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Fisol AFBC, Saidi NB, Al-Obaidi JR, Lamasudin DU, Atan S, Razali N, Sajari R, Rahmad N, Hussin SNIS, Mr NH. Differential Analysis of Mycelial Proteins and Metabolites From Rigidoporus Microporus During In Vitro Interaction With Hevea Brasiliensis. Microb Ecol 2022; 83:363-379. [PMID: 33890145 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01757-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rigidoporus microporus is the fungus accountable for the white root rot disease that is detrimental to the rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis. The pathogenicity mechanism of R. microporus and the identity of the fungal proteins and metabolites involved during the infection process remain unclear. In this study, the protein and metabolite profiles of two R. microporus isolates, Segamat (SEG) and Ayer Molek (AM), were investigated during an in vitro interaction with H. brasiliensis. The isolates were used to inoculate H. brasiliensis clone RRIM 2025, and mycelia adhering to the roots of the plant were collected for analysis. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images acquired confirms the hyphae attachment and colonization of the mycelia on the root of the H. brasiliensis clones after 4 days of inoculation. The protein samples were subjected to 2-DE analysis and analyzed using MALDI-ToF MS/MS, while the metabolites were extracted using methanol and analyzed using LC/MS-QTOF. Based on the differential analyses, upregulation of proteins that are essential for fungal evolution such as malate dehydrogenase, fructose 1,6-biphosphate aldolase, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase hints an indirect role in fungal pathogenicity, while metabolomic analysis suggests an increase in acidic compounds which may lead to increased cell wall degrading enzyme activity. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that the carbohydrate and amino acid metabolisms were prominently affected in response to the fungal pathogenicity. In addition to that, other pathways that were significantly affected include "Protein Ubiquitination Pathway," Unfolded Protein Response," "HIFα Signaling," and "Sirtuin Signaling Pathway." The identification of responsive proteins and metabolites from this study promotes a better understanding of mechanisms underlying R. microporus pathogenesis and provides a list of potential biological markers for early recognition of the white root rot disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Faiz Bin Che Fisol
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noor Baity Saidi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jameel R Al-Obaidi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, 35900, Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia.
| | - Dhilia Udie Lamasudin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Safiah Atan
- Malaysian Rubber Board, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurhanani Razali
- Membranology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1, Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-kun, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
- Department of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Roslinda Sajari
- Malaysian Rubber Board, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norasfaliza Rahmad
- Agro-Biotechnology Institute Malaysia (ABI), National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia (NIBM), c/o MARDI Headquarters, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Nahdatul Isnaini Said Hussin
- Agro-Biotechnology Institute Malaysia (ABI), National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia (NIBM), c/o MARDI Headquarters, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Hafiza Mr
- Agro-Biotechnology Institute Malaysia (ABI), National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia (NIBM), c/o MARDI Headquarters, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Du Y, Wang M, Zou L, Long M, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Liang X. Quantitative Detection and Monitoring of Colletotrichum siamense in Rubber Trees Using Real-Time PCR. Plant Dis 2021; 105:2861-2866. [PMID: 33900111 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-20-2198-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum siamense is one of the most important pathogens of rubber trees in Asia. The proper detection and quantification of C. siamense populations in rubber trees are of importance for monitoring the epidemics of the disease. In this study, we developed an internal transcribed spacer-based real-time PCR method to efficiently detect C. siamense infecting rubber trees, which reliably detected as little as 100 fg of genomic DNA, 100 copies of target DNA, and 20 conidia. The real-time PCR protocol recognized all C. siamense isolates collected from three provinces in China, whereas no amplification was observed with the rubber tree and its other pathogens. Detection and quantification of C. siamense were performed in artificially and naturally infected rubber leaves. We could still detect C. siamense in plant mixes, of which only 0.0001% of the tissue was infected. An accumulation of C. siamense DNA was observed during the whole infection process at all three leaf phenological stages, suggesting that the real-time PCR method can be used to monitor C. siamense development in rubber trees. Finally, the method allowed the detection of C. siamense in naturally infected and symptomless leaves of rubber trees in the fields. Compared with earlier detection methods, the real-time PCR method is more specific and more sensitive, and it will be of great use for studies aiming to gain a better understanding of the epidemiology of Colletotrichum leaf disease, as well as the prediction of disease risk and proposals to control it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannan Du
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Meng Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Lijun Zou
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Mingteng Long
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Ye Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liang
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
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3
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Ribeiro S, Label P, Garcia D, Montoro P, Pujade-Renaud V. Transcriptome profiling in susceptible and tolerant rubber tree clones in response to cassiicolin Cas1, a necrotrophic effector from Corynespora cassiicola. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254541. [PMID: 34320014 PMCID: PMC8318233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Corynespora cassiicola, a fungal plant pathogen with a large host range, causes important damages in rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), in Asia and Africa. A small secreted protein named cassiicolin was previously identified as a necrotrophic effector required for the virulence of C. cassiicola in specific rubber tree clones. The objective of this study was to decipher the cassiicolin-mediated molecular mechanisms involved in this compatible interaction. We comparatively analyzed the RNA-Seq transcriptomic profiles of leaves treated or not with the purified cassiicolin Cas1, in two rubber clones: PB260 (susceptible) and RRIM600 (tolerant). The reads were mapped against a synthetic transcriptome composed of all available transcriptomic references from the two clones. Genes differentially expressed in response to cassiicolin Cas1 were identified, in each clone, at two different time-points. After de novo annotation of the synthetic transcriptome, we analyzed GO enrichment of the differentially expressed genes in order to elucidate the main functional pathways impacted by cassiicolin. Cassiicolin induced qualitatively similar transcriptional modifications in both the susceptible and the tolerant clones, with a strong negative impact on photosynthesis, and the activation of defense responses via redox signaling, production of pathogenesis-related protein, or activation of the secondary metabolism. In the tolerant clone, transcriptional reprogramming occurred earlier but remained moderate. By contrast, the susceptible clone displayed a late but huge transcriptional burst, characterized by massive induction of phosphorylation events and all the features of a hypersensitive response. These results confirm that cassiicolin Cas1 is a necrotrophic effector triggering a hypersensitive response in susceptible rubber clones, in agreement with the necrotrophic-effector-triggered susceptibility model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Ribeiro
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, UMR PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Philippe Label
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, UMR PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Dominique Garcia
- UMR AGAP Institut, Université Montpellier, CIRAD, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, Montpellier, France
| | - Pascal Montoro
- UMR AGAP Institut, Université Montpellier, CIRAD, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, Montpellier, France
| | - Valérie Pujade-Renaud
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, UMR PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- UMR AGAP Institut, Université Montpellier, CIRAD, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- * E-mail:
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Yang J, Wang Q, Luo H, He C, An B. HbWRKY40 plays an important role in the regulation of pathogen resistance in Hevea brasiliensis. Plant Cell Rep 2020; 39:1095-1107. [PMID: 32399673 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02551-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Overexpression of HbWRKY40 induces ROS burst in tobacco and increases disease resistance in Arabidopsis; RNA-seq and ChIP assays revealed the regulatory network of HbWRKY40 in plant defense. WRKY, a family of plant transcription factors, are involved in the regulation of numerous biological processes. In rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis, the roles of WRKYs remain poorly understood. In the present study, a total of 111 genes encoding putative HbWRKY proteins were identified in the H. brasiliensis genome. Among these genes, HbWRKY40 transcripts were significantly induced by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and salicylic acid. To assess its roles in plant defense, HbWRKY40 was over-expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana. The results showed that HbWRKY40 significantly induced reactive oxygen species burst in N. benthamiana and increased resistance of Arabidopsis against Botrytis cinerea. Transient expression in mesophyll cell protoplasts of H. brasiliensis showed that HbWRKY40 localizes at nuclei. In addition, transcripts of 145 genes were significantly up-regulated and 6 genes were down-regulated in the protoplasts over-expressing HbWRKY40 based on the RNA-seq analysis. Among these potential downstream targets, 12 genes contain potential WRKY-binding sites at the promoter regions. Further analysis through chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that 10 of these 12 genes were the downstream targets of HbWRKY40. Taken together, our findings indicate that HbWRKY40 plays an important role in the disease resistance by regulating defense-associated genes in H. brasiliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiannan Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongli Luo
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaozu He
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bang An
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, People's Republic of China.
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Wang Y, Wang C, Rajaofera MJN, Zhu L, Liu W, Zheng F, Miao W. WY7 is a newly identified promoter from the rubber powdery mildew pathogen that regulates exogenous gene expression in both monocots and dicots. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233911. [PMID: 32479550 PMCID: PMC7263610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Promoters are very important for transcriptional regulation and gene expression, and have become invaluable tools for genetic engineering. Owing to the characteristics of obligate biotrophs, molecular research into obligate biotrophic fungi is seriously lagging behind, and very few of their endogenous promoters have been developed. In this study, a WY7 fragment was predicted in the genome of Oidium heveae Steinmann using PromoterScan. Its promoter function was verified with transient transformations (Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation, ATMT) in Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi nc. The analysis of the transcription range showed that WY7 could regulate GUS expression in both monocots (Zea mays Linn and Oryza sativa L. spp. Japonica cv. Nipponbare) and dicots (N. tabacum and Hylocereus undulates Britt). The results of the quantitative detection showed that the GUS transient expression levels when regulated by WY7 was more than 11.7 times that of the CaMV 35S promoter in dicots (N. tabacum) and 5.13 times that of the ACT1 promoter in monocots (O. sativa). GUS staining was not detected in the T1 generation of the WY7-GUS transgenic N. tabacum. This showed that WY7 is an inducible promoter. The cis elements of WY7 were predicted using PlantCARE, and further experiments indicated that WY7 was a low temperature- and salt-inducible promoter. Soluble proteins produced by WY7-hpa1Xoo transgenic tobacco elicited hypersensitive responses (HR) in N. tabacum leaves. N. tabacum transformed with pBI121-WY7-hpa1Xoo exhibited enhanced resistance to the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). The WY7 promoter has a lot of potential as a tool for plant genetic engineering. Further in-depth studies will help to better understand the transcriptional regulation mechanisms of O. heveae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Mamy Jayne Nelly Rajaofera
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Fucong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Weiguo Miao
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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Tan D, Fu L, Sun X, Xu L, Zhang J. Genetic Analysis and Immunoelectron Microscopy of Wild and Mutant Strains of the Rubber Tree Endophytic Bacterium Serratia marcescens Strain ITBB B5-1 Reveal Key Roles of a Macrovesicle in Storage and Secretion of Prodigiosin. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:5606-5615. [PMID: 32227934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rubber tree is an economically important tropical crop. Its endophytic bacterial strain Serratia marcescens ITBB B5-1 contains an intracellular macrovesicle and red pigment. In this research, the red pigment was identified as prodigiosin by quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Prodigiosin has a wide range of potential medical values such as anticancer and antiorgan transplant rejection. The strain ITBB B5-1 accumulated prodigiosin up to 2000 mg/L, which is higher production compared to most known Serratia strains. The formation of the macrovesicle and prodigiosin biosynthesis were highly associated and were both temporal- and temperature-dependent. A mutant strain B5-1mu that failed to produce prodigiosin was obtained by ultraviolet mutagenesis. Whole genome sequencing of wild-type and mutant strains indicated that the PigC gene encoding the last-step enzyme in the prodigiosin biosynthesis pathway was mutated in B5-1mu by a 17-bp deletion. Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that the macrovesicle was absent in the mutant strain, indicating that formation of the macrovesicle relied on prodigiosin biosynthesis. Immunoelectron microscopy using prodigiosin-specific antiserum showed the presence of prodigiosin in the macrovesicle, the cell wall, and the extracellular vesicles, while immuno-reaction was not observed in the mutant cell. These results indicate that the macrovesicle serves as a storage organelle of prodigiosin, and secretes prodigiosin into cell envelop and culture medium as extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deguan Tan
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, MOA Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Biology and Genetic Resources, CATAS, Xueyuan Road 4, Haikou 571101, China
- Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, CATAS, Xueyuan Road 4, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Lili Fu
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, MOA Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Biology and Genetic Resources, CATAS, Xueyuan Road 4, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Xuepiao Sun
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, MOA Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Biology and Genetic Resources, CATAS, Xueyuan Road 4, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Long Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangshu 210095, China
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, MOA Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Biology and Genetic Resources, CATAS, Xueyuan Road 4, Haikou 571101, China
- Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, CATAS, Xueyuan Road 4, Haikou 571101, China
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Skaltsas DN, Badotti F, Vaz ABM, Silva FFD, Gazis R, Wurdack K, Castlebury L, Góes-Neto A, Chaverri P. Exploration of stem endophytic communities revealed developmental stage as one of the drivers of fungal endophytic community assemblages in two Amazonian hardwood genera. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12685. [PMID: 31481728 PMCID: PMC6722055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48943-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many aspects of the dynamics of tropical fungal endophyte communities are poorly known, including the influence of host taxonomy, host life stage, host defence, and host geographical distance on community assembly and composition. Recent fungal endophyte research has focused on Hevea brasiliensis due to its global importance as the main source of natural rubber. However, almost no data exist on the fungal community harboured within other Hevea species or its sister genus Micrandra. In this study, we expanded sampling to include four additional Hevea spp. and two Micrandra spp., as well as two host developmental stages. Through culture-dependent and -independent (metagenomic) approaches, a total of 381 seedlings and 144 adults distributed across three remote areas within the Peruvian Amazon were sampled. Results from both sampling methodologies indicate that host developmental stage had a greater influence in community assemblage than host taxonomy or locality. Based on FunGuild ecological guild assignments, saprotrophic and mycotrophic endophytes were more frequent in adults, while plant pathogens were dominant in seedlings. Trichoderma was the most abundant genus recovered from adult trees while Diaporthe prevailed in seedlings. Potential explanations for that disparity of abundance are discussed in relation to plant physiological traits and community ecology hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetra N Skaltsas
- University of Maryland, Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, 2112 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA.
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Mycology and Nematology Genetic Diversity and Biology Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland, 20705, USA.
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, ARS Research Participation Program, MC-100-44, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
| | - Fernanda Badotti
- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Química, 30421-169, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30421-169, Brazil
| | - Aline Bruna Martins Vaz
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Microbiologia, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Felipe Ferreira da Silva
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Microbiologia, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Romina Gazis
- University of Florida, Department of Plant Pathology, Tropical Research & Education Center, 18905 SW 280 Street, Homestead, Florida, 33031, USA
| | - Kenneth Wurdack
- Smithsonian Institution, Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, District of Columbia, 20013, USA
| | - Lisa Castlebury
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Mycology and Nematology Genetic Diversity and Biology Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland, 20705, USA
| | - Aristóteles Góes-Neto
- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Química, 30421-169, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30421-169, Brazil
| | - Priscila Chaverri
- University of Maryland, Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, 2112 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
- Escuela de Biología, Centro de Investigaciones en Productos Naturales, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José, 11501, Costa Rica, USA
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8
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Zhai DL, Yu H, Chen SC, Ranjitkar S, Xu J. Responses of rubber leaf phenology to climatic variations in Southwest China. Int J Biometeorol 2019; 63:607-616. [PMID: 29130120 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-017-1448-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The phenology of rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) could be influenced by meteorological factors and exhibits significant changes under different geoclimates. In the sub-optimal environment in Xishuangbanna, rubber trees undergo lengthy periods of defoliation and refoliation. The timing of refoliation from budburst to leaf aging could be affected by powdery mildew disease (Oidium heveae), which negatively impacts seed and latex production. Rubber trees are most susceptible to powdery mildew disease at the copper and leaf changing stages. Understanding and predicting leaf phenology of rubber trees are helpful to develop effective means of controlling the disease. This research investigated the effect of several meteorological factors on different leaf phenological stages in a sub-optimal environment for rubber cultivation in Jinghong, Yunnan in Southwest China. Partial least square regression was used to quantify the relationship between meteorological factors and recorded rubber phenologies from 2003 to 2011. Minimum temperature in December was found to be the critical factor for the leaf phenology development of rubber trees. Comparing the delayed effects of minimum temperature, the maximum temperature, diurnal temperature range, and sunshine hours were found to advancing leaf phenologies. A comparatively lower minimum temperature in December would facilitate the advancing of leaf phenologies of rubber trees. Higher levels of precipitation in February delayed the light green and the entire process of leaf aging. Delayed leaf phenology was found to be related to severe rubber powdery mildew disease. These results were used to build predictive models that could be applied to early warning systems of rubber powdery mildew disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Li Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany (CAS), Lanhei Road 132, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
- World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia Office, Lanhei Road 132, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Haiying Yu
- College of Agroforestry Engineering and Planning, Tongren University, Tongren, Guizhou, 554300, China
| | - Si-Chong Chen
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 8499000, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Sailesh Ranjitkar
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany (CAS), Lanhei Road 132, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
- World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia Office, Lanhei Road 132, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Jianchu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany (CAS), Lanhei Road 132, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China.
- World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia Office, Lanhei Road 132, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China.
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Vaz ABM, Fonseca PLC, Badotti F, Skaltsas D, Tomé LMR, Silva AC, Cunha MC, Soares MA, Santos VL, Oliveira G, Chaverri P, Góes-Neto A. A multiscale study of fungal endophyte communities of the foliar endosphere of native rubber trees in Eastern Amazon. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16151. [PMID: 30385829 PMCID: PMC6212449 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34619-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hevea brasiliensis is a native hyperdiverse tree species in the Amazon basin with great economic importance since it produces the highest quality natural rubber. H. brasiliensis, in its natural habitat, may harbor fungal endophytes that help defend against phytopathogenic fungi. In this work, we investigated the fungal endophytic communities in two pristine areas in Eastern Amazon (Anavilhanas National Park - ANP and Caxiuanã National Forest - CNF) at different spatial scales: regional, local, individual (tree), and intra-individual (leaflet). Using a culture-based approach, 210 fungal endophytes were isolated from 240 sampling units and assigned to 46 distinct MOTUs based on sequencing of the nrITS DNA. The community compositions of the endophytomes are different at both regional and local scales, dominated by very few taxa and highly skewed toward rare taxa, with many endophytes infrequently isolated across hosts in sampled space. Colletotrichum sp. 1, a probably latent pathogen, was the most abundant endophytic putative species and was obtained from all individual host trees in both study areas. Although the second most abundant putative species differed between the two collection sites, Clonostachys sp. 1 and Trichoderma sp. 1, they are phylogenetically related (Hypocreales) mycoparasites. Thus, they probably exhibit the same ecological function in the foliar endosphere of rubber tree as antagonists of its fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline B M Vaz
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
- Faculdade de Minas (FAMINAS), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31744-007, Brazil
| | - Paula L C Fonseca
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Badotti
- Department of Chemistry, Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais (CEFET-MG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 30480-000, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz M R Tomé
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Allefi C Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Mayara C Cunha
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Marco A Soares
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Vera L Santos
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | | | - Priscilla Chaverri
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Aristóteles Góes-Neto
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
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Liu M, Xu F, Xu X, Wanek W, Yang X. Age alters uptake pattern of organic and inorganic nitrogen by rubber trees. Tree Physiol 2018; 38:1685-1693. [PMID: 29660099 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have explored plant nutrient acquisition during ecosystem succession, but it remains unclear how age affects nitrogen (N) acquisition by the same tree species. Clarifying the age effect will be beneficial to fertilization management through improving N-use efficiency and reducing the risk of environmental pollution due to NO3- leaching. To clarify the effect of age on N uptake, rubber (Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Muell. Arg.) plantations of five ages (7, 16, 24, 32 and 49 years) were selected in Xishuangbanna of southern China for brief 15N exposures of intact roots using field hydroponic experiments. 15N-labeled NH4+, NO3- or glycine were applied in this study. All targeted rubber trees uptake rates followed an order of NH4+ > glycine > NO3-. As age increased, NH4+ uptake increased first and then decreased sharply, partly consistent with the pattern of soil NH4+ concentrations. Uptake of glycine decreased first and then increased gradually, while no significant change of NO3- uptake rates existed with increasing age. Overall, rubber trees with ages from 7 to 49 years all showed a preference for NH4+ uptake. Young rubber trees (7 and 16 years) had higher NH4+ and lower glycine preferences than older trees (24, 32 and 49 years). Mycorrhizal colonization rates of rubber trees were higher in intermediately aged plantations (16, 24 and 32 years) than in plantations aged 7 and 49 years. A positive relationship was observed between arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization rates and NO3- preference. The results from this study demonstrate that rubber trees do not change their preference for NH4+ but strongly decreased their reliance on it with age. These findings indicate that the shift of N uptake patterns with age should be taken into account for rubber fertilization management to improve N-use efficiency and reduce the risk of environmental pollution during rubber production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology of Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqi Lake, Huairou District, Beijing, China
| | - Fanzhen Xu
- Laibin Academy of Agricultural Science, Renmin Road, Chengbei District, Laibin, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Xingliang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology of Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Wolfgang Wanek
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Research Network 'Chemistry meets Microbiology', University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Wien, Austria
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology of Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
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Deenamo N, Kuyyogsuy A, Khompatara K, Chanwun T, Ekchaweng K, Churngchow N. Salicylic Acid Induces Resistance in Rubber Tree against Phytophthora palmivora. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1883. [PMID: 29949940 PMCID: PMC6073688 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced resistance by elicitors is considered to be an eco-friendly strategy to stimulate plant defense against pathogen attack. In this study, we elucidated the effect of salicylic acid (SA) on induced resistance in rubber tree against Phytophthora palmivora and evaluated the possible defense mechanisms that were involved. For SA pretreatment, rubber tree exhibited a significant reduction in disease severity by 41%. Consistent with the occurrence of induced resistance, the pronounced increase in H₂O₂ level, catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities were observed. For defense reactions, exogenous SA promoted the increases of H₂O₂, CAT, POD and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activities, including lignin, endogenous SA and scopoletin (Scp) contents. However, SA had different effects on the activity of each CAT isoform in the particular rubber tree organs. Besides, three partial cDNAs encoding CAT (HbCAT1, HbCAT2 and HbCAT3) and a partial cDNA encoding PAL (HbPAL) were isolated from rubber tree. Moreover, the expressions of HbCAT1, HbPAL and HbPR1 were induced by SA. Our findings suggested that, upon SA priming, the elevated H₂O₂, CAT, POD and PAL activities, lignin, endogenous SA and Scp contents, including the up-regulated HbCAT1, HbPAL and HbPR1 expressions could potentiate the resistance in rubber tree against P. palmivora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuramalee Deenamo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
| | - Arnannit Kuyyogsuy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Nakhon Si Thammarat Rajabhat University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80280, Thailand.
| | - Khemmikar Khompatara
- Office of Agricultural Research and Development Region 8, Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Hat-Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand.
| | - Thitikorn Chanwun
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya Nakhon Si Thammarat Saiyai Campus, Thungsong, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80110, Thailand.
| | - Kitiya Ekchaweng
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
| | - Nunta Churngchow
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
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Abstract
In the past, South American leaf blight (SALB) of the rubber tree has been responsible for very severe damage in rubber plantations in South America. It is still the main obstacle holding back the development of rubber cultivation on the American continent and is a major risk for Asia and Africa, which are still exempt from this scourge. However, knowledge about the disease and about rubber tree resistance factors has progressed over the last decade, suggesting some solutions, notably for varietal improvement. This article is an overview of knowledge on this subject, particularly the most recent achievements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Guyot
- CIRAD, UPR Bioagresseurs, F-97387 Kourou, French Guiana, France, and Bioagresseurs, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Le Guen
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France, and AGAP, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, INRIA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
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13
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Cao X, Xu X, Che H, West JS, Luo D. Distribution and Fungicide Sensitivity of Colletotrichum Species Complexes from Rubber Tree in Hainan, China. Plant Dis 2017; 101:1774-1780. [PMID: 30676918 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-17-0352-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and C. acutatum species complexes are causal agents of Colletotrichum leaf disease (CLD) of rubber trees worldwide. To determine the geographic distribution of Colletotrichum species complexes associated with CLD of rubber trees in Hainan, China, and their sensitivity to fungicides used in the region, a total of 275 Colletotrichum isolates were collected from 52 rubber tree plantations in 11 counties. These isolates were identified based jointly on morphological characteristics and PCR-based methodology. Of these isolates, 78 and 22% belonged to the C. gloeosporioides species complex (CGSC) and the C. acutatum complex (CASC), respectively. The incidence of CGSC isolates was greater than the CASC in all counties sampled. The incidence of CASC isolates appeared to be lower in the western and central south of Hainan than in other regions. There was no association in their presence at a given plantation between the two species complexes. The in vitro sensitivity of these two species complexes to carbendazim, chlorothalonil, and four demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides (difenoconazole, propiconazole, myclobutanil, and prochloraz) was determined. Carbendazim was effective against CGSC but not against CASC with mean ED50 values of 0.176 and 2.182 µg/ml, respectively. CASC isolates were more sensitive to difenoconazole, propiconazole, and myclobutanil (mean ED50 values of 0.177, 0.129, and 1.424 µg/ml, respectively) than CGSC isolates (mean ED50 values of 0.710, 0.348, and 3.496 µg/ml, respectively). Mean ED50 values of CGSC against chlorothalonil and prochloraz were 173.341 and 0.035 µg/ml, respectively; corresponding values for CASC were 151.441 and 0.040 µg/ml. These results suggest that prochloraz, propiconazole, and difenoconazole are effective against both species complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueren Cao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Xiangming Xu
- NIAB East Malling Research, New Road, East Malling, Kent ME19 6BJ, U.K
| | - Haiyan Che
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | | | - Daquan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
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Shrestha SK, Lamour K, Young-Kelly H. Genome sequences and SNP analyses of Corynespora cassiicola from cotton and soybean in the southeastern United States reveal limited diversity. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184908. [PMID: 28910414 PMCID: PMC5599035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Corynespora cassiicola attackes diverse agriculturally important plants, including soybean and cotton, in the US. It is a reemerge pathogen on cotton in southeastern US. Whole genome sequences of four cotton and one soybean isolate from Tennessee were used to develop single nucleotide polymorphism markers for cotton isolates. Cotton isolates had little diversity at the genome level and very little differentiation from the soybean isolate. Analysis of 75 isolates from cotton and soybean, using targeted-sequencing of 22 polymorphic SNP sites, revealed eight multi-locus genotypes and it appears a single clonal lineage predominates across the southeastern region. The cotton and soybean genome sequences were significantly different from the public reference genome derived from a rubber isolate and the utility of these novel resources will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandesh K. Shrestha
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Kurt Lamour
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Heather Young-Kelly
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, The University of Tennessee, Jackson, TN, United States of America
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15
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Herrmann L, Lesueur D, Bräu L, Davison J, Jairus T, Robain H, Robin A, Vasar M, Wiriyakitnateekul W, Öpik M. Diversity of root-associated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in a rubber tree plantation chronosequence in Northeast Thailand. Mycorrhiza 2016; 26:863-877. [PMID: 27448680 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0720-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is of major economic importance in Southeast Asia and for small land holders in Thailand in particular. Due to the high value of latex, plantations are expanding into unsuitable areas, such as the northeast province of Thailand where soil fertility is very low and therefore appropriate management practices are of primary importance. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) contribute to plant growth through a range of mechanisms and could play a key role in a more sustainable management of the rubber plantations. We described the diversity of AMF associated with rubber tree roots in Northeast Thailand in relation to tree age and soil parameters along a chronosequence of rubber tree plantations. Cassava fields were included for comparison. Rubber tree and cassava roots harbored high diversity of AMF (111 Virtual Taxa, VT), including 20 novel VT. AMF VT richness per sample was consistently high (per site mean 16 to 21 VT per sample) along the chronosequence and was not related to soil properties. The composition of AMF communities differed between cassava and rubber tree plantations and was influenced by soil texture and nutrient content (sand, K, P, Ca). AMF community composition gradually shifted with the age of the trees. Our results suggest that the high diversity of AMF in this region is potentially significant for maintaining high functionality of AMF communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Herrmann
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment - Deakin University (Burwood Campus), Melbourne, Australia.
- CIRAD, UMR Eco&Sols, Land Development Department - Office of Science for Land Development, Paholyothin Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
| | - Didier Lesueur
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment - Deakin University (Burwood Campus), Melbourne, Australia
- CIRAD, UMR Eco&Sols, Land Development Department - Office of Science for Land Development, Paholyothin Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Lambert Bräu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment - Deakin University (Burwood Campus), Melbourne, Australia
| | - John Davison
- Department of Botany, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Teele Jairus
- Department of Botany, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Henri Robain
- IRD, UMR IEES, Land Development Department - Office of Science for Land Development, Paholyothin Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Agnès Robin
- CIRAD, UMR Eco&Sols, 2 place Viala, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Martti Vasar
- Department of Botany, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Wanpen Wiriyakitnateekul
- Land Development Department - Office of Science for Land Development, Paholyothin Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Maarja Öpik
- Department of Botany, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
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Tran DM, Clément-Demange A, Déon M, Garcia D, Le Guen V, Clément-Vidal A, Soumahoro M, Masson A, Label P, Le MT, Pujade-Renaud V. Genetic Determinism of Sensitivity to Corynespora cassiicola Exudates in Rubber Tree (Hevea brasiliensis). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162807. [PMID: 27736862 PMCID: PMC5063417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An indirect phenotyping method was developed in order to estimate the susceptibility of rubber tree clonal varieties to Corynespora Leaf Fall (CLF) disease caused by the ascomycete Corynespora cassiicola. This method consists in quantifying the impact of fungal exudates on detached leaves by measuring the induced electrolyte leakage (EL%). The tested exudates were either crude culture filtrates from diverse C. cassiicola isolates or the purified cassiicolin (Cas1), a small secreted effector protein produced by the aggressive isolate CCP. The test was found to be quantitative, with the EL% response proportional to toxin concentration. For eight clones tested with two aggressive isolates, the EL% response to the filtrates positively correlated to the response induced by conidial inoculation. The toxicity test applied to 18 clones using 13 toxinic treatments evidenced an important variability among clones and treatments, with a significant additional clone x treatment interaction effect. A genetic linkage map was built using 306 microsatellite markers, from the F1 population of the PB260 x RRIM600 family. Phenotyping of the population for sensitivity to the purified Cas1 effector and to culture filtrates from seven C. cassiicola isolates revealed a polygenic determinism, with six QTL detected on five chromosomes and percentages of explained phenotypic variance varying from 11 to 17%. Two common QTL were identified for the CCP filtrate and the purified cassiicolin, suggesting that Cas1 may be the main effector of CCP filtrate toxicity. The CCP filtrate clearly contrasted with all other filtrates. The toxicity test based on Electrolyte Leakage Measurement offers the opportunity to assess the sensitivity of rubber genotypes to C. cassiicola exudates or purified effectors for genetic investigations and early selection, without risk of spreading the fungus in plantations. However, the power of this test for predicting field susceptibility of rubber clones to CLF will have to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh Minh Tran
- Rubber Research Institute of Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- CIRAD, UMR-AGAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Marine Déon
- UCA, INRA, UMR PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | | | | | - Mouman Soumahoro
- Société Africaine de Plantations d'Hévéas, 01 BP 1322 Abidjan 01, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Aurélien Masson
- Société des Caoutchoucs de Grand-Béréby, Grand-Béréby, Côte d’Ivoire
| | | | - Mau Tuy Le
- Rubber Research Institute of Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Glushakova AM, Kachalkin AV, Maksimova IA, Chernov IY. Yeasts in Hevea brasiliensis Latex. Mikrobiologiia 2016; 85:466-471. [PMID: 28853778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Yeast abundance and species diversity in the latex of caoutchouc tree Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex Juss.) M611. Arg., on its green leaves, and in soil below the plant Was studied. The yeasts present in the fresh latex in concentrations of up to 5.5 log(CFU/g) were almost exclusively represented by the species Candida heveicola, which was previously isolated from Hevea latex in China. In the course of natural modification of the latex yeast diversity increased, while yeast abundance decreased. The yeasts of thickened and solidified latex were represented by typical epiphytic and ubiquitous species: Kodamea ohmeri, Debaryomyces hansenii, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, and synanthropic species Candida parapsilosis and Cutaneotrichosporon arbori- formis. The role of yeasts in latex modification at the initial stages of succession and their probable role in de- velopment of antifungal activity in the latex are discussed.
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18
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Koop DM, Rio M, Sabau X, Almeida Cardoso SE, Cazevieille C, Leclercq J, Garcia D. Expression analysis of ROS producing and scavenging enzyme-encoding genes in rubber tree infected by Pseudocercospora ulei. Plant Physiol Biochem 2016; 104:188-199. [PMID: 27035258 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
South American Leaf Blight (SALB), caused by the ascomycete Pseudocercospora ulei, is responsible for the low productivity of rubber trees in Latin America and is a serious threat to rubber plantations in Asia and Africa, where the rubber trees are derived from highly susceptible clones. Three contrasted genotypes were chosen for their levels of resistance to the pathogen: FX2784 (totally resistant), MDF180 (partially resistant) and PB314 (susceptible). Array analyses were previously performed to identify genes differentially expressed in resistant and susceptible genotypes. Twenty-one genes were selected for further gene expression analysis in non-inoculated and inoculated genotypes from 24 to 216 h post infection (hpi). These genes are involved in ROS production (HbRBOHA, HbRBOHB, HbRBOHC, HbRBOHD), ROS-scavenging systems (cytoplasmic and chloroplastic HbCuZnSOD, HbMnSOD, HbCAT, HbAPX1, HbAPX2, HbMDHAR, HbGCL1, HbGCL2, HbOASTL, HbGPX, HbDHAR), and leaf senescence (HbCASP, HbPCYST, HbWRKY2, HbPLY, HbKAT2). First, a genotype-dependent level of expression was observed. The genes HbRBOHA, HbCuZnSOD cyto, HbCAT, HbGCL and HbWRKY2 were constitutively expressed at lower levels in the MDF180 genotype than in the FX2784 and PB314 genotypes. Conversely, the levels of expression of HbDHAR, HbGPX and HbPCYST were higher in the older, non-inoculated leaves of MDF180. Lower production of ROS and efficient regeneration of reduced ascorbate ensure a balanced redox intracellular state in this genotype. Second, inoculation of the leaves induced few modifications in the expression level of the studied genes. In the MDF180 partially resistant genotype, an increase in the expression level of HbRBOHB, HbRBOHD 48 hpi and a decrease in the expression level of HbDHAR 216 hpi were observed. In the FX2784 totally resistant genotype, an increase in the expression level of HbRBOHD and HbCuZnSOD cyto and a decrease in HbCAT were observed 48 hpi. This transitory variation could be associated with the oxidative burst classically observed in hypersensitive response (HR). The increase in the synthesis of reduced glutathione in this genotype could ensure redox balance and consequently cell homeostasis. In the PB314 susceptible genotype, HbROHC, HbCuZnSOD chloro was up-regulated 216 hpi concomitantly with a decrease in the expression level of HbCAT, consequently causing an accumulation of H2O2 and programmed cell death. The level of expression of a transcription factor, HbWRKY2, was also modulated by the P. ulei infection with early transient up-regulation in the FX2784 totally resistant genotype and permanent up-regulation in the MDF180 partially resistant genotype. These results complement studies on genetic determinism of SALB resistance and a recent publication on Hevea glutathione reductase gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Martins Koop
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Jorge Amado, Km 16, 45662-900 Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Maryannick Rio
- Dept. BIOS/UMR-AGAP, CIRAD, Avenue Agropolis 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Xavier Sabau
- Dept. BIOS/UMR-AGAP, CIRAD, Avenue Agropolis 34398 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Chantal Cazevieille
- Centre de Ressources en Imagerie Cellulaire (CRIC), IURC, 641 Avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Julie Leclercq
- Dept. BIOS/UMR-AGAP, CIRAD, Avenue Agropolis 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Dominique Garcia
- Dept. BIOS/UMR-AGAP, CIRAD, Avenue Agropolis 34398 Montpellier, France.
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Tan D, Fu L, Han B, Sun X, Zheng P, Zhang J. Identification of an Endophytic Antifungal Bacterial Strain Isolated from the Rubber Tree and Its Application in the Biological Control of Banana Fusarium Wilt. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131974. [PMID: 26133557 PMCID: PMC4489675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Banana Fusarium wilt (also known as Panama disease) is one of the most disastrous plant diseases. Effective control methods are still under exploring. The endophytic bacterial strain ITBB B5-1 was isolated from the rubber tree, and identified as Serratia marcescens by morphological, biochemical, and phylogenetic analyses. This strain exhibited a high potential for biological control against the banana Fusarium disease. Visual agar plate assay showed that ITBB B5-1 restricted the mycelial growth of the pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4 (FOC4). Microscopic observation revealed that the cell wall of the FOC4 mycelium close to the co-cultured bacterium was partially decomposed, and the conidial formation was prohibited. The inhibition ratio of the culture fluid of ITBB B5-1 against the pathogenic fungus was 95.4% as estimated by tip culture assay. Chitinase and glucanase activity was detected in the culture fluid, and the highest activity was obtained at Day 2 and Day 3 of incubation for chitinase and glucanase, respectively. The filtrated cell-free culture fluid degraded the cell wall of FOC4 mycelium. These results indicated that chitinase and glucanase were involved in the antifungal mechanism of ITBB B5-1. The potted banana plants that were inoculated with ITBB B5-1 before infection with FOC4 showed 78.7% reduction in the disease severity index in the green house experiments. In the field trials, ITBB B5-1 showed a control effect of approximately 70.0% against the disease. Therefore, the endophytic bacterial strain ITBB B5-1 could be applied in the biological control of banana Fusarium wilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deguan Tan
- MOA Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources for Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, CATAS, Haikou, Hainan Province, 571101, China
| | - Lili Fu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources for Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, CATAS, Haikou, Hainan Province, 571101, China
| | - Bingyin Han
- MOA Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources for Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, CATAS, Haikou, Hainan Province, 571101, China
| | - Xuepiao Sun
- MOA Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources for Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, CATAS, Haikou, Hainan Province, 571101, China
| | - Peng Zheng
- Lijiang Teachers College, Lijiang, Yunnan Province, 674110, China
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources for Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, CATAS, Haikou, Hainan Province, 571101, China
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Nazarpour F, Abdullah DK, Abdullah N, Motedayen N, Zamiri R. Biological pretreatment of rubberwood with Ceriporiopsis subvermispora for enzymatic hydrolysis and bioethanol production. Biomed Res Int 2013; 2013:268349. [PMID: 24167813 PMCID: PMC3792517 DOI: 10.1155/2013/268349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis), a potential raw material for bioethanol production due to its high cellulose content, was used as a novel feedstock for enzymatic hydrolysis and bioethanol production using biological pretreatment. To improve ethanol production, rubberwood was pretreated with white rot fungus Ceriporiopsis subvermispora to increase fermentation efficiency. The effects of particle size of rubberwood (1 mm, 0.5 mm, and 0.25 mm) and pretreatment time on the biological pretreatment were first determined by chemical analysis and X-ray diffraction and their best condition obtained with 1 mm particle size and 90 days pretreatment. Further morphological study on rubberwood with 1 mm particle size pretreated by fungus was performed by FT-IR spectra analysis and SEM observation and the result indicated the ability of this fungus for pretreatment. A study on enzymatic hydrolysis resulted in an increased sugar yield of 27.67% as compared with untreated rubberwood (2.88%). The maximum ethanol concentration and yield were 17.9 g/L and 53% yield, respectively, after 120 hours. The results obtained demonstrate that rubberwood pretreated by C. subvermispora can be used as an alternative material for the enzymatic hydrolysis and bioethanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Nazarpour
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Dzulkefly Kuang Abdullah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norhafizah Abdullah
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nazila Motedayen
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Reza Zamiri
- Department of Materials Engineering and Ceramic, CICECO, University of Aveiro, Campus Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Rosman NH, Nor Anuar A, Othman I, Harun H, Sulong Abdul Razak MZ, Elias SH, Mat Hassan MAH, Chelliapan S, Ujang Z. Cultivation of aerobic granular sludge for rubber wastewater treatment. Bioresour Technol 2013; 129:620-623. [PMID: 23317554 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.12.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) was successfully cultivated at 27±1 °C and pH 7.0±1 during the treatment of rubber wastewater using a sequential batch reactor system mode with complete cycle time of 3 h. Results showed aerobic granular sludge had an excellent settling ability and exhibited exceptional performance in the organics and nutrients removal from rubber wastewater. Regular, dense and fast settling granule (average diameter, 1.5 mm; settling velocity, 33 m h(-1); and sludge volume index, 22.3 mL g(-1)) were developed in a single reactor. In addition, 96.5% COD removal efficiency was observed in the system at the end of the granulation period, while its ammonia and total nitrogen removal efficiencies were up to 94.7% and 89.4%, respectively. The study demonstrated the capabilities of AGS development in a single, high and slender column type-bioreactor for the treatment of rubber wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Hasyimah Rosman
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
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Barrès B, Carlier J, Seguin M, Fenouillet C, Cilas C, Ravigné V. Understanding the recent colonization history of a plant pathogenic fungus using population genetic tools and Approximate Bayesian Computation. Heredity (Edinb) 2012; 109:269-79. [PMID: 22828899 PMCID: PMC3498996 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2012.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the processes by which new diseases are introduced in previously healthy areas is of major interest in elaborating prevention and management policies, as well as in understanding the dynamics of pathogen diversity at large spatial scale. In this study, we aimed to decipher the dispersal processes that have led to the emergence of the plant pathogenic fungus Microcyclus ulei, which is responsible for the South American Leaf Blight (SALB). This fungus has devastated rubber tree plantations across Latin America since the beginning of the twentieth century. As only imprecise historical information is available, the study of population evolutionary history based on population genetics appeared most appropriate. The distribution of genetic diversity in a continental sampling of four countries (Brazil, Ecuador, Guatemala and French Guiana) was studied using a set of 16 microsatellite markers developed specifically for this purpose. A very strong genetic structure was found (F(st)=0.70), demonstrating that there has been no regular gene flow between Latin American M. ulei populations. Strong bottlenecks probably occurred at the foundation of each population. The most likely scenario of colonization identified by the Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) method implemented in DIYABC suggested two independent sources from the Amazonian endemic area. The Brazilian, Ecuadorian and Guatemalan populations might stem from serial introductions through human-mediated movement of infected plant material from an unsampled source population, whereas the French Guiana population seems to have arisen from an independent colonization event through spore dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Barrès
- CIRAD, UR Bioagresseurs: analyse et gestion du risque, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR Biologie et Génétique des Interactions Plante-Parasite, Montpellier, France
- INRA, UMR1202 BIOGECO, Cestas, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, BIOGECO, UMR 1202, Talence, France
| | - J Carlier
- CIRAD, UMR Biologie et Génétique des Interactions Plante-Parasite, Montpellier, France
| | - M Seguin
- CIRAD, UMR Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes, Montpellier, France
| | - C Fenouillet
- CIRAD, UR Bioagresseurs: analyse et gestion du risque, Montpellier, France
| | - C Cilas
- CIRAD, UR Bioagresseurs: analyse et gestion du risque, Montpellier, France
| | - V Ravigné
- CIRAD, UMR Biologie et Génétique des Interactions Plante-Parasite, Montpellier, France
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Abraham A, Narayanan SP, Philip S, Nair DG, Chandrasekharan A, Kochupurackal J. In silico characterization of a novel β-1,3-glucanase gene from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens--a bacterial endophyte of Hevea brasiliensis antagonistic to Phytophthora meadii. J Mol Model 2012; 19:999-1007. [PMID: 23108702 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-012-1645-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We report the molecular characterization of β-1,3-glucanase-producing Bacillus amyloliquefaciens-an endophyte of Hevea brasiliensis antagonistic to Phytophthora meadii. After cloning and sequencing, the β-1,3-glucanase gene was found to be 747 bp in length. A homology model of the β-1,3-glucanase protein was built from the amino acid sequence obtained upon translation of the gene. The target β-1,3-glucanase protein and the template protein, endo β-1,3-1,4-glucanase protein (PDB ID: 3o5s), were found to share 94% sequence identity and to have similar secondary and tertiary structures. In the modeled structure, three residues in the active site region of the template-Asn52, Ile157 and Val158-were substituted with Asp, Leu and Ala, respectively. Computer-aided docking studies of the substrate disaccharide (β-1, 3-glucan) with the target as well as with the template proteins showed that the two protein-substrate complexes were stabilized by three hydrogen bonds and by many van der Waals interactions. Although the binding energies and the number of hydrogen bonds were the same in both complexes, the orientations of the substrate in the active sites of the two proteins were different. These variations might be due to the change in the three amino acids in the active site region of the two proteins. The difference in substrate orientation in the active site could also affect the catalytic potential of the β-1,3 glucanase enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amith Abraham
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India
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Déon M, Bourré Y, Gimenez S, Berger A, Bieysse D, de Lamotte F, Poncet J, Roussel V, Bonnot F, Oliver G, Franchel J, Seguin M, Leroy T, Roeckel-Drevet P, Pujade-Renaud V. Characterization of a cassiicolin-encoding gene from Corynespora cassiicola, pathogen of rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). Plant Sci 2012; 185-186:227-237. [PMID: 22325885 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Corynespora Leaf Fall (CLF) is a major disease of rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) caused by the Ascomycota Corynespora cassiicola. Here we describe the cloning and characterization of a gene encoding cassiicolin (Cas), a glycosylated cystein-rich small secreted protein (SSP) identified as a potential CLF disease effector in rubber tree. Three isolates with contrasted levels of aggressiveness were analyzed comparatively. The cassiicolin gene was detected - and the toxin successfully purified - from the isolates with high and medium aggressiveness (CCP and CCAM3 respectively) but not from the isolate with the lowest aggressiveness (CCAM1), suggesting the existence of a different disease effector in the later. CCP and CCAM3 carried strictly identical cassiicolin genes and produced toxins of identical mass, as evidence by mass spectrometry analysis, thus suggesting conserved post-translational modifications in addition to sequence identity. The differences in aggressiveness between CCP and CCAM3 may be attributed to differences in cassiicolin transcript levels rather than qualitative variations in cassiicolin structure. Cassiicolin may play an important role in the early phase of infection since a peak of cassiicolin transcripts occurred in 1 or 2 days after inoculation (before the occurrence of the first symptoms), in both the tolerant and the susceptible cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Déon
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Yikmis M, Arenskötter M, Rose K, Lange N, Wernsmann H, Wiefel L, Steinbüchel A. Secretion and transcriptional regulation of the latex-clearing protein, Lcp, by the rubber-degrading bacterium Streptomyces sp. strain K30. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:5373-82. [PMID: 18606806 PMCID: PMC2546624 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01001-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
About 22,000 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine- and UV-induced mutants of the rubber-degrading bacterium Streptomyces sp. strain K30 were characterized for the ability to produce clear zones on natural rubber latex overlay agar plates. Thirty-five mutants were defective solely in cleavage of rubber and were phenotypically complemented with the wild-type lcp (latex clearing protein) gene. Sixty-nine mutants exhibited a pleiotropic phenotype and were impaired in utilization of rubber and xylan, indicating that the enzymes responsible for the initial cleavage of these polymers are exported by the same secretion pathway (Q. K. Beg, M. Kapoor, L. Mahajan, and G. S. Hoondal, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 56:326-3381, 2001; U. K. Laemmli, Nature 227:680-685, 1970). Analysis of the amino acid sequence encoded by lcp revealed a twin-arginine motif, indicating that Lcp is a substrate of the twin-arginine translocation (Tat) pathway (K. Dilks, W. Rose, E. Hartmann, and M. Pohlschröder, J. Bacteriol. 185:1478-1483, 2003). A tatC disruption mutant of Streptomyces lividans 10-164 harboring lcp from Streptomyces sp. strain K30 was not capable of forming clear zones on rubber overlay agar plates. Moreover, Lcp and enhanced green fluorescent protein fusion proteins were detected in the supernatant. Using Escherichia coli having the twin-arginine motif in the signal peptide upstream of Lcp, clear evidence that Lcp is secreted was obtained. Transcriptional analysis revealed basal expression of Lcp in glucose-grown cells and that transcription of lcp is obviously induced in the presence of poly(cis-1,4-isoprene). In contrast, oxiB and oxiA, which are located directly downstream of lcp and putatively encode a heteromultimeric aldehyde dehydrogenase oxidizing the primary cleavage products generated by Lcp from poly(cis-1,4-isoprene), were expressed only in the presence of poly(cis-1,4-isoprene). Expression of lcp at a low level is thus required for sensing the polymer in the medium. Rubber degradation products may then induce the transcription of genes coding for enzymes catalyzing the later steps of poly(cis-1,4-isoprene) degradation and the transcription of lcp itself. lcp, oxiB, and oxiA seem to constitute an operon, as a polycistronic mRNA comprising these three genes was detected. The transcriptional start site of lcp was mapped 400 bp upstream of the lcp start codon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meral Yikmis
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 3, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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Lieberei R. South American leaf blight of the rubber tree (Hevea spp.): new steps in plant domestication using physiological features and molecular markers. Ann Bot 2007; 100:1125-42. [PMID: 17650512 PMCID: PMC2759241 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcm133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rubber trees (Hevea spp.) are perennial crops of Amazonian origin that have been spread over the whole tropical belt to guarantee worldwide production of natural rubber. This crop plant has found its place in many national economies of producing countries, and although its domestication by selection of suitable genotypes was very slow, it contributes a lot to the welfare of small farmers worldwide. Its development is limited by severe diseases. In South America, the main fungal disease of rubber trees is the South American leaf blight (SALB) caused by the ascomycete Microcyclus ulei. This fungus inhibits natural rubber production on a commercial scale in South and Central America. SCOPE The disease is still restricted to its continent of origin, but its potential to be distributed around the world rises with every transcontinental airline connection that directly links tropical regions. The need to develop control measures against the disease is an urgent task and must be carried out on an international scale. All control efforts so far taken since 1910 have ended in a miserable failure. Even the use of modern systemic fungicides and use of greatly improved application techniques have failed to prevent large losses and dieback of trees. The results of research dealing with both the disease and the pathosystem over more than 50 years are summarized and placed into perspective. FUTURE PROSPECTS A detailed knowledge of this host-pathogen combination requires understanding of the dynamics of Hevea leaf development, the biochemical potential for cyanide liberation, and molecular data for several types of resistance factors. Resolution of the Hevea-SALB problem may serve as a model for future host-pathogen studies of perennial plants requiring a holistic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Lieberei
- Biocenter Klein Flottbek and Botanical Garden, University of Hamburg, Unit of Applied Ecology and Crop Science, Ohnhorststr. 16, D-22609 Hamburg, Germany.
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Le Guen V, Garcia D, Mattos CRR, Doaré F, Lespinasse D, Seguin M. Bypassing of a polygenic Microcyclus ulei resistance in rubber tree, analyzed by QTL detection. New Phytol 2007; 173:335-45. [PMID: 17204080 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01911.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Genetic resistance components of the Hevea brasiliensis x H. benthamiana RO 38 cultivar to Microcyclus ulei disease were investigated by inoculating isolates which succeeded in partially or completely infecting genotypes of a mapping population. Progeny of a cross between RO 38 and a susceptible cultivar was inoculated under controlled conditions with three isolates and scored for two resistance traits. Interval mapping and a nonparametric test were used to detect resistance quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Eight significant QTLs were detected, all of them inherited from the interspecific parent. Among these QTLs, only one contributed to the partial resistance against a highly pathogenic isolate, and no QTL was detected for resistance against the most pathogenic isolate. As an unexpected result, a single isolate can thus completely bypass this polygenic resistance. This complex situation, where no clear relationship can be established between number of resistance factors and qualitative vs quantitative or partial vs complete resistance, is discussed and suggestions as to the detection of new and sustainable resistance sources are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Le Guen
- UMR-1096 Polymorphisme d'Intérêt Agronomique, CIRAD, Avenue Agropolis, TA 80/03, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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de Lamotte F, Duviau MP, Sanier C, Thai R, Poncet J, Bieysse D, Breton F, Pujade-Renaud V. Purification and characterization of cassiicolin, the toxin produced by Corynespora cassiicola, causal agent of the leaf fall disease of rubber tree. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 849:357-62. [PMID: 17113837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2006] [Revised: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 10/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cassiicolin, a phytotoxin produced by the necrotrophic fungus Corynespora cassiicola, was purified to homogeneity from a rubber tree isolate. The optimized protocol involves reverse phase chromatography followed by size exclusion chromatography, with monitoring of the toxicity on detached rubber tree leaves. Cassiicolin appeared to be a peptide composed of 27 amino acids, glycosylated on the second residue, with a N-terminal pyroglutamic acid and 6 cysteines involved in disulfide bonds. Its molecular mass was estimated to be 2885 Da. No significant sequence homology with other proteins could be found. The availability of pure toxin in sufficient amount is a prerequisite for its structure determination, which is a key step in the understanding of the aggression mechanism.
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Thanseem I, Thulaseedharan A. Optimization of RQRT-pCR protocols to measure beta-1,3-glucanase mRNA levels in infected tissues of rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). Indian J Exp Biol 2006; 44:492-8. [PMID: 16784121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
RQRT-PCR technique was evaluated for its validity as an alternative to Northern blotting for quantification of plant gene expression in diseased tissues of Hevea. Reliable RT-PCR results could be obtained by co-amplification of housekeeping actin gene as the internal control along with the gene of interest. The product of interest was quantified relative to that of the internal control by measuring net intensity of bands. Expression levels of defense-related beta-1,3-glucanase gene was studied in the pathogen infected tissues of rubber. The beta-1,3-glucanase gene was found to be induced in infected leaf tissues and reached a peak at 48 h after inoculation. The beta-1,3-glucanase gene expression during pathogen infection was determined through Northern blot hybridization also, using 18S RNA as the internal control. RQRT-PCR and Northern hybridization showed almost similar results, thereby validating the use of this technique to study the gene expression in rubber.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Thanseem
- Biotechnology Division, Rubber Research Institute of India, Kottayam 686 009, India
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31
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Blanc G, Baptiste C, Oliver G, Martin F, Montoro P. Efficient Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of embryogenic calli and regeneration of Hevea brasiliensis Müll Arg. plants. Plant Cell Rep 2006; 24:724-33. [PMID: 16136315 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-005-0023-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2005] [Revised: 05/25/2005] [Accepted: 06/04/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
An efficient procedure for producing transgenic Hevea brasiliensis callus and plant lines from clone PB 260 was established with Agrobacterium tumefaciens using strain EHA105 harbouring the vector pCAMBIA2301. Transformation capacity and competence of the embryogenic calli were improved after two cycles of cryopreservation. When the cocultivation temperature was reduced from 27 to 20 degrees C, the duration of this phase could be increased up to 7 days, promoting an increase in GUS activity. These transformation conditions led to the isolation of 24 callus lines resistant to paromomycin, which is used as a selection agent. Nineteen of these lines revealed the existence of one to four copies of T-DNA by Southern-blot analysis. Nine of them were transferred for regeneration by somatic embryogenesis. Three hundred seventy-four transgenic plants have thus been generated from six independent lines bearing 1, 2 or 3 copies of T-DNA. The efficiency and reproducibility of this method means that functional characterization of genes involved in natural rubber production can be envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Blanc
- Tree Crops Department, CIRAD, TA 80/03, Avenue d'Agropolis, 34 398, Montpellier, France
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Thanseem I, Joseph A, Thulaseedharan A. Induction and differential expression of beta-1,3-glucanase mRNAs in tolerant and susceptible Hevea clones in response to infection by Phytophthora meadii. Tree Physiol 2005; 25:1361-8. [PMID: 16105803 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/25.11.1361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Most cultivated rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis Willd. ex A. Juss.) clones in India are susceptible to abnormal leaf fall disease (ALF), which is caused by various Phytophthora species and results in yield losses of up to 40%. Because the conventional breeding programs for this perennial tree crop are complex and time consuming, we attempted to find a molecular solution to increase the tolerance of rubber trees to ALF. The expression patterns of the gene coding for the pathogenesis-related beta-1,3-glucanase (beta-glu) enzyme in a tolerant (RRII 105) and a highly susceptible (RRIM 600) clone of rubber tree were examined, following infection with ALF-causing Phytophthora meadii McRae. Infected leaf samples were collected at different times after inoculation, and RNA was extracted and subjected to Northern blot hybridization and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). On hybridization with a 1.25 kb beta-glu probe, Northern blots showed a marked increase in beta-glu transcript levels in both clones 48 h after inoculation. However, compared with the susceptible RRIM 600 clone, the tolerant RRII 105 clone had a higher rate of increase and a more prolonged induction, with beta-glu transcript levels remaining high for 4 days after inoculation. In RRIM 600, the mRNA levels decreased significantly 48 h after inoculation. On re-hybridization with an 18S rRNA probe, uniform signals were detected in all the lanes, indicating that an equal amount of total RNA was present in all samples. Similar results were obtained in relative quantitative RT-PCR experiments with the housekeeping actin gene as an internal control. Thus, although induction of the beta-glu gene occurred in both tolerant and susceptible clones, the predominant difference between clones was in the intensity and duration of the response. The tolerance of clone RRII 105 may be associated with the prolonged expression of the gene following infection. The antifungal activity of these hydrolase enzymes makes them rational candidates for overexpression by genetic transformation to produce disease resistant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Thanseem
- Biotechnology Division, Rubber Research Institute of India, Kottayam, Kerala
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Abstract
Thanatephorus cucumeris is a ubiquitous fungus responsible for many types of plant diseases worldwide. All isolates from infected Hevea brasiliensis trees secreted pectolytic enzymes; polygalacturonase (PG), pectin lyase (PL) and cellulolytic enzymes; beta-glucosidase and cellobiase in culture. The extracts of the rubber tree leaf tissues, inoculated with T. cucumeris did not show any PG activity. However, PL activity was detected in tissue with the establishment of the infection. The levels of beta-glucosidase, an inherent enzyme in Hevea spp. increased rapidly following infection. However, cellobiase was detected only with the initiation of infection. Molecular weights of PG in all isolates were similar and in the range of 53,000 to 58,000. PL also followed the same pattern showing a molecular weight around 39,000.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Jayasinghe
- Rubber Research Institute, Dartonfield, Agalawatta, Sri Lanka
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34
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Le Guen V, Lespinasse D, Oliver G, Rodier-Goud M, Pinard F, Seguin M. Molecular mapping of genes conferring field resistance to South American Leaf Blight ( Microcyclus ulei) in rubber tree. Theor Appl Genet 2003; 108:160-7. [PMID: 14504743 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-003-1407-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2002] [Accepted: 05/12/2003] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The South American Leaf Blight (SALB), caused by the fungus Microcyclus ulei, is the major rubber tree disease in all Central and South America. A population of 192 progeny individuals derived from a cross between a resistant clone and a susceptible cultivated clone was planted in a field trial in French Guiana in order to evaluate the resistance parameters under real infestation conditions. The resistance type (RT), the presence of stromata (ST) and the level of attack (AT) were observed 20-times on a 22-months period, and semi-quantitative evaluation of stromata was registered only once. The search for QTLs was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, Interval Mapping and the Composite Interval Mapping method. One major QTL located on linkage group g13 was detected on the RO 38 map, responsible for 36 to 89% of the phenotypic variance of resistance. This resistance QTL corresponds to one that had previously been detected under controlled conditions of infestation and we called it M13-1bn. Surprisingly, the effect of this QTL was larger under natural conditions of infestation than under controlled inoculation. Other minor QTLs (four on the RO38 map and one on the PB 260 map) were also detected. The type of resistance brought by M13-1bn, as well as its durability, are discussed. Applications for rubber tree breeding programs are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Le Guen
- CIRAD, Campus Agronomique, BP 701, 97387, Kourou cedex, French Guiana.
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35
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Silva WPK, Karunanayake EH, Wijesundera RLC, Priyanka UMS. Genetic variation in Corynespora cassiicola: a possible relationship between host origin and virulence. Mycol Res 2003; 107:567-71. [PMID: 12884953 DOI: 10.1017/s0953756203007755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variation of 42 isolates of Corynespora cassiicola, a destructive fungal pathogen of many economically important crop plants including rubber, was investigated using RAPD-PCR analysis. Five genetic groups were identified using RAPD-PCR profiles generated by eight random primers. Results indicate that there is a significant genetic variation among C. cassiicola isolates collected from different host plants. These results should facilitate the development of rubber clones with enhanced resistance against all genetic groups of C. cassiicola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Watudura P K Silva
- Rubber Research Institute of Sri Lanka, Dartonfield, Agalawatta, Sri Lanka
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36
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Silva WPK, Deraniyagala SA, Wijesundera RLC, Karunanayake EH, Priyanka UMS. Isolation of scopoletin from leaves of Hevea brasiliensis and the effect of scopoletin on pathogens of H. brasiliensis. Mycopathologia 2002; 153:199-202. [PMID: 12014480 DOI: 10.1023/a:1014910132595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Scopoletin (7-hydroxy-6-methoxy coumarin) which inhibited the conidial germination of Corynespora cassiicola was isolated from the uninfected mature leaves of Hevea brasiliensis. Scopoletin was not detected in uninfected immature rubber leaves. The immature leaves produced scopoletin after being infected with C. cassiicola. The concentration of scopoletin in infected leaves was higher than in uninfected mature leaves. Scopoletin also inhibited the conidial germination of other fungal pathogens of H. brasiliensis. However, no correlation was observed between scopoletin accumulation and clonal resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P K Silva
- Department of Plant Pathology, Rubber Research Institute, Dartonfield, Agalawatta, Sri Lanka
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37
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Abstract
Colletotrichum acutatum has become an increasingly important plant pathogen worldwide. With this background, a study was carried out to characterize the toxicity of liquid culture media from different isolates and to identify some properties of the toxic principles. Liquid culture media from all isolates were toxic to rubber leaves and induced the anthracnose symptoms. Toxicity of the culture filtrate was not host specific and toxic substances were thermostable. Acetone soluble fraction of the culture filtrates retained the toxic activity and it was effective even at a concentration of 700 microg dry mycelium mass/ml.
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