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Birdseye D, de Boer LA, Bai H, Zhou P, Shen Z, Schmelz EA, Springer NM, Briggs SP. Plant height heterosis is quantitatively associated with expression levels of plastid ribosomal proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2109332118. [PMID: 34782463 PMCID: PMC8617506 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2109332118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of hybrids is widespread in agriculture, yet the molecular basis for hybrid vigor (heterosis) remains obscure. To identify molecular components that may contribute to trait heterosis, we analyzed paired proteomic and transcriptomic data from seedling leaf and mature leaf blade tissues of maize hybrids and their inbred parents. Nuclear- and plastid-encoded subunits of complexes required for protein synthesis in the chloroplast and for the light reactions of photosynthesis were expressed above midparent and high-parent levels, respectively. Consistent with previous reports in Arabidopsis, ethylene biosynthetic enzymes were expressed below midparent levels in the hybrids, suggesting a conserved mechanism for heterosis between monocots and dicots. The ethylene biosynthesis mutant, acs2/acs6, largely phenocopied the hybrid proteome, indicating that a reduction in ethylene biosynthesis may mediate the differences between inbreds and their hybrids. To rank the relevance of expression differences to trait heterosis, we compared seedling leaf protein levels to the adult plant height of 15 hybrids. Hybrid/midparent expression ratios were most positively correlated with hybrid/midparent plant height ratios for the chloroplast ribosomal proteins. Our results show that increased expression of chloroplast ribosomal proteins in hybrid seedling leaves is mediated by reduced expression of ethylene biosynthetic enzymes and that the degree of their overexpression in seedlings can quantitatively predict adult trait heterosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon Birdseye
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Laura A de Boer
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Hua Bai
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108
| | - Zhouxin Shen
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Eric A Schmelz
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Nathan M Springer
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108
| | - Steven P Briggs
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
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Rehman AU, Dang T, Qamar S, Ilyas A, Fatema R, Kafle M, Hussain Z, Masood S, Iqbal S, Shahzad K. Revisiting Plant Heterosis-From Field Scale to Molecules. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12111688. [PMID: 34828294 PMCID: PMC8619659 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterosis refers to the increase in biomass, stature, fertility, and other characters that impart superior performance to the F1 progeny over genetically diverged parents. The manifestation of heterosis brought an economic revolution to the agricultural production and seed sector in the last few decades. Initially, the idea was exploited in cross-pollinated plants, but eventually acquired serious attention in self-pollinated crops as well. Regardless of harvesting the benefits of heterosis, a century-long discussion is continued to understand the underlying basis of this phenomenon. The massive increase in knowledge of various fields of science such as genetics, epigenetics, genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics persistently provide new insights to understand the reasons for the expression of hybrid vigor. In this review, we have gathered information ranging from classical genetic studies, field experiments to various high-throughput omics and computational modelling studies in order to understand the underlying basis of heterosis. The modern-day science has worked significantly to pull off our understanding of heterosis yet leaving open questions that requires further research and experimentation. Answering these questions would possibly equip today’s plant breeders with efficient tools and accurate choices to breed crops for a sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attiq ur Rehman
- Horticulture Technologies, Production Systems Unit, Natural Resources Institute (Luke), Toivonlinnantie 518, 21500 Piikkiö, Finland;
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, The University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Trang Dang
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
| | - Shanzay Qamar
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Science, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Amina Ilyas
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Reemana Fatema
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden;
- Department of Seed Science and Technology, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Madan Kafle
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, The University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Zawar Hussain
- Environmental and Plant Biology Department, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA;
| | - Sara Masood
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences (UIDNS), Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Shehyar Iqbal
- IMPLANTEUS Graduate School, Avignon Université, 84000 Avignon, France;
| | - Khurram Shahzad
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22620, Pakistan;
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3
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Adhikari B, Dhital PR, Ranabhat S, Poudel H. Effect of seed hydro-priming durations on germination and seedling growth of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255258. [PMID: 34351950 PMCID: PMC8341585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The yield and quality of an annual crop are highly dependent on uniform and rapid germination of the seeds. In case of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia), the germination and field emergence is always a problem as seeds have thick and hard seed coat. Pre-sowing hydro-priming is one of the most suitable, affordable, easily available, and cost-effective techniques in breaking down seed dormancy to enhance germination. Hence, a field experiment was conducted in Surkhet district of Nepal 2020 to assess the effect of different hydro-priming duration on germination and seedling growth of bitter gourd. The experiment was laid out in single factor Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications and seven treatments including different hydro-priming durations (T0: control, T1: 6 hours, T2: 12 hours, T3: 18 hours, T4: 24 hours, T5: 36 hours and T6: 48 hours) of bitter gourd seeds of Palee variety, the most popular variety among the farmers. The highest water uptake and germination were found in 48 hours of seed hydro-primed seeds whereas the lowest water uptake and germination were observed on non-primed seeds. Similarly, the tallest seedling, most vigorous seedling in terms of seedling vigour index I and II was observed in 48 hours hydro-primed seeds followed by 36 hours of seed hydro-priming and shortest seedling and the least vigorous seedling in control. Thus 48 hours of seed hydro-priming was found to be effective for increasing germination and seedling growth in bitter gourd, which needs to be further investigated under large, open-field conditions with different varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binod Adhikari
- Department of Agriculture, Agriculture and Forestry University, Chitwan, Nepal
- * E-mail:
| | - Pankaj Raj Dhital
- Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Sociology, Agriculture and Forestry University, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Sambat Ranabhat
- Department of Agriculture, Agriculture and Forestry University, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Hari Poudel
- Department of Agriculture, Agriculture and Forestry University, Chitwan, Nepal
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Wan X, Wu S, Li X. Breeding with dominant genic male-sterility genes to boost crop grain yield in the post-heterosis utilization era. Mol Plant 2021; 14:531-534. [PMID: 33582376 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Global food security is facing severe challenges from an ever-growing population, limited resources, and various stresses. Dominant genic male sterility (DGMS) technology combined with modern breeding strategies may create novel cultivation models with ~50% DGMS F1 hybrids for field production of cross-pollinated crops, boosting crop grain yield to ensure global food security and sustainable agriculture in the post-heterosis utilization era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyuan Wan
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Biology and Agriculture Research Center of USTB, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing 100024, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China.
| | - Suowei Wu
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Biology and Agriculture Research Center of USTB, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing 100024, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Biology and Agriculture Research Center of USTB, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing 100024, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
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5
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Liu J, Li M, Zhang Q, Wei X, Huang X. Exploring the molecular basis of heterosis for plant breeding. J Integr Plant Biol 2020; 62:287-298. [PMID: 30916464 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Since approximate a century ago, many hybrid crops have been continually developed by crossing two inbred varieties. Owing to heterosis (hybrid vigor) in plants, these hybrids often have superior agricultural performances in yield or disease resistance succeeding their inbred parental lines. Several classical hypotheses have been proposed to explain the genetic causes of heterosis. During recent years, many new genetics and genomics strategies have been developed and used for the identifications of heterotic genes in plants. Heterotic effects of the heterotic loci and molecular functions of the heterotic genes are being investigated in many plants such as rice, maize, sorghum, Arabidopsis and tomato. More and more data and knowledge coming from the molecular studies of heterotic loci and genes will serve as a valuable resource for hybrid breeding by molecular design in future. This review aims to address recent advances in our understanding of the genetic and molecular mechanisms of heterosis in plants. The remaining scientific questions on the molecular basis of heterosis and the potential applications in breeding are also proposed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Mengjie Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Xin Wei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Xuehui Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
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6
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He S, Sun G, Huang L, Yang D, Dai P, Zhou D, Wu Y, Ma X, Du X, Wei S, Peng J, Kuang M. Genomic divergence in cotton germplasm related to maturity and heterosis. J Integr Plant Biol 2019; 61:929-942. [PMID: 30253066 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Commercial varieties of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) have undergone extensive breeding for agronomic traits, such as fiber quality, disease resistance, and yield. Cotton breeding programs have widely used Chinese upland cotton source germplasm (CUCSG) with excellent agronomic traits. A better understanding of the genetic diversity and genomic characteristics of these accessions could accelerate the identification of desirable alleles. Here, we analyzed 10,522 high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) with the CottonSNP63K microarray in 137 cotton accessions (including 12 hybrids of upland cotton). These data were used to investigate the genetic diversity, population structure, and genomic characteristics of each population and the contribution of these loci to heterosis. Three subgroups were identified, in agreement with their known pedigrees, geographical distributions, and times since introduction. For each group, we identified lineage-specific genomic divergence regions, which potentially harbor key alleles that determine the characteristics of each group, such as early maturity-related loci. Investigation of the distribution of heterozygous loci, among 12 commercial cotton hybrids, revealed a potential role for these regions in heterosis. Our study provides insight into the population structure of upland cotton germplasm. Furthermore, the overlap between lineage-specific regions and heterozygous loci, in the high-yield hybrids, suggests a role for these regions in cotton heterosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoupu He
- Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
- Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Gaofei Sun
- Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering/Data Mining Institute, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Longyu Huang
- Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Daigang Yang
- Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Panhong Dai
- Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Dayun Zhou
- Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Yuzhen Wu
- Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Xiongfeng Ma
- Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Xiongming Du
- Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
- Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Shoujun Wei
- Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Jun Peng
- Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Meng Kuang
- Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
- Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
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7
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Vacher M, Small I. Simulation of heterosis in a genome-scale metabolic network provides mechanistic explanations for increased biomass production rates in hybrid plants. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2019; 5:24. [PMID: 31341636 PMCID: PMC6639380 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-019-0101-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterosis, or hybrid vigour, is said to occur when F1 individuals exhibit increased performance for a number of traits compared to their parental lines. Improved traits can include increased size, better yield, faster development and a higher tolerance to pathogens or adverse conditions. The molecular basis for the phenomenon remains disputed, despite many decades of theorising and experimentation. In this study, we add a genetics layer to a constraint-based model of plant (Arabidopsis) primary metabolism and show that we can realistically reproduce and quantify heterosis in a highly complex trait (the rate of biomass production). The results demonstrate that additive effects coupled to the complex patterns of epistasis generated by a large metabolic network are sufficient to explain most or all the heterosis seen in typical F1 hybrids. Such models provide a simple approach to exploring and understanding heterosis and should assist in designing breeding strategies to exploit this phenomenon in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Vacher
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009 Australia
- Present Address: Australian eHealth Research Centre, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Floreat, WA 6014 Australia
| | - Ian Small
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009 Australia
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Gonzalez-Bayon R, Shen Y, Groszmann M, Zhu A, Wang A, Allu AD, Dennis ES, Peacock WJ, Greaves IK. Senescence and Defense Pathways Contribute to Heterosis. Plant Physiol 2019; 180:240-252. [PMID: 30710054 PMCID: PMC6501064 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Hybrids are used extensively in agriculture due to their superior performance in seed yield and plant growth, yet the molecular mechanisms underpinning hybrid performance are not well understood. Recent evidence has suggested that a decrease in basal defense response gene expression regulated by reduced levels of salicylic acid (SA) may be important for vigor in certain hybrid combinations. Decreasing levels of SA in the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) accession C24 through the introduction of the SA catabolic enzyme salicylate1 hydroxylase (NahG) increases plant size, phenocopying the large-sized C24/Landsberg erecta (Ler) F1 hybrids. C24♀ × Ler♂ F1 hybrids and C24 NahG lines shared differentially expressed genes and pathways associated with plant defense and leaf senescence including decreased expression of SA biosynthetic genes and SA response genes. The expression of TL1 BINDING TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR1, a key regulator in resource allocation between growth and defense, was decreased in both the F1 hybrid and the C24 NahG lines, which may promote growth. Both C24 NahG lines and the F1 hybrids showed decreased expression of the key senescence-associated transcription factors WRKY53, NAC-CONTAINING PROTEIN29, and ORESARA1 with a delayed onset of senescence compared to C24 plants. The delay in senescence resulted in an extension of the photosynthetic period in the leaves of F1 hybrids compared to the parental lines, potentially allowing each leaf to contribute more resources toward growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yifei Shen
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- Institute of Crop Science & Institute of Bioinformatics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Michael Groszmann
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Anyu Zhu
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Aihua Wang
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Annapurna D Allu
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Elizabeth S Dennis
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - W James Peacock
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Ian K Greaves
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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9
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Snider JL, Thangthong N, Pilon C, Virk G, Tishchenko V. OJIP-fluorescence parameters as rapid indicators of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seedling vigor under contrasting growth temperature regimes. Plant Physiol Biochem 2018; 132:249-257. [PMID: 30237089 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Vigorous seedling growth in cotton is desirable because it minimizes the negative impact of multiple early season stresses, and seedling vigor can be impacted by early season growth temperature or cultivar. OJIP fluorescence provides rapid information on a broad range of photosynthetic component processes and may be a useful surrogate for seeding vigor, but this possibility has not been evaluated previously in cotton. To this end, a controlled environment study was conducted with six cultivars selected based on seed characteristics that are widely indicative of vigor and under two growth temperature regimes (sub-optimal = 20/15 °C day/night temperature; optimal = 30/20 °C) for the first two weeks after seed germination. Thereafter multiple whole-plant vigor assessments were conducted along with extensive OJIP-fluorescence characterization in cotyledons. Growth temperature was the primary factor influencing multiple plant responses. Specifically, all whole-plant indicators of seedling vigor were negatively impacted by sub-optimal temperature as were all photosynthetic performance indices and quantum efficiencies. By comparison, most photosynthetic structural indicators or reaction center-specific fluxes were either unaffected or positively impacted by low growth temperature, largely because PSII antenna size increased. The performance index, PIABS, and the quantum efficiency, φEo, were the most sensitive to low growth temperature and exhibited the strongest relationships with whole-plant seedling vigor. Thus, OJIP parameters incorporating intersystem electron transport beyond PSII but not additional downstream processes may represent the most useful surrogates for whole-plant seedling vigor in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Snider
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, 115 Coastal Way, Tifton, GA, 31794, USA.
| | - Nuengsap Thangthong
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, 115 Coastal Way, Tifton, GA, 31794, USA
| | - Cristiane Pilon
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, 115 Coastal Way, Tifton, GA, 31794, USA
| | - Gurpreet Virk
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, 115 Coastal Way, Tifton, GA, 31794, USA
| | - Viktor Tishchenko
- University of Georgia, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Griffin, GA, 30223, USA
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Wen D, Xu H, Xie L, He M, Hou H, Wu C, Li Y, Zhang C. Effects of Nitrogen Level during Seed Production on Wheat Seed Vigor and Seedling Establishment at the Transcriptome Level. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113417. [PMID: 30384458 PMCID: PMC6274887 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen fertilizer is a critical determinant of grain yield and seed quality in wheat. However, the mechanism of nitrogen level during seed production affecting wheat seed vigor and seedling establishment at the transcriptome level remains unknown. Here, we report that wheat seeds produced under different nitrogen levels (N0, N168, N240, and N300) showed significant differences in seed vigor and seedling establishment. In grain yield and seed vigor, N0 and N240 treatments showed the minimum and maximum, respectively. Subsequently, we used RNA-seq to analyze the transcriptomes of seeds and seedlings under N0 and N240 at the early stage of seedling establishment. Gene Ontology (GO) term enrichment analysis revealed that dioxygenase-activity-related genes were dramatically upregulated in faster growing seedlings. Among these genes, the top three involved linoleate 9S-lipoxygenase (Traes_2DL_D4BCDAA76, Traes_2DL_CE85DC5C0, and Traes_2DL_B5B62EE11). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis revealed that pathways involved in nutrient mobilization and the antioxidant system showed enhanced expression under N240. Moreover, seeds with faster growing seedlings had a higher gene expression level of α-amylase, which was consistent with α-amylase activity. Taken together, we propose a model for seedling establishment and seed vigor in response to nitrogen level during seed production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daxing Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Haicheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Liuyong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Mingrong He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Hongcun Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Chenglai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Chunqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
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11
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Awan S, Footitt S, Finch-Savage WE. Interaction of maternal environment and allelic differences in seed vigour genes determines seed performance in Brassica oleracea. Plant J 2018; 94:1098-1108. [PMID: 29660183 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Seed vigour is a key trait essential for the production of sustainable and profitable crops. The genetic basis of variation in seed vigour has recently been determined in Brassica oleracea, but the relative importance of the interaction with parental environment is unknown. We produced seeds under a range of maternal environments, including global warming scenarios. Lines were compared that had the same genetic background, but different alleles (for high and low vigour) at the quantitative trait loci responsible for determining seed vigour by altering abscisic acid (ABA) content and sensitivity. We found a consistent effect of beneficial alleles across production environments; however, environmental stress during production also had a large impact that enhanced the genetic difference in seed performance, measured as germination speed, resistance to controlled deterioration and induction of secondary dormancy. Environmental interaction with allelic differences in key genes that determine ABA content and sensitivity develops a continuity in performance from rapid germination through to failure to complete germination, and increasing depths of seed dormancy. The genetic-environmental interaction revealed provides a robust mechanism of bet-hedging to minimize environmental risk during subsequent germination, and this could have facilitated the rapid change in seed behaviour (reduced dormancy and rapid germination) observed during crop domestication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Awan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne Campus, Warwickshire, CV35 9EF, UK
| | - Steven Footitt
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne Campus, Warwickshire, CV35 9EF, UK
| | - William E Finch-Savage
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne Campus, Warwickshire, CV35 9EF, UK
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12
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Rockenbach MF, Corrêa CCG, Heringer AS, Freitas ILJ, Santa-Catarina C, do Amaral-Júnior AT, Silveira V. Differentially abundant proteins associated with heterosis in the primary roots of popcorn. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197114. [PMID: 29758068 PMCID: PMC5951555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although heterosis has significantly contributed to increases in worldwide crop production, the molecular mechanisms regulating this phenomenon are still unknown. In the present study, we used a comparative proteomic approach to explore hybrid vigor via the proteome of both the popcorn L54 ♀ and P8 ♂ genotypes and the resultant UENF/UEM01 hybrid cross. To analyze the differentially abundant proteins involved in heterosis, we used the primary roots of these genotypes to analyze growth parameters and extract proteins. The results of the growth parameter analysis showed that the mid- and best-parent heterosis were positive for root length and root dry matter but negative for root fresh matter, seedling fresh matter, and protein content. The comparative proteomic analysis identified 1343 proteins in the primary roots of hybrid UENF/UEM01 and its parental lines; 220 proteins were differentially regulated in terms of protein abundance. The mass spectrometry proteomic data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier “PXD009436”. A total of 62 regulated proteins were classified as nonadditive, of which 53.2% were classified as high parent abundance (+), 17.8% as above-high parent abundance (+ +), 16.1% as below-low parent abundance (− −), and 12.9% as low parent abundance (-). A total of 22 biological processes were associated with nonadditive proteins; processes involving translation, ribosome biogenesis, and energy-related metabolism represented 45.2% of the nonadditive proteins. Our results suggest that heterosis in the popcorn hybrid UENF/UEM01 at an early stage of plant development is associated with an up-regulation of proteins related to synthesis and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias F. Rockenbach
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia (CBB), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Av. Alberto Lamego, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
- Unidade de Biologia Integrativa, Setor de Genômica e Proteômica, UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Caio C. G. Corrêa
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia (CBB), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Av. Alberto Lamego, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
- Unidade de Biologia Integrativa, Setor de Genômica e Proteômica, UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Angelo S. Heringer
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia (CBB), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Av. Alberto Lamego, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
- Unidade de Biologia Integrativa, Setor de Genômica e Proteômica, UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ismael L. J. Freitas
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias (CCTA), UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Antônio T. do Amaral-Júnior
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias (CCTA), UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail: (VS); (ATAJ)
| | - Vanildo Silveira
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia (CBB), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Av. Alberto Lamego, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
- Unidade de Biologia Integrativa, Setor de Genômica e Proteômica, UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail: (VS); (ATAJ)
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Tian M, Nie Q, Li Z, Zhang J, Liu Y, Long Y, Wang Z, Wang G, Liu R. Transcriptomic analysis reveals overdominance playing a critical role in nicotine heterosis in Nicotiana tabacum L. BMC Plant Biol 2018; 18:48. [PMID: 29566653 PMCID: PMC5863848 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1257-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a unique biological phenomenon, heterosis has been concerned with the superior performance of the heterosis than either parents. Despite several F1 hybrids, containing supernal nicotine content, had been discovered and applied to heterosis utilization in Nicotiana tabacum L., nevertheless, the potential molecular mechanism revealing nicotine heterosis has not been illustrated clearly. RESULT Phenotypically, the F1 hybrids (Vall6 × Basma) show prominent heterosis in nicotine content by 3 years of field experiments. Transcriptome analysis revealed that genes participating in nicotine anabolism (ADC, PMT, MPO, QPT, AO, QS, QPT, A622, BBLs) and nicotine transport (JAT2, MATE1 and 2, NUP1 and 2) showed an upregulated expression in the hybrid, a majority of which demonstrated an overdominant performance. RT-PCR confirmed that nicotine anabolism was induced in the hybrid. CONCLUSIONS These findings strongly suggest that nicotine synthesis and transport efficiency improved in hybrid and overdominance at gene-expression level played a critical role in heterosis of nicotine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maozhu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Quality in Guizhou province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- College of Tobacco, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Qiong Nie
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Quality in Guizhou province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- College of Tobacco, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Zhenhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Quality in Guizhou province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yiling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Quality in Guizhou province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- College of Tobacco, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yao Long
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Quality in Guizhou province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- College of Tobacco, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Quality in Guizhou province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- College of Tobacco, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Guoqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Quality in Guizhou province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- College of Tobacco, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Renxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Quality in Guizhou province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
- College of Tobacco, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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Feys K, Demuynck K, De Block J, Bisht A, De Vliegher A, Inzé D, Nelissen H. Growth rate rather than growth duration drives growth heterosis in maize B104 hybrids. Plant Cell Environ 2018; 41:374-382. [PMID: 29143349 PMCID: PMC5887878 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Research in maize is often performed using inbred lines that can be readily transformed, such as B104. However, because the B104 line flowers late, the kernels do not always mature before the end of the growing season, hampering routine seed yield evaluations of biotech traits introduced in B104 at many geographical locations. Therefore, we generated five hybrids by crossing B104 with the early-flowering inbred lines CML91, F7, H99, Mo17, and W153R and showed in three consecutive years that the hybrid lines proved to be suitable to evaluate seed yield under field conditions in a temperate climate. By assessing the two main processes driving maize leaf growth, being rate of growth (leaf elongation rate or LER) and the duration of growth (leaf elongation duration or LED) in this panel of hybrids, we showed that leaf growth heterosis was mainly the result of increased LER and not or to a lesser extent of LED. Ectopic expression of the transgenes GA20-oxidase (GA20-OX) and PLASTOCHRON1 (PLA1), known to stimulate the LER and LED, respectively, in the hybrids showed that leaf length heterosis can be stimulated by increased LER, but not by LED, indicating that LER rather than LED is the target for enhancing leaf growth heterosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Feys
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent University9052GhentBelgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems BiologyTechnologiepark 9279052GhentBelgium
| | - Kirin Demuynck
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent University9052GhentBelgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems BiologyTechnologiepark 9279052GhentBelgium
| | - Jolien De Block
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent University9052GhentBelgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems BiologyTechnologiepark 9279052GhentBelgium
| | - Anchal Bisht
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent University9052GhentBelgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems BiologyTechnologiepark 9279052GhentBelgium
| | - Alex De Vliegher
- Crop Husbandry and EnvironmentInstitute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO)9820MerelbekeBelgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent University9052GhentBelgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems BiologyTechnologiepark 9279052GhentBelgium
| | - Hilde Nelissen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent University9052GhentBelgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems BiologyTechnologiepark 9279052GhentBelgium
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Abstract
Apomixis, commonly defined as asexual reproduction through seed, is a reproductive trait that occurs in only a few minor crops, but would be highly valuable in major crops. Apomixis results in seed-derived progenies that are genetically identical to their maternal parent. The advantage of apomixis would lie in seed propagation of elite food, feed, and biofuel crops that are heterozygous such as hybrid corn and switchgrass or self-pollinating crops for which no commercial-scale hybrid production system is available. While hybrid plants often outperform parental lines in growth and higher yields, production of hybrid seed is accomplished through carefully controlled, labor intensive crosses. Both small farmers in developing countries who produce their own seed and commercial companies that market hybrid seed could benefit from the establishment of engineered apomixis in plants. In this chapter, we review what has been learned from studying natural apomicts and mutations in sexual plants leading to apomixis-like development, plus discuss how the components of apomixis could be successfully engineered in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joann A Conner
- Horticulture Department, NESPAL/University of Georgia-Tifton Campus, 2356 Rainwater Road, Tifton, GA, 31794, USA.
| | - Peggy Ozias-Akins
- Horticulture Department, NESPAL/University of Georgia-Tifton Campus, 2356 Rainwater Road, Tifton, GA, 31794, USA
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia-Tifton Campus, Tifton, GA, USA
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16
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Wang H, Zhang X, Yang H, Liu X, Li H, Yuan L, Li W, Fu Z, Tang J, Kang D. Identification of heterotic loci associated with grain yield and its components using two CSSL test populations in maize. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38205. [PMID: 27917917 PMCID: PMC5137037 DOI: 10.1038/srep38205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterosis has widely been used to increase grain yield and quality. In this study, the genetic basis of heterosis on grain yield and its main components in maize were examined over 2 years in two locations in two test populations constructed from a set of 184 chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) and two inbred lines (Zheng58 and Xun9058). Of the 169 heterotic loci (HL) associated with grain yield and its five components identified in CSSL × Zheng58 and CSSL × Xun9058 test populations, only 25 HL were detected in both populations. The comparison of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) detected in the CSSL population with HL detected in the two test populations revealed that only 15.46% and 17.35% of the HL in the given populations respectively, shared the same chromosomal regions as that of the corresponding QTLs and showed dominant effects as well as pleiotropism with additive and dominant effects. In addition, most of the HL (74.23% and 74.49%) had overdominant effects. These results suggest that overdominance is the main contributor to the effects of heterosis on grain yield and its components in maize, and different HL are associated with heterosis for different traits in different hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqiu Wang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xiangge Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Huili Yang
- Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xiaoyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Huimin Li
- Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Liang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Weihua Li
- Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Zhiyuan Fu
- Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Jihua Tang
- Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, China
| | - Dingming Kang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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17
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Zhu A, Greaves IK, Liu PC, Wu L, Dennis ES, Peacock WJ. Early changes of gene activity in developing seedlings of Arabidopsis hybrids relative to parents may contribute to hybrid vigour. Plant J 2016; 88:597-607. [PMID: 27460790 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid vigour (heterosis) has been used for decades in crop industries, especially in the production of maize and rice. Hybrid varieties usually exceed their parents in plant biomass and seed yield. But the molecular basis of hybrid vigour is not fully understood. In this project, we studied heterosis at early stages of seedling development in Arabidopsis hybrids derived from crossing Ler and C24 accessions. We found that early heterosis is associated with non-additive gene expression that resulted from earlier changes in gene expression in the hybrids relative to the parents. The non-additively expressed genes are involved in metabolic pathways, including photosynthesis, critical for plant growth. The early increased expression levels of genes involved in energy production in hybrids is associated with heterosis in the young seedlings that could be essential for biomass heterosis at later developmental stages of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anyu Zhu
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
- University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Ian K Greaves
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Pei-Chuan Liu
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
- University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Limin Wu
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Elizabeth S Dennis
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
- University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - W James Peacock
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
- University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
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18
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Li Y, Wang C, Liu X, Song J, Li H, Sui Z, Zhang M, Fang S, Chu J, Xin M, Xie C, Zhang Y, Sun Q, Ni Z. Up-regulating the abscisic acid inactivation gene ZmABA8ox1b contributes to seed germination heterosis by promoting cell expansion. J Exp Bot 2016; 67:2889-900. [PMID: 27034328 PMCID: PMC4861030 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Heterosis has been widely used in agriculture, but the underlying molecular principles are still largely unknown. During seed germination, we observed that maize (Zea mays) hybrid B73/Mo17 was less sensitive than its parental inbred lines to exogenous abscisic acid (ABA), and endogenous ABA content in hybrid embryos decreased more rapidly than in the parental inbred lines. ZmABA8ox1b, an ABA inactivation gene, was consistently more highly up-regulated in hybrid B73/Mo17 than in its parental inbred lines at early stages of seed germination. Moreover, ectopic expression of ZmABA8ox1b obviously promoted seed germination in Arabidopsis Remarkably, microscopic observation revealed that cell expansion played a major role in the ABA-mediated maize seed germination heterosis, which could be attributed to the altered expression of cell wall-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), Beijing 100193, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinye Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jian Song
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hongjian Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhipeng Sui
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuang Fang
- National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jinfang Chu
- National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Mingming Xin
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chaojie Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yirong Zhang
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qixin Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhongfu Ni
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), Beijing 100193, China
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19
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Abstract
Seeds are central to crop production, human nutrition, and food security. A key component of the performance of crop seeds is the complex trait of seed vigour. Crop yield and resource use efficiency depend on successful plant establishment in the field, and it is the vigour of seeds that defines their ability to germinate and establish seedlings rapidly, uniformly, and robustly across diverse environmental conditions. Improving vigour to enhance the critical and yield-defining stage of crop establishment remains a primary objective of the agricultural industry and the seed/breeding companies that support it. Our knowledge of the regulation of seed germination has developed greatly in recent times, yet understanding of the basis of variation in vigour and therefore seed performance during the establishment of crops remains limited. Here we consider seed vigour at an ecophysiological, molecular, and biomechanical level. We discuss how some seed characteristics that serve as adaptive responses to the natural environment are not suitable for agriculture. Past domestication has provided incremental improvements, but further actively directed change is required to produce seeds with the characteristics required both now and in the future. We discuss ways in which basic plant science could be applied to enhance seed performance in crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Finch-Savage
- School of Life Sciences, Warwick University, Wellesbourne Campus, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK
| | - G W Bassel
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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20
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Groszmann M, Gonzalez-Bayon R, Lyons RL, Greaves IK, Kazan K, Peacock WJ, Dennis ES. Hormone-regulated defense and stress response networks contribute to heterosis in Arabidopsis F1 hybrids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E6397-406. [PMID: 26527659 PMCID: PMC4655576 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1519926112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant hybrids are extensively used in agriculture to deliver increases in yields, yet the molecular basis of their superior performance (heterosis) is not well understood. Our transcriptome analysis of a number of Arabidopsis F1 hybrids identified changes to defense and stress response gene expression consistent with a reduction in basal defense levels. Given the reported antagonism between plant immunity and growth, we suggest that these altered patterns of expression contribute to the greater growth of the hybrids. The altered patterns of expression in the hybrids indicate decreases to the salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis pathway and increases in the auxin [indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)] biosynthesis pathway. SA and IAA are hormones known to control stress and defense responses as well as plant growth. We found that IAA-targeted gene activity is frequently increased in hybrids, correlating with a common heterotic phenotype of greater leaf cell numbers. Reduced SA concentration and target gene responses occur in the larger hybrids and promote increased leaf cell size. We demonstrated the importance of SA action to the hybrid phenotype by manipulating endogenous SA concentrations. Increasing SA diminished heterosis in SA-reduced hybrids, whereas decreasing SA promoted growth in some hybrids and phenocopied aspects of hybrid vigor in parental lines. Pseudomonas syringae infection of hybrids demonstrated that the reductions in basal defense gene activity in these hybrids does not necessarily compromise their ability to mount a defense response comparable to the parents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rebecca L Lyons
- CSIRO Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, Brisbane, QLD 4069, Australia
| | | | - Kemal Kazan
- CSIRO Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, Brisbane, QLD 4069, Australia
| | - W James Peacock
- CSIRO Agriculture, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; University of Technology, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Elizabeth S Dennis
- CSIRO Agriculture, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; University of Technology, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
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21
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Miller M, Song Q, Shi X, Juenger TE, Chen ZJ. Natural variation in timing of stress-responsive gene expression predicts heterosis in intraspecific hybrids of Arabidopsis. Nat Commun 2015. [PMID: 26154604 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic distance between hybridizing parents affects heterosis; however, the mechanisms for this remain unclear. Here we report that this genetic distance correlates with natural variation and epigenetic regulation of circadian clock-mediated stress responses. In intraspecific hybrids of Arabidopsis thaliana, genome-wide expression of many biotic and abiotic stress-responsive genes is diurnally repressed and this correlates with biomass heterosis and biomass quantitative trait loci. Expression differences of selected stress-responsive genes among diverse ecotypes are predictive of heterosis in their hybrids. Stress-responsive genes are repressed in the hybrids under normal conditions but are induced to mid-parent or higher levels under stress at certain times of the day, potentially balancing the tradeoff between stress responses and growth. Consistent with this hypothesis, repression of two candidate stress-responsive genes increases growth vigour. Our findings may therefore provide new criteria for effectively selecting parents to produce high- or low-yield hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Miller
- Departments of Molecular Biosciences and of Integrative Biology, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Qingxin Song
- Departments of Molecular Biosciences and of Integrative Biology, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Xiaoli Shi
- Departments of Molecular Biosciences and of Integrative Biology, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Thomas E Juenger
- Departments of Molecular Biosciences and of Integrative Biology, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Z Jeffrey Chen
- 1] Departments of Molecular Biosciences and of Integrative Biology, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA [2] State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China
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22
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Meier H. [Training of the training recruits in contact with mules]. SCHWEIZ ARCH TIERH 2015; 157:364-387. [PMID: 26753356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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Bi Y, Li W, Xiao J, Lin H, Liu M, Liu M, Luan X, Zhang B, Xie X, Guo D, Lai Y. Heterosis and combining ability estimates in isoflavone content using different parental soybean accessions: wild soybean, a valuable germplasm for soybean breeding. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0114827. [PMID: 25607952 PMCID: PMC4301644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflavone, a group of secondary metabolites in soybean, is beneficial to human health. Improving isoflavone content in soybean seeds has become one of the most important breeding objectives. However, the narrow genetic base of soybean cultivars hampered crop improvement. Wild soybean is an extraordinarily important gene pool for soybean breeding. In order to select an optimal germplasm for breeding programs to increase isoflavone concentration, 36 F1 soybean progenies from different parental accessions (cultivars, wild, Semi-wild and Interspecific) with various total isoflavone (TIF) concentration (High, Middle, Low) were analyzed for their isoflavone content. Results showed that male parents, except for Cultivars, showed positive GCA effects. In particular, wild soybean had higher positive GCA effects for TIF concentration. Both MP and BP heterosis value declined in the hybrid in which male parents were wild soybean, semi-wild soybean, interspecific offspring and cultivar in turn. In general, combining ability and heterosis in hybrids which had relative higher TIF concentration level parents showed better performance than those which had lower TIF concentration level parents. These results indicated characteristics of isoflavone content were mainly governed by additive type of gene action, and wild relatives could be utilized for breeding of soybean cultivars with this trait. A promising combination was found as the best potential hybrid for isoflavone content improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingdong Bi
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Postdoctoral Programme, Northeast Forestry University Postdoctoral Programme, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 368 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150086, China
- Institute of Crops Tillage and Cultivation, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 368 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Wei Li
- Institute of Crops Tillage and Cultivation, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 368 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Jialei Xiao
- Institute of Crops Tillage and Cultivation, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 368 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Hong Lin
- Institute of Crops Breeding, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 368 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Institute of Crops Tillage and Cultivation, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 368 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Miao Liu
- Institute of Crops Tillage and Cultivation, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 368 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Xiaoyan Luan
- Institute of Soybean, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 368 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Bixian Zhang
- Institute of Crops Tillage and Cultivation, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 368 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Xuejun Xie
- Institute of Food Processing, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 368 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Donglin Guo
- Life Science and Technology College, Harbin Normal University, No.1 South Normal University Road, Limin Economic and Technological Development Zone, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Yongcai Lai
- Institute of Crops Tillage and Cultivation, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 368 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150086, China
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Goncharova IK. [Method of fixing the heterotic effect--implementation on plants (on the hundredth anniversary of the birth of V.A. Strunnikov)]. Ontogenez 2014; 45:442-446. [PMID: 25739302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The article is devoted to the 100th anniversary of the outstanding world-renown Russian scientist Vladimir Alexandrovich Strunnikov, Academician, Professor, Head of Group of Developmental Cytology and Sex Regulation at Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology and Head of genetic studies on silkworms in a number ofsericulture institutes in CIS. Laureate of the State Prize of the USSR (1981), Hero of Socialist Labor (1990), awarded the I.I. Mechnikov Gold Medal, Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1981), founder of the theory explaining the origin of heterosis. One of his most significant achievements is the "Methods of Fixing the Heterosis Effect," which makes it possible to abandon the production of hybrid seed and increase the yield of many crops by 20-50%. Fixing the gene complexes that determine the heterosis effect will become the "springboard" that will allow obtaining even more productive heterotic hybrids on the basis of new-generation varieties. The efficiency of this method in plant objects at the organismal and molecular levels was shown in the All-Russia Research Institute of Rice. A modification of this method reducing its laboriousness and increasing its efficiency was developed.
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Venu RC, Ma J, Jia Y, Liu G, Jia MH, Nobuta K, Sreerekha MV, Moldenhauer K, McClung AM, Meyers BC, Wang GL. Identification of candidate genes associated with positive and negative heterosis in rice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95178. [PMID: 24743656 PMCID: PMC3990613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify the genes responsible for yield related traits, and heterosis, massively parallel signature sequencing (MPSS) libraries were constructed from leaves, roots and meristem tissues from the two parents, 'Nipponbare' and '93-11', and their F1 hybrid. From the MPSS libraries, 1-3 million signatures were obtained. Using cluster analysis, commonly and specifically expressed genes in the parents and their F1 hybrid were identified. To understand heterosis in the F1 hybrid, the differentially expressed genes in the F1 hybrid were mapped to yield related quantitative trait loci (QTL) regions using a linkage map constructed from 131 polymorphic simple sequence repeat markers with 266 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between Nipponbare and 93-11. QTLs were identified for yield related traits including days to heading, plant height, plant type, number of tillers, main panicle length, number of primary branches per main panicle, number of kernels per main panicle, total kernel weight per main panicle, 1000 grain weight and total grain yield per plant. Seventy one QTLs for these traits were mapped, of which 3 QTLs were novel. Many highly expressed chromatin-related genes in the F1 hybrid encoding histone demethylases, histone deacetylases, argonaute-like proteins and polycomb proteins were located in these yield QTL regions. A total of 336 highly expressed transcription factor (TF) genes belonging to 50 TF families were identified in the yield QTL intervals. These findings provide the starting genomic materials to elucidate the molecular basis of yield related traits and heterosis in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. C. Venu
- Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center (DB NRRC), Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA-ARS), Stuttgart, Arkansas, United States of America
- Rice Research and Extension Center, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Stuttgart, Arkansas, United States of America
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jianbing Ma
- Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center (DB NRRC), Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA-ARS), Stuttgart, Arkansas, United States of America
- Rice Research and Extension Center, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Stuttgart, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Yulin Jia
- Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center (DB NRRC), Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA-ARS), Stuttgart, Arkansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Guangjie Liu
- Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center (DB NRRC), Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA-ARS), Stuttgart, Arkansas, United States of America
- Rice Research and Extension Center, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Stuttgart, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Melissa H. Jia
- Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center (DB NRRC), Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA-ARS), Stuttgart, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Kan Nobuta
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - M. V. Sreerekha
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Karen Moldenhauer
- Rice Research and Extension Center, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Stuttgart, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Anna M. McClung
- Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center (DB NRRC), Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA-ARS), Stuttgart, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Blake C. Meyers
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Guo-Liang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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26
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Hübner M, Wilde P, Schmiedchen B, Dopierala P, Gowda M, Reif JC, Miedaner T. Hybrid rye performance under natural drought stress in Europe. Theor Appl Genet 2013; 126:475-82. [PMID: 23090142 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-012-1994-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Several rye growing regions of Central Europe suffered from severe drought stress in the last decade. Rye is typically grown on sandy soils with low water-holding capacity in areas with low rainfall, thus drought-tolerant varieties are urgently needed. The main objective of our study was to evaluate the drought stress tolerance of rye hybrids using large-scaled field experiments. Two biparental populations (Pop-A, Pop-B) each consisting of 220 F(2:4) lines from the Petkus gene pool and their parents were evaluated for grain yield testcross performance under irrigated (I) and rainfed (R) regime in six environments. We observed for most environments severe drought stress leading to an average grain yield reduction of 23.8 % for rainfed compared to irrigated regime in drought stress environments. A decomposition of the variance revealed significant (P < 0.01) genotypic and genotype × environment interaction variances but only a minor effect of drought stress on the ranking of the genotypes with regard to grain yield. In conclusion, separate breeding programs for drought-tolerant genotypes are not superior to the currently practiced selection under rainfed conditions without irrigation in hybrid rye breeding in Central Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlen Hübner
- State Plant Breeding Institute, Universität Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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Siwendu NA, Norris D, Ngambi JW, Shimelis HA, Benyi K. Heterosis and combining ability for body weight in a diallel cross of three chicken genotypes. Trop Anim Health Prod 2012; 45:965-70. [PMID: 23151822 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-012-0317-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate heterotic and combining ability effects for growth in nine chicken genotypes. A 3 × 3 complete diallel mating system involving two indigenous breeds named Venda (V) and Naked Neck (N) and one commercial broiler breed named Ross 308 (R) were used. The nine genetic groups of crosses were reared up from hatch to 13 weeks of age in deep litter open house. Body weights of 180 chicks (20 chicks per genetic group), recorded at 0, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13 weeks of age, were used to estimate heterosis, general combining ability (GCA), and specific combining ability (SCA). Results showed that the Ross 308 had the heaviest body weight at all weeks of measurement except for hatch. With respect to crosses, the V × R and its reciprocal cross, R × V had the heaviest body weights at 13 weeks. Heterosis estimates for body weight were higher in the Venda male × Ross 308 female and Venda male and Naked Neck female crosses. GCA was significant (P ≤ 0.01) for body weight from hatch to 13 weeks of age while SCA and reciprocal effects were both significant (P ≤ 0.05) for body weight at all ages of measurement except for hatch. The Ross 308 gave the highest positive effect of GCA for body weight except for hatch. V × N gave the highest and positive effects of SCA for body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Njedbo A Siwendu
- Department of Animal Production, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa
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Zhang C, Yin Y, Zhang A, Lu Q, Wen X, Zhu Z, Zhang L, Lu C. Comparative proteomic study reveals dynamic proteome changes between superhybrid rice LYP9 and its parents at different developmental stages. J Plant Physiol 2012; 169:387-98. [PMID: 22209166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2011.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Heterosis is a common phenomenon in which the hybrids exhibit superior agronomic performance than either inbred parental lines. Although hybrid rice is one of the most successful apotheoses in crops utilizing heterosis, the molecular mechanisms underlying rice heterosis remain elusive. To gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of rice heterosis, comparative leaf proteomic analysis between a superhybrid rice LYP9 and its parental cultivars 9311 and PA64s at tillering, flowering and grain-filling stages were carried out. A total of 384 differentially expressed proteins (DP) were detected and 297 DP were identified, corresponding to 222 unique proteins. As DP were divided into those between the parents (DP(PP)) and between the hybrid and its parents (DP(HP)), the comparative results demonstrate that proteins in the categories of photosynthesis, glycolysis, and disease/defense were mainly enriched in DP. Moreover, the number of identified DP(HP) involved in photosynthesis, glycolysis, and disease/defense increased at flowering and grain-filling stages as compared to that at the tillering stage. Most of the up-regulated DP(HP) involved in the three categories showed greater expression in LYP9 at flowering and grain-filling stages than at the tillering stage. In addition, CO(2) assimilation rate and apparent quantum yield of photosynthesis also showed a greater increase in LYP9 at flowering and grain-filling stages than at the tillering stage. These results suggest that the proteins involved in photosynthesis, glycolysis, and disease/defense as well as their dynamic regulation at different developmental stages may be responsible for heterosis in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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29
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Dikmen S, Martins L, Pontes E, Hansen PJ. Genotype effects on body temperature in dairy cows under grazing conditions in a hot climate including evidence for heterosis. Int J Biometeorol 2009; 53:327-331. [PMID: 19263087 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-009-0218-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We compared diurnal patterns of vaginal temperature in lactating cows under grazing conditions to evaluate genotype effects on body temperature regulation. Genotypes evaluated were Holstein, Jersey, Jersey x Holstein and Swedish Red x Holstein. The comparison of Holstein and Jersey versus Jersey x Holstein provided a test of whether heterosis effects body temperature regulation. Cows were fitted with intravaginal temperature recording devices that measured vaginal temperature every 15 min for 7 days. Vaginal temperature was affected by time of day (P < 0.0001) and genotype x time (P < 0.0001) regardless of whether days in milk and milk yield were used as covariates. Additional analyses indicated that the Swedish Red x Holstein had a different pattern of vaginal temperatures than the other three genotypes (Swedish Red x Holstein vs others x time; P < 0.0001) and that Holstein and Jersey had a different pattern than Jersey x Holstein [(Holstein + Jersey vs Jersey x Holstein) x time, P < 0.0001]. However, Holstein had a similar pattern to Jersey [(Holstein vs Jersey) x time, P > 0.10]. These genotype x time interactions reflect two effects. First, Swedish Red x Holstein had higher vaginal temperatures than the other genotypes in the late morning and afternoon but not after the evening milking. Secondly, Jersey x Holstein had lower vaginal temperatures than other genotypes in the late morning and afternoon and again in the late night and early morning. Results point out that there are effects of specific genotypes and evidence for heterosis on regulation of body temperature of lactating cows maintained under grazing conditions and suggest that genetic improvement for thermotolerance through breed choice or genetic selection is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dikmen
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Uludag, Bursa, 16059, Turkey
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Wang X, Cao H, Zhang D, Li B, He Y, Li J, Wang S. Relationship Between Differential Gene Expression and Heterosis During Ear Development in Maize (Zea mays L.). J Genet Genomics 2009; 34:160-70. [PMID: 17469788 DOI: 10.1016/s1673-8527(07)60017-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2006] [Accepted: 05/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important crops because of the remarkable properties of its hybrid, which is responsible for the high commercial value of hybrid maize. The genetic basis of heterosis (hybrid vigor) is not well understood. A differential display technique was performed to identify genes with differential expression across twelve maize inbred lines and thirty-three hybrids during ear development. An incomplete diallel design was used to investigate the relationship between the global framework of differential gene expression and heterosis. It was found that the genes belonging to MONO pattern (i.e., genes expressed in both parental lines and in hybrid) was the highest in percentage among the total five patterns and illustrated that the properties of differentially expressed genes are not entirely responsible for heterosis. Furthermore, a larger number of differentially expressed genes in hybrid, which serves as a major reservoir for generating novel phenotypes that exhibit heterosis of certain agronomic traits during early development and differentiation of maize ear. Moreover, there were some silent genesin hybrids that are responsible for the arrest or abortion of spikelets and for the increase in kernels weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjun Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
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31
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Bryant JR, López-Villalobos N, Pryce JE, Holmes CW, Johnson DL, Garrick DJ. Short communication: Effect of environment on the expression of breed and heterosis effects for production traits. J Dairy Sci 2008; 90:1548-53. [PMID: 17297128 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(07)71640-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Character states of New Zealand herds were formed within the environmental ranges of herd average total lactation yield of fat plus protein (MS), which is a proxy for feeding level, summer heat load index (HLI), herd size, and altitude. A univariate multibreed sire model was applied to first-lactation (2 yr old) records of milk, fat, and protein within each environmental character state to estimate breed and heterosis effects. A scaling effect was observed for MS yield between overseas Holstein-Friesian (OHF) and New Zealand Jersey (NZJ) animals when comparing breed performance in extreme MS character states. For example, differences for milk, fat, and protein yield between these breeds were 561, 1.3, and 9.3 kg, respectively, in the character state averaging 227 kg of MS/cow, much smaller than the differences of 1,151, 3.1, and 23.0 in the character state averaging 376 kg of MS/cow. Heterosis levels for milk, fat, and protein yields were highest for OHF x NZJ, followed by New Zealand Friesian (NZF) x NZJ and OHF x NZF with average heterosis for all traits of 7.3, 5.7, and 2.7%, respectively. Heterosis levels for OHF x NZF were suppressed in very low MS yield environments and in many cases were not significantly different from zero. Heterosis was suppressed in crosses with OHF in the high HLI environment. Crossbred animals (OHF x NZJ, NZF x NZJ, and OHF x NZF) generally achieved higher fat yields than any of the straight-bred animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Bryant
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Korn M, Peterek S, Mock HP, Heyer AG, Hincha DK. Heterosis in the freezing tolerance, and sugar and flavonoid contents of crosses between Arabidopsis thaliana accessions of widely varying freezing tolerance. Plant Cell Environ 2008; 31:813-27. [PMID: 18284584 PMCID: PMC2440548 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01800.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Heterosis is defined as the increased vigour of hybrids in comparison to their parents. We investigated 24 F(1) hybrid lines of Arabidopsis thaliana generated by reciprocally crossing either C24 or Col with six other parental accessions (Can, Co, Cvi, Ler, Rsch, Te) that differ widely in their freezing tolerance. The crosses differed in the degree of heterosis for freezing tolerance, both in the non-acclimated state and after a 14 d cold acclimation period. Crosses with C24 showed more heterosis than crosses with Col, and heterosis was stronger in acclimated than in non-acclimated plants. Leaf content of soluble sugars and proline showed more deviation from mid-parent values in crosses involving C24 than in those involving Col, and deviations were larger in acclimated than in non-acclimated plants. There were significant correlations between the content of different sugars and leaf freezing tolerance, as well as between heterosis effects in freezing tolerance and sugar content. Flavonoid content and composition varied between accessions, and between non-acclimated and acclimated plants. In the crosses, large deviations from the mid-parent values in the contents of different flavonols occurred, and there were strikingly strong correlations between both flavonol content and freezing tolerance, and between heterosis effects in freezing tolerance and flavonol content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Korn
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
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Hellemann D, Larsson A, Madsen HO, Bonde J, Jarløv JO, Wiis J, Faber T, Wetterslev J, Garred P. Heterozygosity of mannose-binding lectin (MBL2) genotypes predicts advantage (heterosis) in relation to fatal outcome in intensive care patients. Hum Mol Genet 2007; 16:3071-80. [PMID: 17872904 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddm265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the MBL2 gene, which affect the structure and influence on the serum concentration of mannose-binding lectin (MBL), are associated with inflammatory and infectious conditions. The importance of MBL2 polymorphisms on outcome in critical ill patients is unclear. Five hundred and thirty-two consecutive critically ill patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) were included over a period of 18 months. Five hundred and thirty-three individuals served as controls. Vital status was obtained 15.5 months after the last patient was included. MBL2 polymorphisms were determined by a PCR-based assay. Homozygosity for MBL2 variant alleles (O/O) causing MBL structural defects was associated with the highest adjusted mortality rate followed by homozygosity for the normal MBL2 allele (A/A) encoding high MBL levels, whereas heterozygous A/O patients had the most favourable outcome (P = 0.015). MBL2 alleles were not associated with death in ICU (n = 166, P = 0.7), but the association appeared soon after discharge from ICU (n = 366): hazard ratio (HR) for O/O using A/A as reference was 1.33 (95% CI: 0.8-2.2) and for A/O it was 0.62 (95% CI: 0.4-0.8) respectively (P = 0.0045) at completion. No difference in MBL2 frequency was observed between patients and controls at baseline, and between patients classified as having sepsis or not. However, patients with the MBL2 O/O genotype had an increased frequency of Gram-positive bacterial infection (P = 0.01). Heterozygosity for MBL2 alleles confers a protective effect whereas homozygosity is associated with the worst outcome soon after discharge from ICU. This may be an example of heterosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorthe Hellemann
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Herlev, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
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Riley DG, Chase CC, Coleman SW, Olson TA. Evaluation of birth and weaning traits of Romosinuano calves as purebreds and crosses with Brahman and Angus. J Anim Sci 2007; 85:289-98. [PMID: 17235015 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2006-416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this work were to evaluate birth and weaning traits, to estimate genetic effects, including heterosis and direct and maternal breed effects, and to evaluate calving difficulty, calf vigor at birth, and calf mortality of Romosinuano as purebreds and as crosses with Brahman and Angus. Calves (n = 1,348) were spring-born from 2002 through 2005 and weaned in the fall of each year at about 7 mo of age. Traits evaluated included birth and weaning weight, ADG, BCS, and weaning hip height. Models used to analyze these traits included the fixed effects of year, sire and dam breeds, management unit, calf sex, cow age, and source of Angus sire (within or outside of the research herd). Calf age in days was investigated as a covariate for weaning traits. Sire within sire breed and dam within dam breed were random effects. Estimates of Romosinuano-Brahman and Romosinuano-Angus heterosis (P < 0.05) were 2.6 +/- 0.3 (8.6%) and 1.4 +/- 0.3 kg (4.7%) for birth weight, 20.5 +/- 1.5 (9.5%) and 14.6 +/- 1.4 kg (7.4%) for weaning weight, 79.2 +/- 6.1 (9.8%) and 55.1 +/- 6.0 g (7.5%) for ADG, 0.16 +/- 0.03 (2.7%) and 0.07 +/- 0.03 (1.2%) for BCS, and 2.77 +/- 0.32 cm (2.4%) and 1.87 +/- 0.32 cm (1.7%) for hip height. Heterosis for Brahman-Angus was greater (P < 0.05) than all Romosinuano estimates except those for Romosinuano-Brahman and Romosinuano-Angus BCS. Romosinuano direct effects were negative and lowest of the breeds, except for the Angus estimate for hip height. Romosinuano maternal effects were the largest of the 3 breeds for birth weight and hip height but intermediate to the other breeds for weaning weight and ADG. A large proportion of Brahman-sired calves from Angus dams (0.09 +/- 0.03; n = 11) was born in difficult births and died before 4 d of age. Brahman and Angus purebreds and Romosinuano-sired calves from Brahman dams also had large proportions of calves that died before weaning (0.09 or greater). Results indicated that Romosinuano may be used as a source of adaptation to subtropical environments and still incorporate substantial crossbred advantage for weaning traits, although not to the extent of crosses of Brahman and Angus.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Riley
- ARS, Subtropical Agricultural Research Station, Brooksville, FL 34601, USA.
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Aguiar LM, Mellek DM, Abreu KC, Boscarato TG, Bernardi IP, Miranda JMD, Passos FC. Sympatry between Alouatta caraya and Alouatta clamitans and the rediscovery of free-ranging potential hybrids in Southern Brazil. Primates 2007; 48:245-8. [PMID: 17310403 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-007-0039-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Records of sympatry between Alouatta caraya and A. clamitans are rare despite their extensive range overlap. An example of their current sympatry and the rediscovery of free-ranging potential hybrids of A. caraya and A. clamitans in the forests of the Upper Paraná River, Southern Brazil, are reported in this paper. Eight groups were observed in the study area: five monospecific groups of A. caraya, two of A. clamitans, and a group containing two adult males and two adult females of A. caraya and a sub-adult male and two adult females identified as Alouatta sp. The color of the last three individuals was a mosaic between the two species; this is consistent with previously described variations in museum specimens collected in the Paraná River in the 1940s that had been identified as potential hybrids. The results from this study emphasize the need for scientific studies in the region of the Ilha Grande National Park, one of the few regions in the Paraná River that currently harbors both howler species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas M Aguiar
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19020, 81531-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
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Tezuka T, Marubashi W. Hybrid lethality in interspecific hybrids between Nicotiana tabacum and N. suaveolens: evidence that the Q chromosome causes hybrid lethality based on Q-chromosome-specific DNA markers. Theor Appl Genet 2006; 112:1172-8. [PMID: 16456655 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-006-0219-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2005] [Accepted: 01/06/2006] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid seedlings from the cross Nicotiana tabacum x N. suaveolens express lethality at 28 degrees C. We carried out a cross between monosomic lines of N. tabacum lacking the Q chromosome and N. suaveolens by test-tube pollination and ovule culture at 28 degrees C. To suppress hybrid lethality, hybrid seedlings obtained were transferred to 36 degrees C immediately after germination and cultured. We determined whether Q-chromosome-specific DNA markers were detected among hybrid seedlings. When hybrid seedlings cultured at 36 degrees C were transferred to 28 degrees C, hybrid seedlings in which Q-chromosome-specific DNA markers were detected expressed hybrid lethality, while hybrid seedlings in which Q-chromosome-specific DNA markers were not detected did not express hybrid lethality. From these results, we concluded that the presence of the Q chromosome of N. tabacum is related to hybrid lethality observed in crosses between N. tabacum and N. suaveolens. This is the first report that clearly demonstrates the relationship between a certain chromosome and hybrid lethality in the genus Nicotiana using chromosome-specific DNA markers. Additionally, we confirmed that the Q chromosome belongs to the S subgenome because Q-chromosome-specific DNA markers were detected only in N. sylvestris.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tezuka
- School of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 300-0393 Ami, Ibaraki, Japan
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Busch JW. Heterosis in an isolated, effectively small, and self-fertilizing population of the flowering plant Leavenworthia alabamica. Evolution 2006; 60:184-91. [PMID: 16568642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Mildly deleterious mutations are thought to play a major role in the extinction of natural populations, especially those that are small, isolated, or inbred. Self-fertilization should reduce the effective size of populations and simultaneously reduce migration between populations. A history of self-fertilization should therefore cause a population to harbor a substantial "local drift load" caused by the fixation of mildly deleterious mutations. This hypothesis was tested in Leavenworthia alabamica, which contains large, self-incompatible populations and smaller self-compatible populations with adaptations for self-fertilization. The fitness of offspring from within- and between-population crosses was compared to quantify heterosis caused by the masking of deleterious alleles in the heterozygous state. Little heterosis was observed in crosses between five large, self-incompatible populations and two of the three small, self-fertilizing populations of L. alabamica. However, the most geographically isolated and genetically divergent self-fertilizing population (Tuscumbia) exhibited a 110.2% increase in germination and a 73.6% increase in fitness, which is consistent with a sizeable local drift load. The finding of substantial heterosis for fitness supports the idea that small effective size, reproductive isolation, and self-fertilization can make populations particularly vulnerable to mutation accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah W Busch
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405, USA.
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Schillaci MA, Froehlich JW, Supriatna J, Jones-Engel L. The effects of hybridization on growth allometry and craniofacial form in Sulawesi macaques. J Hum Evol 2005; 49:335-69. [PMID: 15996717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2004] [Revised: 04/08/2005] [Accepted: 04/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present research investigates the effects of hybridization between Macaca maurus and M. tonkeana on adult male form and patterns of growth allometry. Comparisons of adult hybrid mean phenotypic values with the adult averages of the parental species indicate a condition of heterosis for cranial vault length and crown-rump length. Negative heterosis is indicated for body mass. Regression parameters describing growth allometry are generated for four craniofacial measurement variables and one body measurement using both least squares and reduced major axis regression. Comparisons of hybrid and parental regression slopes and intercepts using analysis of covariance and t-tests suggest that there is a hybrid pattern of growth allometry characterized by an increase in regression slope values coupled with lower intercept values compared to those of the parental species and the parental averages for most regression parameters. Multivariate analyses of the adult and ontogenetic morphometric data indicate significant differences across species taxa in form and shape during development and adulthood. Our finding of significant differences between hybrids and their parental taxa in growth allometry and craniofacial form and shape during development challenges the assumption often made regarding the reproductive and taxonomic significance of observed ontogenetic divergence between Neandertals and modern humans. We propose that anthropological primatology, with its goal of developing nonhuman primate models for investigating human evolution, can provide a biologically relevant means by which to empirically estimate the taxonomic significance of morphological and ontogenetic divergence observed in the hominid fossil record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Schillaci
- Department of Social Sciences, University of Toronto at Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada.
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Abstract
The success and the evolutionary fate of hybridogenetic lineages are explained by both a generalistic heterosis hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis, the habitat segregation hypothesis. Because such hypotheses have rarely been tested at the level of whole habitats, our aim was to compare performances of two taxa within a hybridogenetic complex across diverse natural habitats. We took advantage of the waterfrog hybridogenetic complex (Rana esculenta and R. lessonae) by rearing tadpoles in natural contrasted habitats by means of enclosure experiments. We also monitored the frequency of each taxon in the waterfrog assemblages that naturally breed in the studied ponds. The hybridogenenetic taxon showed no evidence of broader tolerance as growth, development and physiology strongly varied in response to environmental heterogeneity. Our study reveals a differential success of the hybridogenetic taxon and its sexual host among environments. Moreover, hybridogenetic taxa rarely dominated the sexual species in natural assemblages. Consequently, our results show that the generalistic model does not explain the success of hybridogenetic lineages, but rather support the habitat segregation, among other alternative concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Plenet
- UMR CNRS 5023 Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Fluviaux, Bât Darwin C, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Villeurbanne Cédex, France.
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Facon B, Jarne P, Pointier JP, David P. Hybridization and invasiveness in the freshwater snail Melanoides tuberculata: hybrid vigour is more important than increase in genetic variance. J Evol Biol 2005; 18:524-35. [PMID: 15842482 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.00887.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many invasive taxa are hybrids, but how hybridization boosts the invasive process remains poorly known. We address this question in the clonal freshwater snail Melanoides tuberculata from Martinique, using three parental and two hybrid lines. We combine an extensive field survey (1990-2003) and a quantitative genetic experiment to show that hybrid lines have outcompeted their parents in natural habitats, and that this increased invasiveness co-occurred with pronounced shifts in life-history traits, such as growth, fecundity and juvenile size. Given the little time between hybrid creation and sampling, and the moderate standing genetic variance for life-history traits in hybrids, we show that some of the observed trait changes between parents and hybrids were unlikely to arise only by continuous selection. We therefore suggest that a large part of hybrid advantage stems from immediate heterosis upon hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Facon
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Campbell DR, Galen C, Wu CA. Ecophysiology of first and second generation hybrids in a natural plant hybrid zone. Oecologia 2005; 144:214-25. [PMID: 15891841 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-005-0064-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2004] [Accepted: 02/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hybrids between related species vary widely in relative fitness, and that fitness can depend upon the environment. We investigated aspects of physiology that might influence fitness patterns in a plant hybrid zone. Seeds of Ipomopsis aggregata, I. tenuituba, F1 hybrids, F2 hybrids, and offspring of crosses between natural hybrids were planted into the relatively mesic site of origin for I. aggregata and the drier site for natural hybrids. We measured rates of photosynthesis (Amax), transpiration (E), instantaneous (A/E) and long-term (delta13C) indices of water use efficiency (WUE), and leaf nitrogen and carbon. We also examined correlations of these traits with plant size. Photosynthetic rate and A/E were higher in vegetative than flowering plants. WUE varied between sites and years, but differences among genotypic classes were spatially and temporally consistent. Instantaneous WUE was higher for F1 hybrids than for the average of the parental species, thereby showing heterosis. There was no evidence of hybrid breakdown, as WUE was no different in the F2 than the average across the F1 and parental species. Nor did WUE depend on cross direction in producing F1 progeny. Carbon isotope discrimination revealed higher long-term water use efficiency in I. tenuituba than I. aggregata. Leaf nitrogen was higher in I. tenuituba than I. aggregata, and higher in offspring of natural hybrids than in the F2. Results indicate heterosis for water use efficiency, with no hybrid breakdown. Heterosis in WUE may help to explain the relatively high survival of both reciprocal F1 hybrids in dry sites within the natural hybrid zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane R Campbell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Abstract
A set of diallel crosses involving 10 parents was made to have information on the extent of heterosis over mid-parent and better parent and inbreeding depression for yield and yield contributing characters under three different environments. Marked heterobeltiosis for grain yield and its important components were observed. For grain yield, 83 crosses showed significant positive heterobeltiosis in all the three sowing dates, however, twenty crosses showed significant consistent heterobeltiosis for grain yield per plant over all the three environments. The maximum heterobeltiosis for grain yield per plant observed was 50.94% (Raj 3765 x HD 2285), 121.08% (PBW 373 x HD 2329) and 93.96% (PBW 373 x HD 2329) under early, normal and late sowing conditions, respectively. Cross PBW 373 x HD 2329 in both early and normal plantings and cross Raj 3765 x HD 2285 under late planting were observed most heterotic for grain yield. The crosses showing heterosis for grain yield were not heterotic for all the characters. Heterosis for grain yield per spike followed by tillers per plant and 1000-grain weight was independently associated with heterosis for grain yield in early and normal plantings. However, heterosis for grain yield per spike, dwarf plant height and tillers per plant contributed maximum towards yield heterosis. Significant inbreeding depression was recorded frequently for yield and yield contributing traits, however, in a few traits it was observed significant negative indicated that F(2) was superior to F(1) considered desirable combination for trait(s). The study reveals good scope for commercial exploitation of heterosis as well as isolation of pure lines among the progenies of heterotic F(1) for improvement of yield levels in bread wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Singh
- All India Coordinated Wheat and Barley Improvement Project, Rajasthan Agriculture University, Agricultural Research Station, Durgapura, Jaipur 302 108, Rajasthan, India
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Zhang YJ, Zhao YZ, Liu YQ, Li Y, Sun SH, Xing HX. [Genetic polymorphism of 4 microsatellites DNA in 3 goat populations and relationship with heterosis]. Yi Chuan 2004; 26:631-6. [PMID: 15640076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Gene frequency, polymorphism information contents, number of effective alleles, heterozygosity and genetic distances were studied in Boer goat, Taihang goat and Hebei dairy goat using four microsatellite markers (OarFCB11, OarAE101, McM218, McM38). The crossing effects on Hebei dairy goat and Taihang goat with Boer goat were tested. The results indicated that there are genetic polymorphisms at four microsatellite markers in three goat breeds. Four microsatellite markers can be used for genetic diversity evaluation in goat breeds. The genetic variability of Taihang goat is the highest, and Boer goat is the lowest in three goat breeds. Genetic distances between Boer goat and Hebei dairy goat is bigger than that between Boer goat and Taihang goat. The heterosis between Boer goat and Hebei dairy goat is higher than that between Boer goat and Taihang goat. It accords with testing results on actual heterosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jie Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730 000, China.
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Harrison LG, Von Aderkas P. Spatially quantitative control of the number of cotyledons in a clonal population of somatic embryos of hybrid larch Larix x leptoeuropaea. Ann Bot 2004; 93:423-34. [PMID: 15023703 PMCID: PMC4242340 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mch061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Many conifer embryos, both in natural seeds and in clonal populations of somatic embryos, display variability in the number of cotyledons. In hybrid larch, Larix x leptoeuropaea (synonymous with L. x marschlinsii Coaz), such variability has previously been reported in somatic embryos, together with a decrease in the average cotyledon number when benzyladenine (BA) is applied exogenously. Described here is a spatially quantitative study with the aim of throwing some light on the way cotyledon number is determined, and hence the mechanism of cotyledon formation. METHODS Stock cultures of embryogenic tissue were maintained and later made embryogenically active by standard methods. Development through cotyledon formation was followed by optical microscopy with quantitative measurement of embryo diameter and number of cotyledons. SEMs of representative stages and cotyledon numbers were done for purposes of illustration in this account. Existing mathematics of waveforms on a disc were cast into a form suitable to compare with the quantitative data. RESULTS The number of cotyledons is linearly related to the diameter of the apical surface of the embryo (which approximates a circular disc) at the time of first appearance of the cotyledon primordia. This linearity is a constant-spacing phenomenon between adjacent primordia. Addition of BA to the medium restricts the range of apical diameters without changing inter-cotyledon spacing. Slope/intercept ratio of the linear plot matches expectation for initiation of cotyledon pattern as a harmonic waveform on a circular disc. CONCLUSIONS The entire pattern of cotyledon primordia arises as a single entity coordinated by a mechanism with wave-forming properties. This is explicable by diverse mechanisms, especially either mechanical buckling ('biophysical') or reaction-diffusion kinetics ('physicochemical').
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel G Harrison
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1.
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Meyer RC, Törjék O, Becher M, Altmann T. Heterosis of biomass production in Arabidopsis. Establishment during early development. Plant Physiol 2004; 134:1813-23. [PMID: 15064384 PMCID: PMC419853 DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.033001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2003] [Revised: 12/10/2003] [Accepted: 01/27/2004] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Heterosis has been widely used in agriculture to increase yield and to broaden adaptability of hybrid varieties and is applied to an increasing number of crop species. We performed a systematic survey of the extent and degree of heterosis for dry biomass in 63 Arabidopsis accessions crossed to three reference lines (Col-0, C24, and Nd). We detected a high heritability (69%) for biomass production in Arabidopsis. Among the 169 crosses analyzed, 29 exhibited significant mid-parent-heterosis for shoot biomass. Furthermore, we analyzed two divergent accessions, C24 and Col-0, the F(1) hybrids of which were shown to exhibit hybrid vigor, in more detail. In the combination Col-0/C24, heterosis for biomass was enhanced at higher light intensities; we found 51% to 66% mid-parent-heterosis at low and intermediate light intensities (60 and 120 micromol m(-2) s(-1)), and 161% at high light intensity (240 micromol m(-2) s(-1)). While at the low and intermediate light intensities relative growth rates of the hybrids were higher only in the early developmental phase (0-15 d after sowing [DAS]), at high light intensity the hybrids showed increased relative growth rates over the entire vegetative phase (until 25 DAS). An important finding was the early onset of heterosis for biomass; in the cross Col-0/C24, differences between parental and hybrid lines in leaf size and dry shoot mass could be detected as early as 10 DAS. The widespread occurrence of heterosis in the model plant Arabidopsis opens the possibility to investigate the genetic basis of this phenomenon using the tools of genetical genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda C Meyer
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Golm, Germany.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND It is generally believed that improvement in environmental quality is the main factor responsible for the better growth and nutritional status of children in developing countries. However, it is still not clear whether this better growth performance is also associated with heterosis and/or gene flow that may take place as a result of the geographical movement of individuals, or migration. AIM The present paper attempts to examine the effects of heterosis on physical growth of girls in height and its segments. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A cross-sectional sample of the Khasi girls of Shillong in Northeast India was considered in the present analysis. The height and sitting height of 1368 girls aged 3-18 years were measured with a Harpenden anthropometer, following standard techniques. The sample was divided into two groups, namely hybrid (HB) and non-hybrid (NHB) girls,in order to test the effects of heterosis using analysis of covariance with the household income as a covariate. The Preece-Baines model I (M. A. Preece and M. F. Baines, Annals of Human Biology, 5, 1-24, 1978) was used to fit the adjusted means of height and its segments with a view to assess the variation in adult height, age at peak velocity and size at peak velocity. RESULTS Both HB and NHB girls were similar in age at maximum increment for height(12 years) and sitting height (13 years), although it was much earlier in the former(10.5 years) than in the latter (11.9 years) with respect to subischial length. The results indicated that HB girls were larger than NHB girls across ages. Such a higher anthropometric status in HB girls was mainly due to their higher growth velocities before the adolescent period. The effect of heterosis after household income was highly significant at many ages from 6 to 18 years, although it was not clearly perceptible in the case of subischial length. CONCLUSION Subject to further studies, the role of heterosis and/or gene flow in influencing growth and development of children cannot be completely ruled out, especially after 5 years of age when the variation in growth patterns is likely to be associated not only with environmental quality but also with genetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Khongsdier
- Department of Anthropology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India.
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Abstract
Schistosoma haematobium and S. intercalatum readily hybridize with each other producing generations of viable hybrid offspring. Experiments were designed to investigate the infectivity and viability of the S. haematobium x S. intercalatum F1 and F2 hybrid larvae in their two intermediate snail hosts compared with the parental species. Analysis of the data obtained suggested that the S. haematobium male x S. intercalatum female F1 hybrid miracidia were more infective to Bulinus truncatus than to B.forskalii, and also more infective to B. truncatus compared with the parental S. haematobium miracidia. This hybrid was also observed to have a greater cercarial productivity from both intermediate hosts and these cercariae were shown to be more infectious and to have a longer longevity compared with the cercariae of S. haematobium, S. intercalatum and the S. haematobium female x S. intercalatum male F1 hybrid cercariae. The S. haematobium female x S. intercalatum male F1 hybrid was shown not to be very successful in all stages of the investigations. The results indicate that the S. haematobium male x S. intercalatum female F1 hybrid may have many reproductive advantages over the reciprocal hybrid and the parental schistosome species. The significance of the results is discussed in relation to the epidemiological consequences occurring in Loum, Cameroon, and other areas where S. haematobium and S. intercalatum are sympatric and able to hybridize.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Webster
- Department of Zoology, Biomedical Parasitology Division, Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, South Kensington, London SW7 5BD
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Horita M, Morohashi H, Komai F. Production of fertile somatic hybrid plants between Oriental hybrid lily and Liliumxformolongi. Planta 2003; 217:597-601. [PMID: 12684784 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-003-1020-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2002] [Accepted: 02/20/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Somatic hybridizations via electrofusion were performed in combinations of Oriental hybrid lilies (cvs. Acapulco and Shirotae) and Liliumxformolongi hort. (cv. Hakucho). Electrofusion-treated protoplasts divided only under nurse culture. The divided protoplasts grew into calli on the culture medium containing picloram, and the calli were then transferred to the hormone-free culture medium for induction of plant regeneration. The regenerants were transferred to a greenhouse, and were grown until the flower stage. In the fusion combinations of Acapulco + Hakucho and Shirotae + Hakucho, four regenerants apparently showed different morphological features compared with their parents. The results of molecular analyses by means of cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences markers and flow cytometry confirmed that these regenerants were somatic hybrid plants. Furthermore, we examined the stability of the morphological features of the hybrids in the next generations. This is the first report to describe the successful realization of Lilium somatic hybridization via protoplast fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsugu Horita
- Hokkaido Green-Bio Institute, Naganuma, Hokkaido 069-1317, Japan
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Baker JF, Boyd ME. Evaluation of age of dam effects on maternal performance of multilactation daughters from high- and low-milk EPD sires at three locations in the southern United States. J Anim Sci 2003; 81:1693-9. [PMID: 12854804 DOI: 10.2527/2003.8171693x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Angus bulls (n = 16) selected for either high- or low-milk EPD but similar growth EPD were mated within location at random to Angus cows. Daughters were bred to calve at 2 yr of age and annually until 6 yr of age. Milk yield was measured four times during lactation with a portable milking machine to estimate 12-h milk yield. Milk was collected for analysis of the percentage of fat and protein. A mixed model procedure was used to analyze the weaning weight, milk yield, and milk component data. The model for weaning weight included location, genetic line of sire, gender of calf, and age of dam. Calf age at weaning was used as a covariate. The model for the milk yield and components included location, genetic line of sire, gender of calf, period, and age of dam. Random effects for all models included sire of dam nested within line, sire of calf, and year. Genetic line was a significant source of variation for milk yield (P < 0.01) and weaning weight (P < 0.01) but not for percentage of fat or protein. Location was significant for milk yield (P < 0.01), fat (P < 0.01), protein (P < 0.01), and weaning weight (P < 0.01). The interaction of line with location was not significant except for percentage of protein (P < 0.01). Age of dam was significant for milk yield (P < 0.01), weaning weight (P < 0.01), and percentage of protein (P < 0.01), but not for percentage of fat (P = 0.29). Line difference for mean weaning weight was 18.1 kg, which is similar to the difference between lines for milk EPD (19 kg). Weaning weights from high-milk EPD line daughters were heavier (P < 0.01) than low-milk EPD line daughters at each age of dam evaluated. Cows nursed by males had higher milk yields (4.33 kg/12 h) than cows nursed by heifers (4.0 kg/12 h). The difference in yields for gender was significant for 2-, 3-, and 5-yr-old cows, but not for 4- (P < 0.052) and 6-yr old (P < 0.15) cows. Correlation coefficients between weaning weight and weaning EPD, milk EPD, and total maternal EPD were greater than zero (P < 0.01) (0.76, 0.65, and 0.89, respectively). Daughters of sires with high-milk EPD produced more milk at each age and weaned heavier calves than daughters of sires with low-milk EPD. These results confirm the value of milk EPD for improvement of weaning weights in beef cattle and also validate age of dam effects on milk yield and the associated effects on weaning weights.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Baker
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, the University of Georgia, Tifton 31793, USA.
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50
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Bushell C, Spielman M, Scott RJ. The basis of natural and artificial postzygotic hybridization barriers in Arabidopsis species. Plant Cell 2003; 15:1430-42. [PMID: 12782734 PMCID: PMC156377 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.010496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2003] [Accepted: 04/04/2003] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The success or failure of interspecific crosses is vital to evolution and to agriculture, but much remains to be learned about the nature of hybridization barriers. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain postzygotic barriers, including negative interactions between diverged sequences, global genome rearrangements, and widespread epigenetic reprogramming. Another explanation is imbalance of paternally and maternally imprinted genes in the endosperm. Interspecific crosses between diploid Arabidopsis thaliana as the seed parent and tetraploid Arabidopsis arenosa as the pollen parent produced seeds that aborted with the same paternal excess endosperm phenotype seen in crosses between diploid and hexaploid A. thaliana. Doubling maternal ploidy restored seed viability and normal endosperm morphology. However, substituting a hypomethylated tetraploid A. thaliana seed parent reestablished the hybridization barrier by causing seed abortion and a lethal paternal excess phenotype. We conclude from these findings that the dominant cause of seed abortion in the diploid A. thaliana x tetraploid A. arenosa cross is parental genomic imbalance. Our results also demonstrate that manipulation of DNA methylation can be sufficient to erect hybridization barriers, offering a potential mechanism for speciation and a means of controlling gene flow between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Bushell
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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