social Research, Michigan
| | - Shukai Cheng
- Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel Romer
- Annenberg Public Policy Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Allison E. Curry
- Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David Grethlein
- Diagnostic Driving, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Computer Science Department, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alexander K. Gonzalez
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Flaura K. Winston
- Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu P, Zheng J, Wang Y, Chen L, Lin L, Wang Y. Motor inhibition impacts the motor interference effect of dangerous objects based on a prime-target grasping consistency judgment task. Int J Psychophysiol 2023; 193:112248. [PMID: 37778535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.112248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Whether motor inhibition impacts the motor interference effect of dangerous objects is controversial. Previous studies have manipulated task type and found that dangerous objects elicited increased motor inhibition compared to safe objects in the reachability judgment task but not in the categorization task. However, it was still unclear why motor inhibition was reduced for dangerous objects in the categorization task. We speculated that the activation strength of object affordance might modulate the occurrence of motor inhibition. To test this hypothesis, the present study designed a prime-target grasping consistency judgment task and manipulated target grips (power grip vs. precision grip), target dangerousness (dangerous vs. safe), and Go/NoGo (Go vs. NoGo). The results showed that under the condition of high activation strength of the target affordance (i.e., power grip targets), processing dangerous targets evoked increased motor inhibition (reflected by a more negative frontal N2 component) compared to safe targets and produced a motor interference effect in reaction time (RT). In contrast, under the condition of low target affordance activation strength (i.e., precision grip targets), processing dangerous targets facilitated RT compared to safe targets, with no difference found between the dangerous and safe conditions in the frontal N2 component. Furthermore, compared to safe objects, dangerous objects attracted more attention and recruited more cognitive resources to select appropriate responses to them. This study extended the findings of previous studies on the motor interference effect by highlighting the importance of activation strength for eliciting motor inhibition based on the prime-target consistency judgment task.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- School of Public Administration, School of Emergency Management, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Jiali Zheng
- School of Public Administration, School of Emergency Management, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongchun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Behavior & Cognitive Neuroscience in Shaanxi Province, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lu Chen
- School of Public Administration, School of Emergency Management, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Leyun Lin
- Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Yonghui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Behavior & Cognitive Neuroscience in Shaanxi Province, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang J, Liu P. Investigating the cognitive processing of tools: Effects of dangerousness and directionality on attentional biases. Conscious Cogn 2023; 115:103580. [PMID: 37742527 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2023.103580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Research has found a tool-based head-superiority effect (responses are faster to target stimuli that appear at the head than at the handle position). However, these studies did not consider the effects of directionality and dangerousness. This study investigated how directionality and dangerousness influence the head-superiority effect. Subjects were required to respond to the target location in all experiments. Experiment 1 manipulated the directionality, dangerousness and target location. Experiment 2 matched the sharpness of the tool tip in the directed conditions. Experiment 3 shortened the presentation time of the cue stimuli from 800 ms to 200 ms. Experiment 4 selected four tools with different functions to rule out an alternative explanation caused by functional repetition. The results indicate that a head-superiority effect emerges in the directed condition, and that dangerousness modulates the magnitude of this effect during the 800 ms condition. However, the modulation effect of dangerousness diminishes during the 200 ms condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Wang
- School of Public Administration/School of Emergency Management, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peng Liu
- School of Public Administration/School of Emergency Management, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Iffland JA, Schmidt AF. "Stigmatization and perceived dangerousness for intrafamilial child sexual abuse of fathers with a history of sexual offenses and paraphilic interests: Results from a survey of legal psychological experts". Child Abuse Negl 2023; 144:106348. [PMID: 37478734 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrafamilial child sexual abuse (ICSA) is a puzzling phenomenon that is not well understood by researches. Nevertheless, psychologists are demanded to assess the risk for child maltreatment by family courts regarding male caregivers with a history of sex offenses and/or paraphilic interests. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess legal psychological experts' perspective on risk assessment in family court proceedings regarding ICSA, their opinions regarding the necessity of contact limitations between fathers/stepfathers who might impose a risk for ICSA, and experts' stigmatization of minor-attracted persons. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING 153 psychological experts working in family court proceedings were assessed via an online survey. METHOD Jahnke's Stigma Inventory was used as well as a questionnaire tapping into different contact limitations, the perception of child maltreatment risk, and parental capacity. Network analysis was conducted to multivariately investigate item intercorrelations. RESULTS Fathers/stepfathers with a diagnosed pedophilic disorder are being regarded as most dangerous, 71 % of the experts agreed with the necessity of a complete contact ban. Reduced parental capacity and increased risk for child maltreatment was observed with regard to sexual offending history and paraphilias. CONCLUSIONS Psychological experts in family court proceedings hardly discriminate between sexual offending and paraphilic interests which might be associated with stigmatizing attitudes and lack of experience. An increasing cooperation between family psychologists and experts of forensic risk assessment might reduce the risk of stigmatization and may contribute to more adequate risk assessments for ICSA thus aiding to prevent children from sexual victimization or misinformed risk management interventions.
Collapse
|
16
|
Beltzer ML, Moulder RG, Baker C, Comer K, Teachman BA. Effects of Mass Shootings on Mental Illness Stigma in the United States. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2023; 49:1231-1247. [PMID: 35658698 DOI: 10.1177/01461672221097180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although the vast majority of people with mental illness (PWMI) are not violent, Americans tend to think they are more dangerous than the general population. Because negative media portrayals may contribute to stigma, we used time-series analyses to examine changes in the public's perceived dangerousness of PWMI around six mass shootings whose perpetrators were reported to have a mental illness. From 2011 to 2019, 38,094 U.S. participants completed an online study assessing implicit and explicit perceived dangerousness of PWMI. There were large, upward spikes in perceived dangerousness the week of the Sandy Hook mass shooting that were relatively short-lived. However, there was not a consistent pattern of effects for other events analyzed, and any other spikes observed were smaller. Effects tended to be larger for explicit versus implicit perceived dangerousness. Sandy Hook seemed to temporarily worsen perceived dangerousness of PWMI, but this pattern was not observed for other mass shootings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Casey Baker
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Kara Comer
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Perez NM. Deadly Initiations: Characteristics of Hazing Deaths in the United States (1994-2019). Violence Vict 2023; 38:536-555. [PMID: 37380341 DOI: 10.1891/vv-2021-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
On American college campuses, numerous students have died as a result of hazing activities perpetrated in fraternities, sororities, and other student groups. Still, little is known about the common characteristics among these hazing deaths. This study aims to investigate the circumstances surrounding these fatal incidents by examining hazing deaths that occurred at institutions of higher education in the United States from 1994 to 2019. This analysis revealed common characteristics related to the victims, organizations, institutions, incidents, and outcomes of these deaths. The findings support past hazing research, as victims were predominantly males pledging social fraternities. Although hazing deaths were widespread, there was variation among institutional characteristics, region, and size. The perpetrators of these incidents faced legal ramifications, including criminal convictions and civil lawsuits. The recognition of these trends can improve our understanding of the conditions present when dangerous hazing activities occur and the best practices for prevention and response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Perez
- School of Criminology, Criminal Justice, and Emergency Management, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Taylor
- Nigel Taylor is a locum vet and consultant vet for the University of Exeter
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pan C, Ma J, Li Y, Lu Y, Shan L, Chang R. Sex difference in driving speed management: The mediation effect of impulse control. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288653. [PMID: 37459346 PMCID: PMC10351722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that male drivers drive faster than female drivers, but there is no agreement on whether impulsivity could induce this sex difference, nor is there a cross-sectional comparison of the effects of different road environments. The purpose of this study was to verify whether impulsivity and impulse control could explain the sex differences in driving speed. A driving simulator study (study 1, N = 41) was performed to investigate whether there were sex differences in driving speeds in two road sections of different complexity, and a questionnaire survey (study 2, N = 163) was conducted to investigate the relationship between sex, impulsivity, impulse control and driving behavior of the participants. The results showed that male drivers drove faster on simple roads, but this difference did not show on complex roads. There were no sex differences in impulsivity traits, but male participants had significant lower levels of impulse control. The results also reveal a partial mediating role of impulse control in the relationship between sex and driving speed. These results suggest that impulse control can predict dangerous driving behaviors and is an important factor in explaining sex differences in driving speed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Pan
- Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jinfei Ma
- Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ye Li
- Dalian Technician College of Transportation, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Dalian Technician College of Transportation, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Lixin Shan
- Dalian Technician College of Transportation, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ruosong Chang
- Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
de Oliveira GC, Dumay HO, da Silva TP, Fraga MCO, Valença AM. Cessation of dangerousness status in Brasília, Brazil: An analysis of 144 reports from Federal District Medical Examiner's Office in the last 10 years. Behav Sci Law 2023; 41:172-185. [PMID: 36602124 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate factors related to cessation of dangerousness of individuals under safety measures, through the study of psychiatric reports. This is a cross-sectional study, conducted through a retrospective analysis of expert psychiatric dangerousness cessation reports issued by the Federal District Coroner's Office, Brasília, Brazil. By examining official files, information was extracted from the reports (socio-demographic data, clinical characteristics, type of crime, historical characteristics and the search for items related to risk assessment present in instruments such as Historical, Clinical and Risk Management [HCR-20], Psychopathy Checklist - Revised [PCL-R], Two-Tiered Violence Risk Scale [TTV], Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability [START] and others) and submitted to statistical analysis and then compared to other studies on the subject. The items most considered by the experts were those referring to PCL-R, START and the "non static" part of HCR-20 and TTV. For the non-cessation of dangerousness, we've found: absence of remorse, fragile behavioral control, early behavioral problems, juvenile delinquency. For the cessation of dangerousness, we've found: presence of social skills, balanced emotional state, presence of social support, adherence to rules, good coping strategies, involvement with treatment and adherence. The systematization and standardization of forensic psychiatric reports needs to be established and the use of risk assessment instruments are essential to support better decisions by the experts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Carvalho de Oliveira
- Centro Universitário de Brasília (UniCEUB), Brasília, Brazil
- University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Government of Brasília in Emergency Service - SAMU, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Henrique Oliveira Dumay
- Centro Universitário de Brasília (UniCEUB), Brasília, Brazil
- Federal District Coroner's Office, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Thayná Pereira da Silva
- Escola Superior em Ciências de Saúde do Distrito Federal, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre Martins Valença
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang J, Lee J, Abdel-Aty M, Zheng O, Xiao G. Enhanced index of risk assessment of lane change on expressway weaving segments: A case study of an expressway in China. Accid Anal Prev 2023; 180:106909. [PMID: 36493727 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2022.106909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Vehicles frequently change lanes at weaving segments, and there is a high probability of collision. To assess the risk of lane change, this study proposes a novel lane change risk assessment index (LCRAI), which takes both exposure time and conflict severity into consideration. First, the generalized time-to-collision (GTTC) and exposure-to-risk index (ERI) are proposed to evaluate conflicts during lane change, and then a spatiotemporal overlap analysis is applied to exclude the cases when two vehicles arrive at the conflict area at different times. Second, the change of velocity after a crash occurrence is calculated and used to evaluate the severity risk (SRI). Finally, ERI and SRI are combined to compute the LCRAI. A case study of a weaving segment is conducted, and the weaving segment is divided into four sections to compare their risks. Conflict frequency on the section close to the exit is the largest and it is smallest after passing the exit, while conflict severity is most serious just after entering the main line on the middle lane. As for both conflict frequency and severity, LCRAI shows that the middle section is the most dangerous while the last 100 m section is the safest in the weaving segment. The index proposed will contribute to the risk assessment of lane change in connected environments and improve safety in weaving segments of expressway combined with real-time safety countermeasures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinbao Zhang
- School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410075, China
| | - Jaeyoung Lee
- School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410075, China; Department of Civil, Environmental & Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, United States.
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Aty
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, United States
| | - Ou Zheng
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, United States
| | - Guiming Xiao
- School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410075, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Barthel C, Halvachizadeh S, Gamble JG, Pape HC, Rauer T. Recreational Skydiving-Really That Dangerous? A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:1254. [PMID: 36674008 PMCID: PMC9859333 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Skydiving have gained mainstream popularity over the past decades. However, limited data exist on the injury risk or type associated with skydiving. This systematic review evaluated the injuries and fatalities of civilian skydivers. A PRISMA-guided literature search was performed in MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase using the following MeSH terms: "skydiving" or "parachute" alone or in combination with "injury" or "trauma" was performed including all studies through June 2022 in both English and German. Additionally, injury reports from the German, American, and British Parachute Associations were reviewed. Of the 277 articles matching the selected search terms, 10 original articles and 34 non-scientific reports from various skydiving associations were included. More than 62 million jumps were evaluated, with an average of 3,200,000 jumps per year, which showed an average injury rate of 0.044% and an average fatality rate of 0.0011%. The most common injuries sustained by recreational skydivers involved the lumbar spine and lower extremities. Injuries were most commonly reported during the landing sequence. With modern equipment and training methods, fatalities occur in less than 1 per 100,000 cases, and serious injuries requiring hospitalization in less than 2 per 10,000 cases. This puts the assessment of skydiving as a high-risk sport into perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Barthel
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sacha Halvachizadeh
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Hans-Christoph Pape
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Rauer
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Loeb J, Gray A. Dog attacks: why was 2022 so bad? Vet Rec 2022; 191:487-489. [PMID: 36524653 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A higher than usual number of human deaths attributed to dog attacks in 2022 has prompted renewed focus on questions relating to 'dangerous dogs', but as Josh Loeb and Arabella Gray find out, answers appear scarce.
Collapse
|
24
|
Burns AB, Garner AA, Avion A, Becker SP, Kofler MJ, Jarrett MA, Luebbe AM, Burns GL. ADHD and dangerous driving in emerging adults: The moderating role of family climate for road safety. Accid Anal Prev 2022; 178:106819. [PMID: 36174249 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2022.106819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dangerous driving accounts for 95% of driving fatalities among emerging adults. Emerging adult drivers exhibiting symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are at greater risk for motor vehicle crashes and engaging in unsafe driving practices; however, not all individuals with ADHD symptoms exhibit such risk. Several studies have found that drivers' perceptions of their family's values and priorities related to driving practices predict driving outcomes among emerging adults; these factors have not been examined in the context of ADHD symptomology. We examined family climate for road safety as a moderator of ADHD symptoms and dangerous driving behaviors in a sample of college students. A total of 4,392 participants completed surveys measuring self-reported ADHD symptoms, dangerous driving behavior, and family climate for road safety. Results indicated that higher levels of parental feedback weakened the relation between ADHD symptoms and aggressive driving; higher levels of parental monitoring strengthened this relationship. Higher levels of parental monitoring strengthened the association between ADHD symptoms and negative emotion while driving. When participants perceived their parents as having high levels of noncommitment to road safety, the association between ADHD symptoms and self-reported risky driving increased. Higher levels of open communication about unsafe driving attenuated the relation between ADHD and risky driving. Overall, some but not all components of family climate for road safety appear to affect the relation between ADHD symptoms and dangerous driving in the expected direction.
Collapse
|
25
|
Hao Z, Li Z, Dang X, Ma Z, Wang Y. mm-DSF: A Method for Identifying Dangerous Driving Behaviors Based on the Lateral Fusion of Micro-Doppler Features Combined. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:8929. [PMID: 36433527 PMCID: PMC9697897 DOI: 10.3390/s22228929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To address the dangerous driving behaviors prevalent among current car drivers, it is necessary to provide real-time, accurate warning and correction of driver's driving behaviors in a small, movable, and enclosed space. In this paper, we propose a method for detecting dangerous behaviors based on frequency-modulated continuous-wave radar (mm-DSF). The highly packaged millimeter-wave radar chip has good in-vehicle emotion recognition capability. The acquired millimeter-wave differential frequency signal is Fourier-transformed to obtain the intermediate frequency signal. The physiological decomposition of the local micro-Doppler feature spectrum of the target action is then used as the eigenvalue. Matrix signal intensity and clutter filtering are performed by analyzing the signal echo model of the input channel. The signal classification is based on the estimation and variety of the feature vectors of the target key actions using a modified and optimized level fusion method of the SlowFast dual-channel network. Nine typical risky driving behaviors were set up by the Dula Hazard Questionnaire and TEIQue-SF, and the accuracy of the classification results of the self-built dataset was analyzed to verify the high robustness of the method. The recognition accuracy of this method increased by 1.97% compared with the traditional method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanjun Hao
- College of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Province Internet of Things Engineering Research Center, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Zepei Li
- College of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xiaochao Dang
- College of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Province Internet of Things Engineering Research Center, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Zhongyu Ma
- College of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chung KL, Sheridan L. Perceptions of Stalking: Examining Perceivers' Country of Origin, Perpetrator-Target Prior Relationship, and the Mediating Effect of Victim Responsibility. J Interpers Violence 2022; 37:NP19644-NP19663. [PMID: 34490815 PMCID: PMC9554380 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211042601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Research in stalking perceptions has shown certain relational biases, in which people tend to view ex-partner stalkers to be less dangerous than stranger or acquaintance stalkers. These findings are in direct contrast to those of real-life cases whereby ex-partner stalkers pose a greater threat. In addition, although stalking is recognized as a global social problem, most studies have been based on samples drawn from Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic countries. The current study examined whether the prior relationship between the stalking perpetrator and target influences people's perceptions of stalking and whether cross-national differences exist between participants based in Malaysia (where there is currently no law that criminalizes stalking) and England (where stalking has been outlawed since 1997). In a 3 × 2 between-subjects design, 294 Malaysian participants and 170 English participants were presented with a vignette describing a stalking scenario in which the perpetrator was depicted as a stranger, acquaintance, or ex-partner. Participants judged the extent to which the perpetrator's behavior constitutes stalking; necessitates police intervention; would cause the victim alarm or personal distress; would cause the victim to fear the use of violence; and can be attributed to encouragement on the part of the victim. Results showed that typical relational biases existed in both samples, but Malaysian participants were less likely than their English counterparts to label any harassing scenario as serious. Perceptions of victim responsibility were found to mediate the effect of prior relationship and nationality on participants' perceptions. The findings point to the urgency of better cross-cultural understanding of harassment behavior as well as legislations against stalking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li Chung
- University of Reading Malaysia,
Nusajaya, Johor, Malaysia
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yan W, Wong SC, Loo BPY, Wu CYH, Huang H, Pei X, Meng F. An assessment of the effect of green signal countdown timers on drivers' behavior and on road safety at intersections, based on driving simulator experiments and naturalistic observation studies. J Safety Res 2022; 82:1-12. [PMID: 36031236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Motor-vehicle crashes at signalized intersections are a significant traffic safety problem. To address this problem, many Asian cities have installed signal countdown displays at signalized intersections, aiming to assist drivers to make correct decisions in response to traffic signals. METHOD In this study, we assessed the short-term and long-term effects of green signal countdown timers (GSCTs) on road safety, using a combination of driving simulator experiments and naturalistic observations. RESULTS In our driving simulator experiments, 80 participants drove at 50 km/h in scenarios in which a car either approached a signalized intersection alone or following another car. In naturalistic observations, short-term (1-week) and long-term (1-year) intersection safety in the presence and absence of GSCTs were compared. These observations revealed that GSCTs reduced the number of red-light-running violations over the short term, but not over the long term. In fact, GSCTs appeared to lead to an overall increase in rear-end crash risk at intersections, as their presence resulted in drivers exhibiting more sudden acceleration and braking, and altered intersection-crossing speeds and patterns. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that GSCTs worsen safety at signalized intersections, and thus their removal should be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yan
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - S C Wong
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China; Guangdong - Hong Kong - Macau Joint Laboratory for Smart Cities, China
| | - Becky P Y Loo
- Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China; Guangdong - Hong Kong - Macau Joint Laboratory for Smart Cities, China
| | - Connor Y H Wu
- Department of Geospatial Informatics, College of Arts and Sciences, Troy University, Troy, AL, USA
| | - Helai Huang
- School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Pei
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Fanyu Meng
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Department of Statistics and Data Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wang C, He J, Yan X, Zhang C, Chen Y, Ye Y. Temporal-spatial evolution analysis of severe traffic violations using three functional forms of models considering the diurnal variation of meteorology. Accid Anal Prev 2022; 174:106731. [PMID: 35696853 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2022.106731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Traffic violations and crashes are inherently associated. Analysis of traffic violation frequency is a prerequisite for improvements in crash prevention and corresponding countermeasures. One of the essential works in the field of traffic violations relates to the exploration of the correlations between a certain violation type (e.g., speeding or safety belt use) and its causal factors (e.g., demographics and road types). Till now, the effects of spatiotemporal and meteorological factors on severe traffic violations, a general term for dangerous driving behaviors, have not been fully considered. Using the dataset consisting of daily severe traffic violations and meteorological conditions during 12 months in Jiangsu Province, China, violation performance functions were developed for three violation types (total violations, driving under the influence, and speeding) based on three models (Poisson regression, zero-inflated Poisson regression, and negative binomial model). The findings indicate that the negative binomial model has a better performance for traffic violation frequency estimation. Additionally, elastic analysis for three violation types relying on the negative binomial model was conducted to present the relationships between the explanatory variables and the expected violation frequency. The effects of spatiotemporal factors have revealed that the violation situations are significantly different in varying cities and the frequency of drunk driving shows a significant time instability. It is also found that rainy days will generate a decrease in the possibility of violation occurrence. With regard to temperature, a significant negative effect is found and the decrease in temperature will bring about an increase in violation frequency. Besides, traffic violation frequency is significantly increased during holidays with comfortable weather conditions. The conclusion of this study can provide insightful suggestions for the department of traffic enforcement to adjust the patrol plans according to the specified periods (weeks, months, or holidays) and weather conditions. Special rectification actions and targeted educational activities are also advised to be put forward simultaneously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenwei Wang
- School of Transportation, Southeast University, 2 Si pai lou, Nanjing 210096, PR China.
| | - Jie He
- School of Transportation, Southeast University, 2 Si pai lou, Nanjing 210096, PR China.
| | - Xintong Yan
- School of Transportation, Southeast University, 2 Si pai lou, Nanjing 210096, PR China.
| | - Changjian Zhang
- School of Transportation, Southeast University, 2 Si pai lou, Nanjing 210096, PR China.
| | - Yikai Chen
- School of Automotive and Transportation Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 # Tunxi Road, 230009 Hefei, PR China.
| | - Yuntao Ye
- School of Transportation, Southeast University, 2 Si pai lou, Nanjing 210096, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Stephens AN, Newnam S, Young KL. Preliminary evidence of the efficacy of the Reducing Aggressive Driving (RAD) program. J Safety Res 2022; 82:438-449. [PMID: 36031274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2022.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aggressive driving contributes to crashes, which often result in serious or fatal injuries. Efforts to reduce road trauma need to include strategies to reduce emotional and aggressive driving. Thus far, solutions have not comprehensively addressed the reasons why drivers become aggressive. This study provides preliminary evidence of the effectiveness of the Reduce Aggressive driving (RAD) program in improving driver behavior. The RAD is based on group discussion, feedback, and goal setting to encourage more positive responses to triggers for aggressive driving. The aim of this study was to evaluate the delivery of the RAD and its impact on driver anger and aggression. METHOD A total of 94 drivers, ranging in age from 18 to 74 years (Mean = 38; SD = 15; 56% males) attended one two-hour online RAD session during which they identified triggers for their aggression and developed individual strategies to avoid aggressive driving. Most (87%) participants agreed that the RAD helped them generate realistic strategies to avoid aggressive driving. A subset of 67 participants provided self-reported anger and aggressive driving tendencies one month, and four months after the RAD. RESULTS When these were compared to baseline measures taken before participation in the RAD, decreases across all measures were observed. Thus, anger and aggressive driving significantly decreased one month after the RAD, and these decreases were maintained at the four month follow up; providing evidence of the effectiveness of the RAD in reducing these dangerous behaviors. Further research is needed to objectively measure changes in behavior to and support broader roll-out of the RAD program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N Stephens
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, 21 Alliance Way, Australia.
| | - Sharon Newnam
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, 21 Alliance Way, Australia; Queensland University of Technology, School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kristie L Young
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, 21 Alliance Way, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Brijs T, Mauriello F, Montella A, Galante F, Brijs K, Ross V. Studying the effects of an advanced driver-assistance system to improve safety of cyclists overtaking. Accid Anal Prev 2022; 174:106763. [PMID: 35780562 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2022.106763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Among all crashes involving cyclists, a motorist approaching from behind a cyclist on a shared lane is particularly dangerous and likely to result in serious injuries and fatalities. Previous research has highlighted that inadequate lateral distance and high vehicle speed are among the main contributing factors of crashes involving cars overtaking cyclists. A new advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) which supports drivers as they overtake cyclists was designed to avoid or, at least, mitigate crashes. In human-machine interface (HMI) design, the information was presented via multiple modalities with a multistage warning system. A combination of lateral clearance (LC) and time-to-danger (TTD) parameters was used as ADAS activation criterion. Experimentation was carried out using the medium-fidelity driving simulator at the Transportation Research Institute (IMOB) of Hasselt University in Belgium. Forty-eight drivers drove the two-lane rural experimental route two times, in baseline condition and with the ADAS activated, testing three overtaking events. Statistical tests showed that the proposed in-vehicle driving assistance system had a significant effect in increasing 1) the length of the passing phase, 2) the LC in the overtaking passing phase, and 3) the TTD along the overtaking maneuver. No effect of the ADAS system on vehicle speed was observed. Overall, the designed system is effective in improving car-cyclist overtaking behaviour in terms of both safety and cyclists' mobility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Brijs
- UHasselt, School of Transportation Sciences, Transportation Research Institute (IMOB), Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Filomena Mauriello
- University of Naples Federico II, Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Naples, Italy.
| | - Alfonso Montella
- University of Naples Federico II, Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Galante
- University of Naples Federico II, Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Kris Brijs
- UHasselt, School of Transportation Sciences, Transportation Research Institute (IMOB), Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Veerle Ross
- UHasselt, School of Transportation Sciences, Transportation Research Institute (IMOB), Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Laurinaitytė I, Michailovič I, Jarutienė L. Dealing with stalking cases in Lithuania: The role of public perceptions and legal response. Behav Sci Law 2022; 40:660-676. [PMID: 36156288 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Stalking is considered a dangerous form of victimization that requires an effective criminal justice response. In this current research, we aimed (1) to examine lifetime prevalence of stalking victimization and public perceptions of stalking as well as (2) to investigate the characteristics of stalking cases in recent court practice in Lithuania. In Study 1, a web-based survey on a representative sample of 1517 respondents aged 18-87 years was conducted. In Study 2, an analysis of 100 court decisions was performed in stalking-related criminal cases from 2016 to 2020. The research findings (i.e., stalking victimization and public perceptions of stalking phenomenon, coercive measures that were ordered in pre-trial investigation, and sentences imposed closing the cases) are discussed in terms of the latest legal developments and existing response options, as well as considerations for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Laurinaitytė
- Law Institute of the Lithuanian Centre for Social Sciences, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Institute of Psychology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ilona Michailovič
- Law Institute of the Lithuanian Centre for Social Sciences, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Liubovė Jarutienė
- Law Institute of the Lithuanian Centre for Social Sciences, Vilnius, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Boboc RG, Voinea GD, Buzdugan ID, Antonya C. Talking on the Phone While Driving: A Literature Review on Driving Simulator Studies. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:ijerph191710554. [PMID: 36078267 PMCID: PMC9517811 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Distracted driving is a growing concern around the world and has been the focus of many naturalistic and simulator-based studies. Driving simulators provide excellent practical and theoretical help in studying the driving process, and considerable efforts have been made to prove their validity. This research aimed to review relevant simulator-based studies focused on investigating the effects of the talking-on-the-phone-while-driving distraction on drivers' behavior. This work is a scoping review which followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. The search was performed on five databases, covering twenty years of research results. It was focused on finding answers to three research questions that could offer an overview of the main sources of distraction, the research infrastructure, and the measures that were used to analyze and predict the effects of distractions. A number of 4332 studies were identified in the database search, from which 83 were included in the review. The main findings revealed that TPWD distraction negatively affects driving performance, exposing drivers to dangerous traffic situations. Moreover, there is a general understanding that the driver's cognitive, manual, visual, and auditory resources are all involved, to a certain degree, when executing a secondary task while driving.
Collapse
|
33
|
Davey B, Mills L, Freeman J, Parkes A, Davey J. Does past offending behaviors catch up with you? A study examining the relationship between traffic offending history and fatal crash involvement. Traffic Inj Prev 2022; 23:385-389. [PMID: 35878005 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2022.2099846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the current study was to compare the traffic histories of drivers fatally injured in a road traffic crash, to alive drivers of the same age and gender in order to determine if key markers of increased fatality-risk could be identified. METHODS The case sample comprised 1,139 (82% male) deceased drivers, while the control sample consisted of 1,139 registered Queensland drivers (who were individually matched to the case sample on age and gender). RESULTS Using a logistic regression model, and adjusting for age and gender, it was found that a greater number of offenses predicted greater odds of fatal crash involvement, with each increase in offense frequency category increasing ones' odds by 1.98 (95% CI: 1.8, 2.18). When each offense type was considered individually, dangerous driving offenses were most influential, predicting a 3.44 (95% CI: 2, 5.93) increased odds of being in the case group, followed by the following offense types: learner/provisional (2.88, 95% CI: 1.75, 4.74), drink and drug driving (2.82, 95% CI: 1.97, 4.04), not wearing a seatbelt/helmet (2.63, 95% CI: 1.53, 4.51), licensing offenses (1.87, 95% CI: 1.41, 2.49), and speeding (1.48, 95% CI: 1.33, 1.66). In contrast, mobile phone and road rules offenses were not identified as significant predictors. CONCLUSION The findings indicate that engagement in a range of aberrant driving behaviors may result in an increased odds of future fatal crash involvement, which has multiple implications for the sanctioning and management of apprehended offenders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Davey
- Road Safety Research Collaboration: University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Laura Mills
- Road Safety Research Collaboration: University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - James Freeman
- Road Safety Research Collaboration: University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alexander Parkes
- Road Safety Research Collaboration: University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jeremy Davey
- Road Safety Research Collaboration: University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
The links between mental pathologies and violent acts, which can go as far as homicide, are a major concern for many mental health professionals. Addictive co-morbidities, which are increasingly frequent, are an additional risk factor for some of these patients to commit dangerous acts. Psychiatric and psychological care for pathological perpetrators of such violence can be provided under certain conditions in units for difficult patients, with addiction treatment if necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Barbey
- Unité pour malades difficiles (UMD), pôle de psychiatrie médico-légale, centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 10 avenue Joseph-Caussil, 33410 Cadillac, France; Institut psycho-judiciaire et de psychopathologie (IPJP), Institute of Forensic Psychology and Psychopathology, centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 89 rue Cazeaux-Cazalet, 33410 Cadillac, France
| | - Gabrielle Guiresse
- Unité pour malades difficiles (UMD), pôle de psychiatrie médico-légale, centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 10 avenue Joseph-Caussil, 33410 Cadillac, France; Institut psycho-judiciaire et de psychopathologie (IPJP), Institute of Forensic Psychology and Psychopathology, centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 89 rue Cazeaux-Cazalet, 33410 Cadillac, France
| | - Diane Brulin-Solignac
- Unité pour malades difficiles (UMD), pôle de psychiatrie médico-légale, centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 10 avenue Joseph-Caussil, 33410 Cadillac, France; Institut psycho-judiciaire et de psychopathologie (IPJP), Institute of Forensic Psychology and Psychopathology, centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 89 rue Cazeaux-Cazalet, 33410 Cadillac, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Bouchard
- Unité pour malades difficiles (UMD), pôle de psychiatrie médico-légale, centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 10 avenue Joseph-Caussil, 33410 Cadillac, France; Institut psycho-judiciaire et de psychopathologie (IPJP), Institute of Forensic Psychology and Psychopathology, centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 89 rue Cazeaux-Cazalet, 33410 Cadillac, France; Statistics and Population Studies Department, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Robert-Sobukwe road, Bellville, 7535 Cape Town, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Mills G. More evidence needed on dangerous dogs. Vet Rec 2022; 190:485. [PMID: 35713993 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.1913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
36
|
Wang N, Chang R, Wu F. An analysis of the adolescents' hazard perception when crossing road from the perspective of personality characteristics based on an eye-tracking study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267309. [PMID: 35522664 PMCID: PMC9075635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Using the Road Situation Video Test Paradigm and Eye-Tracking Analysis Method, according to the two-stage processing model of hazard perception (HP), this study divides HP into two stages: perception and behaviour response, and compares the different roles of sensation seeking level in two different processing stages of perception and behaviour response when adolescents are crossing the road. The results show that: (1) In the perception stage, adolescents with high sensation seeking, especially boys with high sensation seeking perceive danger faster than boys with low sensation seeking and girls, they are more aware of danger. Particularly, boys with high sensation seeking show a stronger advantage of attention processing to hazard in the early stage of perception processing from 8th and 9th grades. (2) In the behaviour response stage, adolescents with high sensation seeking, especially the boys are less sensitive, have stricter judgment criteria, and are more likely to make dangerous decisions when crossing the road. Girls with different sensation seeking levels are more sensitive and more cautious when crossing the road, make the probability of judging dangerous situation is higher, so they choose a more conservative way, and may be less likely to across the road.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, P.R. China
- Computer and Mathematics Basic Teaching Department, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Ruosong Chang
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Fang Wu
- The Second Affiliated Middle School of Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
The units for difficult patients are secure psychiatric wards that receive mentally ill people who could have committed or have committed dangerous acts. As part of the overall care of these patients, the treatment of their social problems by social workers plays an essential role. These interventions provide the psychosocial benefits necessary for the stabilisation and evolution of these subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Nolla-Vilella
- Unité pour malades difficiles, Pôle de psychiatrie médico-légale, Centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 10 avenue Joseph-Caussil, 33410 Cadillac, France; Unité de soins intensifs psychiatriques, Pôle de psychiatrie médico-légale, Centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 10 avenue Joseph-Caussil, 33410 Cadillac, France; Institut psycho-judiciaire et de psychopathologie, Centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 89 rue Cazeaux-Cazalet, 33410 Cadillac, France
| | - Laura Fleury
- Unité pour malades difficiles, Pôle de psychiatrie médico-légale, Centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 10 avenue Joseph-Caussil, 33410 Cadillac, France; Institut psycho-judiciaire et de psychopathologie, Centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 89 rue Cazeaux-Cazalet, 33410 Cadillac, France
| | - Amandine Sadras-Neret
- Unité pour malades difficiles, Pôle de psychiatrie médico-légale, Centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 10 avenue Joseph-Caussil, 33410 Cadillac, France; Institut psycho-judiciaire et de psychopathologie, Centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 89 rue Cazeaux-Cazalet, 33410 Cadillac, France
| | - Elsa Laborde
- Unité pour malades difficiles, Pôle de psychiatrie médico-légale, Centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 10 avenue Joseph-Caussil, 33410 Cadillac, France; Unité hospitalière spécialement aménagée, Pôle de psychiatrie médico-légale, Centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 10 avenue Joseph-Caussil, 33410 Cadillac, France; Institut psycho-judiciaire et de psychopathologie, Centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 89 rue Cazeaux-Cazalet, 33410 Cadillac, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Bouchard
- Unité pour malades difficiles, Pôle de psychiatrie médico-légale, Centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 10 avenue Joseph-Caussil, 33410 Cadillac, France; Institut psycho-judiciaire et de psychopathologie, Centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 89 rue Cazeaux-Cazalet, 33410 Cadillac, France; Statistics and Population Studies Department, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe road, Bellville, 7535 Cape Town, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Vitacco MJ, Batastini AB, Smith C. Conditional release and cannabis use: Concerns and challenges for community reintegration. Behav Sci Law 2022; 40:261-270. [PMID: 35474590 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This article, which serves as a perspective review, delves into the complexities of cannabis use among individuals preparing for or already on conditional release (CR). These complexities include an association between cannabis use and mental illness and dealing with the fact that the use of illicit substances, such as cannabis, is against CR rules, leading to potential revocation. A focus of this article is the deleterious effects cannabis and synthetic derivatives of cannabis can have for individuals on CR. The article concludes with six-specific recommendations for managing cannabis use in this population with a focus on careful and detailed risk assessments that considers the relationship between substance use and dangerousness, the role of protective factors, the need for a detailed conditional release plan, inpatient and community-based interventions aimed at increasing individual autonomy, and education on the dangers of cannabis use for both the treatment team and the insanity acquittee.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Vitacco
- Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Institute of Public and Preventive Health, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ashley B Batastini
- Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology, Univeristy of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Colin Smith
- Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology, Univeristy of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Testa A, Fahmy C, Hill TD. Perceptions of neighborhood dangerousness and changes in sleep quality during the COVID-19 pandemic: Assessing the mediating role of changes in health behaviors. Prev Med 2022; 156:106991. [PMID: 35167855 PMCID: PMC8837485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.106991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that neighborhood context contributes to variations in morbidity and mortality. This body of work includes a burgeoning literature that links adverse neighborhood characteristics (e.g., neighborhood poverty and perceptions of disorder and dangerousness) with poorer sleep outcomes. During the COVID-19 pandemic, many neighborhoods exhibited socioeconomic downturns and escalations in crime and violence. The question is the extent to which these changes in neighborhood conditions have impacted the sleep quality of residents. In this paper, we use original survey data from the 2021 Crime, Health, and Politics Survey (CHAPS), a national probability sample of adults living in the U.S., to formally test whether changes in perceptions of neighborhood dangerousness during the pandemic are associated with sleep quality during the same period. Regression analyses show that while reports of a neighborhood becoming safer during the pandemic are associated with better sleep quality, reports of a neighborhood becoming more dangerous are associated with worse sleep quality. Mediation analyses also indicate that the association between increased neighborhood dangerousness and poorer sleep quality is partially explained by a concurrent deterioration in diet quality, but not increases in alcohol or cigarette consumption. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of our findings for research and policy on neighborhood context and sleep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Testa
- University of Texas at San Antonio, Department of Criminology & Criminal Justice, United States of America.
| | - Chantal Fahmy
- University of Texas at San Antonio, Department of Criminology & Criminal Justice, United States of America.
| | - Terrence D Hill
- University of Texas at San Antonio, Department of Sociology, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Karras M, Delhomme P, Csillik A. French drivers' behavior: Do psychological resources and vulnerabilities matter? J Safety Res 2022; 80:235-242. [PMID: 35249603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Driving is a risky activity, and road users' behavior is one of the many factors that participate in increasing the risk of road-traffic crashes. Drivers must constantly adapt their behavior to the environment and control their vehicles, and must also anticipate the behavior of others, which may pose a threat to their own safety. Interactions between road users can therefore be stressful and elicit strong negative emotions. Psychological resources and vulnerabilities may be important in understanding how drivers perceive and respond to these driving interactions. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of empathy, self-compassion, personal distress, and alexithymia in both dangerous and prosocial driving behaviors. METHOD Our sample (N = 550) of French drivers was recruited via snowball sampling. The drivers filled in paper-and-pencil questionnaires including the Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ), the French adaptation of the Toronto Empathy Questionnaire (Short-FTEQ), the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), the Self-Compassion Scale - Short Form (SCS-SF), and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20). RESULTS After controlling for gender and age, regression analyses revealed that road traffic violations were positively predicted by alexithymia and negatively predicted by cognitive empathy; errors were positively predicted by alexithymia and personal distress, and prosocial driving was positively predicted by emotional and cognitive empathy. A two-step cluster analysis identified three groups of drivers: unsafe and psychologically vulnerable (n = 176), self-focused and less prosocial (n = 151), and safe and resourceful (n = 223). CONCLUSIONS Empathy seems to promote safe driving behaviors. Moreover, cognitive empathy appears to safeguard drivers against deliberate violations, whereas psychological vulnerabilities seem to increase the probability of engaging in dangerous behaviors. Practical Applications: These results could open new research avenues for the prevention of dangerous driving behaviors and the promotion of road safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Karras
- Paris Nanterre University, Psychology Department, UR 4430, France.
| | - Patricia Delhomme
- Université Gustave Eiffel (UGE), Université de Paris, LaPEA, F-78000 Versailles, France
| | - Antonia Csillik
- Paris Nanterre University, Psychology Department, UR 4430, France
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Clayton A. The Gender Affirmative Treatment Model for Youth with Gender Dysphoria: A Medical Advance or Dangerous Medicine? Arch Sex Behav 2022; 51:691-698. [PMID: 34811654 PMCID: PMC8888500 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-02232-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alison Clayton
- School of Historical and Philosophical Studies, Faculty of Arts, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
van Melick EJM, Peters van Neijenhof RJG, Hoekstra F, de Wolf MM. [Acute interstitial nephritis, a rare yet potentially dangerous complication of clozapine]. Tijdschr Psychiatr 2022; 64:173-177. [PMID: 35420147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
|
43
|
Shalev S. 30 years of solitary confinement: What has changed, and what still needs to happen. Torture 2022; 32:148-162. [PMID: 35950429 DOI: 10.7146/torture.v32i1-2.131384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Solitary confinement cells are where those considered to be too dangerous to themselves or to others, too troublesome, too mentally unwell, or simply different, will be locked away, spending 22-24 hours a day alone, out of sight and out of mind.Solitary confinement is an extreme and harmful practice on the cusp of prohibited treatment of people deprived of their liberty, with potentially grave consequences for the in-dividuals concerned and the societies to which they eventually return. This article reflects on some of the achieve-ments, and remaining challenges, around the use and regulation of solitary confinement practices internationally in the last 30 years, drawing on recent developments and the au-thor's work in the area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Shalev
- Centre for Criminology at Oxford University, Research Associate. Mannheim Centre for Crimonology at London School of Economics and Political Science, Research Associate. Correspondence to:
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Farooq H, Bero C, Guilengue Y, Elias C, Massingue Y, Mucopote I, Nanvonamuquitxo C, Marais J, Antonelli A, Faurby S. Species perceived to be dangerous are more likely to have distinctive local names. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2021; 17:69. [PMID: 34895273 PMCID: PMC8665639 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-021-00493-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Species with direct uses, such as sources of food, shelter, building material and medicine tend to have more specific local names. But could the same apply for species that people fear? METHODS To address this question, here we explore the behavior and perception of species diversity and dangerousness through a survey of 1037 households in nine villages in Cabo Delgado, northern Mozambique. We compare people's knowledge of snakes with that of lizards and amphibians. RESULTS We find that northern Mozambicans know four to five times more local names for snakes than for lizards and frogs, despite the local species richness of snakes being comparable to the diversity of lizards and frogs. We further find that local knowledge was on par with the academic literature regarding snakebite symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that fear can increase the level of specificity in naming species among indigenous communities, which could lead to biases in the mapping and protection of species that include data from citizen reports.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harith Farooq
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Göteborg, Sweden.
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Lúrio University, Cabo Delgado, Mozambique.
| | - Cláudio Bero
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Lúrio University, Cabo Delgado, Mozambique
| | - Yolanda Guilengue
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Lúrio University, Cabo Delgado, Mozambique
| | - Clementina Elias
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Lúrio University, Cabo Delgado, Mozambique
| | - Yasalde Massingue
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Lúrio University, Cabo Delgado, Mozambique
| | - Ivo Mucopote
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Lúrio University, Cabo Delgado, Mozambique
| | | | - Johan Marais
- African Snakebite Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Alexandre Antonelli
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey, UK
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Søren Faurby
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Wachtler B, Müters S, Michalski N, Koschollek C, Albrecht S, Haller S, Hamouda O, Hövener C, Hoebel J. Socioeconomic inequalities in the prevalence and perceived dangerousness of SARS-CoV-2 infections in two early German hotspots: findings from a seroepidemiological study. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:375. [PMID: 34565448 PMCID: PMC8474907 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05784-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evidence on socioeconomic inequalities in infections with the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is still limited as most of the available studies are ecological in nature and individual-level data is sparse. We therefore analysed individual-level data on socioeconomic differences in the prevalence and perceived dangerousness of SARS-CoV-2 infections in local populations. Data were obtained from a population-based seroepidemiological study of adult individuals in two early German SARS-CoV-2 hotspots (n = 3903). Infection was determined by IgG antibody ELISA, RT-PCR testing and self-reports on prior positive PCR tests. The perceived dangerousness of an infection and socioeconomic position (SEP) were assessed by self-reports. Logistic and linear regression were applied to examine associations of multiple SEP measures with infection status and perceptions of dangerousness. RESULTS We found no evidence of socioeconomic inequalities in SARS-CoV-2 infections by education, occupation, income and subjective social status. Participants with lower education and lower subjective social status perceived an infection as more dangerous than their better-off counterparts. In successfully contained local outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 in Germany, infections may have been equally distributed across the socioeconomic spectrum. But residents in disadvantaged socioeconomic groups might have experienced a higher level of mental distress due to the higher perceived dangerousness of an infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Wachtler
- Division of Social Determinants of Health, Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Müters
- Division of Social Determinants of Health, Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Niels Michalski
- Division of Social Determinants of Health, Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Koschollek
- Division of Social Determinants of Health, Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Albrecht
- Division of Social Determinants of Health, Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Haller
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Osamah Hamouda
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Hövener
- Division of Social Determinants of Health, Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Hoebel
- Division of Social Determinants of Health, Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Peterson CM, Gaugler JE. To speed or not to speed: Thematic analysis of American driving narratives. J Safety Res 2021; 78:129-137. [PMID: 34399908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Speeding is a major cause of unintentional roadway death in the United States. Existing data show that U.S. drivers tend to speed less as they age, but reasons for this change remain largely unknown. Limited research has examined why U.S. drivers decide to speed or why U.S. drivers decide not to speed, and none to date has determined why speeding behaviors change over the life course. Research into these issues can provide insight that may be harnessed for more effective anti-speeding interventions that catalyze decisions not to speed. METHODS The current study asked a national sample of U.S. drivers (N = 309) about their driving behaviors and how they have changed over time using an open-ended prompt in an online survey. The authors qualitatively coded responses using a narrative analysis lens to identify common themes. RESULTS Results show U.S. drivers often make deliberate choices to speed and some do not consider speeding to be dangerous after achieving perceived mastery of driving skills. Participants tended to report speeding less over time, citing increased concern for family and other roadway users, which may help explain national speeding data trends. Several other themes emerged identifying individual cognitive factors, environmental contexts, and key persons impacting speeding decisions. Practical Applications: Findings show that the most effective means of encouraging U.S. drivers to decide not to speed may be multi-pronged intervention approaches highlighting how speeding reduces roadway driver control, connecting speeding with safety, and encompassing road design and law enforcement strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M Peterson
- Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, USA.
| | - Joseph E Gaugler
- Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Jarvis S. Time's up for Dangerous Dogs Act. Vet Rec 2021; 189:87. [PMID: 34357621 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
48
|
Coffey KE, Aitelli A, Milligan M, Niemierko A, Broom T, Shih HA. Use of Involuntary Emergency Treatment by Physicians and Law Enforcement for Persons With High-Risk Drug Use or Alcohol Dependence. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2120682. [PMID: 34387682 PMCID: PMC8363915 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.20682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This cohort study evaluates the number of petitions for temporary involuntary commitment of individuals who pose a risk to themselves or others after implementation of a pilot program to streamline the process in Boston, Massachusetts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E. Coffey
- Boston Municipal Court, West Roxbury Division, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts
| | - Audrey Aitelli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Michael Milligan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Andrzej Niemierko
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Thomas Broom
- Boston Municipal Court, West Roxbury Division, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts
| | - Helen A. Shih
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Christopher PP, Pridgen BE, Pivovarova E. Experiences of Court Clinicians Who Perform Civil Commitment Evaluations for Substance Use Disorders. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 2021; 49:187-193. [PMID: 33579732 PMCID: PMC9009061 DOI: 10.29158/jaapl.200061-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Civil commitment for substance use disorders is an increasingly used intervention to mitigate the risks associated with severe substance use. Although court clinicians play a vital role in helping courts determine whether respondents meet statutory requirements for commitment, little is known about their experiences conducting these evaluations. In this pilot study, we surveyed all court clinicians who perform evaluations for civil commitment for substance use disorders in Massachusetts, a state with one of the highest rates of such commitments nationally. Court clinicians reported that these evaluations are most frequently ordered for individuals who use heroin and other opioids, alcohol, and cannabis. They reported a recent suicide attempt or drug overdose, intentional physical harm to another, use of dangerous weapon, and driving while intoxicated as the behaviors most likely to satisfy the statutory requirement of imminent risk. At the same time, many court clinicians consider a much broader range of behaviors as constituting imminent risk, and many reported having endorsed commitment on one or more occasions in the absence of statutory criteria being satisfied. These findings underscore the need for additional research on the performance of civil commitment evaluations for substance use disorder and standards for such evaluations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul P Christopher
- Dr. Christopher is Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI. Ms. Pridgen is affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Amherst, MA. Dr. Pivovarova is Assistant Professor, Department of Family Medicine & Community Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, and Research Faculty, Massachusetts Center of Excellence for Specialty Courts, Amherst, MA.
| | - Bailey E Pridgen
- Dr. Christopher is Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI. Ms. Pridgen is affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Amherst, MA. Dr. Pivovarova is Assistant Professor, Department of Family Medicine & Community Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, and Research Faculty, Massachusetts Center of Excellence for Specialty Courts, Amherst, MA
| | - Ekaterina Pivovarova
- Dr. Christopher is Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI. Ms. Pridgen is affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Amherst, MA. Dr. Pivovarova is Assistant Professor, Department of Family Medicine & Community Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, and Research Faculty, Massachusetts Center of Excellence for Specialty Courts, Amherst, MA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Cartocci G, Boccia M, Pompili PM, Ferracuti S, Frati P, Fineschi V, Fiorelli M, Caramia F. Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging study in mentally ill persons with diminished penal responsibility considered socially dangerous. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2021; 310:111259. [PMID: 33607421 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2021.111259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Cartocci
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 336, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Maddalena Boccia
- Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy; Cognitive and motor rehabilitation and neuroimaging unit IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Pieritalo Maria Pompili
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 336, 00185, Rome, Italy; Local Health Agency ASL Roma 5, Palombara Sabina, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Ferracuti
- Department of Human Neuroscience, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Frati
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 336, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Vittorio Fineschi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 336, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Fiorelli
- Department of Human Neuroscience, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Caramia
- Department of Human Neuroscience, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|