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Watson CJ, Whitledge JD, Siani AM, Burns MM. Pharmaceutical Compounding: a History, Regulatory Overview, and Systematic Review of Compounding Errors. J Med Toxicol 2021; 17:197-217. [PMID: 33140232 PMCID: PMC7605468 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-020-00814-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Medications are compounded when a formulation of a medication is needed but not commercially available. Regulatory oversight of compounding is piecemeal and compounding errors have resulted in patient harm. We review compounding in the United States (US), including a history of compounding, a critique of current regulatory oversight, and a systematic review of compounding errors recorded in the literature. METHODS We gathered reports of compounding errors occurring in the US from 1990 to 2020 from PubMed, Embase, several relevant conference abstracts, and the US Food and Drug Administration "Drug Alerts and Statements" repository. We categorized reports into errors of "contamination," suprapotency," and "subpotency." Errors were also subdivided by whether they resulted in morbidity and mortality. We reported demographic, medication, and outcome data where available. RESULTS We screened 2155 reports and identified 63 errors. Twenty-one of 63 were errors of concentration, harming 36 patients. Twenty-seven of 63 were contamination errors, harming 1119 patients. Fifteen errors did not result in any identified harm. DISCUSSION Compounding errors are attributed to contamination or concentration. Concentration errors predominantly result from compounding a prescription for a single patient, and disproportionately affect children. Contamination errors largely occur during bulk distribution of compounded medications for parenteral use, and affect more patients. The burden falls on the government, pharmacy industry, and medical providers to reduce the risk of patient harm caused by compounding errors. CONCLUSION In the US, drug compounding is important in ensuring access to vital medications, but has the potential to cause patient harm without adequate safeguards.
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Affiliation(s)
- C James Watson
- Harvard Medical Toxicology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, 333 Longwood Avenue, Mailstop 3025, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - James D Whitledge
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Michele M Burns
- Harvard Medical Toxicology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, 333 Longwood Avenue, Mailstop 3025, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Jian L, Yuan X, Han J, Zheng R, Peng X, Wang K. Screening for illegal addition of glucocorticoids in adulterated cosmetic products using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry with precursor ion scanning. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2021; 35:e8999. [PMID: 33140453 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The screening for illegal adulteration of glucocorticoids (GCs) in cosmetics is challenging due to the vast variety of potential GCs that are present to improve the declared effects. An effective analytical method to screen illegally added GCs in cosmetics is vital to protect consumers. METHODS An ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS) method using precursor ion scanning (PIS) acquisition mode was developed to screen GCs in cosmetics. Forty-seven GCs were investigated to identify their common product ions formed by collision-induced dissociation. Cosmetic samples spiked with GCs were extracted using solid-phase extraction. RESULTS Four common positive product ions, m/z 121, 135, 147, and 171, were selected for PIS analysis. Limits of detection (LODs) were established for all 47 GCs. The method was validated on spiked samples to ensure its effectiveness in terms of sensitivity and selectivity. Sixty samples were analyzed. Seven GCs were detected in six samples. CONCLUSIONS An effective screening method using UPLC/MS/MS with PIS acquisition mode was developed and successfully applied to screen for targeted and untargeted GCs in cosmetic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhai Jian
- National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Evaluation of Cosmetics, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiaoqian Yuan
- National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Evaluation of Cosmetics, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jing Han
- National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Evaluation of Cosmetics, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Rong Zheng
- National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Evaluation of Cosmetics, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xingsheng Peng
- National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Evaluation of Cosmetics, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ke Wang
- National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Evaluation of Cosmetics, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, 201203, China
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Abstract
Plants and medicinal herbs that are available on the market do not always meet quality and safety standards. One particular concern is the risk of contamination with mycotoxins. Aflatoxins and ochratoxin A are the most frequently described mycotoxins in herbal products and have repeatedly been reported to occur at concentrations which exceed regulatory levels set by the European Union (EU). Possible solutions include enforcing existing limits, and for the new materials, establishing tighter limits and mandate the growth of medicinal plants in EU member countries under more strict conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Twarużek
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
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Seltenrich N. Cannabis Contaminants: Regulating Solvents, Microbes, and Metals in Legal Weed. Environ Health Perspect 2019; 127:82001. [PMID: 31430176 PMCID: PMC6791536 DOI: 10.1289/ehp5785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brian Byrd
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and the University of Michigan Hypertension Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (J.B.B.); and the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, and the Stanford Hypertension Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (G.M.C., V.B.)
| | - Glenn M Chertow
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and the University of Michigan Hypertension Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (J.B.B.); and the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, and the Stanford Hypertension Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (G.M.C., V.B.)
| | - Vivek Bhalla
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and the University of Michigan Hypertension Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (J.B.B.); and the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, and the Stanford Hypertension Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (G.M.C., V.B.)
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Miszczyk M, Płonka M, Stobiecki T, Kronenbach-Dylong D, Waleczek K, Weber R. Official control of plant protection products in Poland: detection of illegal products. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:31906-31916. [PMID: 29616478 PMCID: PMC6208707 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1739-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Market presence of illegal and counterfeit pesticides is now a global problem. According to data published in 2012 by the European Crop Protection Association (ECPA), illegal products represent over 10% of the global market of plant protection products. Financial benefits are the main reason for the prevalence of this practice. Counterfeit and illegal pesticides may contain substances that may pose a threat to the environment, crops, animals, and humans, inconsistent with the label and registration dossier. In Poland, action against illegal and counterfeit plant protection products is undertaken by the Main Inspectorate of Plant Health and Seed Inspection (PIORiN), the police, the prosecution, and the pesticide producers. Results of chemical analyses carried out by the Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute Sośnicowice Branch, Pesticide Quality Testing Laboratory (PQTL IPP-NRI Sosnicowice Branch) indicate that a majority of illegal pesticides in Poland are detected in the group of herbicides. Products from parallel trade tend to have the most irregularities. This article describes the official quality control system of plant protection products in Poland and presents the analytical methods for testing pesticides suspected of adulteration and recent test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Miszczyk
- Pesticide Quality Testing Laboratory, Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute Sośnicowice Branch, Gliwicka 29 Street, 44-153, Sosnicowice, Poland.
| | - Marlena Płonka
- Pesticide Quality Testing Laboratory, Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute Sośnicowice Branch, Gliwicka 29 Street, 44-153, Sosnicowice, Poland
| | - Tomasz Stobiecki
- Pesticide Quality Testing Laboratory, Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute Sośnicowice Branch, Gliwicka 29 Street, 44-153, Sosnicowice, Poland.
| | - Dorota Kronenbach-Dylong
- Pesticide Quality Testing Laboratory, Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute Sośnicowice Branch, Gliwicka 29 Street, 44-153, Sosnicowice, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Waleczek
- Pesticide Quality Testing Laboratory, Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute Sośnicowice Branch, Gliwicka 29 Street, 44-153, Sosnicowice, Poland
| | - Roland Weber
- POPs Environmental Consulting, Lindenfirststrasse 23, D-73527, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
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Tucker J, Fischer T, Upjohn L, Mazzera D, Kumar M. Unapproved Pharmaceutical Ingredients Included in Dietary Supplements Associated With US Food and Drug Administration Warnings. JAMA Netw Open 2018; 1:e183337. [PMID: 30646238 PMCID: PMC6324457 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.3337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Over half of adults in the United States report consuming dietary supplements. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has warned of numerous dietary supplements containing undeclared, unapproved pharmaceutical ingredients. These FDA warnings have not been comprehensively analyzed for recent years. OBJECTIVE To summarize trends across adulterated (containing unapproved ingredients) dietary supplements associated with a warning released by the FDA from 2007 through 2016. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this quality improvement study, data were extracted from the FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Tainted Products Marketed as Dietary Supplements_CDER database from 2007 through 2016. Data from each warning were recorded unless multiple warnings were issued for the same product within a 6-month period. Date, product name, company, hidden ingredient(s), product category, source of sample, and warning document type were recorded for each included warning. Data analysis was conducted from February 2017 to June 2017. RESULTS From 2007 through 2016, 776 adulterated dietary supplements were identified by the FDA and 146 different dietary supplement companies were implicated. Most of these products were marketed for sexual enhancement (353 [45.5%]), weight loss (317 [40.9%]), or muscle building (92 [11.9%]), with 157 adulterated products (20.2%) containing more than 1 unapproved ingredient. The most common adulterants were sildenafil for sexual enhancement supplements (166 of 353 [47.0%]), sibutramine for weight loss supplements (269 of 317 [84.9%]), and synthetic steroids or steroid-like ingredients for muscle building supplements (82 of 92 [89.1%]). There were 28 products named in 2 or 3 warnings more than 6 months apart. Of these products, 19 (67.9%) were reported to contain new unapproved ingredients in the second or third warning, consistent with the assumption that the FDA found the product to be adulterated more than once. In recent years (2014-2016), 117 of 303 adulterated samples (38.6%) were identified through online sampling and 104 of 303 (34.3%) were identified through the examination of international mail shipments. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Active pharmaceuticals continue to be identified in dietary supplements, especially those marketed for sexual enhancement or weight loss, even after FDA warnings. The drug ingredients in these dietary supplements have the potential to cause serious adverse health effects owing to accidental misuse, overuse, or interaction with other medications, underlying health conditions, or other pharmaceuticals within the supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Tucker
- Food and Drug Branch, California Department of Public
Health, Sacramento
- California Epidemiologic Investigation Service (Cal
EIS) Fellowship Program, Sacramento
| | - Tessa Fischer
- Food and Drug Branch, California Department of Public
Health, Sacramento
- California Epidemiologic Investigation Service (Cal
EIS) Fellowship Program, Sacramento
| | - Laurence Upjohn
- Food and Drug Branch, California Department of Public
Health, Sacramento
| | - David Mazzera
- Food and Drug Branch, California Department of Public
Health, Sacramento
| | - Madhur Kumar
- Food and Drug Branch, California Department of Public
Health, Sacramento
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent deaths of young Australian music festival attendees from 'party-drug' overdoses have sparked debate about the effectiveness of drug policies. Australia is widely lauded for its harm minimisation approach to drugs, and yet, over the last 30 years, it can be argued its policies have been fragmented, sometimes inconsistent and contradictory. The present article examines the root of this inconsistency, using it as a foundation to advocate for drug policy reform. In keeping with the goals of the National Drug Strategy to promote policy innovation, there is an opportunity to learn from international studies which have shown promising findings in the reduction of party-drug use and its harms through application of pill testing. METHOD This paper evaluates Australia's National Drug Strategy and pill testing through a lens of pragmatism, to determine whether there is space for testing practices in contemporary policy. Specifically, the paper analyses current drug policy literature and research studies, examining a range of key drug use indicators, social and political debate and research evidence. RESULTS The need for policy reform, attitudinal and cultural shifts and development of stronger cross-sectoral partnerships is highlighted, to ensure a rational and logical approach that genuinely tackles drug policy-making and strategy from a broad public health perspective. CONCLUSIONS Using a theoretical frame of pragmatism and drawing from national and international research evidence, this paper recommends the integration of pill testing into Australia's harm minimisation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Groves
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood campus, Melbourne, Victoria, 3125, Australia.
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Albert H, Klier B, Knödler M, Steinhoff B. Findings on the heavy metal content in herbal drugs and essential oils - an update. Pharmeur Bio Sci Notes 2018; 2018:62-111. [PMID: 30272556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution, data for 7 elemental impurities originating from quality control analysis of manufacturers of herbal products is evaluated in light of the current requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) and the European legislative framework. The data shows that the Ph. Eur. limits set for cadmium, lead and mercury in herbal drugs are in principle still appropriate. The probability of herbal drugs exceeding the limits for arsenic, cobalt, nickel and vanadium (based on the ICH Q3D guideline for elemental impurities) appears to be very low, and consequently, it is proposed that general limits for these elements in herbal drugs in the Ph. Eur. are not required. For essential oils, there does not appear to be a risk of heavy metal contamination and a general test on heavy metals is not considered necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Albert
- SALUS Haus GmbH & Co. KG, Bruckmühl, Germany
| | - B Klier
- PhytoLab GmbH & Co. KG, Vestenbergsgreuth, Germany
| | - M Knödler
- WALA Heilmittel GmbH, Bad Boll/Eckwälden, Germany
| | - B Steinhoff
- Bundesverband der Arzneimittel-Hersteller e.V. (BAH), Ubierstr. 71-73, D-53173 Bonn, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Woodcock
- From the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Julie Dohm
- From the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
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11
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Yoch D. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Inspections: Guide to a Successful Outcome for 503A Sterile Compounding Pharmacies. Int J Pharm Compd 2017; 21:95-102. [PMID: 28346203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The reasons for which pharmaceutical compounding is the focus of intense state and federal scrutiny are now well known. Compounders are faced with an ever-increasing need to prove, by objective standards, the safety, purity, and potency of the formulations they dispense. They must also demonstrate their compliance with regulations often based on current good compounding practices designed for the pharmaceutical industry. In the U.S. today, rigorous unannounced state and federal inspections of compounding facilities are occurring more and more frequently. To achieve a successful outcome, communicating clearly and effectively with inspectors and having ready access to the information they request are as critical as proving compliance. This article describes the author's experience with an unannounced United States Food and Drug Administration inspection of his 503A compounding facility and his response to the findings. Readers will learn what to expect during such an inspection, how to prepare for that event, and how to achieve an excellent outcome. Those who would like more information about any of the topics presented are invited to contact the author at the address provided at the close of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doug Yoch
- Stanley Specialty Pharmacy, Charlotte, North Carolina.
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12
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Coleman TS. Early Developments in the Regulation of Biologics. Food Drug Law J 2016; 71:544-607. [PMID: 29140646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This article is a history of the policy positions and legal interpretations adopted by the Public Health Service (PHS) under the 1902 Biologics Control Act. PHS generally interpreted the scope of the Act narrowly because it lacked authority to deny marketing licenses for ineffective biologics and wanted to minimize the number of worthless drugs with the imprimatur of a governmental license. In addition, PHS implemented important regulatory strategies not expressly authorized by the Act.
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Guo B, Wang M, Liu Y, Zhou J, Dai H, Huang Z, Shen L, Zhang Q, Chen B. Wide-Scope Screening of Illegal Adulterants in Dietary and Herbal Supplements via Rapid Polarity-Switching and Multistage Accurate Mass Confirmation Using an LC-IT/TOF Hybrid Instrument. J Agric Food Chem 2015; 63:6954-6967. [PMID: 26189662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A new analytical strategy was developed that integrates a generic sample preparation into a liquid chromatography-multistage ion trap/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-IT(MS(n))/TOF), allowing for large-scale screening and qualitative confirmation of wide-scope illegal adulterants in different food matrices. Samples were pretreated by a fast single-tube multifunction extraction for accurate multistage mass measurement on the hybrid LC-IT/TOF system. A qualitative validation performed for over 500 analyte-matrix pairs showed the method can reduce most of the matrix effects and achieve a lower limit of confirmation at 0.1 mg/kg for 73% of the target compounds. A unique combination of dual-polarity detection, retention time, isotopic profile, and accurate MS(n) spectra enables more comprehensive and precise confirmation, based on the multiparameter matching by automated library searching against the user-created database. Finally, the applicability of this LC-IT(MS(n))/TOF-based screening procedure for discriminating coeluting isobars, identifying nontarget adulterants, and even tentatively elucidating unexpected species in real samples is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meiling Wang
- §Hunan Academy of Inspection and Quarantine and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of China, Changsha 410004, China
| | | | | | - Hua Dai
- §Hunan Academy of Inspection and Quarantine and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of China, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Zhiqiang Huang
- §Hunan Academy of Inspection and Quarantine and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of China, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Lingling Shen
- #Guangzhou Branch, Shimadzu (China) Co., Limited,7FL,T. P. Plaza, 9/109 Liuhua Road, Guangzhou 510010, China
| | - Qingsheng Zhang
- ΔNational Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
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Allison G, Cain YT, Cooney C, Garcia T, Bizjak TG, Holte O, Jagota N, Komas B, Korakianiti E, Kourti D, Madurawe R, Morefield E, Montgomery F, Nasr M, Randolph W, Robert JL, Rudd D, Zezza D. Regulatory and quality considerations for continuous manufacturing. May 20-21, 2014 Continuous Manufacturing Symposium. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:803-812. [PMID: 25830179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper assesses the current regulatory environment, relevant regulations and guidelines, and their impact on continuous manufacturing. It summarizes current regulatory experience and learning from both review and inspection perspectives. It outlines key regulatory aspects, including continuous manufacturing process description and control strategy in regulatory files, process validation, and key Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) requirements. In addition, the paper identifies regulatory gaps and challenges and proposes a way forward to facilitate implementation.
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Belvis Costes FX. [The role of medicine in a lawsuit on the adulteration of tobacco under the old regime (Burgos 1667)]. Med Hist (Barc) 2015:20-40. [PMID: 26399144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This article studies a court case on the adulteration of tobacco in Burgos in 1667. The expert work done by physicians and apothecaries throughout this trial plays a central role. The evolution of this judicial process is described in detail, and additional information is provided on the organisation of the tobacconist's, the preparation of tobaccos, the spectres associated with the adulteration of tobacco and the administration of justice under the old regime. In a second phase, the "experiences" performed by professionals and the methods of analysis on which their ideas are based are studied, relating the irregular scientific performance to the position occupied in the field of health professionals in Burgos at that time. Finally, based on what has been observed, speculations are made on the shift in control of the adulteration, from the municipal ambit in the early Middle Ages to its integration into the Crown institutions and its relationship with the promotion of physicians and pharmacists as experts in the subject.
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Smith A, Jogalekar S, Gibson A. Regulation of natural health products in Canada. J Ethnopharmacol 2014; 158 Pt B:507-510. [PMID: 24969823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE/INTRODUCTION In Canada, all natural health products (NHPs) are regulated by Health Canada (HC) under the Food and Drugs Act and the Natural Health Product Regulations. All authorized products undergo pre-market assessment for safety, efficacy and quality and the degree of pre-market oversight varies depending on the risk of the product. OVERVIEW In Canada, over 70,000 products have been authorized for sale and over 2000 sites have been licensed to produce NHPs. In the management of NHPs on the Canadian market, HC employs a number of active and collaborative methods to address the most common issues such as contamination, adulteration and deceptive or misleading advertising practices. HC is currently evolving its approaches to NHPs to recognize them as part of the larger group of health products available without a prescription. As such, the regulatory responsibility for all over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, including non-prescription drugs and NHPs, has been transferred to a single federal division. CONCLUSION As a result of this transition a number of benefits are being realized with respect to government efficiency, clarity for industry, support for new innovations and consolidated government interactions with the Canadian market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysyn Smith
- Natural Health Products Directorate, Health Products Food Branch, Health Canada, 2936 Baseline Road, Postal Locator 3301A, Ontario, Ottawa, Canada(1)
| | - Sumedha Jogalekar
- Natural Health Products Directorate, Health Products Food Branch, Health Canada, 2936 Baseline Road, Postal Locator 3301A, Ontario, Ottawa, Canada(1).
| | - Adam Gibson
- Natural Health Products Directorate, Health Products Food Branch, Health Canada, 2936 Baseline Road, Postal Locator 3301A, Ontario, Ottawa, Canada(1)
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17
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Bouin AS, Wierer M. Quality standards of the European Pharmacopoeia. J Ethnopharmacol 2014; 158 Pt B:454-457. [PMID: 25043777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) provides a legal and scientific reference for the quality control of medicines. It is legally binding in the 38 signatory parties of the Convention on the elaboration of a European Pharmacopoeia (37 member states and the European Union). MATERIALS AND METHODS The requirements for a specific herbal drug are prescribed in the corresponding individual monograph and the relevant general monographs. Criteria for pesticides and heavy metals for example are defined in the general monograph on Herbal drugs. The Ph. Eur. also provides general methods including methods for determination of aflatoxins B1 and ochratoxin A. Screening methods for aristolochic acids are applied for herbal drugs that may be subject to adulteration or substitution with plant material containing aristolochic acids. CONCLUSION The Ph. Eur. collaborate in many areas with the European Medicines Agency (EMA) to ensure close collaboration as regards the respective work programmes and approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Bouin
- European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & Healthcare (EDQM), Council of Europe, 7 Allée Kastner, Cs 30026, F-67081 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Michael Wierer
- European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & Healthcare (EDQM), Council of Europe, 7 Allée Kastner, Cs 30026, F-67081 Strasbourg, France
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Abstract
If a biosimilar insulin is discovered postmarketing to be subpotent, superpotent, or contaminated or the contents mislabeled, it is an adulterated product and must be quarantined for removal including from a patient's home. Adulterated products could be considered "counterfeit" since they do not meet the original standards established by the FDA. The FDA must establish a method of regularly assaying samples of biosimilar insulin drawn directly from the supply pipeline to help ensure patient safety and evaluate clinical performance. Independent groups without conflict of interest would perform confidential comparison assay. For less than 5 cents per vial/pen, manufacturers could easily support an independent, FDA-recognized, random sample program and create a functional postmarket surveillance system that better protects the public and the manufacturer from undesired outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan W Carter
- MRIGlobal, Inc, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Pharmacy, Kansas City, MO, USA
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19
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Food and Drug Administration, HHS. Administrative detention of drugs intended for human or animal use. Final rule. Fed Regist 2014; 79:30716-21. [PMID: 24873018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA or the Agency) is implementing administrative detention authority with respect to drugs intended for human or animal use as authorized by amendments made to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the FD&C Act) by the Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act (FDASIA). FDA's administrative detention authority with respect to drugs allows FDA to better protect the integrity of the drug supply chain. Specifically, FDA is able to administratively detain drugs encountered during an inspection that an authorized FDA representative conducting an inspection has reason to believe are adulterated or misbranded. This authority is intended to protect the public by preventing distribution or subsequent use of drugs encountered during inspections that are believed to be adulterated or misbranded, until FDA has had time to consider what action it should take concerning the drugs, and to initiate legal action, if appropriate.
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London J. Tragedy, transformation, and triumph: comparing the factors and forces that led to the adoption of the 1860 Adulteration Act in England and the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act in the United States. Food Drug Law J 2014; 69:315-iii. [PMID: 25163213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The 1860 Adulteration Act in England and the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act in the United States were two of the earliest pieces of legislation to provide generalized regulation of food and drugs on a national scale. While significant scholarly attention has been given to explaining the factors and forces that led to the passage of each Act independent of the other, few books or articles have directly compared the similar individuals and events that led to the adoption of both Acts. This paper attempts to fill that gap. Through a comparative examination, this paper reveals that four main components were key to the national pure food and drug movements in both countries: individuals who crusaded for national adulteration legislation; tragedies that shocked the public into calling for reform; press and publicity that was willing and able to bring the evils of adulteration to the forefront of the public mind; and a transformation of the social, political, and economic systems, which created atmospheres conducive to reform. This paper aims to shed new light on the 1860 Adulteration Act and the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act--two acts that derive their importance not just from the effect that they directly had on the regulation of food and drugs but also as some of the earliest examples of western governments coming to recognize the need for national regulation to protect the public from harm and coming to embrace their changing role as spearheads of modern regulatory states.
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Worthen DB. Good enough for America. Int J Pharm Compd 2014; 18:20-29. [PMID: 24881336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Adulterated and counterfeit drugs were pouring into the U.S. Providing poor medicines was a growing business, and the market was growing with the rapid expansion of the country itself. There seemed to be little that could be done to slow or stop it. The sophistication of the adulterations was superior to available tests, standards were lacking, and there were few trained pharmacists or physicians who could apply them. There were no laws that would prohibit the importation of these products nor limit their sale once ashore. This was the situation when a small group of New York pharmacists took it upon themselves to convince other health professionals and legislators that there was a problem and devised a solution that would establish patient safety as the core value of the emerging profession of pharmacy.
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Norenberg JP, Ponto JA, Petry NA, Wittstrom KM. Commentary: Prescriber beware: it is ill advised to administer compounded sincalide. J Nucl Med 2013; 54:23N-4N. [PMID: 24187044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
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23
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Adawe A, Oberg C. Skin-lightening practices and mercury exposure in the Somali community. Minn Med 2013; 96:48-49. [PMID: 24133891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Somali women often use creams and soaps to lighten skin tone, fade freckles or get rid of age spots. Use of these products raises a health concern, as some have been found to contain mercury. This article describes an investigation that involved interviewing Somali women about skin-lightening practices and the products they use and then testing those products for mercury. Twenty-seven samples of products purchased at markets in Minneapolis and St. Paul were analyzed bythe Minnesota Department of Health for specific mercury levels. Eleven of the 27 (47%) were found to contain mercury. Some exceeded the current FDA threshold of 1 part per million. This has prompted both state and federal health officials to issue warnings about the use of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Adawe
- School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, USA
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24
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Xie XY. [Status and thinking of supervision and management of Chinese herbal medicine]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2013; 38:1832-1835. [PMID: 24010306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The article briefly introduces the status of the supervision and administration of Chinese herbal medicine, and summarizes the problems existing in the process of supervision and management. Meanwhile provides the countermeasures and suggestions of strengthening the supervision and administration of Chinese herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Xie
- PICC Health Insurance Company Limited, Beijing 100032, China
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25
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Hinkley KN. Compounding interest: a tragedy caused by contaminated steroids turned the spotlight on compounding pharmacies. State Legis 2013; 39:22-23. [PMID: 23805443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Y Chang
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Zigmon J. Bipartisan effort. Dems, GOP call for investigation into outbreak. Mod Healthc 2012; 42:7-16. [PMID: 23163083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Busch J, Allmann I, Hölz H, Klötzel M, Kühn M, Mackiw T, Riegert U, Steinhoff B. Evaluation of the risk of aflatoxin contamination in fresh medicinal plants. Pharmeur Bio Sci Notes 2012; 2012:39-54. [PMID: 23327891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Based on experimental results of aflatoxin analysis as well as information from literature, this contribution discusses the likelihood of aflatoxin contamination in fresh medicinal plants. As cultivation and collection of medicinal plants in accordance with Good Agricultural and Collection Practice (GACP) and the local climatic conditions minimise aflatoxin contamination and, as fresh raw material is normally processed immediately, aflatoxin contamination of fresh medicinal plants from Central European countries is extremely unlikely. As a result of the risk-based approach to aflatoxin testing, 3 options are proposed depending on the origin of the material and the plant parts used: no testing, skip lot testing or routine testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Busch
- Deutsche Homöopathie-Union GmbH & Co. KG, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Wise J. Police investigate hospital deaths after contamination of saline solution. BMJ 2011; 343:d4596. [PMID: 21771829 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.d4596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Schultz N, Franck-Karl G, Schilk J, Rose N. Viral safety in homoeopathic medicinal products. Pharmeur Bio Sci Notes 2011; 2011:55-65. [PMID: 21619856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
To guarantee the safety of medicinal products as regards infectious agents, numerous national guidelines and recommendations have in recent years been included in the pharmacopoeia general monographs and have influenced the content of the substance monographs. Although the stipulations of the European Pharmacopoeia set out objectives, there is still a certain scope in how the requirements are implemented. This is reflected in the very different responses in Europe to the problems of safety from infection. Different traditions in the use of homoeopathic and anthroposophic therapy and varying levels of expertise among the regulatory authorities within the European Union have resulted in varying standard of assessment. The aim of this publication is to present a standard form of assessment for medicinal products in these therapeutic systems. Demonstrated hereunder is an approach that can be adopted to ensure that the high safety standard required is met for homoeopathic and anthroposophic medicinal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Schultz
- Homöopathisches Laboratorium A. Pflüger GmbH & Co. KG, Röntgenstrasse 4, Rheda-Wiedenbrück, Germany.
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Ekiert RJ. Drug safety and efficacy impaired by quality failure. Pharmazie 2011; 66:467-469. [PMID: 21699091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The three main pillars of drug evaluation are quality, safety and efficacy. Each marketing authorization dossier has to demonstrate conformity with quality, safety and efficacy requirements separately. While this is justifiable, it may nevertheless lead to some important problems being overlooked. The relationship between these three aspects of a medicinal product can be of great importance. Little is said about how quality can affect safety or even efficacy. It is worth discussing these connections in order to assess side-effects appropriately and to distinguish between quality failures and real pharmacovigilance problems. Not every side-effect is a result of the drug's pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic properties or other therapy-related issues such as interactions. Sometimes a patient complaint is caused by substandard quality of the drug. This possibility should never be ignored in any assessment of side-effects. This paper presents a useful check-list of quality failures that can endanger drug safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Ekiert
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
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Giordani A, Kobel W, Gally HU. Overall impact of the regulatory requirements for genotoxic impurities on the drug development process. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 43:1-15. [PMID: 21420491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade a considerable effort has been made both by the regulators and the pharmaceutical industry to assess genotoxic impurities (GTI) in pharmaceutical products. Though the control of impurities in drug substances and products is a well established and consolidated procedure, its extension to GTI has given rise to a number of problems, both in terms of setting the limits and detecting these impurities in pharmaceutical products. Several papers have dealt with this issue, discussing available regulations, providing strategies to evaluate the genotoxic potential of chemical substances, and trying to address the analytical challenge of detecting GTI at trace levels. In this review we would like to discuss the available regulations, the toxicological background for establishing limits, as well as the analytical approaches used for GTI assessment. The final aim is that of providing a complete overview of the topic with updated available information, to address the overall GTI issue during the development of new drug substances.
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Reiss JB, Hall CR, Wartman GJ. Your business in court: 2009-2010. Food Drug Law J 2011; 66:139-i. [PMID: 24505838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
During this period, FDA focused considerable effort on its transparency initiative, which is likely to continue into the coming year, as well as continuing to ramp up its enforcement activities, as we predicted last year. The scope of the agency's ability to pre-empt state laws in product liability litigation involving pharmaceutical products still is developing post-Levine, and we are likely to see new decisions in the coming year. Fraud and abuse enforcement still is a major factor facing the industry, with the added threat of personal exposure to criminal sentences, fines and debarment from participation in federal and state programs under the Responsible Corporate Officer doctrine, or under the authorities exercised by the Department of Health and Human Services Office of the Inspector General. Consequently, it is increasingly important that senior corporate officers ensure active oversight of an effective compliance program which should mitigate these risks. The Federal Trade Commission continues to battle consumer fraud, particularly respecting weight loss programs, and it appears to be fighting a losing battle in its effort to prevent "reverse" payments to generic manufacturers by Innovator Manufacturers to delay the introduction of generics to the market. The Securities and Exchange Commission continues to be actively enforcing the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. The Supreme Court gave shareholders more leeway in bringing stockholder suits in situations where a company conceals information that, if revealed, could have a negative effect on stock prices.
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Grodowska K, Parczewski A. Organic solvents in the pharmaceutical industry. Acta Pol Pharm 2010; 67:3-12. [PMID: 20210074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Organic solvents are commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry as reaction media, in separation and purification of synthesis products and also for cleaning of equipment. This paper presents some aspects of organic solvents utilization in an active pharmaceutical ingredient and a drug product manufacturing process. As residual solvents are not desirable substances in a final product, different methods for their removal may be used, provided they fulfill safety criteria. After the drying process, analyses need to be performed to check if amounts of solvents used at any step of the production do not exceed acceptable limits (taken from ICH Guideline or from pharmacopoeias). Also new solvents like supercritical fluids or ionic liquids are developed to replace "traditional" organic solvents in the pharmaceutical production processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Grodowska
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków, Poland.
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Grosso J. Zero risk and zero benefit: some thoughts on the control of genotoxic impurities. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel 2009; 12:730-731. [PMID: 19894186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Lundov MD, Moesby L, Zachariae C, Johansen JD. Contamination versus preservation of cosmetics: a review on legislation, usage, infections, and contact allergy. Contact Dermatitis 2009; 60:70-8. [PMID: 19207376 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2008.01501.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dyrgaard Lundov
- Department of Dermatology, National Allergy Research Centre, Gentofte University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark.
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[Drug counterfeiting and counter measures. Study by the Hungarian National Alliance Against Drug Counterfeiting]. Psychiatr Hung 2009; 24:205-14. [PMID: 20017282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Hoppensteadt DA, Wahi R, Adiguzel C, Iqbal O, Ramacciotti E, Bick RL, Messmore HL, Bansal V, Fareed J. Contaminant in the recalled unfractionated heparin preparations: where is the problem? Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2008; 14:261-6. [PMID: 18565985 DOI: 10.1177/1076029608317932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Avorn
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard Interfaculty Initiative on Medications and Society, and Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics at Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
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47
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Lindhoff-Last E. [How safe is our treatment with heparins? (interview by Maria Weiss)]. MMW Fortschr Med 2008; 150:7. [PMID: 18700259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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48
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TX: HIV positive RN may have infected pts.: notice sent to at-risk patients precipitated suits. Nurs Law Regan Rep 2008; 48:3. [PMID: 18590251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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Newton PN, Fernández FM, Plançon A, Mildenhall DC, Green MD, Ziyong L, Christophel EM, Phanouvong S, Howells S, McIntosh E, Laurin P, Blum N, Hampton CY, Faure K, Nyadong L, Soong CWR, Santoso B, Zhiguang W, Newton J, Palmer K. A collaborative epidemiological investigation into the criminal fake artesunate trade in South East Asia. PLoS Med 2008; 5:e32. [PMID: 18271620 PMCID: PMC2235893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0050032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since 1998 the serious public health problem in South East Asia of counterfeit artesunate, containing no or subtherapeutic amounts of the active antimalarial ingredient, has led to deaths from untreated malaria, reduced confidence in this vital drug, large economic losses for the legitimate manufacturers, and concerns that artemisinin resistance might be engendered. METHODS AND FINDINGS With evidence of a deteriorating situation, a group of police, criminal analysts, chemists, palynologists, and health workers collaborated to determine the source of these counterfeits under the auspices of the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) and the Western Pacific World Health Organization Regional Office. A total of 391 samples of genuine and counterfeit artesunate collected in Vietnam (75), Cambodia (48), Lao PDR (115), Myanmar (Burma) (137) and the Thai/Myanmar border (16), were available for analysis. Sixteen different fake hologram types were identified. High-performance liquid chromatography and/or mass spectrometry confirmed that all specimens thought to be counterfeit (195/391, 49.9%) on the basis of packaging contained no or small quantities of artesunate (up to 12 mg per tablet as opposed to approximately 50 mg per genuine tablet). Chemical analysis demonstrated a wide diversity of wrong active ingredients, including banned pharmaceuticals, such as metamizole, and safrole, a carcinogen, and raw material for manufacture of methylenedioxymethamphetamine ('ecstasy'). Evidence from chemical, mineralogical, biological, and packaging analysis suggested that at least some of the counterfeits were manufactured in southeast People's Republic of China. This evidence prompted the Chinese Government to act quickly against the criminal traders with arrests and seizures. CONCLUSIONS An international multi-disciplinary group obtained evidence that some of the counterfeit artesunate was manufactured in China, and this prompted a criminal investigation. International cross-disciplinary collaborations may be appropriate in the investigation of other serious counterfeit medicine public health problems elsewhere, but strengthening of international collaborations and forensic and drug regulatory authority capacity will be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Newton
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust—Mahosot Hospital-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Collaboration, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (PNN) and (JN)
| | - Facundo M Fernández
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Aline Plançon
- Intellectual Property Crime Unit, International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL), Lyon, France
| | | | - Michael D Green
- Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Li Ziyong
- Intellectual Property Division, Economic Crime Investigation Department, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Eva Maria Christophel
- Western Pacific Regional Office of the World Health Organization, Manila, The Philippines
| | - Souly Phanouvong
- United States Pharmacopeia, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stephen Howells
- Therapeutic Goods Administration, Government of Australia, Symonston, Canberra, Australia
| | - Eric McIntosh
- Therapeutic Goods Administration, Government of Australia, Symonston, Canberra, Australia
| | - Paul Laurin
- Royal Canadian Mounted Police Forensic Laboratory Services, National Anti- Counterfeiting Bureau, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nancy Blum
- United States Pharmacopeia, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christina Y Hampton
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Leonard Nyadong
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Budiono Santoso
- Western Pacific Regional Office of the World Health Organization, Manila, The Philippines
| | - Wang Zhiguang
- Intellectual Property Division, Economic Crime Investigation Department, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - John Newton
- Intellectual Property Crime Unit, International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL), Lyon, France
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (PNN) and (JN)
| | - Kevin Palmer
- Western Pacific Regional Office of the World Health Organization, Manila, The Philippines
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