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Oliveira LOD, da Silva PIC, Filho RPR, Progênio RCS, de Oliveira VDPS, Silva RC, de Andrade MC, da Silva Freitas JJ, Kietzer KS. Prior exercise protects against oxidative stress and motor deficit in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:175-181. [PMID: 31782038 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00507-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated if a prior long-term physical exercise protocol protects the substantia nigra and the striatum against oxidative stress and motor deficits in a Parkinson Disease model induced by 6-hydroxydopamine. Three animal treatment groups were included in the study: sham; 6-hydroxydopamine and 6-hydroxydopamine/exercise. Previously to the intrastriatal lesion by 6-hydroxydopamine, rats in the exercise groups performed a swimming program for 18 weeks. The rats were submitted to behavioral tests before and after intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine injection. The oxidative stress was analyzed by Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances and Glutathione reductase activity methods. The exercise decreased lipid peroxidation and increased glutathione reductase activity in the substantia nigra. In contrast, in the striatum, exercise increased lipid peroxidation and decreased glutathione reductase activity. Exercise increased contralateral rotations and reduces immobility levels at 14 days post lesion. The exercise prior to 6-OHDA lesion had protective action only in substantia nigra against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonam Oliver Durval Oliveira
- Laboratory of Morphophysiology Applied to Health, University of Pará State, Perebebuí Street 2623, Marco, Belém, PA, 66087662, Brazil.
| | - Pedro Iuri Castro da Silva
- Laboratory of Morphophysiology Applied to Health, University of Pará State, Perebebuí Street 2623, Marco, Belém, PA, 66087662, Brazil
| | - Renato Pereira Rodrigues Filho
- Laboratory of Morphophysiology Applied to Health, University of Pará State, Perebebuí Street 2623, Marco, Belém, PA, 66087662, Brazil
| | | | | | - Renata Cunha Silva
- Laboratory of Morphophysiology Applied to Health, University of Pará State, Perebebuí Street 2623, Marco, Belém, PA, 66087662, Brazil
| | - Mariseth Carvalho de Andrade
- Laboratory of Morphophysiology Applied to Health, University of Pará State, Perebebuí Street 2623, Marco, Belém, PA, 66087662, Brazil
| | - Jofre Jacob da Silva Freitas
- Morphology and Physiological Sciences Department, University of Pará State, Perebebuí Street 2623, Marco, Belém, PA, 66087662, Brazil
| | - Katia Simone Kietzer
- Morphology and Physiological Sciences Department, University of Pará State, Perebebuí Street 2623, Marco, Belém, PA, 66087662, Brazil
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MacGregor JA. Issues about the findings in the Silver et al. (2017) publication regarding Naled. Environ Int 2018; 114:50-51. [PMID: 29477018 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
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Prpić I, Milardović A, Vlašić-Cicvarić I, Špiric Z, Radić Nišević J, Vukelić P, Snoj Tratnik J, Mazej D, Horvat M. Prenatal exposure to low-level methylmercury alters the child's fine motor skills at the age of 18 months. Environ Res 2017; 152:369-374. [PMID: 27771004 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare motor, cognitive and language characteristics in children aged 18 months who were prenatally exposed to low-level methyl-mercury (MeHg), and to analyze the eventual differences in these characteristics in relation to cord blood THg concentration. PATIENTS AND METHODS The total number of 205 child-mother pairs was included in the study, and total cord blood mercury was measured in 198 of them. Out of the 198 already measured samples, 47 of them have also been tested for methyl-mercury in cord blood. Data regarding the 47 samples of MeHg levels has been used for calculating the correlation between cord blood THg and cord blood MeHg. MeHg and THg showed a significant correlation (r=0.95, p<0.05). One month after the delivery, mothers were asked to complete the questionnaire regarding socioeconomic factors, breastfeeding of their infants, and dietary habits during pregnancy. Neurodevelopmental assessment of motor, cognitive and language skills were conducted on 168 children using The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (BSID-III). Regarding the cord blood THg concentration, 135 children were divided in 4 quartile groups. Their neurodevelopmental characteristics have been compared. RESULTS The cord blood THg concentration median and inter-quartile range was 2.98ng/g (1.41-5.61ng/g). There was a negative correlation between cord blood THg concentration and fine motor skills (rho=-0.22, p=0.01). It is evident that children grouped in 2nd ,3rd and 4th quartile had statistically significant lower fine motor skills assessment related to those grouped in 1st quartile (2nd quartile -1.24, p=0.03; 3rd quartile -1.28, p=0.03; 4th quartile -1.45, p=0.01). The differences in fine motor skills assessments between children in 2nd and 3rd and 3rd and 4th quartile were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION Intrauterine exposure to low-level THg (MeHg) is associated with alterations in fine motor skills at the age of 18 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Prpić
- University Hospital Rijeka, University of Rijeka, Medical Faculty, Istarska 43, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Ana Milardović
- University Hospital Rijeka, University of Rijeka, Medical Faculty, Istarska 43, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Inge Vlašić-Cicvarić
- University Hospital Rijeka, Centre for Clinical, Health and Organizational Psychology, Istarska 43, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Zdravko Špiric
- University of Rijeka, Medical Faculty, Oikon Ltd. Institute for Applied Ecology, Trg Senjskih Uskoka 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Jelena Radić Nišević
- University Hospital Rijeka, University of Rijeka, Medical Faculty, Istarska 43, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Petar Vukelić
- University Hospital Rijeka, University of Rijeka, Medical Faculty, Istarska 43, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Janja Snoj Tratnik
- Institute "Jožef Stefan", Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Darja Mazej
- Institute "Jožef Stefan", Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milena Horvat
- Institute "Jožef Stefan", Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Tran NN, Pham TT, Ozawa K, Nishijo M, Nguyen ATN, Tran TQ, Hoang LV, Tran AH, Phan VHA, Nakai A, Nishino Y, Nishijo H. Impacts of Perinatal Dioxin Exposure on Motor Coordination and Higher Cognitive Development in Vietnamese Preschool Children: A Five-Year Follow-Up. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147655. [PMID: 26824471 PMCID: PMC4732982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dioxin concentrations remain elevated in the environment and in humans residing near former US Air Force bases in South Vietnam. Our previous epidemiological studies showed adverse effects of dioxin exposure on neurodevelopment for the first 3 years of life. Subsequently, we extended the follow-up period and investigated the influence of perinatal dioxin exposure on neurodevelopment, including motor coordination and higher cognitive ability, in preschool children. Presently, we investigated 176 children in a hot spot of dioxin contamination who were followed up from birth until 5 years old. Perinatal dioxin exposure levels were estimated by measuring dioxin levels in maternal breast milk. Dioxin toxicity was evaluated using two indices; toxic equivalent (TEQ)-polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDDs/Fs) and concentration of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Coordinated movements, including manual dexterity, aiming and catching, and balance, were assessed using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition (Movement ABC-2). Cognitive ability was assessed using the nonverbal index (NVI) of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition (KABC-II). In boys, total test and balance scores of Movement ABC-2 were significantly lower in the high TEQ- PCDDs/Fs group compared with the moderate and low exposure groups. NVI scores and the pattern reasoning subscale of the KABC-II indicating planning ability were also significantly lower in the high TCDD exposure group compared with the low exposure group of boys. However, in girls, no significant differences in Movement ABC-2 and KABC-II scores were found among the different TEQ-PCDDs/Fs and TCDD exposure groups. Furthermore, in high risk cases, five boys and one girl highly exposed to TEQ-PCDDs/Fs and TCDD had double the risk for difficulties in both neurodevelopmental skills. These results suggest differential impacts of TEQ-PCDDs/Fs and TCDD exposure on motor coordination and higher cognitive ability, respectively. Moreover, high TEQ-PCDDs/Fs exposure combined with high TCDD exposure may increase autistic traits combined with developmental coordination disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nghi Ngoc Tran
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, 1–1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920–0293, Japan
- Ministry of Health, Vietnam Government, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Tai The Pham
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Center, Vietnam Military Medical University, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Kyoko Ozawa
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930–0194, Japan
| | - Muneko Nishijo
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, 1–1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920–0293, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Luong Van Hoang
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Center, Vietnam Military Medical University, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Anh Hai Tran
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Center, Vietnam Military Medical University, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Vu Huy Anh Phan
- Dong Nai General Hospital, Bien Hoa City, Dong Nai Province, Vietnam
| | - Akio Nakai
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Hyogo Children’s Sleep and Development Medical Research Center, Hyogo Rehabilitation Center Hospital, 1070 Akebono, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 651–2181, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Nishino
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, 1–1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920–0293, Japan
| | - Hisao Nishijo
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930–0194, Japan
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Nagarajan S, Chellappan DR, Chinnaswamy P, Thulasingam S. Ferulic acid pretreatment mitigates MPTP-induced motor impairment and histopathological alterations in C57BL/6 mice. Pharm Biol 2015; 53:1591-1601. [PMID: 25857436 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.993041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Ferulic acid (FA) is a potent ubiquitous plant antioxidant found in cereals such as brown rice, whole wheat, and oats. Phytochemical-based antioxidants are shown to be effective in neurodegenerative diseases. This study hypothesizes that supplementation of FA might combat oxidative stress-induced Parkinson's disease (PD). OBJECTIVE To explore the effect of FA on 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine hydrochloride (MPTP)-induced neurotoxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice were randomized into five groups: Group I mice served as control. Group II mice received 5 × MPTP [25 mg/kg body weight (i.p.)] in saline 24 h apart starting from the 3rd day and continued till the last day of the experimental period of 7 d. In addition to MPTP injections, mice in Groups III, IV, and V were given FA at a dose of 20, 40, and 80 mg, respectively, for 7 d. Mice were subjected to a battery of behavioral tests along with histological investigations. RESULTS Our histological findings revealed that MPTP administration enhanced Bax/Bcl2 ratio and microglial cells activation reflecting induction of apoptosis and inflammation, respectively. This dopaminergic neuronal loss caused impairment in motor balance and coordination in MPTP mice as assessed by various behavioral tests. FA at a dose of 40 mg/kg/d body weight effectively attenuated MPTP-induced neurotoxicity. DISCUSSION Antioxidant, free-radical quenching, and anti-inflammatory activities of FA could contribute to its neuroprotective effect. CONCLUSION This study provides elementary evidence for the neuroprotective action of FA against MPTP-induced PD in mice and warrants further studies.
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Stassen MJM, Preeker NL, Ragas AMJ, van de Ven MWPM, Smolders AJP, Roeleveld N. Metal exposure and reproductive disorders in indigenous communities living along the Pilcomayo River, Bolivia. Sci Total Environ 2012; 427-428:26-34. [PMID: 22575376 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Pilcomayo River is polluted by tailings and effluents from upstream mining activities, which contain high levels of metals. The Weenhayek live along this river and are likely to have elevated exposure. OBJECTIVES To assess whether the Weenhayek have increased risk of reproductive and developmental disorders related to elevated metal exposure in comparison with a reference population. METHODS We assessed reproductive and developmental outcomes, i.e. fertility, fetal loss, congenital anomalies, and walking onset by means of structured interviews. We sampled hair, water and fish to assess the relative exposure of the Weenhayek. Samples were analyzed for Pb and Cd with ICP-MS techniques. RESULTS The Weenhayek communities studied had a higher prevalence of small families (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.3-6.0) and delayed walking onset (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.4-5.1) than the reference population. Median Pb levels in Weenhayek hair were 2-5 times higher than in the reference population, while Cd levels were not elevated. In water and fish, both Pb and Cd levels were increased in the Weenhayek area. CONCLUSIONS We found indications for increased risks of small families and delayed walking onset among the Weenhayek living along the Pilcomayo River. Lactants form a high risk group for lead exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinke J M Stassen
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Carvalho MC, Franco JL, Ghizoni H, Kobus K, Nazari EM, Rocha JBT, Nogueira CW, Dafre AL, Müller YMR, Farina M. Effects of 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid (DMPS) on methylmercury-induced locomotor deficits and cerebellar toxicity in mice. Toxicology 2007; 239:195-203. [PMID: 17703864 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2007] [Revised: 07/01/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chelating therapy has been reported as a useful approach for counteracting mercurial toxicity. Moreover, 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid (DMPS), a tissue-permeable metal chelator, was found to increase urinary mercury excretion and decrease mercury content in rat brain after methylmercury (MeHg) exposure. We evaluated the capability of DMPS to reduce MeHg-induced motor impairment and cerebellar toxicity in adult mice. Animals were exposed to MeHg (40 mg/L in drinking water, ad libitum) during 17 days. In the last 3 days of exposure (days 15-17), animals received DMPS injections (150 mg/kg, i.p.; once a day) in order to reverse MeHg-induced neurotoxicity. Twenty-four hours after the last injection (day 18), behavioral tests related to the motor function (open field and rotarod tasks) and biochemical analyses on oxidative stress-related parameters (cerebellar glutathione, protein thiol and malondyaldehyde levels, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities) were carried out. Histological analyses for quantifying cellular damage and mercury deposition in the cerebellum were also performed. MeHg exposure induced a significant motor deficit, observed as decreased locomotor activity in the open field and decreased falling latency in the rotarod apparatus. DMPS treatment displayed an ameliorative effect toward such behavioral parameters. Cerebellar glutathione and protein thiol levels were not changed by MeHg or DMPS treatment. Conversely, the levels of cerebellar thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), a marker for lipid peroxidation, were increased in MeHg-exposed mice and DMPS administration minimized such phenomenon. Cerebellar glutathione peroxidase activity was decreased in the MeHg-exposed animals, but DMPS treatment did not prevent such event. Histological analyses showed a reduced number of cerebellar Purkinje cells in MeHg-treated mice and this phenomenon was completely reversed by DMPS treatment. A marked mercury deposition in the cerebellar cortex was observed in MeHg-exposed animals (granular layer>Purkinje cells>molecular layer) and DMPS treatment displayed a significant ameliorative effect toward these phenomena. These findings indicate that DMPS displays beneficial effects on reversing MeHg-induced motor deficits and cerebellar damage in mice. Histological analyses indicate that these phenomena are related to its capability of removing mercury from cerebellar cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia C Carvalho
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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Barrett JR. Pesticides: toxic legacy. Environ Health Perspect 2007; 115:A190. [PMID: 17450200 PMCID: PMC1852661 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.115-a190b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
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Axelrad DA, Bellinger DC, Ryan LM, Woodruff TJ. Dose-response relationship of prenatal mercury exposure and IQ: an integrative analysis of epidemiologic data. Environ Health Perspect 2007; 115:609-15. [PMID: 17450232 PMCID: PMC1852694 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Accepted: 01/11/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to mercury has been associated with adverse childhood neurologic outcomes in epidemiologic studies. Dose-response information for this relationship is useful for estimating benefits of reduced mercury exposure. OBJECTIVES We estimated a dose-response relationship between maternal mercury body burden and subsequent childhood decrements in intelligence quotient (IQ), using a Bayesian hierarchical model to integrate data from three epidemiologic studies. METHODS Inputs to the model consist of dose-response coefficients from studies conducted in the Faroe Islands, New Zealand, and the Seychelles Islands. IQ coefficients were available from previous work for the latter two studies, and a coefficient for the Faroe Islands study was estimated from three IQ subtests. Other tests of cognition/achievement were included in the hierarchical model to obtain more accurate estimates of study-to-study and end point-to-end point variability. RESULTS We find a central estimate of -0.18 IQ points (95% confidence interval, -0.378 to -0.009) for each parts per million increase of maternal hair mercury, similar to the estimates for both the Faroe Islands and Seychelles studies, and lower in magnitude than the estimate for the New Zealand study. Sensitivity analyses produce similar results, with the IQ coefficient central estimate ranging from -0.13 to -0.25. CONCLUSIONS IQ is a useful end point for estimating neurodevelopmental effects, but may not fully represent cognitive deficits associated with mercury exposure, and does not represent deficits related to attention and motor skills. Nevertheless, the integrated IQ coefficient provides a more robust description of the dose-response relationship for prenatal mercury exposure and cognitive functioning than results of any single study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Axelrad
- Office of Policy, Economics, and Innovation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20460, USA.
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Tornberg J, Segerstråle M, Kulesskaya N, Voikar V, Taira T, Airaksinen MS. KCC2-deficient mice show reduced sensitivity to diazepam, but normal alcohol-induced motor impairment, gaboxadol-induced sedation, and neurosteroid-induced hypnosis. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32:911-8. [PMID: 16936706 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
GABA(A) receptors mediate both fast phasic inhibitory postsynaptic potentials and slower tonic extrasynaptic inhibition. Hyperpolarizing phasic GABAergic inhibition requires the activity of neuron-specific chloride-extruding potassium-chloride cotransporter KCC2 in adult CNS. However, the possible role of KCC2 in tonic GABAergic inhibition and the associated behaviors is unknown. Here, we have examined the role of KCC2 in phasic vs tonic GABA inhibition by measuring the behavioral effects of pharmacological agents that presumably enhance phasic vs tonic inhibition in mice that retain 15-20% of normal KCC2 protein levels. These KCC2-deficient mice show decreased sensitivity to diazepam-induced sedation and motor impairment consistent with the reported role for KCC2 in fast hyperpolarizing inhibition. In contrast, the mice exhibit normal responses to low-dose alcohol-induced motor impairment, gaboxadol-induced sedation, and neurosteroid-induced hypnosis; behaviors thought to be associated with tonic GABAergic inhibition. Electrophysiological recordings show that the tonic conductance is not affected. The results suggest that KCC2 activity is more critical for behaviors dependent on phasic than tonic GABAergic inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Tornberg
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Schneider JS, Decamp E, Koser AJ, Fritz S, Gonczi H, Syversen T, Guilarte TR. Effects of chronic manganese exposure on cognitive and motor functioning in non-human primates. Brain Res 2006; 1118:222-31. [PMID: 16978592 PMCID: PMC1892239 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Revised: 08/04/2006] [Accepted: 08/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Acute exposure to manganese is associated with complex behavioral/psychiatric signs that may include Parkinsonian motor features. However, little is known about the behavioral consequences of chronic manganese exposures. In this study, cynomolgus macaque monkeys were exposed to manganese sulfate (10-15 mg/kg/week) over an exposure period lasting 272+/-17 days. Prior to manganese exposure, animals were trained to perform tests of cognitive and motor functioning and overall behavior was assessed by ratings and by videotaped analyses. By the end of the manganese exposure period, animals developed subtle deficits in spatial working memory and had modest decreases in spontaneous activity and manual dexterity. In addition, stereotypic or compulsive-like behaviors such as compulsive grooming increased in frequency by the end of the manganese exposure period. Blood manganese levels measured at the end of the manganese exposure period ranged from 29.4 to 73.7 micro g/l (mean=55.7+/-10.8 (compared to levels of 5.1-14.2 micro g/l at baseline (mean=9.2+/-2.7)), placing them within the upper range of levels reported for human environmental, medical or occupational exposures. These results suggest that chronic exposure to levels of manganese achieved in this study may have detrimental effects on behavior, cognition and motor functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay S Schneider
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 521 JAH, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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12
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Richardson JR, Caudle WM, Guillot TS, Watson JL, Nakamaru-Ogiso E, Seo BB, Sherer TB, Greenamyre JT, Yagi T, Matsuno-Yagi A, Miller GW. Obligatory Role for Complex I Inhibition in the Dopaminergic Neurotoxicity of 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Toxicol Sci 2006; 95:196-204. [PMID: 17038483 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfl133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to mice and nonhuman primates causes a parkinsonian disorder characterized by a loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra and corresponding motor deficits. MPTP has been proposed to exert its neurotoxic effects through a variety of mechanisms, including inhibition of complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, displacement of dopamine from vesicular stores, and formation of reactive oxygen species from mitochondrial or cytosolic sources. However, the mechanism of MPTP-induced neurotoxicity is still a matter of debate. Recently, we reported that the yeast single-subunit nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced) dehydrogenase (NDI1) is resistant to rotenone, a complex I inhibitor that produces a parkinsonian syndrome in rats, and that overexpression of NDI1 in SK-N-MC cells prevents the toxicity of rotenone. In this study, we used viral-mediated overexpression of NDI1 in SK-N-MC cells and animals to determine the relative contribution of complex I inhibition in the toxicity of MPTP. In cell culture, NDI1 overexpression abolished the toxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, the active metabolite of MPTP. Overexpression of NDI1 through stereotactic administration of a viral vector harboring the NDI1 gene into the substantia nigra protected mice from both the neurochemical and behavioral deficits elicited by MPTP. These data identify inhibition of complex I as a requirement for dopaminergic neurodegeneration and subsequent behavioral deficits produced by MPTP. Furthermore, combined with reports of a complex I defect in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, the present study affirms the utility of MPTP in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying dopaminergic neurodegeneration in PD.
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MESH Headings
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/adverse effects
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/metabolism
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Cell Death/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Dependovirus/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dopamine/metabolism
- Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics
- Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Electron Transport Complex I/antagonists & inhibitors
- Electron Transport Complex I/metabolism
- Genetic Therapy
- Genetic Vectors
- Humans
- MPTP Poisoning/chemically induced
- MPTP Poisoning/metabolism
- MPTP Poisoning/pathology
- MPTP Poisoning/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microglia/drug effects
- Microglia/metabolism
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Motor Skills Disorders/chemically induced
- Motor Skills Disorders/metabolism
- Motor Skills Disorders/pathology
- Motor Skills Disorders/prevention & control
- NADH Dehydrogenase/biosynthesis
- NADH Dehydrogenase/genetics
- Neuroglia/drug effects
- Neuroglia/metabolism
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/metabolism
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/biosynthesis
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/genetics
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Richardson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey/Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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Kofman O, Berger A, Massarwa A, Friedman A, Jaffar AA. Motor inhibition and learning impairments in school-aged children following exposure to organophosphate pesticides in infancy. Pediatr Res 2006; 60:88-92. [PMID: 16788088 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000219467.47013.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Despite the critical role of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in cortical function and development, no long-term studies have been conducted in humans on the long-term sequelae of the disruption of the cholinergic system in early childhood. We report a neuropsychological assessment of healthy school-aged children, who had been hospitalized in infancy following exposure to organophosphate pesticides, compared with children exposed to other toxins such as kerosene, and age- and sex-matched non-exposed children. Although overall, the children seem to have overcome the acute one-time exposure incident, and they all attend regular schools, a finer assessment of specific cognitive abilities indicates they are impaired compared with the matched controls. Specifically, the children who had been exposed to organophosphate pesticides had a deficit in inhibitory motor control. Children with pesticide or kerosene poisoning had a retrieval deficit on the acquisition phase of a verbal learning task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ora Kofman
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel.
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Blindauer K, Shoulson I, Oakes D, Kieburtz K, Schwid S, Fahn S, Stern M, Goetz C, Nutt J, Goren S, Sayag N, Scolnik M, Levy R, Eyal E, Salzman P, Pagano M. A Randomized Controlled Trial of Etilevodopa in Patients With Parkinson Disease Who Have Motor Fluctuations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 63:210-6. [PMID: 16476809 DOI: 10.1001/archneur.63.2.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor fluctuations are a common complication in patients with Parkinson disease (PD) receiving long-term levodopa therapy. Slowed gastric emptying and poor solubility of levodopa in the gastrointestinal tract may delay the onset of drug benefit after dosing. Etilevodopa is an ethyl-ester prodrug of levodopa that has greater gastric solubility, passes quickly into the small intestine, is rapidly hydrolyzed to levodopa, and has a shortened time to maximum levodopa concentration. OBJECTIVE To determine the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of etilevodopa in patients with PD who have motor fluctuations. DESIGN A double-blind, randomized, comparative clinical trial. SETTING Forty-four sites in the United States and Canada. PATIENTS Three hundred twenty-seven patients with PD who had a latency of at least 90 minutes total daily time to "on" (TTON) after levodopa dosing. INTERVENTION Treatment with either etilevodopa-carbidopa or levodopa-carbidopa for 18 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Change from baseline in total daily TTON as measured using home diaries. RESULTS The reduction in mean total daily TTON from baseline to treatment was 0.58 hour in the etilevodopa-carbidopa group and 0.79 hour in the levodopa-carbidopa group (P = .24). There was no significant difference between the etilevodopa-carbidopa and levodopa-carbidopa groups in the reduction of response failures (-6.82% vs -4.69%; P = .20). Total daily "off" time improved in the etilevodopa-carbidopa (-0.85 hour) and levodopa-carbidopa (-0.87 hour) groups without an increase in on time with troublesome dyskinesias. CONCLUSION Despite the theoretical pharmacokinetic advantage of etilevodopa, there was no improvement in TTON, response failures, or off time compared with levodopa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Blindauer
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226, USA.
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Faust A, Fournier R, Hagon O, Hoffmeyer P, Gamulin Z. Partial Sensory and Motor Deficit of Ipsilateral Lower Limb After Continuous Interscalene Brachial Plexus Block. Anesth Analg 2006; 102:288-90. [PMID: 16368845 DOI: 10.1213/01.ane.0000183638.76874.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We describe a partial sensory and motor block of the ipsilateral lower limb after interscalene infusion. After and injection of 20 mL of ropivacaine through the needle, the catheter was advanced 5 cm, and an infusion of ropivacaine 0.2% 5 mL/h commenced. Six hours later, the patient reported a left sensory and motor hemisyndrome, which resolved after the infusion was discontinued. Cervical computed tomography showed the tip of the catheter close to the intervertebral foramen at the C7-T1 level and several intravertebral paramedullar air bubbles. We conclude that the neurological symptoms were caused by an injection of local anesthetic via an interscalene catheter placed in proximity to the epidural space. To avoid this complication, we recommend advancing the catheter no more than 2-3 cm and performing frequent neurological evaluation of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Faust
- Division of Anesthesiology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland.
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Day JJ, Reed MN, Newland MC. Neuromotor deficits and mercury concentrations in rats exposed to methyl mercury and fish oil. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2005; 27:629-41. [PMID: 16024222 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2005.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2004] [Revised: 03/01/2005] [Accepted: 03/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or other n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may prevent or ameliorate methyl mercury's neurotoxicity. To examine interactions between PUFAs and methyl mercury exposure, sixty-six female Long-Evans rats were exposed to methyl mercury continuously via drinking water from fifteen weeks of age. Water included methyl mercury concentrations of 0, 0.5, and 5.0 ppm, creating estimated intakes of about 0, 40, and 400 microg/kg/day across exposure groups. An additional fifty-eight female offspring were exposed to methyl mercury only during gestation. Rats consumed one of two diets, each based on AIN-93 formulation, providing a 2 (generation) X 2 (diet) X 3 (methyl mercury exposure) factorial experimental design. A "coconut oil" diet (1/3 of fats were provided by coconut oil) was marginally adequate in n-3 PUFAs and contained no DHA. A "fish oil" diet was rich in n-3 fatty acids, including DHA. The diets were approximately equal in n-6 fatty acids. Forelimb grip strength declined with age for all groups, but the decline was greatest for those exposed chronically to 400 microg/kg/day of methyl mercury. This high-dose group also displayed hind limb crossing, gait disorders, and diminished running wheel activity. Dietary n-3 fatty acids did not influence these effects. Chronic exposure to 400 microg/kg/day of methyl mercury resulted in blood and brain concentrations of about 70 and 10 ppm, respectively, approximately 50-fold higher than concentrations seen in rats exposed to 40 microg/kg/day. Rats that became ill and died before the experiment ended had higher concentrations of mercury than their cohorts who survived to the end. Organic mercury was highly correlated with total mercury in these rats but inorganic mercury remained approximately constant. Some deaths were due to urolithiasis (kidney or bladder stones) associated with a dietary contaminant and that was eventually fatal to 22% of the females in the colony. Neurobehavioral effects are reported on rats that did not become ill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J Day
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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17
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Abstract
The evidence for the therapeutic efficacy of cannabinoids in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) is increasing but is not as yet convincing. Although several trials have reported no significant effect, the majority of the evidence which supports a beneficial effect on spasticity and pain is based on subjective measurements in trials where unblinding was likely to be a problem. The available clinical trial data suggest that the adverse side effects associated with using cannabis-based medicinal extracts (CBMEs) are generally mild, such as dry mouth, dizziness, somnolence, nausea and intoxication, and in no case did toxicity develop. However, most of these trials were run over a period of months and it is possible that other adverse side effects, not seen in these short-term studies, could develop with long-term use. Despite the evidence that cannabinoids can disrupt cognitive function and promote depression, on the basis of current data, such adverse effects seem unlikely to be associated with the use of CBMEs. Likewise, there is no evidence to suggest that their effects on balance and motor control, or immune function, may be clinically significant. There is, however, reason to be concerned about the use of therapeutic cannabinoids by people predisposed to psychosis and by pregnant women, given the increasing evidence of their adverse effects on the fetus. In conclusion, given the modest therapeutic effects of cannabinoids demonstrated so far, and the risk of long-term adverse side effects, there is reason to be cautious about their use in the treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Tchekalarova J, Kubova H, Mares P. Postnatal caffeine exposure: effects on motor skills and locomotor activity during ontogenesis. Behav Brain Res 2004; 160:99-106. [PMID: 15836904 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2004.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2004] [Revised: 11/12/2004] [Accepted: 11/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that long-term postnatal caffeine treatment results in biochemical and behavioral changes persisting into adulthood. The effects of postnatal chronic exposure to this methylxanthine on motor skills and locomotor activity were studied with a battery of motor and behavioral tests (negative geotaxis test, wire mesh ascending test, jumping down with a choice test, bar holding test, rotarod test and open field test) in rats during development. Pup rats were daily injected with caffeine (10 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg, s.c.) during postnatal days 7-11 (the P7 group) and/or 13-17 (the P13 group). Motor impairments occurred in 15-, 18- and 21-day-old rats treated with caffeine at P7-P11, whereas, pups exposed to caffeine from P13 to P17 exhibited worse performance only in the bar holding test at the age of 18 days. The P7 group was hyperactive in an open field during the whole period of testing. In contrast, the P13 group showed a decrease of motor activity at postnatal days 25 and 32. In conclusion, postnatal treatment of rats with caffeine leads to impairments of motor skills and changes in locomotor activity. The results are dependent at the developmental stages at caffeine administration as well as at age when tests are performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Tchekalarova
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychopharmacology, Institute of Physiology, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 23, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine how frequently the use of -interferon (-IFN) is associated with the development of spastic diplegia. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Meta-analysis of 600 English manuscripts published January 1991 to June 2002 reporting -IFN use in infants/children. We identified 3,113 children 18 years of age or younger and an estimated 3,055 children 12 years of age or younger who received -IFN therapy. Sixty-nine percent were treated for chronic hepatitis and 14% for vascular neoplasms. OUTCOME MEASURE Neurologic examination to confirm spastic diplegia or a motor developmental disturbance other than spastic diplegia such as hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, gait disturbances, or impaired fine motor control. RESULTS Including our index case, 11 of 441 children with vascular lesions developed spastic diplegia and an additional 16 of 441 developed a motor developmental disturbance. All of these children were less than 1 year of age at initiation of therapy. Mean age of initiation and duration of -IFN therapy were not significantly different between groups (P >.05); however, motor developmental disturbances improved with cessation of therapy, whereas spastic diplegia did not. No child receiving treatment for chronic hepatitis developed neurologic complications; however, only 49 children were less than 1 year of age at initiation of therapy. CONCLUSION -IFN should not be used in infants under 1 year of age unless life-threatening conditions do not respond to any other form of treatment. If -IFN must be used, children should have monthly neurologic examinations. If a motor developmental disturbance is detected and -IFN therapy can be discontinued, it should be.
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Barcia C, De Pablos V, Bautista-Hernández V, Sanchez-Bahillo A, Fernández-Barreiro A, Poza M, Herrero MT. Measurement of motor disability in MPTP-treated macaques using a telemetry system for estimating circadian motor activity. J Neurosci Methods 2004; 134:59-64. [PMID: 15102503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2003.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2003] [Revised: 10/28/2003] [Accepted: 10/28/2003] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The parkinsonian symptoms of primates after MPTP exposure can be measured by several visual methods (classical motor scores). However, these methods have a subjective bias, especially as regards the evaluation of the motor activity. Computerized monitoring systems represent an unbiased method for measuring the motor disability of monkeys after MPTP administration. In this work the motor activity of monkeys before and after MPTP administration is measured and compared with the activity of a control intact group by means of a telemetry system. A pronounced decrease in motor activity was observed after MPTP administration. These results suggest the monitoring method used is suited for characterizing the motor incapacity and possible improvements following treatments to test different therapies to control Parkinson's disease in MPTP models involving primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Barcia
- Experimental Neurology and Neurosurgery, Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo, 30071 Murcia, Spain.
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Papapetropoulos S, Argyriou AA, Ellul J, Chroni E. Comparison of motor fluctuations and l-dopa-induced dyskinesias in patients with familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurol 2004; 11:115-9. [PMID: 14748772 DOI: 10.1046/j.1351-5101.2003.00727.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to study the characteristics of motor complications in a group of familial Parkinson's disease (fPD) patients in comparison with matched sporadic PD (sPD) patients. Fifty-one fPD and 51 sPD patients matched for age and disease duration, used as controls, were included in the study. The Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale was completed during clinical examination and all patients were questioned about the characteristics of motor complications. The mean time from start of L-dopa therapy to the onset of motor fluctuations (MF) and L-dopa-induced dyskinesias (LID) as well as the mean time from symptom onset to the development of MF and LID was significantly shorter in the fPD group of patients. An analysis revealed a higher occurrence of MF and LID in fPD patients in the group with disease duration of 5 years or less. FPD may be associated with a higher prevalence and earlier onset of motor complications during the initial stages of the disease. Genetic factors may contribute to the specific characteristics of motor complications in fPD.
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Eubanks M. Poisoning young minds? Methyl parathion may be linked to neurodevelopment problems. Environ Health Perspect 2004; 112:A50-A51. [PMID: 14714547 PMCID: PMC1316899 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.112-a50b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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Ruckart PZ, Kakolewski K, Bove FJ, Kaye WE. Long-term neurobehavioral health effects of methyl parathion exposure in children in Mississippi and Ohio. Environ Health Perspect 2004; 112:46-51. [PMID: 14698930 PMCID: PMC1241796 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.6430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Methyl parathion (MP), an organophosphate pesticide licensed only for agricultural uses, was sprayed illegally for pest control in Mississippi and Ohio residences. To evaluate the association between MP exposure and neurobehavioral development, we assessed children 6 years or younger at the time of the spraying and local comparison groups of unexposed children using the Pediatric Environmental Neurobehavioral Test Battery (PENTB). The PENTB is composed of informant-based procedures (parent interview and questionnaires) and performance-based procedures (neurobehavioral tests for children 4 years or older) that evaluate cognitive, motor, sensory, and affect domains essential to neurobehavioral assessment. Children were classified as exposed or unexposed on the basis of urinary para-nitrophenol levels and environmental wipe samples for MP. Exposed children had more difficulties with tasks involving short-term memory and attention. Additionally, parents of exposed children reported that their children had more behavioral and motor skill problems than did parents of unexposed children. However, these effects were not consistently seen at both sites. There were no differences between exposed and unexposed children in tests for general intelligence, the integration of visual and motor skills, and multistep processing. Our findings suggest that MP might be associated with subtle changes to short-term memory and attention and contribute to problems with motor skills and some behaviors, but the results of the study are not conclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perri Zeitz Ruckart
- Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch, Division of Health Studies, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 1600 Clifton Road, MS E-31, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Abstract
Two monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were trained to make a go response (go to touch a computer screen) when a red signal (go signal) was presented or a no-go response (inhibit the screen-touching action) when a green signal (no-go signal) was given. The alpha2-adrenergic antagonist yohimbine was infused locally, bilaterally and continuously for 8 days into the prefrontal cortex (PFC) by using mini-osmotic pump. The no-go but not go performance was selectively impaired during the 8-day administration of yohimbine: the monkeys showed an inability to inhibit the touching response to the no-go signal, indicating that there was a deficit in the inhibitory ability of the animals. Similar infusion of saline into the same cortical area was without effect. The present study provides behavioral pharmacological evidence that alpha2-adrenoceptors in the PFC are involved in the neural mechanisms underlying response inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Lin Ma
- Laboratory of Higher brain functions, Institute of Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Shimizu H, Ohgoh M, Momose Y, Nishizawa Y, Ogura H. Massive cell death of cerebellar granule neurons accompanied with caspase-3-like protease activation and subsequent motor discoordination after intracerebroventricular injection of vincristine in mice. Neuroscience 2003; 115:55-65. [PMID: 12401321 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00403-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Vincristine, a microtubule-depolymerizing agent, is known to induce neuronal cell damage. Biochemical, histological and behavioral alterations were investigated after intracerebroventricular injection of vincristine in mice. Intracerebroventricular injection of vincristine caused caspase-3-like protease activation followed by nucleosomal release in the cerebellum. Histological examinations showed that vincristine-induced damage was relatively specific to granule cells in the cerebellum, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling-positive cells were observed among these cells. Chromatin condensation, one of the criteria for apoptosis, was seen on electron microscopy. Behavioral changes, namely head movements, pivoting and backward walking, were observed in parallel with the increase of caspase-3-like protease activity and nucleosomal release. Furthermore, motor function tests (bulb balance test and rotating rod test) showed deficits of motor coordination ability. These observations suggest that intracerebroventricular vincristine causes massive apoptosis of cerebellar granule cells accompanied with caspase-3-like protease activation, leading to motor dysfunction, in this model. These vincristine-treated mice should be a useful in vivo model for examination of neuronal apoptosis, which might be involved in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shimizu
- Eisai Tsukuba Research Laboratories, 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan.
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White AM, Bae JG, Truesdale MC, Ahmad S, Wilson WA, Swartzwelder HS. Chronic-intermittent ethanol exposure during adolescence prevents normal developmental changes in sensitivity to ethanol-induced motor impairments. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2002; 26:960-8. [PMID: 12170104 DOI: 10.1097/01.alc.0000021334.47130.f9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence indicates that adolescent and adult rats are differentially sensitive to many of the acute effects of ethanol. Little is known about the neurobehavioral consequences of repeated ethanol exposure during adolescence relative to adulthood. In the present study we examined the impact of repeated ethanol exposure during adolescence and adulthood on subsequent sensitivity to ethanol-induced motor impairments. METHODS The tilting plane test was used to assess the impact of acute ethanol (3.0 g/kg) on motor coordination before (test 1), 2 days after (test 2), and 16 days after (test 3) a 20 day period of chronic-intermittent ethanol (CIE; 5.0 g/kg intraperitoneally every 48 hrs for 20 days) or isovolumetric chronic-intermittent saline (CIS) treatment in adolescent (postnatal (PD) 30) and adult (PD 70) rats. RESULTS Adolescent subjects were less sensitive than adults to the effects of ethanol on motor coordination during test 1. Adolescent CIS-treated subjects exhibited an increase in sensitivity to ethanol-induced motor impairments that reached adult levels by test 2 (PD 51) and remained stable between test 2 and test 3 (PD 65). Adolescent CIE-treated subjects did not exhibit this age-related increase in sensitivity. In this group, the effects of acute ethanol remained unchanged across the three testing days. Adult CIE-treated subjects exhibited a small degree of tolerance between test 1 and test 2 (PD 91) that was no longer evident during test 3 (PD 105). In adult CIS-treated subjects, the effects of acute ethanol remained stable across the three testing days. Blood ethanol concentrations assessed during testing suggest that age-related changes in sensitivity to ethanol-induced motor impairments are not related to changes in ethanol metabolism. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that CIE exposure during adolescence has a lasting impact on sensitivity to ethanol-induced motor impairments. This effect might stem from a disruption of normal developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M White
- Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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Cordier S, Garel M, Mandereau L, Morcel H, Doineau P, Gosme-Seguret S, Josse D, White R, Amiel-Tison C. Neurodevelopmental investigations among methylmercury-exposed children in French Guiana. Environ Res 2002; 89:1-11. [PMID: 12051779 DOI: 10.1006/enrs.2002.4349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
French Guiana, like its neighbors, suffers from environmental pollution with methylmercury from gold mining activities, and Amerindian communities are particularly affected. A neurological and a neurospsychological evaluation were carried out in children of three Amerindian communities with various levels of pollution: 156 children from the Upper Maroni (high exposure), 69 from Camopi on the Oyapock river (median exposure), and 153 from Awala on the Atlantic coast (low exposure). Exposure to methylmercury was measured by determination of total mercury in the hair of the children and their mothers (geometric mean, 12.7 microg/g in Upper Maroni). No major neurologic signs were observed in the children examined. After adjustment for potential confounders, we found a dose-dependent association between maternal hair mercury level and increased deep tendon reflexes, poorer coordination of the legs, and decreased performance in the Stanford-Binet Copying score, which measures visuospatial organization. In this last test, the frequency of rotation errors was high in the 5-6 years age group and increased with mercury exposure. These associations depended on the sex of child and were stronger among boys. The interpretation of these results is limited mainly by the cross-sectional design of the study. It identifies specific neurological and neuropsychological deficits, in some cases modulated by sex, which are consistent with known targets of mercury neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvaine Cordier
- Unit 170-Epidemiological and Statistical Research on Environment and Health, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), 94807 Villejuif Cedex, France
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Hwang KY, Lee BK, Bressler JP, Bolla KI, Stewart WF, Schwartz BS. Protein kinase C activity and the relations between blood lead and neurobehavioral function in lead workers. Environ Health Perspect 2002; 110:133-138. [PMID: 11836140 PMCID: PMC1240726 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.02110133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
At picomolar concentrations, lead activates protein kinase C (PKC). This activation has been implicated in the neurotoxicity of lead. No prior study has evaluated the association of PKC activity with neurobehavioral function in humans. The purpose of this study was to determine whether PKC activity is associated with neurobehavioral function or modifies the relationship between blood lead levels and neurobehavioral test scores. In this cross-sectional study of 212 current lead workers in the Republic of Korea, we assessed blood lead levels, neurobehavioral test scores, and PKC activity. PKC activity was determined by measuring the levels of phosphorylation of three erythrocyte membrane proteins (spectrin and the 52-kDa and 48-kDa subunits of band 4.9), using an in vitro back-phosphorylation assay. When linear regression was used to control for confounding variables, blood lead was a significant predictor of decrements in performance on tests of psychomotor function, manual dexterity, and executive ability. In linear regression models, back-phosphorylation levels were not associated with neurobehavioral test scores, but when dichotomized at the median, back-phosphorylation levels modified the relationship between blood lead and test scores. For spectrin and the 52-kDa and 48-kDa subunits of band 4.9, 5, 2, and 5 of 14 interaction terms, respectively, had associated p-values less than 0.10, all with positive signs, indicating that blood lead was associated with worse test scores only in subjects with lower back-phosphorylation levels. These data indicate that blood lead levels are associated with decrements in neurobehavioral test scores, mainly in the domains of manual dexterity and psychomotor function, but only in subjects with lower in vitro back-phosphorylation levels, which is equivalent to higher in vivo PKC activity. We hypothesize that subjects with higher PKC activity in the presence of lead may be more susceptible to the health effects of lead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Yoon Hwang
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Abstract
On the basis of findings obtained from this study, we hypothesize that the female sex steroid 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) protects against cerebellar neuronal damage and behavioral deficit in rats withdrawn from chronic ethanol exposure. Ovariectomized rats implanted with E(2) or an oil pellet received liquid ethanol (7.5% [wt./vol.]) or dextrin diet for 5 weeks, followed by 2 weeks of ethanol withdrawal. On termination of diet administration, rats were tested for both overt withdrawal signs and latency (seconds) to fall from an accelerating rotarod in six consecutive sessions (the longer the latency, the better the performance). The initial latency was measured separately to assess motoric capacity before learning occurred. Rats were then killed, and cerebella were prepared for accessing of Purkinje cell damage. The study revealed three specific findings. (1) In the absence of E(2), the ethanol withdrawal group showed higher total ethanol withdrawal sign scores than those for the dextrin group, whereas the score for the ethanol withdrawal group was lower in the presence of E(2). (2) In the absence of E(2), the ethanol withdrawal group showed shorter rotarod latency than that for the dextrin group, whereas the latency for the ethanol withdrawal group increased in the E(2)-treated group. In ethanol withdrawal groups, E(2) treatment also resulted in a longer latency than that observed with oil treatment in the initial session and in subsequent sessions. (3) Purkinje cell numbers in the ethanol withdrawal group without E(2) were lower than those in dextrin groups and in the ethanol withdrawal group with E(2) treatment. These findings support the suggestion that E(2) exerts protective effects against withdrawal signs, cerebellar neuronal damage, and motoric impairment in subjects exposed to, and withdrawn from, chronic ethanol exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna E Jung
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas HSC at Fort Worth, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA.
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Wesseling C, Keifer M, Ahlbom A, McConnell R, Moon JD, Rosenstock L, Hogstedt C. Long-term neurobehavioral effects of mild poisonings with organophosphate and n-methyl carbamate pesticides among banana workers. Int J Occup Environ Health 2002; 8:27-34. [PMID: 11843437 DOI: 10.1179/oeh.2002.8.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphate poisoning has been associated with chronic neurobehavioral dysfunction, but no epidemiologic data exist with regard to long-term consequences from carbamate poisoning. This cross-sectional study evaluated the neurobehavioral performances of 81 banana workers who, on average 27 months earlier, had received medical attention not requiring hospitalization for mild occupational poisoning by either an organophosphate or a carbamate pesticide. These performances were compared with those of 130 banana workers who had never sought medical attention for pesticide poisoning. Poisoned subjects did less well than controls on tests measuring psychomotor and visuomotor skills, language function, and affect, the differences being significant for coding skills on the Digit-Symbol test and two tests of neuropsychiatric symptoms. These deficits, in particular a marked increase of neuropsychiatric symptoms, occurred among the organophosphate-poisoned subjects, but small deficits in performance were also seen in the carbamate-poisoned subjects. The performances of the previously poisoned subjects who had had contact with cholinesterase inhibitors within three months before testing were particularly poor. These findings in workers with mild poisoning are consistent with previous findings of persistent damage to the central nervous system from organophosphate poisoning. The possibility of persistent neurobehavioral effects associated with poisonings by nmethyl carbamate insecticides cannot be excluded. Workers with histories of poisoning may be more susceptible to neurobehavioral effects with subsequent exposures.
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Ribas-Fitó N, Sala M, Kogevinas M, Sunyer J. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and neurological development in children: a systematic review. J Epidemiol Community Health 2001; 55:537-46. [PMID: 11449010 PMCID: PMC1731955 DOI: 10.1136/jech.55.8.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are complex mixtures of persistent contaminants that are widespread in the environment. Newborns are exposed across the placenta and through breast feeding. Experimental animal studies have indicated that PCBs are neurotoxic. The neurological effects of these compounds on children are not clear. METHODS A systematic review of literature on the relation between neurological development in children and exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls. RESULTS Seven follow up studies evaluated the effect of prenatal exposure to PCBs. Two of these studies evaluated highly exposed children. In newborns, an increase of the abnormal reflexes was observed in all four studies evaluating it. During the first months of life, a decrease in motor skills was observed in four of the five studies that investigated psychomotor development; deficits in the acquisition of cognitive skills were observed only in one study assessing non-highly exposed populations. At 4 years of age, an effect on the cognitive areas was observed in four of the five studies that evaluated it. Postnatal exposure to PCBs through breast feeding was not clearly related to any effect on neurological development. CONCLUSIONS These studies suggest a subtle adverse effect of prenatal PCBs exposure on child neurodevelopment. Differences in study design, inconsistency in some of the results, and the lack of adequate quantitative exposure data, do not allow the derivation of the degree of risk associated with neurodevelopmental effects at current levels of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ribas-Fitó
- Respiratory and Environmental Health Research Unit, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica, Barcelona, Spain.
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Couper FJ, Logan BK. GHB and driving impairment. J Forensic Sci 2001; 46:919-23. [PMID: 11451079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) was identified in the blood of 13 subjects arrested for impaired driving. GHB concentrations ranged from 26 to 155 mg/L (mean 87 mg/L, median 95 mg/L). In eight cases, GHB was the only drug detected, and signs of impairment were consistent with those of a CNS depressant, including erratic driving (weaving, swerving, ignoring road signs), confusion, incoherent speech, unresponsiveness, lack of balance, unsteady coordination, poor performances on field sobriety tests, and varying states of wakefulness. Given the ability of GHB to induce sleep and unconsciousness, it is evident from these cases that recreational use of the drug has the potential to impair a person's driving ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Couper
- Washington State Toxicology Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle 89134, USA.
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Abstract
Amoxapine, a dibenzoxazepine antidepressant, has been suggested to have atypical antipsychotic properties. We tested it to control psychosis in three patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Two patients had significant improvement in hallucinations, whereas the third could not tolerate the drug for a sufficient period. All three patients experienced a decline in motor function; two also had concomitant reduction in dyskinesias. Therefore, although we found some support for amoxapine having antipsychotic properties, this drug seems to carry a risk of worsening motor function in patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Sa
- Movement Disorders Unit, Division of Neurology, Toronto Western Hospital, ON, Canada
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Costa S, Iravani MM, Pearce RK, Jenner P. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor concentration dependently improves disability and motor activity in MPTP-treated common marmosets. Eur J Pharmacol 2001; 412:45-50. [PMID: 11166735 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(00)00933-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has previously reduced motor deficits and preserved nigral dopamine neurones in rhesus monkeys with a unilateral MPTP-induced lesion of substantia nigra. We now report on the ability of GDNF to reverse motor deficits induced by parenteral administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to common marmosets resulting in bilateral degeneration of the nigrostriatal pathway. Prior to GDNF administration, all MPTP-treated animals showed akinesia or bradykinesia, rigidity, postural instability and tremor. Intraventricular injection of GDNF (10, 100 or 500 microg) at 9 and 13 weeks post MPTP treatment resulted in a concentration dependent improvement in locomotor activity and motor disability which became significant after administration of 100 and 500 microg of GDNF. The most prominent improvements were in alertness, checking movements, and posture. It is concluded that intraventricular GDNF administration improves bilateral Parkinsonian motor disability following MPTP treatment and this may reflect an action of GDNF on remaining nigral dopaminergic neurones.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Costa
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Centre, Hodgkin Building, GKT School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Campus, SE1 1UL, London, UK
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Messersmith DJ, Murtie JC, Le TQ, Frost EE, Armstrong RC. Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and FGF receptor expression in an experimental demyelinating disease with extensive remyelination. J Neurosci Res 2000; 62:241-56. [PMID: 11020217 PMCID: PMC7138084 DOI: 10.1002/1097-4547(20001015)62:2<241::aid-jnr9>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) is an excellent candidate to regulate remyelination based on its proposed actions in oligodendrocyte lineage cell development in conjunction with its involvement in CNS regeneration. To assess the potential for FGF2 to play a role in remyelination, we examined the expression pattern of FGF2 and FGF receptors (FGFRs) in an experimental demyelinating disease with extensive remyelination. Adult mice were intracranially injected with murine hepatitis virus strain A-59 (MHV-A59) to induce focally demyelinated spinal cord lesions that spontaneously remyelinate, with corresponding recovery of motor function. Using kinetic RT-PCR analysis of spinal cord RNA, we found significantly increased levels of FGF2 mRNA transcripts, which peaked during the initial stage of remyelination. Analysis of tissue sections demonstrated that increased levels of FGF2 mRNA and protein were localized within demyelinated regions of white matter, including high FGF2 expression associated with astrocytes. The expression of corresponding FGF receptors was significantly increased in lesion areas during the initial stage of remyelination. In normal and lesioned white matter, oligodendrocyte lineage cells, including progenitors and mature cells, were found to express multiple FGFR types (FGFR1, FGFR2, and/or FGFR3). In addition, in lesion areas, astrocytes expressed FGFR1, FGFR2, and FGFR3. These findings indicate that, during remyelination, FGF2 may play a role in directly regulating oligodendrocyte lineage cell responses and may also act through paracrine or autocrine effects on astrocytes, which are known to synthesize other growth factors and immunoregulatory molecules that influence oligodendrocyte lineage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna J. Messersmith
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
- Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joshua C. Murtie
- Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tuan Q. Le
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Emma E. Frost
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Regina C. Armstrong
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
- Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
- Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
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Haik KL, Shear DA, Schroeder U, Sabel BA, Dunbar GL. Quinolinic acid released from polymeric brain implants causes behavioral and neuroanatomical alterations in a rodent model of Huntington's disease. Exp Neurol 2000; 163:430-9. [PMID: 10833318 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.2000.7384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Quinolinic acid (QA) is an N-methyl-d-aspartate agonist that has been shown to produce neurotoxic effects that mimic certain neurodegenerative diseases when administered to laboratory animals. Intrastriatal injections of QA in rats have been used extensively to produce some of the neuropathological and behavioral deficits that are analogous to Huntington's disease (HD). However, acute intrastriatal injections of QA produce symptoms that are not analogous to the progressive nature of HD. Thus far, models using chronic administration of QA that produce HD-like behavioral and neuroanatomical changes have necessitated the use of a relatively bulky and fragile microdialytic pump apparatus. The present study tested an alternative way of chronically administering QA. Specifically, this study tested whether gradual release of QA from ethylene vinylacetate (EVA) polymers could produce symptoms analogous to HD. Rats received either no implants or bilateral intrastriatal implants of polymers with or without QA. Subsequent tests for spontaneous motor activity (SMA), grip strength, balance, and learning ability in a radial-arm-water-maze task revealed QA-induced impairments in balance and learning ability, but did not affect grip strength or SMA. Histological analysis revealed QA-induced enlargement of lateral ventricles, striatal atrophy, and striatal neuronal loss, with relative sparing of NADPH-diaphorase-positive neurons. These results suggest that QA released from polymers can produce behavioral and neuropathological profiles analogous to early stages of HD and that EVA polymers offer a useful means of chronically delivering QA in rodent models of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Haik
- Brain Research Laboratory, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan 48859, USA
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Häntzschel A, Andreas K. Non-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist 1,2,3, 4-tetrahydro-6-nitro-2,3-dioxo-benzo(f)quinoxaline-7-sulphonamide (NBQX) decreases functional disorders in cytotoxic brain oedema. Arch Toxicol 2000; 73:581-7. [PMID: 10663390 DOI: 10.1007/s002040050011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA receptors were found to be involved in development of functional disorders caused by hexachlorophene. In order to specify the role of glutamate receptors we studied the protective effects of the selective antagonist of the kainate/(+/-)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptor/channel 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-nitro-2, 3-dioxo-benzo[f]quinoxaline-7-sulphonamide disodium (NBQX) and of the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist ifenprodil tartrate on coordinative motor behaviour of adult male Wistar rats as assessed in a simple 'ladder-test'. Neurotoxic injury of the cerebrum after hexachlorophene administration and putative amelioration after treatment with test substances was demonstrated histologically. Hexachlorophene-induced motor disturbance remitted spontaneously when stopping the noxis, but remittance occurred significantly earlier when NBQX [0.45 and 0.6 mg/kg intraperitoneal (i.p.)] was applied as well. Ifenprodil (0.15 to 1.2 mg/kg) did not improve the motor function. Vacuolation of white matter of the whole cerebrum was observed after 3 weeks of treatment with hexachlorophene. These morphological alterations caused by hexachlorophene treatment [central nervous system (CNS) vacuolation] spontaneously revert only after 5-6 weeks. The 5-day duration with test substances was too short for remission of vacuolation which thus may not apply to the situation after treatment with glutamate antagonists, despite improvement of motor function. The results suggest that kainate/AMPA receptor channels are at least partially involved in the mechanism of brain damage induced by hexachlorophene, however, the polyamine binding site of the NMDA receptor evidently is not involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Häntzschel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University Dresden, Karl-Marx-Strasse 3, 01109 Dresden, Germany
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Bezard E, Brefel C, Tison F, Peyro-Saint-Paul H, Ladure P, Rascol O, Gross CE. Effect of the alpha 2 adrenoreceptor antagonist, idazoxan, on motor disabilities in MPTP-treated monkey. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1999; 23:1237-46. [PMID: 10581645 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-5846(99)00067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
1. The motor effect of the alpha 2 adrenoreceptor antagonist, idazoxan, was compared to that of L-dopa in MPTP-treated monkeys. 2. Idazoxan 2.0 mg/kg improved parkinsonian motor abnormalities which was comparable to the effects of a minimal effective dose of L-dopa. 3. At 2.0 and 5.0 mg/kg, the parkinsonian rigidity was the item most frequently alleviated by idazoxan (respectively 63.6% and 68.2%). 4. These findings provide support for the therapeutic utility of alpha 2 antagonists in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bezard
- Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, CNRS UMR 5543, Université de Bordeaux II, France
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de la Fuente-Fernández R. Drug-induced motor complications in dopa-responsive dystonia: implications for the pathogenesis of dyskinesias and motor fluctuations. Clin Neuropharmacol 1999; 22:216-9. [PMID: 10442251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) is characterized by striatal dopamine depletion with preserved nigrostriatal terminals. Patients with DRD typically obtain a marked long-term benefit from low doses of levodopa, with no motor complications. By contrast, motor fluctuations and dyskinesias often occur in idiopathic parkinsonism (Parkinson's disease; PD). This suggests that nigrostriatal denervation may be necessary for the development of these levodopa-related motor complications. Six genetically confirmed DRD cases were studied. Three of the five patients who were on chronic levodopa therapy developed choreic dyskinesias, which disappeared on reduction of medication. Apomorphine also induced dyskinesias. In addition, two patients experienced acute dystonic reactions after exposure to dopamine receptor-blocking drugs. No patient showed dose-response motor flutuations during levodopa treatment. It is proposed that striatal dopamine deficiency might play a major role in the pathogenesis of drug-induced dyskinesias. Conversely, the loss of nigrostriatal dopamine terminals seems to be a prerequisite for the development of levodopa-related motor fluctuations.
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[Treating Parkinson-patients with dopamine agonists. Role of the age at manifestation in the therapy]. Nervenarzt 1999; 70:1-8. [PMID: 10221136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Goldey ES, Crofton KM. Thyroxine replacement attenuates hypothyroxinemia, hearing loss, and motor deficits following developmental exposure to Aroclor 1254 in rats. Toxicol Sci 1998; 45:94-105. [PMID: 9848116 DOI: 10.1006/toxs.1998.2495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The nervous system is dependent upon thyroid hormones for normal development, and we previously reported that developmental Aroclor 1254 (A1254) exposure caused hypothyroxinemia, hearing loss and other behavioral changes in rats. (Goldey et al., 1995a; Herr et al., 1996). The hypothesis that A1254-induced hypothyroxinemia may have contributed to the observed functional changes was tested in primiparous Long-Evans rats given daily oral doses of corn oil (control) or 8 mg/kg of Aroclor 1254 from gestation day (GD) 6 through postnatal day (PND) 21. In addition, from PND 4 to PND 21, all pups in one-half of the litters received daily, subcutaneous injections of saline or 100 micrograms/kg thyroxine (T4), to yield four groups of litters: corn oil plus saline (CO-S),. corn oil plus T4 (CO-T4), Aroclor 1254 plus saline (PCB-S), and Aroclor 1254 plus T4 (PCB-T4). We measured thyroid hormone concentrations (T4 and T3) in serum collected from 7-, 14-, and 21-day-old pups. The kinetics of the injected T4 were also monitored in the CO-T4 and PCB-T4 groups on PND 7 and 21 by measuring T4 and T3 at 1, 3, 5, 8, and 24 h after injection. Circulating T4 concentrations were dramatically depleted in the PCB-S group relative to CO-S. The kinetics study indicated that T4 therapy raised circulating T4 concentrations following in the PCB-T4 pups to near CO-S concentrations, but only for approximately 6 h postinjection, and T4 concentrations fell precipitously thereafter to near PCB-S concentrations. In accord with previous studies, PCB-S pups showed early eye opening, an effect which was exacerbated by T4 injection (in both the CO-T4 and the PCB-T4 groups). Motor activity (figure-eight maze) testing also replicated our finding of an age-dependent, transient reduction in motor activity on PND 15 that was significantly attenuated in the PCB-T4 group. Similarly, we again found reduced acoustic startle amplitudes on PND 23 and low-frequency (1 kHz) hearing loss in animals tested as adults (the latter determined by reflex modification audiometry). Importantly, the hearing loss at 1 kHz in PCB-exposed animals was significantly attenuated by T4 replacement therapy. These data suggest the hypothesis that hypothyroxinemia is involved in PCB-induced alterations in motor and auditory function, while other effects (e.g., eye opening) appear to have a different mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Goldey
- Department of Biology, Wofford College, Spartanburg, South Carolina 29303, USA
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Stokes L, Letz R, Gerr F, Kolczak M, McNeill FE, Chettle DR, Kaye WE. Neurotoxicity in young adults 20 years after childhood exposure to lead: the Bunker Hill experience. Occup Environ Med 1998; 55:507-16. [PMID: 9849536 PMCID: PMC1757620 DOI: 10.1136/oem.55.8.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES An epidemiological study of young adults was conducted to determine whether environmental exposure to lead during childhood was associated with current adverse neurobehavioural effects. METHODS The exposed group consisted of 281 young adults who had been exposed environmentally to lead as children and the unexposed referent group consisted of 287 age and sex frequency matched subjects. Information on demographics, past and current health, and past exposures to neurotoxicants, and responses to the Swedish Q16 questionnaire were collected by interview. Standard neurobehavioural and neurophysiological tests were administered by computer or trained technicians. K x ray fluorescence was used to estimate tibial bone lead concentrations among the exposed and unexposed groups. Associations were examined between the exposed group and referents and tibial bone lead concentration and the neurobehavioural and neurophysiological outcomes of interest. RESULTS Among the measures of peripheral nerve function, after controlling for confounders, sural sensory nerve evoked response amplitude, peroneal motor nerve compound motor action potential amplitude, vibrotactile thresholds of fingers and toes, and standing steadiness were significantly associated with exposure group. Among the neurobehavioural tests, hand-eye coordination, simple reaction time latency, trails B latency, symbol digit latency, serial digit, and learning error score were also significantly associated with exposure group after controlling for confounders. Exposed subjects had significantly more neuropsychiatric symptoms than the referents. Associations between tibial bone lead concentration and scores for vocabulary, vibrotactile thresholds of the fingers, and vibrotactile thresholds of the toes approached significance. CONCLUSIONS Significant adverse central and peripheral neurological effects were found in a group of young adults 20 years after childhood environmental exposure to lead when compared with non-exposed controls. The absence of a significant association between neurological outcomes and tibial bone lead concentration, and the presence of significant associations between neurological outcomes and exposure group may be due to either the magnitude of measurement uncertainty in K x ray films relative to the actual tibial bone lead concentration in these young non-occupationally exposed subjects, or uncontrolled confounding of the exposure group.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Stokes
- Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch, Centers For Disease Control and Prevention, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
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Abstract
We have previously reported the involvement of the striatum in acute ethanol-induced motor incoordination and the striatal adenosinergic modulation of ethanol-induced motor incoordination through A1 receptor-mediated mechanism(s). The present study, a continuation of our previous work, was carried out to investigate the possible functional correlation between striatal cyclic AMP and ethanol-induced motor incoordination, and its modulation by striatal adenosine in Sprague-Dawley rats. Forskolin (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 pmol), a known activator of adenylate cyclase, significantly attenuated ethanol-induced motor incoordination in a dose-dependent manner following its direct intrastriatal microinfusion. Forskolin also antagonized the accentuating effect of intrastriatal N6-cyclohexyladenosine on ethanol-induced motor incoordination. These results suggested that ethanol-induced motor incoordination might be functionally correlated to a decrease in the striatal cyclic AMP levels and that the striatal adenosine A1 receptors might modulate ethanol-induced motor incoordination through cyclic AMP signaling mechanism(s). Further support to this hypothesis was obtained by the actual measurement of the striatal cyclic AMP levels in the same experimental conditions as in motor coordination studies using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluoroscence detection. Regardless of the method (focused microwave irradiation, cervical dislocation or decapitation into a dry ice-ethanol mixture) used to kill the animals, a significant decrease in the striatal cyclic AMP levels was observed due to ethanol. Intrastriatal adenosine A1-selective agonist, N6-cyclohexyladenosine (24 ng), caused a further significant decrease in the striatal cyclic AMP levels in the ethanol- but not in the vehicle-treated animals. The further enhancement in the ethanol-induced decrease in the striatal cyclic AMP levels by intrastriatal N6-cyclohexyladenosine, therefore, functionally correlated with the observed potentiating effect of intrastriatal N6-cyclohexyladenosine on ethanol-induced motor incoordination. The effects of intrastriatal N6-cyclohexyladenosine+ethanol and of ethanol alone on the striatal cyclic AMP levels were blocked by intrastriatal pertussis toxin (500 ng) pretreatment, indicating the involvement of pertussis toxin-sensitive G-proteins (Gi, Go) and possibly of the adenosine A1 receptor coupled to the G-proteins in the striatum. Furthermore, ethanol alone significantly decreased the basal as well as the cyclic AMP-stimulated catalytic activities of the striatal cyclic AMP protein kinase, which were further reduced by intrastriatal N6-cyclohexyladenosine. The results of the present study therefore support an involvement of a cyclic AMP signaling pathway in the striatal adenosinergic modulation of ethanol-induced motor incoordination at the post-adenosine A1 receptor level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z H Meng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
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Abstract
Mice were treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP; 30 mg/kg i.p. twice, 16 h apart). This resulted in changes in motor performance and toxic insult of nigral neurons as evidenced by dopamine depletion in nucleus caudatus putamen. In vitro and in vivo treatment of MPTP caused the generation of hydroxyl radicals (.OH) as measured by a sensitive salicylate hydroxylation procedure. A dopamine agonist, bromocriptine (10 microM and 10 mg/kg i.p.), blocked .OH formation caused by MPTP in vitro (20 microM) and in vivo (30 mg/kg i.p.). An MPTP-induced increase in the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase in substantia nigra on the seventh day was reduced by bromocriptine pretreatment. Bromocriptine blocked MPTP-induced behavioral dysfunction as well as glutathione and dopamine depletion, indicating its potent neuroprotective action. This study suggests that bromocriptine stimulates antioxidant mechanisms in the brain and acts as a free radical scavenger in addition to its action at dopamine receptors, thus indicating its strength as a valuable neuroprotectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Muralikrishnan
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Division of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Calcutta
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Wills AJ. Effective strategies in the management of Parkinson's disease. Hosp Med 1998; 59:287-90. [PMID: 9722367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
With the emergence of new pharmacological agents and the resurrection of stereotactic neurosurgery, management of Parkinson's disease has become complex. This article reviews the available and emerging treatments. The value of ancillary services, e.g. physiotherapy, occupational and speech therapy, uroneurology and a multidisciplinary approach are self-evident and will not be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Wills
- Lewisham and King's College Hospital, London
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Yin W, Li H, Peng L. [Behavioral-teratological effects of caffeine on mice]. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 1998; 27:116-8. [PMID: 10682621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Pregnant ICR mice were exposed to caffeine at levels of 0, 4, 20 and 100 mg/kg during pregnancy. The behavioral-teratological tests indicated that the retardation of development, the obstruction of early reflexes and sensation and decline of learning ability existed in the offsprings of 20 and 100 mg/kg groups. The number of the dead fetus increased in the group of 100 mg/kg coffeine treated mice. No morphological changes were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Yin
- Hengyang Hygiene and Antiepidemic Station, China
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Arai H, Yamada M, Miyake S, Yamashita S, Iwamoto H, Aida N, Hara M. [Two cases of toluene embryopathy with severe motor and intellectual disabilities syndrome]. No To Hattatsu 1997; 29:361-366. [PMID: 9294310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We reported two patients with severe motor and intellectual disabilities syndrome, who were born to mothers having inhaled organic solvents during pregnancy. They had microcephaly, cerebral palsy, mental retardation, seizures, growth failure and minor craniofacial anomalies, variable growth deficiency including a small midface, narrow bifrontal diameter, low-set ears, thin upper lips and micrognathia. Patient 1, a male, died at 8 years and 8 months. The autopsy of his brain revealed marked cerebral atrophy and destruction of bilateral temporal lobes with ventricular enlargements. Microscopic examination revealed migration disorders with polymicrogria at the remaining cerebrum and the cerebellum as well as very thin white matter. Much hemosiderin was found around ventricles, suggesting recurrent minimal bleedings which led to more brain atrophy. Patient 2, a 5 months old male infant, had infantile spasms. On CT and MRI, he had bilateral temporal lobe defect, which might be due to the infarction of bilateral middle cerebral arteries at the prenatal period. These clinical findings are similar to those of other embryopathies, caused by alcohol, phenytoin and other agents. Hersh et al. reported five cases of toluene embryopathy in 1985 and 1988, but they did not report such central nervous system abnormalities. The pathogenesis of toluene embryopathy remains to be solved, but our cases suggested the possible teratogenesis of toluene.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Arai
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama
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