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Gurung R, Ruysen H, Sunny AK, Day LT, Penn-Kekana L, Målqvist M, Ghimire B, Singh D, Basnet O, Sharma S, Shaver T, Moran AC, Lawn JE, Kc A. Respectful maternal and newborn care: measurement in one EN-BIRTH study hospital in Nepal. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2021; 21:228. [PMID: 33765971 PMCID: PMC7995692 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-020-03516-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respectful maternal and newborn care (RMNC) is an important component of high-quality care but progress is impeded by critical measurement gaps for women and newborns. The Every Newborn Birth Indicators Research Tracking in Hospitals (EN-BIRTH) study was an observational study with mixed methods assessing measurement validity for coverage and quality of maternal and newborn indicators. This paper reports results regarding the measurement of respectful care for women and newborns. METHODS At one EN-BIRTH study site in Pokhara, Nepal, we included additional questions during exit-survey interviews with women about their experiences (July 2017-July 2018). The questionnaire was based on seven mistreatment typologies: Physical; Sexual; or Verbal abuse; Stigma/discrimination; Failure to meet professional standards of care; Poor rapport between women and providers; and Health care denied due to inability to pay. We calculated associations between these typologies and potential determinants of health - ethnicity, age, sex, mode of birth - as possible predictors for reporting poor care. RESULTS Among 4296 women interviewed, none reported physical, sexual, or verbal abuse. 15.7% of women were dissatisfied with privacy, and 13.0% of women reported their birth experience did not meet their religious and cultural needs. In descriptive analysis, adjusted odds ratios and multivariate analysis showed primiparous women were less likely to report respectful care (β = 0.23, p-value < 0.0001). Women from Madeshi (a disadvantaged ethnic group) were more likely to report poor care (β = - 0.34; p-value 0.037) than women identifying as Chettri/Brahmin. Women who had caesarean section were less likely to report poor care during childbirth (β = - 0.42; p-value < 0.0001) than women with a vaginal birth. However, babies born by caesarean had a 98% decrease in the odds (aOR = 0.02, 95% CI, 0.01-0.05) of receiving skin-to-skin contact than those with vaginal births. CONCLUSIONS Measurement of respectful care at exit interview after hospital birth is challenging, and women generally reported 100% respectful care for themselves and their baby. Specific questions, with stratification by mode of birth, women's age and ethnicity, are important to identify those mistreated during care and to prioritise action. More research is needed to develop evidence-based measures to track experience of care, including zero separation for the mother-newborn pair, and to improve monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rejina Gurung
- Research Division, Golden Community, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Harriet Ruysen
- Centre for Maternal, Adolescent, Reproductive & Child Health (MARCH), London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Louise T Day
- Centre for Maternal, Adolescent, Reproductive & Child Health (MARCH), London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Loveday Penn-Kekana
- Centre for Maternal, Adolescent, Reproductive & Child Health (MARCH), London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Mats Målqvist
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 14B, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Dela Singh
- Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Omkar Basnet
- Research Division, Golden Community, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | | | | | - Allisyn C Moran
- Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and Ageing, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Joy E Lawn
- Centre for Maternal, Adolescent, Reproductive & Child Health (MARCH), London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ashish Kc
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 14B, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Cheung ATM, Parent B. Mistrust and inconsistency during COVID-19: considerations for resource allocation guidelines that prioritise healthcare workers. J Med Ethics 2021; 47:73-77. [PMID: 33106381 DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2020-106801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As the USA contends with another surge in COVID-19 cases, hospitals may soon need to answer the unresolved question of who lives and dies when ventilator demand exceeds supply. Although most triage policies in the USA have seemingly converged on the use of clinical need and benefit as primary criteria for prioritisation, significant differences exist between institutions in how to assign priority to patients with identical medical prognoses: the so-called 'tie-breaker' situations. In particular, one's status as a frontline healthcare worker (HCW) has been a proposed criterion for prioritisation in the event of a tie. This article outlines two major grounds for reconsidering HCW prioritisation. The first recognises trust as an indispensable element of clinical care and mistrust as a hindrance to any public health strategy against the virus, thus raising concerns about the outward appearance of favouritism. The second considers the ways in which proponents of HCW prioritisation deviate from the very 'ethics frameworks' that often preface triage policies and serve to guide resource allocation-a rhetorical strategy that may undermine the very ethical foundations on which triage policies stand. By appealing to trust and consistency, we re-examine existing arguments in favour of HCW prioritisation and provide a more tenable justification for adjudicating on tie-breaker events during crisis standards of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T M Cheung
- Division of Medical Ethics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Brendan Parent
- Division of Medical Ethics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Kuhn E, Lunden L, Moysich P, Rogge K, Roscher M, Caning L, Rogge A. Ethik First - extracurricular support for medical students and young physicians facing moral dilemmas in hospital routine. GMS J Med Educ 2021; 38:Doc74. [PMID: 34056063 PMCID: PMC8136346 DOI: 10.3205/zma001470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Moral value conflicts play an increasingly central role in everyday hospital life. Clinical ethics, however, is only marginally represented in the compulsory curriculum for human medicine and the additional education regulations. The aim of the Ethik First project at the University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel is to close this gap with an extracurricular offer and to support medical students from the fifth clinical semester onward and during their practical year as well as assistant doctors in dealing with moral dilemmas in everyday hospital life. The project has taken the concomitant learning objectives from the national competency-based learning objective catalog for medicine. According to the target group, the address in particular, showed higher taxonomy levels. Project description: The multimodal concept is based on three pillars: In monthly principle-based case conferences, participants practice ethical reflection and moral judgment primarily on the basis of concrete cases introduced by them using the methods of problem-based learning and consideration-based deliberation. If participants do not bring forth a case, they discuss ethical aspects of current political relevance. Moreover, there is an annual public speaker event. Results: Since the project began in 2017, ~20 students and interns have taken part in Ethik First one or more times. In a web-based interim evaluation (N=13), all respondents fully agreed that they considered the format helpful for dealing with ethical questions at the clinic. They rated the relevance for their later profession as high. There is evidence for support in moral dilemma situations. Discussion: The first evaluation results of the voluntary extracurricular offer show the acceptance of the selected format, which goes beyond pure teaching in its conception in that it addresses moral stress as well and strengthens the participants' individual resilience. Conclusion: Ethik First reinforces the role of ethical aspects in the training of (prospective) doctors and focuses on reflecting on cases they have experienced firsthand. We formulate a desideratum for appropriate advanced training concepts both in medical studies and in advanced medical training such that the training and development of comparable projects at medical faculties and at medical associations with student participation can be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kuhn
- University Hospital Bonn, Institute of Hygiene and Public Health, Section Global Health, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura Lunden
- UKSH Kiel, Clinic for Anesthesia and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Kai Rogge
- Fernuniversität Hagen, Hagen, Germany
| | | | - Lotta Caning
- Christian Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Annette Rogge
- Christian Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Medical Ethics, Kiel, Germany
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Annette Rogge, Christian Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Medical Ethics, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, D-24105 Kiel, Germany, E-mail:
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Jagsi R, Griffith KA, Carrese JA, Collins M, Kao AC, Konrath S, Tovino SA, Wheeler JL, Wright SM. Public Attitudes Regarding Hospitals and Physicians Encouraging Donations From Grateful Patients. JAMA 2020; 324:270-278. [PMID: 32692387 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.9442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Philanthropy is an increasingly important source of support for health care institutions. There is little empirical evidence to inform ethical guidelines. OBJECTIVE To assess public attitudes regarding specific practices used by health care institutions to encourage philanthropic donations from grateful patients. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Using the Ipsos KnowledgePanel, a probability-based sample representative of the US population, a survey solicited opinions from a primary cohort representing the general population and 3 supplemental cohorts (with high income, cancer, and with heart disease, respectively). EXPOSURES Web-based questionnaire. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Descriptive analyses (with percentages weighted to make the sample demographically representative of the US population) evaluated respondents' attitudes regarding the acceptability of strategies hospitals may use to identify, solicit, and thank donors; perceptions of the effect of physicians discussing donations with their patients; and opinions regarding gift use and stewardship. RESULTS Of 831 individuals targeted for the general population sample, 513 (62%) completed surveys, of whom 246 (48.0%) were women and 345 (67.3%) non-Hispanic white. In the weighted sample, 47.0% (95% CI, 42.3%-51.7%) responded that physicians giving patient names to hospital fundraising staff after asking patients' permission was definitely or probably acceptable; 8.5% (95% CI, 5.7%-11.2%) endorsed referring without asking permission. Of the participants, 79.5% (95% CI, 75.6%-83.4%) reported it acceptable for physicians to talk to patients about donating if patients have brought it up; 14.2% (95% CI, 10.9%-17.6%) reported it acceptable when patients have not brought it up; 9.9% (95% CI, 7.1%-12.8%) accepted hospital development staff performing wealth screening using publicly available data to identify patients capable of large donations. Of the participants, 83.2% (95% CI, 79.5%-86.9%) agreed that physicians talking with their patients about donating may interfere with the patient-physician relationship. For a hypothetical patient who donated $1 million, 50.1% (95% CI, 45.4%-54.7%) indicated it would be acceptable for the hospital to show thanks by providing nicer hospital rooms, 26.0% (95% CI, 21.9%-30.1%) by providing expedited appointments, and 19.8% (95% CI, 16.1%-23.5%) by providing physicians' cell phone numbers. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this survey study of participants drawn from the general US population, a substantial proportion did not endorse legally allowable approaches for identifying, engaging, and thanking patient-donors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sara Konrath
- Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis
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Giwa A, Milsten A, Vieira D, Ogedegbe C, Kelly K, Schwab A. Should I Stay or Should I Go? A Bioethical Analysis of Healthcare Professionals' and Healthcare Institutions' Moral Obligations During Active Shooter Incidents in Hospitals - A Narrative Review of the Literature. J Law Med Ethics 2020; 48:340-351. [PMID: 32631184 DOI: 10.1177/1073110520935348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Active shooter incidents (ASI) have unfortunately become a common occurrence the world over. There is no country, city, or venue that is safe from these tragedies, and healthcare institutions are no exception. Healthcare facilities have been the targets of active shooters over the last several decades, with increasing incidents occurring over the last decade. People who work in healthcare have a professional and moral obligation to help patients. As concerns about the possibility of such incidents increase, how should healthcare institutions and healthcare professionals understand their responsibilities in preparation for and during ASI?
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Affiliation(s)
- Al Giwa
- Al O. Giwa, L.L.B., M.D., M.B.A., M.B.E. (anticipated), F.A.C.E.P., F.A.A.E.M., is an Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Andrew Milsten, M.D., M.S., F.A.C.E.P., is an Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, UMass Memorial Medical Center. Dorice L. Vieira, M.L.S., M.A., M.P.H., is an Associate Curator, NYU Health Sciences Library, NYU School of Medicine. Chinwe Ogedegbe, M.D., M.P.H., F.A.C.E.P., is an Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine at Seton Hall University, Hackensack University Medical Center, Emergency and Trauma Center. Kristen M. Kelly, M.D., is a Resident-in-Training, Department of Emergency Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Abraham P. Schwab, Ph.D., is a Professor of Philosophy, Purdue University Fort Wayne
| | - Andrew Milsten
- Al O. Giwa, L.L.B., M.D., M.B.A., M.B.E. (anticipated), F.A.C.E.P., F.A.A.E.M., is an Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Andrew Milsten, M.D., M.S., F.A.C.E.P., is an Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, UMass Memorial Medical Center. Dorice L. Vieira, M.L.S., M.A., M.P.H., is an Associate Curator, NYU Health Sciences Library, NYU School of Medicine. Chinwe Ogedegbe, M.D., M.P.H., F.A.C.E.P., is an Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine at Seton Hall University, Hackensack University Medical Center, Emergency and Trauma Center. Kristen M. Kelly, M.D., is a Resident-in-Training, Department of Emergency Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Abraham P. Schwab, Ph.D., is a Professor of Philosophy, Purdue University Fort Wayne
| | - Dorice Vieira
- Al O. Giwa, L.L.B., M.D., M.B.A., M.B.E. (anticipated), F.A.C.E.P., F.A.A.E.M., is an Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Andrew Milsten, M.D., M.S., F.A.C.E.P., is an Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, UMass Memorial Medical Center. Dorice L. Vieira, M.L.S., M.A., M.P.H., is an Associate Curator, NYU Health Sciences Library, NYU School of Medicine. Chinwe Ogedegbe, M.D., M.P.H., F.A.C.E.P., is an Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine at Seton Hall University, Hackensack University Medical Center, Emergency and Trauma Center. Kristen M. Kelly, M.D., is a Resident-in-Training, Department of Emergency Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Abraham P. Schwab, Ph.D., is a Professor of Philosophy, Purdue University Fort Wayne
| | - Chinwe Ogedegbe
- Al O. Giwa, L.L.B., M.D., M.B.A., M.B.E. (anticipated), F.A.C.E.P., F.A.A.E.M., is an Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Andrew Milsten, M.D., M.S., F.A.C.E.P., is an Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, UMass Memorial Medical Center. Dorice L. Vieira, M.L.S., M.A., M.P.H., is an Associate Curator, NYU Health Sciences Library, NYU School of Medicine. Chinwe Ogedegbe, M.D., M.P.H., F.A.C.E.P., is an Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine at Seton Hall University, Hackensack University Medical Center, Emergency and Trauma Center. Kristen M. Kelly, M.D., is a Resident-in-Training, Department of Emergency Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Abraham P. Schwab, Ph.D., is a Professor of Philosophy, Purdue University Fort Wayne
| | - Kristen Kelly
- Al O. Giwa, L.L.B., M.D., M.B.A., M.B.E. (anticipated), F.A.C.E.P., F.A.A.E.M., is an Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Andrew Milsten, M.D., M.S., F.A.C.E.P., is an Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, UMass Memorial Medical Center. Dorice L. Vieira, M.L.S., M.A., M.P.H., is an Associate Curator, NYU Health Sciences Library, NYU School of Medicine. Chinwe Ogedegbe, M.D., M.P.H., F.A.C.E.P., is an Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine at Seton Hall University, Hackensack University Medical Center, Emergency and Trauma Center. Kristen M. Kelly, M.D., is a Resident-in-Training, Department of Emergency Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Abraham P. Schwab, Ph.D., is a Professor of Philosophy, Purdue University Fort Wayne
| | - Abraham Schwab
- Al O. Giwa, L.L.B., M.D., M.B.A., M.B.E. (anticipated), F.A.C.E.P., F.A.A.E.M., is an Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Andrew Milsten, M.D., M.S., F.A.C.E.P., is an Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, UMass Memorial Medical Center. Dorice L. Vieira, M.L.S., M.A., M.P.H., is an Associate Curator, NYU Health Sciences Library, NYU School of Medicine. Chinwe Ogedegbe, M.D., M.P.H., F.A.C.E.P., is an Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine at Seton Hall University, Hackensack University Medical Center, Emergency and Trauma Center. Kristen M. Kelly, M.D., is a Resident-in-Training, Department of Emergency Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Abraham P. Schwab, Ph.D., is a Professor of Philosophy, Purdue University Fort Wayne
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gerke
- The Petrie-Flom Center for Health Law Policy, Biotechnology, and Bioethics, Harvard Law School, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Serena Yeung
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, and the Clinical Excellence Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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Featherstone K, Boddington P, Northcott A. Using Signs and Symbols to Label Hospital Patients with a Dementia Diagnosis: Help or Hindrance to Care? Narrat Inq Bioeth 2020; 10:49-61. [PMID: 33416548 DOI: 10.1353/nib.2020.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Signs and symbols may be used in attempts to direct attention to particular aspects of patient care and hence affect how the patient is seen. An ethnography within five hospitals across England and Wales explored how everyday technologies are enrolled on acute wards to drive attention to the existence, diagnosis, and needs of people living with dementia within their ageing population. We explore how signs and symbols as everyday "technologies of attention" both produce and maintain the invisibilities of people living with dementia and of the older population within those wards and bring about particular understandings of the classification of dementia. The use and reliance on signs and symbols to aid recognition of people living with dementia may inadvertently lead to misclassification and narrow attention onto particular aspects of bedside care and "symptoms," competing with a wider appreciation of the individual care needs of people living with dementia and restricting expertise of ward staff.
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Manheimer E. TV Writers and Producers and Ethics: How Can I Help? Am J Bioeth 2019; 19:12-14. [PMID: 31557106 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2019.1644823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
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Abstract
The Arab and Islamic world is in cultural, political and ethical flux. Pressures of globalisation contend with ancient ideas and concepts that permeate cultural frameworks. Health professionals are among the many groups battling to accommodate the rapidly changing conditions. In many predominantly Muslim countries intense debates are underway among clinicians about the impact of the forces of change on their practices. To help understand these forces we conducted a study of the experiences of clinicians in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, a Middle Eastern nation state where the overwhelming majority of the population is Muslim. The sample contained 508 doctors and doctors-in-training, of whom 63% were male and 80% were younger than 40 years of age. It included both a quantitative survey, covering a wide range of issues, and qualitative, free-text written responses. Our results demonstrated high levels of disquiet related to the overall organisation and administration of the health care system, the specific content of ethical decisionmaking, and the impact of changing social, cultural and religious factors. Concerns included overcrowding, widespread corruption and hierarchical, non- democratic, management practices, and tensions relating to traditional and modern approaches to ethics, especially in relation to consent, organ donation, confidentiality, privacy, abortion, and the role of women. The roles of religion and religious authorities, the relative importance of the family, and community and tribal obligations were also areas of contention. The study exposes profound divisions and widely differing perspectives among Jordanian doctors and an abiding sense of uncertainty and instability within the profession. Many doctors express ambivalence in relation to both modern trends and traditional precepts. Three main axes of ethical contention were demonstrated, relating to the tensions between: "conservative" and "pragmatic" styles of decision-making; "traditional" approaches and internationalised standards of ethics; and the role of Islam and pressures to disengage ethical decision- making from religious authority. We speculate that these issues and divisions, and the deep sense of disquiet revealed by our data reflect large-scale forces to which Jordanian society is exposed and to a substantial degree may provide a way to understand the ethical predicament of many other countries in the contemporary Arab world.
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Schochow M, Schnell D, Steger F. Implementation of Clinical Ethics Consultation in German Hospitals. Sci Eng Ethics 2019; 25:985-991. [PMID: 26403297 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-015-9709-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In order to build on the information that was obtained in the course of the first study, a follow-up survey was conducted first by phone and subsequently in a written form between August and October 2014. We contacted 1.858 hospitals in all of Germany for the follow-up survey by phone. In cases where a hospital had not participated in the first study, the willingness to participate in the follow-up survey was established in advance. The survey's dispatch was ensured in the case of acceptance. The same structured survey was used as a research tool. The data of the first study and the follow-up survey were merged and evaluated. 654 surveys (response rate 35.2 %) could be evaluated altogether. Our survey by phone revealed that 912 hospitals in all of Germany have at least one form of clinical ethics consultation available. The health care ethics committee is the most frequently implemented structure of clinical ethics consultation. The implementation of clinical ethics consultation is dependent on sponsorship and hospital size. Recommendations to deliver structures of clinical ethics consultations (ZEKO 2006, AEM 2010) have a smaller influence on the implementation compared to the certification by KTQ respectively proCum Cert. The rate of implementation in regard to the structures of clinical ethics consultation has steadily increased for years. The establishment of clinical ethics consultation in German hospitals should be further promoted. It would be desirable further to develop suitable juridical regulations in order to implement clinical ethics consultation as well as structural parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Schochow
- Medizinische Fakultät, Institut für Geschichte und Ethik der Medizin, der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 8, 06112, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Dajana Schnell
- Medizinische Fakultät, Institut für Geschichte und Ethik der Medizin, der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 8, 06112, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Florian Steger
- Medizinische Fakultät, Institut für Geschichte und Ethik der Medizin, der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 8, 06112, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Manning J. "Hospitals and Clinicians Need Not Apply:" Withdrawing Clinically Assisted Nutrition and Hydration in Undisputed Cases. J Law Med 2019; 26:538-548. [PMID: 30958647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In 2018 the United Kingdom Supreme Court decided in An NHS Trust v Y [2018] 3 WLR 751; [2018] UKSC 46 that the time had come to move on from the "good practice" requirement in Airedale NHS Trust v Bland [1993] AC 789 for hospitals and doctors to obtain court approval before life-prolonging treatment can be withheld or withdrawn from a patient in a permanent vegetative state (PVS). It held that it is no longer necessary to involve the court in every case before life-sustaining clinically assisted nutrition and hydration (CANH) can be withdrawn. Provided the provisions of the Mental Capacity Act 2005 (England and Wales) and relevant professional guidance are followed, and there is no difference of medical opinion or lack of agreement from interested parties, in particular family members, with the proposed course of action, legal permission is not required. The ruling applies to PVS patients, as well as, more controversially, those in a minimally conscious state (MCS), the newer diagnosis identified post-Bland. This commentary summarises the Supreme Court's decision, and considers some implications for England and Wales, as well as for Australia and New Zealand, where there is no recommended practice of, much less any legal requirement for hospitals to seek court approval, even in disputed cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Manning
- Professor, Faculty of Law, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Abstract
Federal health care reform has expanded medical insurance to millions of people, altering the role that hospitals play in improving community health. However, current federal and state community benefit policy is an ineffective tool for ensuring that hospitals address the social determinants of health afflicting their communities. Policy shifts and other incentives that promote improved population health outcomes can encourage health care organizations to do the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R Sullivan
- A legal scholar for the American Medical Association Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs in Chicago, Illinois
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Goldsand G. Pursuing reflective equilibrium when hospital patients smoke. Healthc Manage Forum 2019; 32:44-46. [PMID: 30509123 DOI: 10.1177/0840470418812108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Questions about smoking policies in hospitals, and how exactly to implement them, have been difficult to answer for many years. Policy-makers must consider a tangled web of personal versus public goods. Administrators often have to creatively decide how policies can best be adopted at their particular site. Clinicians and hospital staff must then implement those policies, often compelling them to consider whether a slight violation might be in a particular patient's interest, and then whether to assist in the violation or not, and whether to share their decisions with colleagues. Getting such questions right can have important consequences for the wellbeing of patients, administrators, and clinicians alike, so a careful balancing of the issues is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Goldsand
- 1 Assistant Clinical Professor, John Dossetor Health Ethics Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Reiter-Theil S, Wetterauer C, Frei IA. Taking One's Own Life in Hospital? Patients and Health Care Professionals Vis-à-Vis the Tension between Assisted Suicide and Suicide Prevention in Switzerland. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018; 15:ijerph15061272. [PMID: 29914132 PMCID: PMC6024894 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15061272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In Switzerland, the practice of lay right-to-die societies (RTDS) organizing assisted suicide (AS) is tolerated by the state. Patient counseling and accompaniment into the dying process is overtaken by RTDS lay members, while the role of physicians may be restricted to prescribing the mortal dose after a more or less rigorous exploration of the patient’s decisional capacity. However, Swiss health care facilities and professionals are committed to providing suicide prevention. Despite the liberal attitude in society, the legitimacy of organized AS is ethically questioned. How can health professionals be supported in their moral uncertainty when confronted with patient wishes for suicide? As an approach towards reaching this objective, two ethics policies were developed at the Basel University Hospital to offer orientation in addressing twofold and divergent duties: handling requests for AS and caring for patients with suicidal thoughts or after a suicide attempt. According to the Swiss tradition of “consultation” (“Vernehmlassung”), controversial views were acknowledged in the interdisciplinary policy development processes. Both institutional policies mirror the clash of values and suggest consistent ways to meet the challenges: respect and tolerance regarding a patient’s wish for AS on the one hand, and the determination to offer help and prevent harm by practicing suicide prevention on the other. Given the legal framework lacking specific norms for the practice of RTDS, orientation is sought in ethical guidelines. The comparison between the previous and newly revised guideline of the Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences reveals, in regard to AS, a shift from the medical criterion, end of life is near, to a patient rights focus, i.e., decisional capacity, consistent with the law. Future experience will show whether and how this change will be integrated into clinical practice. In this process, institutional ethics policies may—in addition to the law, national guidelines, or medical standards—be helpful in addressing conflicting duties at the bedside. The article offers an interdisciplinary theoretical reflection with practical illustration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Reiter-Theil
- Department Clinical Ethics, Psychiatric Hospitals of the University Basel (UPK), University Hospital Basel (USB), University Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Charlotte Wetterauer
- Department Clinical Ethics, Psychiatric Hospitals of the University Basel (UPK), University Hospital Basel (USB), University Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Irena Anna Frei
- Department Nursing and Allied Health Professions, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.
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Wilfond BS, Morales C, Taylor HA. Expanded Access for Nusinersen in Patients With Spinal Muscular Atropy: Negotiating Limited Data, Limited Alternative Treatments, and Limited Hospital Resources. Am J Bioeth 2017; 17:66-67. [PMID: 29020560 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2017.1366199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Wilfond
- a Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics , Seattle Children's Hospital and Research Institute , and University of Washington School of Medicine
| | - Christian Morales
- b Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics
| | - Holly A Taylor
- b Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics
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Bates SR, McHugh WJ, Carbo AR, O'Neill SF, Forrow L. The Ethics Liaison Program: building a moral community. J Med Ethics 2017; 43:595-600. [PMID: 27934772 DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2016-103549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ethicists often struggle to maintain institution-wide awareness of and commitment to medical ethics. At Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), we created the Ethics Liaison Program to address that challenge by making ethics part of the moral culture of the institution. Liaisons represent clinical and non-clinical areas throughout the medical centre. The liaison has a four-part role: to spread awareness and understanding of Ethics Programs among their coworkers; share information regarding ethical dilemmas in their work area with the members of the Ethics Support Service; review ethics activities and needs within their area; and undertake ethics-related projects. This paper lists the notable attributes of the Ethics Liaison Program, and describes the purpose and structure of the programme, its advantages and the challenges to implementing it. The Ethics Liaison Program has helped to make ethics part of the everyday culture at BIDMC, and other medical centres might benefit from the establishment of similar programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Bates
- Ethics Support Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Bioethics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wendy J McHugh
- Ethics Support Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander R Carbo
- Hospital Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen F O'Neill
- Ethics Support Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lachlan Forrow
- Ethics Support Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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17
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Pandya SK. Letter from Mumbai. Natl Med J India 2017; 30:292-293. [PMID: 29916436 DOI: 10.4103/0970-258x.234402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
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Schochow M, Rubeis G, Steger F. The Application of Standards and Recommendations to Clinical Ethics Consultation in Practice: An Evaluation at German Hospitals. Sci Eng Ethics 2017; 23:793-799. [PMID: 27484322 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-016-9805-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The executive board of the Academy for Ethics in Medicine (AEM) and two AEM working groups formulated standards and recommendations for clinical ethics consultation in 2010, 2011, and 2013. These guidelines comply with the international standards like those set by the American Society for Bioethics and Humanities. There is no empirical data available yet that could indicate whether these standards and recommendations have been implemented in German hospitals. This desideratum is addressed in the present study. We contacted 1.858 German hospitals between September 2013 and January 2014. A follow-up survey was conducted between October 2014 and January 2015. The data of the initial survey and the follow-up survey were merged and evaluated. The statements of the participants were compared with the standards and recommendations. The standards of the AEM concerning the tasks of clinical ethics consultation (including ethics consultation, ethics training and the establishment of policy guidelines) are employed by a majority of participants of the study. Almost all of these participants document their consultation activities by means of protocols or entries in the patient file. There are deviations from the recommendations of the AEM working groups regarding the drafting of statutes, activity reports, and financial support. The activities of clinical ethics consultation predominantly comply with the standards of the AEM and recommendations for the documentation. The recommendations for evaluation should be improved in practice. This applies particularly for activity reports in order to evaluate the activities. Internal evaluation could take place accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Schochow
- Medizinische Fakultät, Institut für Geschichte, Theorie und Ethik der Medizin, Universität Ulm, Parkstraße 11, 89073, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Giovanni Rubeis
- Medizinische Fakultät, Institut für Geschichte, Theorie und Ethik der Medizin, Universität Ulm, Parkstraße 11, 89073, Ulm, Germany
| | - Florian Steger
- Medizinische Fakultät, Institut für Geschichte, Theorie und Ethik der Medizin, Universität Ulm, Parkstraße 11, 89073, Ulm, Germany
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Consejo-Y Chapela C, Viesca-Treviño CA. [Epistemic injustice during the medical education process in the hospital context]. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc 2017; 55:400-408. [PMID: 28440999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The educational model adopted by the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) Faculty of Medicine is constructivist; it is a model based on competence development. It aims to provide learning environments that incorporate real activities (it helps the students to develop social negotiation skills, as part of their integral learning; it encourages them to take a critical and reflexive approach; and it is also a student-centered model). However, many challenges arise when this model is implemented in the context of hospital environments. Therefore, our aim was to analyse the hospital as an hermeneutical community and as a power relations scenario, contrary to the constructivist model. METHODS In the analysis of a conflict between a chief of a medical department and an undergraduated medical intern, we use Miranda Fricker's categories discriminatory epistemic injustice, and testimonial injustice, as well as Foucault's power relationships and knowledge. RESULTS The program implementation is placed in the context of power relations and different disciplinary methods that could affect the training process of the students, whose educational background belongs to the constructivist model. This in part is due to the existence of informal normative structures that are hidden in the process of medical knowledge construction at the hospital scenario. CONCLUSION Practices of epistemic discriminatory injustice in the hospital environment increase vulnerability conditions for medical students in their education process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Consejo-Y Chapela
- Coordinación de Educación en Salud, Unidad de Educación, Investigación y Políticas de Salud, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana J Mason
- Diana J. Mason, PhD, RN, Professor Emerita and Co-Director, Center for Health, Media & Policy at Hunter College, City University of New York; and Senior Policy Service Professor, George Washington University School of Nursing. She is the immediate past president of the American Academy of Nursing
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Breslin J. A Survey of Hospital Ethics Structures in Ontario. Healthc Q 2017; 20:27-30. [PMID: 28837011 DOI: 10.12927/hcq.2017.25224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In response to the growing recognition of the prevalence of ethical issues in clinical care, hospitals in Canada began forming ethics committees in the 1980s. Studies showed significant growth in the prevalence of ethics committees over the ensuing decade. Although the limited studies available suggest that ethics committees have become very prevalent in Canadian hospitals, hospital ethics services have evolved in recent years to include a wider range of structures. In some cases, these structures may work in conjunction with an ethics committee, but in other cases they may replace ethics committees. They include on-staff ethicists, external ethics consultants, "hub-and-spokes" structures and regional ethics programs. What is not known, however, is how prevalent these other structures are and whether ethics committees continue to function as the main delivery mechanism for ethics services in Canadian hospitals. This paper reports on the results of a survey of hospitals in Ontario to answer those questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Breslin
- practicing healthcare ethicist with 12 years of experience providing ethics services to healthcare organizations in Ontario. He is currently shared between Southlake Regional Health Centre and Mackenzie Health
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Fox
- Professor of bioethics at Clarkson University in Schenectady Potsdam, New York, the founder and CEO of Fox Ethics Consulting, and director of the Center for Ethics in Health Care at the Altarum Institute
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Abstract
The discourse on the failings of the National Health System often cites lack of compassion as an important factor. This has resulted in proposals to enact rules which aimed at enforcing compassion in healthcare workers so as to improve the quality of healthcare and avoid future scandals. This paper argues that compassion cannot be enforced by any rule. Moreover, the contractual nature of the current doctor-patient relationship does not foster it. Experience from other service industries shows that attempts to enforce compassion in workers are futile. Rather than improving service, these attempts result in a culture of perfunctoriness and cynicism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinchu Wang
- Correspondence to Dr Yinchu Wang, Barts and the London, London, E1 2AD, UK;
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Abstract
According to UNESCO guidelines, one of the four forms of bioethics committees in medicine are the Hospital Ethics Committees (HECs). The purpose of this study was to evaluate how the above guidelines are implemented in real practice. There were 111 hospitals selected out of 176 Polish clinical hospitals and hospitals accredited by Center of Monitoring Quality in Health System. The study was conducted by the survey method. There were 56 (50%) hospitals that responded to the survey. The number of HECs members fluctuated between 3 and 16 members, where usually 5 (22% of HECs) members were part of the board committee. The composition of the HECs for professions other than physicians was diverse and non-standardized (nurses-in 86% of HECs, clergy-42%, lawyers-38%, psychologists-28%, hospital management-23%, rehab staff-7 %, patient representatives-3%, ethicists-2%). Only 55% of HECs had a professional set of standards. 98% of HECs had specific tasks. 62% of HECs were asked for their expertise, and 55% prepared <6.88% of the opinions were related to interpersonal relations between hospital personnel, patients and their families with emphasis on the interactions between superiors and their inferiors or hospital staff and patients and their families. Only 12% of the opinions were reported by the respondents as related to ethical dilemmas. In conclusion, few Polish hospitals have HECs, and the structure, services and workload are not always adequate. To ensure a reliable operation of HECs requires the development of relevant legislation, standard operating procedures and well trained members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Czarkowski
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Banacha 1a, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.
- Center of Bioethics of the Supreme Medical Council, ul. Sobieskiego 110, 00-764, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Kaczmarczyk
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Banacha 1a, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Szymańska
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Banacha 1a, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
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Newdick C, Danbury C. Culture, compassion and clinical neglect: probity in the NHS after Mid Staffordshire. J Med Ethics 2015; 41:956-962. [PMID: 23704781 DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2012-101048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Speaking of the public response to the deaths of children at the Bristol Royal Infirmary before 2001, the BMJ commented that the NHS would be 'all changed, changed utterly'. Today, two inquiries into the Mid Staffordshire Foundation Trust suggest nothing changed at all. Many patients died as a result of their care and the stories of indifference and neglect there are harrowing. Yet Bristol and Mid Staffordshire are not isolated reports. In 2011, the Health Services Ombudsman reported on the care of elderly and frail patients in the NHS and found a failure to recognise their humanity and individuality and to respond to them with sensitivity, compassion and professionalism. Likewise, the Care Quality Commission and Healthcare Commission received complaints from patients and relatives about the quality of nursing care. These included patients not being fed, patients left in soiled bedding, poor hygiene practices, and general disregard for privacy and dignity. Why is there such tolerance of poor clinical standards? We need a better understanding of the circumstances that can lead to these outcomes and how best to respond to them. We discuss the findings of these and other reports and consider whether attention should be devoted to managing individual behaviour, or focus on the systemic influences which predispose hospital staff to behave in this way. Lastly, we consider whether we should look further afield to cognitive psychology to better understand how clinicians and managers make decisions?
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher Danbury
- Department of ICU, Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, UK Visiting Fellow in Medical Law, School of Law, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, UK
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26
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Pulla P. Doctors are sceptical about Indian Medical Association's new code of conduct for hospitals. BMJ 2015; 350:h236. [PMID: 25588976 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.h236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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27
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Bagcchi S. Doctors' leaders and healthcare providers plan new code of conduct. BMJ 2014; 349:g6470. [PMID: 25348651 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.g6470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Abstract
The recent series of ad interim orders issued by the Bombay High Court under ordinary original civil jurisdiction following public interest litigation (PIL) on the provision of free clotting factor concentrates for persons living with haemophilia, especially those below the poverty line and emergency cases, highlights the need to think about the ethicality of various aspects of access to medicine and the rights of patients suffering from rare diseases from the public health perspective. The PIL (number 82/2012) [Vinay Vijay Nair and Ors vs. Department of Health, State of Maharashtra and Ors), which calls for free treatment for all haemophiliacs who go to the designated hospitals, was followed by the issuance of five ad interim orders (July 19, 2012, October 22, 2012, November 6, 2012, January 24, 2013, and March 19, 2013).
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Jadhav
- Doctoral Candidate; Community Development Officer, School of Health Systems Studies (SHSS), Tata Institute of Social Sciences, VN Purav Marg, Deonar, Mumbai 400 088; K E M Hospital, Acharya Donde Marg, Mumbai 400 012 India
| | - Kanchan Mukherjee
- Associate Professor, SHSS, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, VN Purav Marg, Deonar, Mumbai 400 088 India
| | - Anil Lalwani
- Former President, Haemophilia Federation of India; Secretary, Haemophilia Society (Pune Chapter), Lohade Hospital, Chinchwad, Pune 411019 India
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29
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Sokol DK. Renewing the call for clinical ethicists. BMJ 2014; 349:g5342. [PMID: 25193940 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.g5342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Chadwick R. Jimmy Savile: the questions for bioethics. Bioethics 2014; 28:ii. [PMID: 25131711 DOI: 10.1111/bioe.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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Duffin C. Campaign to end rip-off hospital car parking fees reaches prime minister. Nurs Stand 2014; 28:14. [PMID: 25052640 DOI: 10.7748/ns.28.47.14.s14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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Sari N, Sari H. Ethical issues in decision making by hospital health committee members in Turkey. J Med Ethics 2014; 40:381-382. [PMID: 24281829 DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2012-100728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Hospital health committees (HHC) in Turkey review medical reports from clinical practitioners and decide whether or not they are justified. As a rule, each HHC member is expected to observe and examine each patient and then evaluate the report. If the report from the patient's doctor is approved, then the Social Security Administration, a state organisation, will meet all of the patient's expenses covering treatment, medication and operations. Justification of health expenditure is crucial for the state because health resources have to be carefully allocated. Conflicts of obligation also generate ethical issues which have to be resolved as well. However, HHCs are not designed to make ethical decisions. An overall concept of organisational ethics needs to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nil Sari
- Department of Medical Ethics and History, Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hidayet Sari
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence O Gostin
- O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, DC
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Abstract
This article describes the shortage of generic injectable medications in Canada that affected hospitals in 2012. It traces the events leading up to the drug shortage, the causes of the shortage, and the responses by health administrators, pharmacists, and ethicists. The article argues that generic drug shortages are an ethical problem because health care organizations and governments have an obligation to avoid exposing patients to resource scarcity. The article also discusses some options governments could pursue in order to secure the drug supply and thereby fulfill their ethical obligations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Kaposy
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada,
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Abstract
When a Texas hospital continued ventilator support for a pregnant patient who met the neurological criteria for the determination of death, it acted against the wishes of the patient's husband and other family members. The hospital stated that its treatment decision was required under the Texas Advance Directives Act, in particular the "pregnancy exclusion" that instructs providers to continue life-sustaining treatment as long as the patient is pregnant, notwithstanding contrary instructions in the patient's living will or from the patient's surrogate decision-maker. Contrary to the hospital's stated position, however, neither the literal words of the pregnancy exclusion nor the Advance Directives Act read as a whole requires continued ventilator support once a pregnant patient is determined to be brain dead.
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Bhandari S. South Asian hospitals that lack DNAR orders deny patients holistic care. BMJ 2013; 347:f6300. [PMID: 24163086 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.f6300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Sullivan
- School of Social Work, Arizona Stae University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA.
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Mehta S, Asch DA, Peck CA. The physician as hospital employee. Virtual Mentor 2013; 15:107-113. [PMID: 23398794 DOI: 10.1001/virtualmentor.2013.15.2.ecas2-1302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shivan Mehta
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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40
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McCammon S. "Can they do this?": Dealing with moral distress after third-party termination of the doctor-patient relationship. Narrat Inq Bioeth 2013; 3:109-112. [PMID: 24407078 DOI: 10.1353/nib.2013.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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Krakower TM, Montello M, Mitchell C, Truog RD. The ethics of reality medical television. J Clin Ethics 2013; 24:50-57. [PMID: 23631335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Reality medical television, an increasingly popular genre, depicts private medical moments between patients and healthcare providers. Journalists aim to educate and inform the public, while the participants in their documentaries-providers and patients-seek to heal and be healed. When journalists and healthcare providers work together at the bedside, moral problems precipitate. During the summer of 2010, ABC aired a documentary, Boston Med, featuring several Boston hospitals. We examine the ethical issues that arise when journalism and medicine intersect. We provide a framework for evaluating the potential benefits and harms of reality medical television, highlighting critical issues such as informed consent, confidentiality, and privacy.
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Leape LL, Shore MF, Dienstag JL, Mayer RJ, Edgman-Levitan S, Meyer GS, Healy GB. Perspective: a culture of respect, part 1: the nature and causes of disrespectful behavior by physicians. Acad Med 2012; 87:845-52. [PMID: 22622217 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0b013e318258338d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A substantial barrier to progress in patient safety is a dysfunctional culture rooted in widespread disrespect. The authors identify a broad range of disrespectful conduct, suggesting six categories for classifying disrespectful behavior in the health care setting: disruptive behavior; humiliating, demeaning treatment of nurses, residents, and students; passive-aggressive behavior; passive disrespect; dismissive treatment of patients; and systemic disrespect.At one end of the spectrum, a single disruptive physician can poison the atmosphere of an entire unit. More common are everyday humiliations of nurses and physicians in training, as well as passive resistance to collaboration and change. Even more common are lesser degrees of disrespectful conduct toward patients that are taken for granted and not recognized by health workers as disrespectful.Disrespect is a threat to patient safety because it inhibits collegiality and cooperation essential to teamwork, cuts off communication, undermines morale, and inhibits compliance with and implementation of new practices. Nurses and students are particularly at risk, but disrespectful treatment is also devastating for patients. Disrespect underlies the tensions and dissatisfactions that diminish joy and fulfillment in work for all health care workers and contributes to turnover of highly qualified staff. Disrespectful behavior is rooted, in part, in characteristics of the individual, such as insecurity or aggressiveness, but it is also learned, tolerated, and reinforced in the hierarchical hospital culture. A major contributor to disrespectful behavior is the stressful health care environment, particularly the presence of "production pressure," such as the requirement to see a high volume of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucian L Leape
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogelio Altisent
- University of Zaragoza, Fernando el Catolico, 59, I, 9 A, Zaragoza, 50006 Spain.
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44
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Greenbaum D. Patents and drug shortages: will the new congressional efforts save us from impending drug shortages? Am J Bioeth 2012; 12:18-20. [PMID: 22220953 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2011.635835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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Abstract
Periodic and unexpected shortages of drugs, biologics, and even medical devices have become commonplace in the United States. When shortages occur, hospitals and clinics need to decide how to ration their available stock. When such situations arise, institutions can choose from several different allocation schemes, such as first-come, first-served, a lottery, or a more rational and calculated approach. While the first two approaches sound reasonable at first glance, there are a number of problems associated with them, including the inability to make fine, individual patient-centered decisions. They also do not discriminate between what kinds of patients and what types of uses may be more deserving or reasonable than others. In this article I outline an ethically acceptable procedure for rationing drugs during a shortage in which demand outstrips supply.
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Bamford R, Brewer CD, Bucknell B, DeGrote H, Fabry L, Hammerlund MEM, Weisbrod BM. A paradoxical ethical framework for unpredictable drug shortages. Am J Bioeth 2012; 12:16-18. [PMID: 22220952 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2011.634958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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Frolic A, Drolet K, Bryanton K, Caron C, Cupido C, Flaherty B, Fung S, McCall L. Opening the black box of ethics policy work: evaluating a covert practice. Am J Bioeth 2012; 12:3-15. [PMID: 23072671 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2012.719263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Hospital ethics committees (HECs) and ethicists generally describe themselves as engaged in four domains of practice: case consultation, research, education, and policy work. Despite the increasing attention to quality indicators, practice standards, and evaluation methods for the other domains, comparatively little is known or published about the policy work of HECs or ethicists. This article attempts to open the "black box" of this health care ethics practice by providing two detailed case examples of ethics policy reviews. We also describe the development and application of an evaluation strategy to assess the quality of ethics policy review work, and to enable continuous improvement of ethics policy review processes. Given the potential for policy work to impact entire patient populations and organizational systems, it is imperative that HECs and ethicists develop clearer roles, responsibilities, procedural standards, and evaluation methods to ensure the delivery of consistent, relevant, and high-quality ethics policy reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Frolic
- Faculty of Health Sciences McMaster University Medical Center, 1F9–1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada.
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Winsor S, Giacomini M. Thinking outside the black box: what policy theory can offer healthcare ethicists. Am J Bioeth 2012; 12:16-18. [PMID: 23072672 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2012.721304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Winsor
- Joint Centre for Bioethics, University of Toronto.
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Dirksen KM, Brown-Saltzman K. Uncovering the real work behind policy development. Am J Bioeth 2012; 12:20-22. [PMID: 23072674 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2012.719280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Dirksen
- UCLA Health System, Ethics Center, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, 17–165 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1730, USA.
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Wack K, Schonfeld T. Patient autonomy and the unfortunate choice between repatriation and suboptimal treatment. Am J Bioeth 2012; 12:6-7. [PMID: 22881843 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2012.692444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Wack
- Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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