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La Fua J, Sabaruddin L, Santiaji Bande LO, Leomo S, Kade Sutariati GA, Khaeruni A, Safuan LO, Hs G, Corona Rakian T, Iswandi M, Umi Nurlila R. Isolation of Drought-Tolerant Endophyte Bacteria From Local Tomato Plants. Pak J Biol Sci 2021; 24:1055-1062. [PMID: 34842375 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2021.1055.1062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
<b>Background and Objective:</b> Exploration of drought-tolerant endophytic bacteria is significant to identify bacteria that can provide plant resistance to drought stress. This study aims to obtain the potential of endophytic bacteria to promote plant growth from tomato plants in dry land. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Exploration of endophytic bacteria from healthy tomato plants in a dry and rocky land, Muna Regency, Indonesia. Selection of drought-tolerant endophytic bacteria using polyethylene glycol 6000. Selected isolates were tested to increase the viability of tomato seeds using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). <b>Results:</b> There were 123 isolates of endophytic bacteria isolated from the roots and stems of local tomato plants in a dry and rocky land, Muna Regency, Indonesia. There were 39 (31.70%) isolates sensitive to drought, 55 (44.71%) isolates very sensitive to drought, 8 (6.50%) isolates tolerant to drought and 21 (17.02%) isolates very tolerant to drought. Dryness for the maximum polyethylene glycol concentration at osmotic pressure of -2.00 MPa. Inoculation of endophytic bacteria in local tomato seeds increased the viability and vigour of local tomato seeds compared to the absence of endophytic bacteria. Of the 21 isolates of drought-tolerant endophytic bacteria, there were 12 potential isolates in increasing the viability of local tomato seeds belonging to the <i>Pseudomonas</i> sp. and <i>Bacillus</i> sp. bacterial groups. <b>Conclusion:</b> <i>Pseudomonas </i>sp. and Bacillus sp. isolates identified the endophytic bacteria, which can be drought-tolerant and increase tomato seeds' viability.
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Lastochkina O, Aliniaeifard S, Garshina D, Garipova S, Pusenkova L, Allagulova C, Fedorova K, Baymiev A, Koryakov I, Sobhani M. Seed priming with endophytic Bacillus subtilis strain-specifically improves growth of Phaseolus vulgaris plants under normal and salinity conditions and exerts anti-stress effect through induced lignin deposition in roots and decreased oxidative and osmotic damages. J Plant Physiol 2021; 263:153462. [PMID: 34225178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is one of the non-pathogenic beneficial bacteria that promote plant growth and stress tolerance. In the present study, we revealed that seed priming with endophytic B. subtilis (strains 10-4, 26D) improved Phaseolus vulgaris L. (common bean) seed germination and plant growth under both saline and non-saline conditions. 10-4 and 26D decreased oxidative and osmotic damage to the plant cells since bacterial inoculations reduced lipid peroxidation and proline accumulation in plants under salinity. 26D and especially 10-4 preserved different elevated levels of chlorophyll (Chl) a and Chl b in bean leaves under salinity, while carotenoids (Car) increased only by 10-4 and slightly decreased by 26D. Under normal conditions, 10-4 and 26D did not affect Chl a and Car concentrations, while Chl b decreased in the same plants. Under non-saline and especially saline conditions, 10-4 and 26D significantly increased lignin accumulation in plant roots and the highest lignin content along with better growth and oxidative damages reduction was observed after 10-4 inoculation under salinity, indicating a major role of B. subtilis-induced strengthening the root cell walls in the implementation protective effect of studied bacteria on plants. Therefore, B. subtilis 10-4 and 26D exerts protective effects on the growth of common bean plants under salinity by regulating plant defense mechanisms and the major role in tolerance development may contribute through the activation by B. subtilis lignin deposition in roots. The obtained data also indicates a strain-dependent efficiency of endophytic B. subtilis since strains 10-4 and 26D differently improved growth attributes and modulates cellular response reactions of the same common bean plants both under normal and salinity conditions, that generates interest for further investigations in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Lastochkina
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Oktyabrya, 71, 450054, Ufa, Russia.
| | - Sasan Aliniaeifard
- Photosynthesis Laboratory, Aburaihan Campus, University of Tehran, PC 3391653775 Pakdasht, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Darya Garshina
- Bashkir Research Institute of Agriculture - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, R. Zorge Str., 19, 450059, Ufa, Russia.
| | - Svetlana Garipova
- Bashkir Research Institute of Agriculture - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, R. Zorge Str., 19, 450059, Ufa, Russia; Bashkir State University, Z. Validi Str., 32, 450076, Ufa, Russia.
| | - Liudmila Pusenkova
- Bashkir Research Institute of Agriculture - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, R. Zorge Str., 19, 450059, Ufa, Russia.
| | - Chulpan Allagulova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Oktyabrya, 71, 450054, Ufa, Russia.
| | - Kristina Fedorova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Oktyabrya, 71, 450054, Ufa, Russia.
| | - Andrey Baymiev
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Oktyabrya, 71, 450054, Ufa, Russia; Bashkir State University, Z. Validi Str., 32, 450076, Ufa, Russia.
| | - Igor Koryakov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Oktyabrya, 71, 450054, Ufa, Russia.
| | - Mohammadhadi Sobhani
- Photosynthesis Laboratory, Aburaihan Campus, University of Tehran, PC 3391653775 Pakdasht, Tehran, Iran.
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Wang ZH, Yan N, Luo X, Guo SS, Xue SQ, Liu JQ, Zhang SS, Zheng LW, Zhang JZ, Guo DP. Role of Long Noncoding RNAs ZlMSTRG.11348 and UeMSTRG.02678 in Temperature-Dependent Culm Swelling in Zizania latifolia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116020. [PMID: 34199611 PMCID: PMC8199642 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature influences the physiological processes and ecology of both hosts and endophytes; however, it remains unclear how long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) modulate the consequences of temperature-dependent changes in host-pathogen interactions. To explore the role of lncRNAs in culm gall formation induced by the smut fungus Ustilago esculenta in Zizania latifolia, we employed RNA sequencing to identify lncRNAs and their potential cis-targets in Z. latifolia and U. esculenta under different temperatures. In Z. latifolia and U. esculenta, we identified 3194 and 173 lncRNAs as well as 126 and four potential target genes for differentially expressed lncRNAs, respectively. Further function and expression analysis revealed that lncRNA ZlMSTRG.11348 regulates amino acid metabolism in Z. latifolia and lncRNA UeMSTRG.02678 regulates amino acid transport in U. esculenta. The plant defence response was also found to be regulated by lncRNAs and suppressed in Z. latifolia infected with U. esculenta grown at 25 °C, which may result from the expression of effector genes in U. esculenta. Moreover, in Z. latifolia infected with U. esculenta, the expression of genes related to phytohormones was altered under different temperatures. Our results demonstrate that lncRNAs are important components of the regulatory networks in plant-microbe-environment interactions, and may play a part in regulating culm swelling in Z. latifolia plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Hong Wang
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.-H.W.); (X.L.); (S.-S.G.); (S.-Q.X.); (J.-Q.L.); (S.-S.Z.); (L.-W.Z.)
| | - Ning Yan
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China;
| | - Xi Luo
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.-H.W.); (X.L.); (S.-S.G.); (S.-Q.X.); (J.-Q.L.); (S.-S.Z.); (L.-W.Z.)
| | - Sai-Sai Guo
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.-H.W.); (X.L.); (S.-S.G.); (S.-Q.X.); (J.-Q.L.); (S.-S.Z.); (L.-W.Z.)
| | - Shu-Qin Xue
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.-H.W.); (X.L.); (S.-S.G.); (S.-Q.X.); (J.-Q.L.); (S.-S.Z.); (L.-W.Z.)
| | - Jiang-Qiong Liu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.-H.W.); (X.L.); (S.-S.G.); (S.-Q.X.); (J.-Q.L.); (S.-S.Z.); (L.-W.Z.)
| | - Shen-Shen Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.-H.W.); (X.L.); (S.-S.G.); (S.-Q.X.); (J.-Q.L.); (S.-S.Z.); (L.-W.Z.)
| | - Li-Wen Zheng
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.-H.W.); (X.L.); (S.-S.G.); (S.-Q.X.); (J.-Q.L.); (S.-S.Z.); (L.-W.Z.)
| | - Jing-Ze Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Correspondence: (J.-Z.Z.); (D.-P.G.); Tel.: +86-571-88982796 (D.-P.G.)
| | - De-Ping Guo
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.-H.W.); (X.L.); (S.-S.G.); (S.-Q.X.); (J.-Q.L.); (S.-S.Z.); (L.-W.Z.)
- Correspondence: (J.-Z.Z.); (D.-P.G.); Tel.: +86-571-88982796 (D.-P.G.)
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An C, Ma S, Shi X, Xue W, Liu C, Ding H. Diversity and Antimicrobial Activity of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Chloranthus japonicus Sieb in Qinling Mountains, China. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5958. [PMID: 32825065 PMCID: PMC7503977 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21175958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant Chloranthus japonicus Sieb is known for its anticancer properties and mainly distributed in China, Japan, and Korea. In this study, we firstly investigated the diversity and antimicrobial activity of the culturable endophytic fungi from C. japonicus. A total of 332 fungal colonies were successfully isolated from 555 tissue segments of the medicinal plant C. japonicus collected from Qinling Mountains, China. One hundred and thirty representative morphotype strains were identified according to ITS rDNA sequence analyses and were grouped into three phyla (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Mucoromycota), five classes (Dothideomycetes, Sordariomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, Agaricomycetes, Mucoromycetes), and at least 30 genera. Colletotrichum (RA, 60.54%) was the most abundant genus, followed by Aspergillus (RA, 11.75%) and Diaporthe (RA, 9.34%). The Species Richness Index (S, 56) and the Shannon-Wiener Index (H', 2.7076) indicated that C. japonicus harbored abundant fungal resources. Thirteen out of 130 endophytic fungal ethyl acetate extracts exhibited inhibitory activities against at least one pathogenic bacterium or fungus. Among of these, F8158, which was identified as Trichoderma cf. harzianum, exhibited good antagonistic capacities (the percent inhibition of mycelial growth ranged from 47.72~88.18) for different pathogens and has a potential application in biological control. In addition, it is noteworthy that the strain F8157 (Thanatephorus cucumeris, an opportunistic pathogen) showed antibacterial and antifungal activity, which is reported firstly in this study, and should be investigated further. Taken together, these results indicated that the endophytic fungi from C. japonicus may be of potential interest in screening bio-control agents and discovering of new bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao An
- Shaanxi Institute of Microbiology, Xi’an 710043, China; (C.A.); (S.M.); (C.L.); (H.D.)
- Engineering Center of QinLing Mountains Natural Products, Shaanxi Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710043, China;
| | - Saijian Ma
- Shaanxi Institute of Microbiology, Xi’an 710043, China; (C.A.); (S.M.); (C.L.); (H.D.)
- Engineering Center of QinLing Mountains Natural Products, Shaanxi Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710043, China;
| | - Xinwei Shi
- Engineering Center of QinLing Mountains Natural Products, Shaanxi Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710043, China;
- Xi’an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province (Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province), Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Wenjiao Xue
- Shaanxi Institute of Microbiology, Xi’an 710043, China; (C.A.); (S.M.); (C.L.); (H.D.)
- Engineering Center of QinLing Mountains Natural Products, Shaanxi Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710043, China;
| | - Chen Liu
- Shaanxi Institute of Microbiology, Xi’an 710043, China; (C.A.); (S.M.); (C.L.); (H.D.)
- Engineering Center of QinLing Mountains Natural Products, Shaanxi Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710043, China;
| | - Hao Ding
- Shaanxi Institute of Microbiology, Xi’an 710043, China; (C.A.); (S.M.); (C.L.); (H.D.)
- Engineering Center of QinLing Mountains Natural Products, Shaanxi Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710043, China;
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Dorta SDO, Balbinotte J, Monnerat R, Lopes JRS, da Cunha T, Zanardi OZ, de Miranda MP, Machado MA, de Freitas-Astúa J. Selection of Bacillus thuringiensis strains in citrus and their pathogenicity to Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) nymphs. Insect Sci 2020; 27:519-530. [PMID: 30548193 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins are effective in controlling insect pests either through the spraying of products or when expressed in transgenic crops. The discovery of endophytic Bt strains opened new perspectives for studies aimed at the control of sap-sucking insects, such as the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), a vector of "Candidatus Liberibacter spp.," associated with citrus huanglongbing (HLB). In this study, translocation of endophytic Bt strains in citrus seedlings inoculated with Bt suspension delivered by soil-drench, and their systemic pathogenicity to D. citri nymphs were investigated. The pathogenicity of three wild-type Bt strains against D. citri third-instar nymphs was demonstrated. Among the 10 recombinant strains tested (each of them harboring a single cry or cyt gene), 3 can be highlighted, causing 42%-77% and 66%-90% nymphal mortality at 2 and 5 d after inoculation, respectively. The isolation of Bt cells from young citrus shoots and dead nymphs, and PCR performed with specific primers, confirmed the involvement of the Bt strains in the psyllid mortality. This is the first report showing the translocation of Bt strains from citrus seedling roots to shoots and their potential to control D. citri nymphs that fed on these soil-drench inoculated seedlings. The Bt strains that caused the highest mortality rates have the potential to be used as bioinsecticides to control D. citri and the identified genes can be used for the production of transgenic Bt citrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia de Oliveira Dorta
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Cordeirópolis, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Balbinotte
- Laboratório de Insetos Vetores de Fitopatógenos, Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Rose Monnerat
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - João Roberto Spotti Lopes
- Laboratório de Insetos Vetores de Fitopatógenos, Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiane da Cunha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Cordeirópolis, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcos Antonio Machado
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Cordeirópolis, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana de Freitas-Astúa
- Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas, BA, Brazil
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Fitopatológica, Instituto Biológico, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Abdel-Aziz MM, M.Emam T, Raafat MM. Hindering of Cariogenic Streptococcus mutans Biofilm by Fatty Acid Array Derived from an Endophytic Arthrographis kalrae Strain. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E811. [PMID: 32466324 PMCID: PMC7277960 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans has been considered as the major etiological agent of dental caries, mostly due to its arsenal of virulence factors, including strong biofilm formation, exopolysaccharides production, and high acid production. Here, we present the antivirulence activity of fatty acids derived from the endophytic fungus Arthrographis kalrae isolated from Coriandrum sativum against Streptococcus mutans. The chemical composition of the fatty acids was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry GC-MS and revealed nine compounds representing 99.6% of fatty acids, where unsaturated and saturated fatty acids formed 93.8% and 5.8 % respectively. Oleic and linoleic acids were the major unsaturated fatty acids. Noteworthy, the fatty acids at the concentration of 31.3 mg L-1 completely inhibited Streptococcus mutans biofilm, and water insoluble extracellular polysaccharide production in both polystyrene plates, and tooth model assay using saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs. Inhibition of biofilm correlated significantly and positively with the inhibition of water insoluble extracellular polysaccharide (R=1, p <0.0001). Furthermore, Arthrographis kalrae fatty acids at a concentration of 7.8 mg L-1 exhibited acidogenesis-mitigation activity. They did not show bactericidal activity against Streptococcus mutans and cytotoxic activity against human oral fibroblast cells at the concentration used. On the other hand, saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs treated with sub-minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration of fatty acids showed disturbed biofilm architecture with a few unequally distributed clumped matrices using fluorescence microscopy. Our findings revealed that the intracellular fatty acid arrays derived from endophytic Arthrographis kalrae could contribute to the biofilm-preventing alternatives, specifically Streptococcus mutans biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa M. Abdel-Aziz
- Regional Center for Mycology and Biotechnology (RCMB), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt;
| | - Tamer M.Emam
- Microbiology Department, Desert Research Center (DRC), Cairo 11753, Egypt;
| | - Marwa M. Raafat
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Industries, Future University in Egypt (FUE), Cairo 11835, Egypt
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Nieva AS, Vilas JM, Gárriz A, Maiale SJ, Menéndez AB, Erban A, Kopka J, Ruiz OA. The fungal endophyte Fusarium solani provokes differential effects on the fitness of two Lotus species. Plant Physiol Biochem 2019; 144:100-109. [PMID: 31561198 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The interactions established between plants and endophytic fungi span a continuum from beneficial to pathogenic associations. The aim of this work was to isolate potentially beneficial fungal endophytes in the legume Lotus tenuis and explore the mechanisms underlying their effects. One of the nine fungal strains isolated was identified as Fusarium solani and shows the highest phosphate-solubilisation activity, and also grows endophytically in roots of L. japonicus and L. tenuis. Interestingly, fungal invasion enhances plant growth in L. japonicus but provokes a contrasting effect in L. tenuis. These differences were also evidenced when the rate of photosynthesis as well as sugars and K contents were assessed. Our results indicate that the differential responses observed are due to distinct mechanisms deployed during the establishment of the interactions that involve the regulation of photosynthesis, potassium homeostasis, and carbohydrate metabolism. These responses are employed by these plant species to maintain fitness during the endophytic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Susana Nieva
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Av. Intendente Marino km 8.2, Chascomús, 7130, Argentina
| | - Juan Manuel Vilas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Av. Intendente Marino km 8.2, Chascomús, 7130, Argentina
| | - Andrés Gárriz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Av. Intendente Marino km 8.2, Chascomús, 7130, Argentina
| | - Santiago Javier Maiale
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Av. Intendente Marino km 8.2, Chascomús, 7130, Argentina
| | - Ana Bernardina Menéndez
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Universidad de Buenos Aires, PROPLAME-PRHIDEB (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Alexander Erban
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Joachim Kopka
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Oscar Adolfo Ruiz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Av. Intendente Marino km 8.2, Chascomús, 7130, Argentina; Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales-Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (IFRGV-INTA), Camino 60 cuadras km 5.5, Córdoba, 5119, Argentina.
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Wemheuer F, Wemheuer B, Daniel R, Vidal S. Deciphering bacterial and fungal endophyte communities in leaves of two maple trees with green islands. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14183. [PMID: 31578453 PMCID: PMC6775154 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50540-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Green islands (the re-greening of senescent leaf tissues) are particularly evident on leaves infected with fungal pathogens. To date, there is only a limited number of studies investigating foliar endophytic microorganisms in phytopathogen-infected leaves. Here, we analysed bacterial and fungal endophyte communities in leaves without green islands (control leaves; CL), within green island areas (GLA) and the surrounding yellow leaf areas (YLA) of leaves with green islands of Acer campestre and A. platanoides. GLA samples of A. campestre and A. platanoides were dominated by Sawadaea polyfida and S. bicornis, respectively, suggesting that these fungi might be responsible for the green islands. We detected a higher fungal richness and diversity in CL compared to GLA samples of A. campestre. Leaf status (CL, GLA, YLA) significantly altered the composition of fungal communities of A. campestre. This was related to differences in fungal community composition between YLA and GLA samples. Site was the main driver of bacterial communities, suggesting that bacterial and fungal endophytes are shaped by different factors. Overall, we observed Acer species-specific responses of endophyte communities towards the presence of green islands and/or leaf type, which might be attributed to several fungi and bacteria specifically associated with one Acer species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Wemheuer
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Grisebachstr.6, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Applied Marine and Estuarine Ecology, Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bernd Wemheuer
- Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rolf Daniel
- Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Vidal
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Grisebachstr.6, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Branine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Anna Bazzicalupo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Sara Branco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Ormskirk MM, Narciso J, Hampton JG, Glare TR. Endophytic ability of the insecticidal bacterium Brevibacillus laterosporus in Brassica. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216341. [PMID: 31116753 PMCID: PMC6530831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brevibacillus laterosporus (Bl), is an insecticidal bacterium recorded as toxic to a range of invertebrates after ingestion. Isolates of Bl, which were initially recovered from surface-sterilised cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) seeds, were able to colonise brassica plants in the laboratory and field. The bacterium was recovered from surface-sterilised leaf, stem and root sections of seedlings after inoculation with Bl vegetative cells under laboratory conditions, and from mature cabbage plants sprayed with Bl in a field trial. The identity of the recovered bacterial isolates was confirmed by PCR through amplification of 16S rDNA and two strain-specific regions. The effect on diamondback moth (DBM) insect herbivory was tested with cabbage seedlings treated with one isolate (Bl 1951) as the strains are toxic to DBM after direct ingestion. While no effect on DBM larval herbivory was observed, there was a significant reduction of DBM pupation on the Bl 1951 colonised plants. The presence of Bl 1951 wild type cells within cabbage root tissue was confirmed by confocal microscopy, establishing the endophytic nature of the bacterium. The bacterium was also endophytic in three other brassica species tested, Chinese kale (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra), oilseed rape (Brassica napus var. oleifera) and radish (Raphanus sativus).
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Marsha Ormskirk
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| | - Josefina Narciso
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - John G. Hampton
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Travis R. Glare
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
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11
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Wheeler DL, Dung JKS, Johnson DA. From pathogen to endophyte: an endophytic population of Verticillium dahliae evolved from a sympatric pathogenic population. New Phytol 2019; 222:497-510. [PMID: 30372525 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The fungus Verticillium dahliae causes wilts of several hundred plant species, including potato and mint. Verticillium spp. also colonize sympatric hosts such as mustards and grasses as endophytes. The evolutionary history of and interactions between pathogenic and endophytic of this fungus are unknown. Verticillium dahliae isolates recovered from sympatric potato, mint, mustard and grasses were characterized genotypically with microsatellite markers and phenotypically for pathogenicity. The evolutionary history of pathogenic and endophytic populations was reconstructed and gene flow between populations quantified. Verticillium dahliae was recovered from all hosts. Endophytic populations were genetically and genotypically similar to but marginally differentiated from the potato population, from which they evolved. Bidirectional migration was detected between these populations and endophytic isolates were pathogenic to potato and behaved as endophytes in mustard and barley. Verticillium dahliae colonizes plants as both endophytes and pathogens. A historical host-range expansion together with endophytic and pathogenic capabilities are likely to have enabled infection of and gene flow between asymptomatic and symptomatic host populations despite minor differentiation. The ability of hosts to harbor asymptomatic infections and the stability of asymptomatic infections over time warrants investigation to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the maintenance of endophytism and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeremiah Kam Sung Dung
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Madras, OR, 97741, USA
| | - Dennis Allen Johnson
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
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12
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Vaz ABM, Fonseca PLC, Badotti F, Skaltsas D, Tomé LMR, Silva AC, Cunha MC, Soares MA, Santos VL, Oliveira G, Chaverri P, Góes-Neto A. A multiscale study of fungal endophyte communities of the foliar endosphere of native rubber trees in Eastern Amazon. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16151. [PMID: 30385829 PMCID: PMC6212449 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34619-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hevea brasiliensis is a native hyperdiverse tree species in the Amazon basin with great economic importance since it produces the highest quality natural rubber. H. brasiliensis, in its natural habitat, may harbor fungal endophytes that help defend against phytopathogenic fungi. In this work, we investigated the fungal endophytic communities in two pristine areas in Eastern Amazon (Anavilhanas National Park - ANP and Caxiuanã National Forest - CNF) at different spatial scales: regional, local, individual (tree), and intra-individual (leaflet). Using a culture-based approach, 210 fungal endophytes were isolated from 240 sampling units and assigned to 46 distinct MOTUs based on sequencing of the nrITS DNA. The community compositions of the endophytomes are different at both regional and local scales, dominated by very few taxa and highly skewed toward rare taxa, with many endophytes infrequently isolated across hosts in sampled space. Colletotrichum sp. 1, a probably latent pathogen, was the most abundant endophytic putative species and was obtained from all individual host trees in both study areas. Although the second most abundant putative species differed between the two collection sites, Clonostachys sp. 1 and Trichoderma sp. 1, they are phylogenetically related (Hypocreales) mycoparasites. Thus, they probably exhibit the same ecological function in the foliar endosphere of rubber tree as antagonists of its fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline B M Vaz
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
- Faculdade de Minas (FAMINAS), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31744-007, Brazil
| | - Paula L C Fonseca
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Badotti
- Department of Chemistry, Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais (CEFET-MG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 30480-000, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz M R Tomé
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Allefi C Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Mayara C Cunha
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Marco A Soares
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Vera L Santos
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | | | - Priscilla Chaverri
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Aristóteles Góes-Neto
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
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13
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Hiruma K, Kobae Y, Toju H. Beneficial associations between Brassicaceae plants and fungal endophytes under nutrient-limiting conditions: evolutionary origins and host-symbiont molecular mechanisms. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2018; 44:145-154. [PMID: 29738938 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Brassicaceae plants have lost symbiotic interactions with mutualistic mycorrhizal fungi, but, nonmycorrhizal Brassicaceae associate with diverse taxonomic groups of mutualistic root-endophytic fungi. Distantly related fungal endophytes of Brassicaceae plants transfer phosphorus to the hosts and promote plant growth, thereby suggesting that the beneficial function was independently acquired via convergent evolution. These beneficial interactions appear tightly regulated by the tryptophan-derived secondary metabolite pathway, which specifically developed in Brassicaceae. Importantly, phosphate availability and types of colonizing microbes appear to influence the metabolite pathway. Thus, endophytes of Brassicaceae may have evolved to adapt to the Brassicaceae-specific traits. Future comparative functional analyses among well-defined endophytic fungi and their relatives with distinct life strategies and host plants will help understand the mechanisms that establish and maintain beneficial interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Hiruma
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Kobae
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan; Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) , 1 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8555, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Toju
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan
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14
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Huang LH, Yuan MQ, Ao XJ, Ren AY, Zhang HB, Yang MZ. Endophytic fungi specifically introduce novel metabolites into grape flesh cells in vitro. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196996. [PMID: 29734364 PMCID: PMC5937782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since endophytes can affect metabolism of host plants, they are expected to be used to improve crop quality, especially for crops with organoleptic sensitive products such as wine grape. However, details of metabolic interactions between endophytes and host plants were less understood. In this work, we used high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) to analyze the metabolites of fruit flesh cells of grape treated with dual culture of different endophytic fungal strains (EFS). We observed that the dual-culture with different fungal strains show different metabolites composition in grape cells. In response to different EFS, quantities of detected metabolites in grape cells varied from 6 to 17 in this assay, and 1 to 11 novel metabolites were introduced into metabolome of grape cells. Dual-culture with fungal strains CS2, RH16 and RH5 introduced the highest quantities (10 or 11) of novel metabolites in grape cells. More importantly, the modification of metabolic profiles in grape cells via fungal endophytes appeared to be fungal strain/genus-specificity. Overall, this work revealed that introduction of specific metabolites in host plants may be one consequence during the process of endophytes-host metabolic interactions, which raise the possibility to shape grape qualities and characteristics using tool of fungal endophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Huang
- School of life science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Ming-Quan Yuan
- School of chemistry and chemical engineering, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiu-Jin Ao
- School of life science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - An-Yun Ren
- School of life science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Han-Bo Zhang
- School of life science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Ming-Zhi Yang
- School of life science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- * E-mail: ,
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15
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Clifton EH, Jaronski ST, Coates BS, Hodgson EW, Gassmann AJ. Effects of endophytic entomopathogenic fungi on soybean aphid and identification of Metarhizium isolates from agricultural fields. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194815. [PMID: 29566067 PMCID: PMC5864058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Terrestrial plants can harbor endophytic fungi that may induce changes in plant physiology that in turn affect interactions with herbivorous insects. We evaluated whether the application of entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium brunneum to soybean seeds could become endophytic and affect interactions with soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura). It was found that A. glycines population sizes increased on plants with M. brunneum (strain F52) seed inoculum, but no significant effects were shown with analogous treatments with B. bassiana (strain GHA). Fungi recovered from soybean plant tissues indicate that endophytism was established, and that B. bassiana was more prevalent. Metarhizium brunneum was only recovered from stems, but B. bassiana was recovered from stems and leaves. This work confirms that some entomopathogenic fungi can be endophytic in soybean, however, some of these fungi may have a negative effect on the plants by increasing susceptibility of soybean to A. glycines. We also used DNA sequence data to identify species of Metarhizium obtained from agricultural fields in Iowa. Phylogenetic analyses, based on DNA sequence data, found that all isolates were Metarhizium robertsii, which is consistent with past studies indicating a cosmopolitan distribution and wide host range for this species. These results are important for understanding the dynamics of implementing environmentally sustainable measures for the control of pest insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric H. Clifton
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Stefan T. Jaronski
- United States Department of Agriculture, Northern Plains Agricultural Research Lab, Sidney, Montana, United States of America
| | - Brad S. Coates
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Erin W. Hodgson
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Aaron J. Gassmann
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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16
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Brader G, Compant S, Vescio K, Mitter B, Trognitz F, Ma LJ, Sessitsch A. Ecology and Genomic Insights into Plant-Pathogenic and Plant-Nonpathogenic Endophytes. Annu Rev Phytopathol 2017; 55:61-83. [PMID: 28489497 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants are colonized on their surfaces and in the rhizosphere and phyllosphere by a multitude of different microorganisms and are inhabited internally by endophytes. Most endophytes act as commensals without any known effect on their plant host, but multiple bacteria and fungi establish a mutualistic relationship with plants, and some act as pathogens. The outcome of these plant-microbe interactions depends on biotic and abiotic environmental factors and on the genotype of the host and the interacting microorganism. In addition, endophytic microbiota and the manifold interactions between members, including pathogens, have a profound influence on the function of the system plant and the development of pathobiomes. In this review, we elaborate on the differences and similarities between nonpathogenic and pathogenic endophytes in terms of host plant response, colonization strategy, and genome content. We furthermore discuss environmental effects and biotic interactions within plant microbiota that influence pathogenesis and the pathobiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Brader
- Center for Health and Bioresources, Bioresources Unit, Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT), 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Stéphane Compant
- Center for Health and Bioresources, Bioresources Unit, Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT), 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Kathryn Vescio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003;
| | - Birgit Mitter
- Center for Health and Bioresources, Bioresources Unit, Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT), 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Friederike Trognitz
- Center for Health and Bioresources, Bioresources Unit, Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT), 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Li-Jun Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003;
| | - Angela Sessitsch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003;
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17
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Mirzahossini Z, Shabani L, Sabzalian MR, Sharifi-Tehrani M. ABC transporter and metallothionein expression affected by NI and Epichloe endophyte infection in tall fescue. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2015; 120:13-19. [PMID: 26024809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Epichloe endophytes are symbiotic fungi which unlike mycorrhiza grow within aerial parts of host plants. The fungi may increase host tolerance to both biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, the effect of endophyte infection on growth and tolerance, carbohydrate contents and ABC (ABC transporter) and MET (metallothionein) expression in the leaves of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) plants cultivated in Ni polluted soil were evaluated. The endophyte infected (E+) and non-infected (E-) fescue plants were cultivated in soil under different Ni concentrations (30, 90 and 180mgkg(-1)). Growth parameters including root, shoot, total biomass, tiller number and total chlorophyll content of plants and H2O2 content of shoots were measured at the end of experiment. Ni translocation to the shoots, carbohydrate contents in roots and expression of ABC and MET of the leaves were also measured after 10 weeks of growth. Results demonstrated the beneficial effect of endophyte association on growth and Ni tolerance of tall fescue under Ni stress through an avoidance mechanism (reduction of Ni accumulation and translocation to the shoots). Endophyte infected plants showed less ABC and MET expression compared to the endophyte free plants. In endophyte free plants, H2O2 production had a significant positive correlation with genes expression, indicating that an increase in H2O2 might be involved in the up-regulation of ABC and MET under Ni stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Mirzahossini
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Leila Shabani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Mohammad R Sabzalian
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
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18
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Guo L, Qiu J, Han Z, Ye Z, Chen C, Liu C, Xin X, Ye CY, Wang YY, Xie H, Wang Y, Bao J, Tang S, Xu J, Gui Y, Fu F, Wang W, Zhang X, Zhu Q, Guang X, Wang C, Cui H, Cai D, Ge S, Tuskan GA, Yang X, Qian Q, He SY, Wang J, Zhou XP, Fan L. A host plant genome (Zizania latifolia) after a century-long endophyte infection. Plant J 2015; 83:600-609. [PMID: 26072920 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of host-microbe interactions in natural ecosystems, agriculture and medicine, the impact of long-term (especially decades or longer) microbial colonization on the dynamics of host genomes is not well understood. The vegetable crop 'Jiaobai' with enlarged edible stems was domesticated from wild Zizania latifolia (Oryzeae) approximately 2000 years ago as a result of persistent infection by a fungal endophyte, Ustilago esculenta. Asexual propagation via infected rhizomes is the only means of Jiaobai production, and the Z. latifolia-endophyte complex has been maintained continuously for two centuries. Here, genomic analysis revealed that cultivated Z. latifolia has a significantly smaller repertoire of immune receptors compared with wild Z. latifolia. There are widespread gene losses/mutations and expression changes in the plant-pathogen interaction pathway in Jiaobai. These results show that continuous long-standing endophyte association can have a major effect on the evolution of the structural and transcriptomic components of the host genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longbiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Jie Qiu
- Department of Agronomy & Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | | | - Zihong Ye
- College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Chao Chen
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | | | - Xiufang Xin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, and Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48864, USA
| | - Chu-Yu Ye
- Department of Agronomy & Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ying-Ying Wang
- Department of Agronomy & Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | | | - Yu Wang
- Department of Agronomy & Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiandong Bao
- Department of Agronomy & Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - She Tang
- Department of Agronomy & Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yijie Gui
- Department of Agronomy & Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fei Fu
- Department of Agronomy & Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Weidi Wang
- Department of Agronomy & Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xingchen Zhang
- Department of Agronomy & Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | | | | | | | - Haifeng Cui
- College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Daguang Cai
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, D-24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Song Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Gerald A Tuskan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Xiaohan Yang
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Sheng Yang He
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, and Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48864, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Xue-Ping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Longjiang Fan
- Department of Agronomy & Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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19
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Guo L, Qiu J, Han Z, Ye Z, Chen C, Liu C, Xin X, Ye CY, Wang YY, Xie H, Wang Y, Bao J, Tang S, Xu J, Gui Y, Fu F, Wang W, Zhang X, Zhu Q, Guang X, Wang C, Cui H, Cai D, Ge S, Tuskan GA, Yang X, Qian Q, He SY, Wang J, Zhou XP, Fan L. A host plant genome (Zizania latifolia) after a century-long endophyte infection. Plant J 2015; 83:600-609. [PMID: 26072920 DOI: 10.1111/pj.12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of host-microbe interactions in natural ecosystems, agriculture and medicine, the impact of long-term (especially decades or longer) microbial colonization on the dynamics of host genomes is not well understood. The vegetable crop 'Jiaobai' with enlarged edible stems was domesticated from wild Zizania latifolia (Oryzeae) approximately 2000 years ago as a result of persistent infection by a fungal endophyte, Ustilago esculenta. Asexual propagation via infected rhizomes is the only means of Jiaobai production, and the Z. latifolia-endophyte complex has been maintained continuously for two centuries. Here, genomic analysis revealed that cultivated Z. latifolia has a significantly smaller repertoire of immune receptors compared with wild Z. latifolia. There are widespread gene losses/mutations and expression changes in the plant-pathogen interaction pathway in Jiaobai. These results show that continuous long-standing endophyte association can have a major effect on the evolution of the structural and transcriptomic components of the host genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longbiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Jie Qiu
- Department of Agronomy & Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | | | - Zihong Ye
- College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Chao Chen
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | | | - Xiufang Xin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, and Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48864, USA
| | - Chu-Yu Ye
- Department of Agronomy & Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ying-Ying Wang
- Department of Agronomy & Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | | | - Yu Wang
- Department of Agronomy & Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiandong Bao
- Department of Agronomy & Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - She Tang
- Department of Agronomy & Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yijie Gui
- Department of Agronomy & Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fei Fu
- Department of Agronomy & Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Weidi Wang
- Department of Agronomy & Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xingchen Zhang
- Department of Agronomy & Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | | | | | | | - Haifeng Cui
- College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Daguang Cai
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, D-24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Song Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Gerald A Tuskan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Xiaohan Yang
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Sheng Yang He
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, and Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48864, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Xue-Ping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Longjiang Fan
- Department of Agronomy & Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Zgadzaj R, James EK, Kelly S, Kawaharada Y, de Jonge N, Jensen DB, Madsen LH, Radutoiu S. A legume genetic framework controls infection of nodules by symbiotic and endophytic bacteria. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005280. [PMID: 26042417 PMCID: PMC4456278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Legumes have an intrinsic capacity to accommodate both symbiotic and endophytic bacteria within root nodules. For the symbionts, a complex genetic mechanism that allows mutual recognition and plant infection has emerged from genetic studies under axenic conditions. In contrast, little is known about the mechanisms controlling the endophytic infection. Here we investigate the contribution of both the host and the symbiotic microbe to endophyte infection and development of mixed colonised nodules in Lotus japonicus. We found that infection threads initiated by Mesorhizobium loti, the natural symbiont of Lotus, can selectively guide endophytic bacteria towards nodule primordia, where competent strains multiply and colonise the nodule together with the nitrogen-fixing symbiotic partner. Further co-inoculation studies with the competent coloniser, Rhizobium mesosinicum strain KAW12, show that endophytic nodule infection depends on functional and efficient M. loti-driven Nod factor signalling. KAW12 exopolysaccharide (EPS) enabled endophyte nodule infection whilst compatible M. loti EPS restricted it. Analysis of plant mutants that control different stages of the symbiotic infection showed that both symbiont and endophyte accommodation within nodules is under host genetic control. This demonstrates that when legume plants are exposed to complex communities they selectively regulate access and accommodation of bacteria occupying this specialized environmental niche, the root nodule. Plants have evolved elaborated mechanisms to monitor microbial presence and to control their infection, therefore only particular microbes, so called “endophytes,” are able to colonise the internal tissues with minimal or no host damage. The legume root nodule is a unique environmental niche induced by symbiotic bacteria, but where multiple species, symbiotic and endophytic co-exist. Genetic studies of the binary interaction legume-symbiont led to the discovery of key components evolved in the two partners allowing mutual recognition and nodule infection. In contrast, there is limited knowledge about the endophytic nodule infection, the role of the legume host, or the symbiont in the process of nodule colonisation by endophytes. Here we focus on the early stages of nodule infection in order to identify which molecular signatures and genetic components favour/allow endophyte accommodation, and multiple species co-existence inside nodules. We found that colonisation of Lotus japonicus nodules by endophytic bacteria is a selective process, that endophyte nodule occupancy is host-controlled, and that exopolysaccharides are key bacterial features for chronic infection of nodules. Our strategy based on model legume genetics and co-inoculation can thus be used for identifying mechanisms operating behind host-microbes compatibility in environments where multiple species co-exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Zgadzaj
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling (CARB) Centre, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Euan K. James
- Ecological Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Kelly
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling (CARB) Centre, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Yasuyuki Kawaharada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling (CARB) Centre, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nadieh de Jonge
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling (CARB) Centre, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dorthe B. Jensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling (CARB) Centre, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lene H. Madsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling (CARB) Centre, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Simona Radutoiu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling (CARB) Centre, Aarhus, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Zhang X, Xia C, Li C, Nan Z. Chemical composition and antifungal activity of the volatile oil from Epichloë gansuensis, endophyte-infected and non-infected Achnatherum inebrians. Sci China Life Sci 2015; 58:512-4. [PMID: 25833804 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-015-4837-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- XingXu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
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Craig AM, Blythe LL, Duringer JM. The role of the Oregon State University Endophyte Service Laboratory in diagnosing clinical cases of endophyte toxicoses. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:7376-7381. [PMID: 25017309 DOI: 10.1021/jf5027229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The Oregon State University Colleges of Veterinary Medicine and Agricultural Sciences instituted the Endophyte Service Laboratory to aid in diagnosing toxicity problems associated with cool-season grasses in livestock. The endophyte (Neotyphodium coenophalum) present in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) produces ergopeptine alkaloids, of which ergovaline is the molecule used to determine exposure and toxicity thresholds for the vasoconstrictive conditions "fescue foot" and "summer slump". Another vasoconstrictive syndrome, "ergotism," is caused by a parasitic fungus, Claviceps purpurea, and its primary toxin, ergotamine. "Ryegrass staggers" is a neurological condition that affects livestock consuming endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii)-infected perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) with high levels of lolitrem B. HPLC-fluorescent analytical methods for these mycotoxins are described and were used to determine threshold levels of toxicity for ergovaline and lolitrem B in cattle, sheep, horses, and camels. In addition, six clinical cases in cattle are presented to illustrate diagnosis of these three diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Morrie Craig
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, and ‡Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University , Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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Li T, Blande JD, Gundel PE, Helander M, Saikkonen K. Epichloë endophytes alter inducible indirect defences in host grasses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101331. [PMID: 24978701 PMCID: PMC4076332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Epichloë endophytes are common symbionts living asymptomatically in pooid grasses and may provide chemical defences against herbivorous insects. While the mechanisms underlying these fungal defences have been well studied, it remains unknown whether endophyte presence affects the host's own defences. We addressed this issue by examining variation in the impact of Epichloë on constitutive and herbivore-induced emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC), a well-known indirect plant defence, between two grass species, Schedonorus phoenix (ex. Festuca arundinacea; tall fescue) and Festuca pratensis (meadow fescue). We found that feeding by a generalist aphid species, Rhopalosiphum padi, induced VOC emissions by uninfected plants of both grass species but to varying extents, while mechanical wounding failed to do so in both species after one day of damage. Interestingly, regardless of damage treatment, Epichloë uncinata-infected F. pratensis emitted significantly lower quantities of VOCs than their uninfected counterparts. In contrast, Epichloë coenophiala-infected S. phoenix did not differ from their uninfected counterparts in constitutive VOC emissions but tended to increase VOC emissions under intense aphid feeding. A multivariate analysis showed that endophyte status imposed stronger differences in VOC profiles of F. pratensis than damage treatment, while the reverse was true for S. phoenix. Additionally, both endophytes inhibited R. padi population growth as measured by aphid dry biomass, with the inhibition appearing greater in E. uncinata-infected F. pratensis. Our results suggest, not only that Epichloë endophytes may play important roles in mediating host VOC responses to herbivory, but also that the magnitude and direction of such responses may vary with the identity of the Epichloë–grass symbiosis. Whether Epichloë-mediated host VOC responses will eventually translate into effects on higher trophic levels merits future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - James D. Blande
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pedro E. Gundel
- Plant Production Research, MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Marjo Helander
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kari Saikkonen
- Plant Production Research, MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Jokioinen, Finland
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Diene O, Wang W, Narisawa K. Pseudosigmoidea ibarakiensis sp. nov., a dark septate endophytic fungus from a cedar forest in Ibaraki, Japan. Microbes Environ 2013; 28:381-7. [PMID: 24005845 PMCID: PMC4070967 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A dark septate fungus of Pseudosigmoidea, Hyphomycetes, was recovered from forest soil in Ibaraki prefecture, Japan. The isolate is characterized by pale to brown conidia with up to 8 septa measuring 68-132 × 4-7.9 mm. It is also unique in producing conidia borne by long conidogenious cells in agar medium with or without water, compared to P. cranei, which must be immersed in water to sporulate. Morphological analysis indicated that the isolate is distinct from P. cranei and is described as a new species, P. ibarakiensis sp. nov. Pathogenicity tests of Chinese cabbage and cucumber seedlings indicated that the fungus grows as an endophyte and colonizes, inter and intracellularly, the root epidermal and cortical layers without causing apparent disease symptoms in the host. This endophyte showed the ability to support cucumber plant growth under conditions where NaNO3 was replaced by organic nitrogen but also conferred to Chinese cabbage the ability to grow at low pH. It also became successfully established in six other plants, including the Brassicae, Solanaceae, Poaceae, and Liliacea families, suggesting its adaptability to a broad range of host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ousmane Diene
- Direction de la Protection des Végétaux, Km 15 Route de Rufisque, BP: 20054, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Bioresource Science, College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3–21–1 Chuo, Ami, Ibaraki, 300–0393, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Narisawa
- Department of Bioresource Science, College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3–21–1 Chuo, Ami, Ibaraki, 300–0393, Japan
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Eichenlaub R, Gartemann KH. The Clavibacter michiganensis subspecies: molecular investigation of gram-positive bacterial plant pathogens. Annu Rev Phytopathol 2011; 49:445-64. [PMID: 21438679 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-072910-095258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Clavibacter michiganensis subspecies are actinomycete plant pathogens residing mainly in the xylem vessels that infect economically important host plants. In the Clavibacter subspecies michiganensis and sepedonicus, infecting tomato and potato, respectively, essential factors for disease induction are plasmid encoded and loss of the virulence plasmids converts these biotrophic pathogens into endophytes. The genes responsible for successful colonization of the host plant, including evasion/suppression of plant defense reactions, are chromosomally encoded. Several serine proteases seem to be involved in colonization. They are secreted by Clavibacter, but their targets remain unknown. A type 3 secretion system (T3SS) translocating effectors into the plant cells is absent in these gram-positive pathogens. With the development of the modern 'omics technologies for RNA and proteins based on the known genome sequences, a new phase in the investigation of the mechanisms of plant pathogenicity has begun to allow the genome-wide investigation of the Clavibacter-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Eichenlaub
- Department of Genetechnology/Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany.
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