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Zhang Q, Guo C, Liu L, Li Y. miR-148b-3p suppresses the proliferation and migration of Schwann cells by targeting USP6 following sciatic nerve injury. Neurol Res 2023; 45:1035-1043. [PMID: 37702221 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2023.2257413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral nerve injury is a common disorder associated with damaged axons and distal myelin sheath degeneration, and Schwann cells play a paramount role in peripheral nerve regeneration. This study aims to explore the role of microRNA miR-148b-3p on Schwann cells after peripheral nerve injury. METHODS Sciatic nerve transection was conducted in rat as the model of peripheral nerve injury. The expression level of miR-148b-3p and Ubiquitin Specific Peptidase 6 (USP6) was detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot at diverse time points after nerve transection. Cell migration and proliferation were determined in primary Schwann cells isolated from rat. The functional interaction of miR-148b-3p and USP6 mRNA was validated by dual-luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS In the animal model of sciatic nerve injury, miR-148b-3p expression level in the proximal nerve stump showed downregulation after nerve transection procedure, while USP6 expression level was elevated. The overexpression of miR-148b-3p inhibited the proliferation and migration of primary Schwann cells, while suppressing miR-148b-3p showed the opposite effect. USP6 mRNA was identified as a target of miR-148b-3p, which was found to mediate the effect of miR-148b-3p. USP6 silencing suppressed the migration and proliferation in primary Schwann cells. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrated the functional role of miR-148b-3p/USP6 axis in regulating the migration and proliferation of Schwann cells following peripheral nerve injury. miR-148b-3p showed downregulation and its target USP6 was upregulated after nerve transection procedure. Targeting miR-148b-3p/USP6 axis may provide a novel opportunity for peripheral nerve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First People's Hospital of Jingmen, Jingmen, Hubei, China
| | - Chengkun Guo
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First People's Hospital of Jingmen, Jingmen, Hubei, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First People's Hospital of Jingmen, Jingmen, Hubei, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First People's Hospital of Jingmen, Jingmen, Hubei, China
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Huff TC, Sant DW, Camarena V, Van Booven D, Andrade NS, Mustafi S, Monje PV, Wang G. Vitamin C regulates Schwann cell myelination by promoting DNA demethylation of pro-myelinating genes. J Neurochem 2021; 157:1759-1773. [PMID: 32219848 PMCID: PMC7530063 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is critical for Schwann cells to myelinate peripheral nerve axons during development and remyelination after injury. However, its exact mechanism remains elusive. Vitamin C is a dietary nutrient that was recently discovered to promote active DNA demethylation. Schwann cell myelination is characterized by global DNA demethylation in vivo and may therefore be regulated by vitamin C. We found that vitamin C induces a massive transcriptomic shift (n = 3,848 genes) in primary cultured Schwann cells while simultaneously producing a global increase in genomic 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), a DNA demethylation intermediate which regulates transcription. Vitamin C up-regulates 10 pro-myelinating genes which exhibit elevated 5hmC content in both the promoter and gene body regions of these loci following treatment. Using a mouse model of human vitamin C metabolism, we found that maternal dietary vitamin C deficiency causes peripheral nerve hypomyelination throughout early development in resulting offspring. Additionally, dietary vitamin C intake regulates the expression of myelin-related proteins such as periaxin (PRX) and myelin basic protein (MBP) during development and remyelination after injury in mice. Taken together, these results suggest that vitamin C cooperatively promotes myelination through 1) increased DNA demethylation and transcription of pro-myelinating genes, and 2) its known role in stabilizing collagen helices to form the basal lamina that is necessary for myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler C. Huff
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - David W. Sant
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Vladimir Camarena
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Derek Van Booven
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Nadja S. Andrade
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sushmita Mustafi
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Paula V. Monje
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Gaofeng Wang
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Richmond CR, Ballantyne LL, de Guzman AE, Nieman BJ, Funk CD, Ghasemlou N. Arginase-1 deficiency in neural cells does not contribute to neurodevelopment or functional outcomes after sciatic nerve injury. Neurochem Int 2021; 145:104984. [PMID: 33561495 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.104984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Arginase-1 (Arg1) is an enzyme controlling the final step of the urea cycle, with highest expression in the liver and lower expression in the lungs, pancreas, kidney, and some blood cells. Arg1 deficiency is an inherited urea cycle disorder presenting with neurological dysfunction including spastic diplegia, intellectual and growth retardation, and encephalopathy. The contribution of Arg1 expression in the central and peripheral nervous system to the development of neurological phenotypes remains largely unknown. Previous studies have shown prominent arginase-1 expression in the nervous system and post-peripheral nerve injury in mice, but very low levels in the naïve state. To investigate neurobiological roles of Arg1, we created a conditional neural (n)Arg1 knockout (KO) mouse strain, with expression eliminated in neuronal and glial precursors, and compared them to littermate controls. Long-term analysis did not reveal any major differences in blood amino acid levels, body weight, or stride gait cycle from 8 to 26-weeks of age. Brain structure measured by magnetic resonance imaging at 16-weeks of age observed only a significant decrease in the volume of the mammillary bodies. We also assessed whether nArg1, which is expressed by sensory neurons after injury, may play a role in regeneration following sciatic nerve crush. Only subtle differences were observed in locomotor and sensory recovery between nArg1 KO and control mice. These results suggest that arginase-1 expression in central and peripheral neural cells does not contribute substantially to the phenotypes of this urea cycle disorder, nor is it likely crucial for post-injury regeneration in this mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Richmond
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Laurel L Ballantyne
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - A Elizabeth de Guzman
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Brian J Nieman
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3H7, Canada; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Ontario, M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Colin D Funk
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Nader Ghasemlou
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada; Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada.
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Weng YL, Wang X, An R, Cassin J, Vissers C, Liu Y, Liu Y, Xu T, Wang X, Wong SZH, Joseph J, Dore LC, Dong Q, Zheng W, Jin P, Wu H, Shen B, Zhuang X, He C, Liu K, Song H, Ming GL. Epitranscriptomic m 6A Regulation of Axon Regeneration in the Adult Mammalian Nervous System. Neuron 2019; 97:313-325.e6. [PMID: 29346752 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) affects multiple aspects of mRNA metabolism and regulates developmental transitions by promoting mRNA decay. Little is known about the role of m6A in the adult mammalian nervous system. Here we report that sciatic nerve lesion elevates levels of m6A-tagged transcripts encoding many regeneration-associated genes and protein translation machinery components in the adult mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Single-base resolution m6A-CLIP mapping further reveals a dynamic m6A landscape in the adult DRG upon injury. Loss of either m6A methyltransferase complex component Mettl14 or m6A-binding protein Ythdf1 globally attenuates injury-induced protein translation in adult DRGs and reduces functional axon regeneration in the peripheral nervous system in vivo. Furthermore, Pten deletion-induced axon regeneration of retinal ganglion neurons in the adult central nervous system is attenuated upon Mettl14 knockdown. Our study reveals a critical epitranscriptomic mechanism in promoting injury-induced protein synthesis and axon regeneration in the adult mammalian nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lan Weng
- Department of Neuroscience, Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Xu Wang
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ran An
- Department of Neuroscience, Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jessica Cassin
- Human Genetic Pre-graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Caroline Vissers
- Biochemistry, Cellular, and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yajing Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Tianlei Xu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xinyuan Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Samuel Zheng Hao Wong
- Department of Neuroscience, Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Cellular and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jessica Joseph
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Louis C Dore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Qiang Dong
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Bin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhuang
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Chuan He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kai Liu
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience, Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Human Genetic Pre-graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Biochemistry, Cellular, and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Cellular and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience, Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Biochemistry, Cellular, and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Cellular and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Whitehead MJ, McGonigal R, Willison HJ, Barnett SC. Heparanase attenuates axon degeneration following sciatic nerve transection. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5219. [PMID: 29581478 PMCID: PMC5980233 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23070-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Axon degeneration underlies many nervous system diseases; therefore understanding the regulatory signalling pathways is fundamental to identifying potential therapeutics. Previously, we demonstrated heparan sulphates (HS) as a potentially new target for promoting CNS repair. HS modulate cell signalling by both acting as cofactors in the formation of ligand-receptor complexes and in sequestering ligands in the extracellular matrix. The enzyme heparanase (Hpse) negatively regulates these processes by cleaving HS and releasing the attached proteins, thereby attenuating their ligand-receptor interaction. To explore a comparative role for HS in PNS axon injury/repair we data mined published microarrays from distal sciatic nerve injury. We identified Hpse as a previously unexplored candidate, being up-regulated following injury. We confirmed these results and demonstrated inhibition of Hpse led to an acceleration of axonal degeneration, accompanied by an increase in β-catenin. Inhibition of β-catenin and the addition of Heparinase I both attenuated axonal degeneration. Furthermore the inhibition of Hpse positively regulates transcription of genes associated with peripheral neuropathies and Schwann cell de-differentiation. Thus, we propose Hpse participates in the regulation of the Schwann cell injury response and axo-glia support, in part via the regulation of Schwann cell de-differentiation and is a potential therapeutic that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Whitehead
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Rhona McGonigal
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Hugh J Willison
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Susan C Barnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.
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Sharp PS, Tyreman N, Jones KE, Gordon T. Crush injury to motor nerves in the G93A transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis promotes muscle reinnervation and survival of functionally intact nerve-muscle contacts. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 113:33-44. [PMID: 29409912 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective survival of small motor nerve fibers and their neuromuscular contacts in the SOD1G93A transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) suggests that smaller regenerated nerve fibers are more able to sustain reformed nerve-muscle connections as functionally intact motor units (MUs). The sciatic nerve was crushed unilaterally in SOD1G93A transgenic mice at 40 days of age and contractile forces of reinnervated muscles and their MUs were recorded at 90 days in order to determine the capacities of the nerves to regenerate and to form and retain functional neuromuscular connections. Reduced MU numbers in fast-twitch tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus and medial gastrocnemius muscles and the lesser reductions in slow-twitch soleus muscle of SOD1G93A transgenic mice were reversed in reinnervated muscles: there were more reinnervated MUs and their contractile forces and the muscle forces and weights increased. In line with the contrasting ability of only small not large nerve fibers to sprout to form enlarged MUs in the SOD1G93A transgenic mouse, the smaller regenerating nerve fibers formed enlarged MUs that were better able to survive. Because nerve fibers with and without muscle contacts were severed by the sciatic nerve crush injury, the conditioning lesion is untenable as the explanation for improved maintenance of reinnervated neuromuscular junctions. Elevated neurotrophic factor expression in axotomized motoneurons and/or denervated Schwann cells and the synapse withdrawal from axotomized motoneurons are other factors that, in addition to reduced size of nerve fibers reinnervating muscles, may account for increased survival and size of reinnervated MUs in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Sharp
- Department of Psychology, and Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - N Tyreman
- Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta Edmonton, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - K E Jones
- Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta Edmonton, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - T Gordon
- Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta Edmonton, T6G 2S2, Canada; Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta Edmonton, T6G 2S2, Canada; Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
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Yi S, Zhang H, Gong L, Wu J, Zha G, Zhou S, Gu X, Yu B. Deep Sequencing and Bioinformatic Analysis of Lesioned Sciatic Nerves after Crush Injury. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143491. [PMID: 26629691 PMCID: PMC4668002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The peripheral nerve system has an intrinsic regenerative capacity in response to traumatic injury. To better understand the molecular events occurring after peripheral nerve injury, in the current study, a rat model of sciatic nerve crush injury was used. Injured nerves harvested at 0, 1, 4, 7, and 14 days post injury were subjected to deep RNA sequencing for examining global gene expression changes. According to the temporally differential expression patterns of a huge number of genes, 3 distinct phases were defined within the post-injury period of 14 days: the acute, sub-acute, and post-acute stages. Each stage showed its own characteristics of gene expression, which were associated with different categories of diseases and biological functions and canonical pathways. Ingenuity pathway analysis revealed that genes involved in inflammation and immune response were significantly up-regulated in the acute phase, and genes involved in cellular movement, development, and morphology were up-regulated in the sub-acute stage, while the up-regulated genes in the post-acute phase were mainly involved in lipid metabolism, cytoskeleton reorganization, and nerve regeneration. All the data obtained in the current study may help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying peripheral nerve regeneration from the perspective of gene regulation, and to identify potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Honghong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Leilei Gong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiancheng Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangbin Zha
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Songlin Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail:
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Wu R, Yan Y, Yao J, Liu Y, Zhao J, Liu M. Calpain 3 Expression Pattern during Gastrocnemius Muscle Atrophy and Regeneration Following Sciatic Nerve Injury in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:26927-35. [PMID: 26569227 PMCID: PMC4661861 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161126003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpain 3 (CAPN3), also known as p94, is a skeletal muscle-specific member of the calpain family that is involved in muscular dystrophy; however, the roles of CAPN3 in muscular atrophy and regeneration are yet to be understood. In the present study, we attempted to explain the effect of CAPN3 in muscle atrophy by evaluating CAPN3 expression in rat gastrocnemius muscle following reversible sciatic nerve injury. After nerve injury, the wet weight ratio and cross sectional area (CSA) of gastrocnemius muscle were decreased gradually from 1–14 days and then recovery from 14–28 days. The active form of CAPN3 (~62 kDa) protein decreased slightly on day 3 and then increased from day 7 to 14 before a decrease from day 14 to 28. The result of linear correlation analysis showed that expression of the active CAPN3 protein level was negatively correlated with muscle wet weight ratio. CAPN3 knockdown by short interfering RNA (siRNA) injection improved muscle recovery on days 7 and 14 after injury as compared to that observed with control siRNA treatment. Depletion of CAPN3 gene expression could promote myoblast differentiation in L6 cells. Based on these findings, we conclude that the expression pattern of the active CAPN3 protein is linked to muscle atrophy and regeneration following denervation: its upregulation during early stages may promote satellite cell renewal by inhibiting differentiation, whereas in later stages, CAPN3 expression may be downregulated to stimulate myogenic differentiation and enhance recovery. These results provide a novel mechanistic insight into the role of CAPN3 protein in muscle regeneration after peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Yingying Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Jian Yao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Yan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Jianmei Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, the Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Mei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China.
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Liu XT, Tao X, Ma TM, Ma XD, Yan HC, Tian L, Liu PP. [Effect of Electroacupuncture Stimulation of Different Tissues at "Huantiao" (GB 30) Acupoint on Expression of Phosphorylated JNK and c-jun in Spinal Cord of Rats with Sciatic Nerve Injury]. Zhen Ci Yan Jiu 2015; 40:373-377. [PMID: 26669193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation of different tissues (nerve stem, muscular layer) at "Huantiao" (GB 30) acupoint on expression of hosphorylated c-jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK) and c-jun (p-c-jun) proteins in the lumbar spinal cord in rats with sciatic nerve injury, so as to explore its mechanism underlying improvement of peripheral neuropathic damage. METHODS Forty-eight SD rats were randomly divided into normal, model (the left sciatic nerve severed), GB 30 deep needling (the acupuncture needle tip was inserted to the sciatic nerve trunk to elicit an instantaneous jerk of the hind limb) and GB 30 shallow needling (the needle tip was inserted to the muscle layer to evoke a local muscular contraction) groups (n = 12 rats in each group). EA stimuli were delivered at 2 Hz/100 Hz, 1 mA, 20 min in duration per treatment for 10 consecutive days. Histopathological changes were observed by Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemical assay was carried out to examine the pathological change of spinal segments (L4-L5) and the expression of p-JNK and p-c-jun proteins, respectively. RESULTS For rats with the sciatic nerve severed, the spinal neurons became swelling, degeneration or even apoptosis. Acupuncture intervention reduced the number of apoptosic neurons and improved the pathological change, which was relatively better in the.deep needling group than in the shallow needling group. Likewise, the elevated spinal p-JNK and p-c-jun expression levels of the model group were significantly reduced by EA intervention (deep needling vs shallow needling, P < 0.01. CONCLUSION Acupuncture can improve the spinal pathological changes in rats with sciatic nerve injury, which is probably achieved by decreasing the p-JNK and p-c-jun expression and inhibiting the JNK signaling pathway, and thereby, reducing the apoptosis of the spinal neurons. Deep needling results in greater benefits than shallow needling.
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Liu YL, Li Y, Ren L, Dai LL, Bai ZH, Bai R, Ma TM. [Effect of deep electroacupuncture stimulation of "Huantiao" (GB 30) on changes of function and nerve growth factor expression of the injured sciatic nerve in rats]. Zhen Ci Yan Jiu 2014; 39:93-99. [PMID: 24818491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED OBJECTIVE; To observe the effect of deep electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation of "Huantiao"(GB 30) on the functional and pathological changes and nerve growth factor (NGF) expression of the damaged sciatic nerve in rats, so as to study its mechanisms underlying reliving sciatica. METHODS Forty-eight SD rats were randomly divided into normal, model, deep EA and shallow EA groups (n = 12 in each group). The sciatic nerve injury model was established by mechanical clamp of the sciatic nerve stem. For deep and shallow EA, the acupuncture needles were inserted into GB 30 about 16 mm and 7 mm, respectively. The EA treatment was given 20 min, once daily for 14 days. The evoked potentials of the injured sciatic nerve stem responding to electrical stimulation were recorded by using a biophysiological experimental system for calculating the motor conduction velocity. Pathological changes of the sciatic nerve were displayed by H. E. stain. The expression of NGF and Fos proteins was detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In comparison with the normal group, the conduction velocity and the amplitude of the evoked potentials of the sciatic nerve were significantly decreased in the model group (P < 0.05). Following EA, both conduction velocity and amplitude of the evoked potentials in the deep EA group, and the conduction velocity in the shallow EA group were considerably increased (P < 0.05). The therapeutic effects were significantly better in the deep EA group than that in the shallow EA group (P < 0.05). No significant differences were found between the shallow EA and model groups in the amplitude of evoked potentials (P > 0.05), and no significant changes of latencies of the evoked potentials inthe four groups (P > 0.05). In the model group, the disorganized nerve fibers axons, myelin and Schwann cells of the damaged sciatic nerve were found, which became milder in the EA groups particularly in the deep EA group. In regard to the NGF and Fos immunoactivity of the injured sciatic nerve, the expression levels of both NGF and Fos proteins were obviously higher in the model group than in the normal group (P < 0.05). After EA stimulation, NGF expression was further significantly up-regulated in both deep and shallow EA groups (P < 0.05), and Fos protein expression was notably down-regulated in the deep and shallow EA groups (P < 0.05). The expression of NGF was significantly higher and Fos protein was obviously lower in the deep EA group than in the shallow EA group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Deep EA stimulation of GB 30 can improve the pathological changes and function of the injured sciatic nerve in the rat, which is closely associated with its effects in up-regulating NGF expression and down-regulating Fos expression. The deep EA is relatively better in the therapeutic effect. These facts may be one of the mechanisms of EA in relieving sciatica in clinic practice.
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11
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Alrashdan MS, Sung MA, Kwon YK, Chung HJ, Kim SJ, Lee JH. Effects of combining electrical stimulation with BDNF gene transfer on the regeneration of crushed rat sciatic nerve. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2011; 153:2021-9. [PMID: 21656118 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-011-1054-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Various techniques have been investigated to enhance peripheral nerve regeneration including the application of low-intensity electrical stimulation (ES) and the administration of growth factors, especially brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of combining short-term (ES) and recombinant adenoviral vector-mediated BDNF (BDNF-Ad) transfer, in comparison to each sole modality, on peripheral nerve regeneration in a rat model with crush-injured sciatic nerve. METHODS Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g) were equally distributed into four groups; the control group, the ES group, the BDNF-Ad group, and the combination group (n = 15 each). A standard crush injury was introduced to the sciatic nerve. The control group received no treatment after injury, the ES group received 30 minutes of low-intensity ES, the BDNF-Ad group received an injection of recombinant BDNF-Ad (concentration = 10(11) pfu/μl, 3 μl/rat) after injury, and the combination group received both ES and BDNF-Ad. The rats were followed-up for 3 weeks. RESULTS At the end of the follow-up period, the sciatic function index (ES =-39, BDNF-Ad =-38) and number of the retrogradely labeled sensory neurons were significantly increased in the ES group and the BDNF-Ad group (ES = 326, BDNF-Ad = 264), but not in the combined treatment group, compared to the control group (SFI = -53, retrogradely labeled neurons = 229). Axonal counts were highest in the ES group (7,208 axons), axonal densities in the BDNF group (10,598 axons/mm(2)), and the myelin thickness was greater in both groups as compared to the control group. The combined treatment group showed no signs of superior recovery compared to the other groups. CONCLUSIONS Both the ES and the BDNF-Ad treatments were effective techniques enhancing the sciatic nerve regeneration following a crush injury in rats. Nevertheless, the combined treatment with ES and BDNF-Ad produces neither a synergistic effect nor an improvement in this injury model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad S Alrashdan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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12
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Yan Q, Guo J, Zhang X, Bai Y, Wang L, Li J. Trauma does not accelerate neuronal degeneration in Fig4 insufficient mice. J Neurol Sci 2011; 312:102-7. [PMID: 21872275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2011] [Revised: 07/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fig4 null reduces phosphatidylinositol-3,5-diphosphate concentration and causes severe neuronal degeneration in both pale-tremor (plt) mice and patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 4J (CMT4J), an inherited condition with recessive mutations in FIG4. Our previous study shows that minor trauma is associated with an accelerated course of motor neuron degeneration in patients with CMT4J. Heterozygous loss of FIG4 function has been suggested to be a risk factor in developing sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We therefore hypothesize that minor trauma may trigger or exacerbate motor neuron degeneration in mice with fig4 haploinsufficiency (plt+/-). We have studied 18 wild-type and 18 plt+/- mice and created nerve injury by compressing the sciatic nerve. Outcomes in the mice were evaluated by nerve conduction study, Rotarod, and nerve morphology. No differences were found between wild-type and plt+/- mice. Taken together, our results demonstrate that haploinsufficiency of fig4 does not impose risks in rodents to develop neuronal degeneration in either naïve or traumatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yan
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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13
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Puente BDL, Nadal X, Portillo-Salido E, Sánchez-Arroyos R, Ovalle S, Palacios G, Muro A, Romero L, Entrena JM, Baeyens JM, López-García JA, Maldonado R, Zamanillo D, Vela JM. Sigma-1 receptors regulate activity-induced spinal sensitization and neuropathic pain after peripheral nerve injury. Pain 2009; 145:294-303. [PMID: 19505761 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2009.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Sigma-1 receptor (sigma(1)R) is expressed in key CNS areas involved in nociceptive processing but only limited information is available about its functional role. In the present study we investigated the relevance of sigma(1)R in modulating nerve injury-evoked pain. For this purpose, wild-type mice and mice lacking the sigma(1)R gene were exposed to partial sciatic nerve ligation and neuropathic pain-related behaviors were investigated. To explore underlying mechanisms, spinal processing of repetitive nociceptive stimulation and expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) were also investigated. Sensitivity to noxious heat of homozygous sigma(1)R knockout mice did not differ from wild-type mice. Baseline values obtained in sigma(1)R knockout mice before nerve injury in the plantar, cold-plate and von Frey tests were also indistinguishable from those obtained in wild-type mice. However, cold and mechanical allodynia did not develop in sigma(1)R null mice exposed to partial sciatic nerve injury. Using isolated spinal cords we found that mice lacking sigma(1)R showed reduced wind-up responses respect to wild-type mice, as evidenced by a reduced number of action potentials induced by trains of C-fiber intensity stimuli. In addition, in contrast to wild-type mice, sigma(1)R knockout mice did not show increased phosphorylation of ERK in the spinal cord after sciatic nerve injury. Both wind-up and ERK activation have been related to mechanisms of spinal cord sensitization. Our findings identify sigma(1)R as a constituent of the mechanisms modulating activity-induced sensitization in pain pathways and point to sigma(1)R as a new potential target for drugs designed to alleviate neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz de la Puente
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratorios Esteve. Av. Mare de Déu de Montserrat, 221. 08041 Barcelona, Spain Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Facultat de Ciències de la Salut i de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra. Doctor Aguader, 88. 08003 Barcelona, Spain Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Granada, Av. de Madrid 11. 18012 Granada, Spain Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares. Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
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Shen A, Chen M, Niu S, Sun L, Gao S, Shi S, Li X, Lv Q, Guo Z, Cheng C. Changes in mRNA for CAPON and Dexras1 in adult rat following sciatic nerve transection. J Chem Neuroanat 2008; 35:85-93. [PMID: 17768032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Revised: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 07/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve transection has been implicated to cause a production of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), which may influence a range of post-axotomy processes necessary for neuronal survival and nerve regeneration. Carboxy-terminal post synaptic density protein/Drosophila disc large tumor suppressor/zonula occuldens-1 protein (PDZ) ligand of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (CAPON), as an adaptor, interacts with nNOS via the PDZ domain helping regulate nNOS activity at postsynaptic sites in neurons. And Dexras1, a small G protein mediating multiple signal transductions, has been reported to form a complex with CAPON and nNOS. A role for the physiologic linkage by CAPON of nNOS to Dexras1 has suggested that NO-mediated activation of Dexras1 is markedly enhanced by CAPON. We investigated the changes in mRNA for CAPON, Dexras1 and nNOS in the sciatic nerve, dorsal root ganglia and lumbar spinal cord of adult rat following sciatic axotomy by TaqMan quantitative real-time PCR and in situ hybridization combined with immunofluorescence. Signals of mRNA for CAPON and Dexras1 were initially expressed in these neural tissues mentioned, transiently increased at certain time periods after sciatic axotomy and finally recovered to the basal level. It was also found that nNOS mRNA underwent a similar change pattern during this process. These results suggest that CAPON as well as Dexras1 may be involved in the different pathological conditions including nerve regeneration, neuron loss or survival and even pain process, possibly via regulating the nNOS activity or through the downstream targets of Dexras1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiguo Shen
- The Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
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15
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Lazarov O, Morfini GA, Pigino G, Gadadhar A, Chen X, Robinson J, Ho H, Brady ST, Sisodia SS. Impairments in fast axonal transport and motor neuron deficits in transgenic mice expressing familial Alzheimer's disease-linked mutant presenilin 1. J Neurosci 2007; 27:7011-20. [PMID: 17596450 PMCID: PMC2801050 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4272-06.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Presenilins (PS) play a central role in gamma-secretase-mediated processing of beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) and numerous type I transmembrane proteins. Expression of mutant PS1 variants causes familial forms of Alzheimer's disease (FAD). In cultured mammalian cells that express FAD-linked PS1 variants, the intracellular trafficking of several type 1 membrane proteins is altered. We now report that the anterograde fast axonal transport (FAT) of APP and Trk receptors is impaired in the sciatic nerves of transgenic mice expressing two independent FAD-linked PS1 variants. Furthermore, FAD-linked PS1 mice exhibit a significant increase in phosphorylation of the cytoskeletal proteins tau and neurofilaments in the spinal cord. Reductions in FAT and phosphorylation abnormalities correlated with motor neuron functional deficits. Together, our data suggests that defects in anterograde FAT may underlie FAD-linked PS1-mediated neurodegeneration through a mechanism involving impairments in neurotrophin signaling and synaptic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orly Lazarov
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, and
| | - Gerardo A. Morfini
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, and
| | - Gustavo Pigino
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, and
| | - Archana Gadadhar
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, and
| | | | - John Robinson
- Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | | | - Scott T. Brady
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, and
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Shen AG, Shi SX, Chen ML, Qin J, Gao SF, Cheng C. Dynamic changes of p27(kip1) and Skp2 expression in injured rat sciatic nerve. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2007; 28:713-25. [PMID: 17647103 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-007-9167-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
S phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2), an F-box protein, is required for the ubiquitination and consequent degradation of p27(kip1). Previous reports have showed that p27(kip1 )played important roles in cell cycle regulation and neurogenesis in the developing central nervous system. But the distribution and function of p27(kip1 )and Skp2 in nervous system lesion and regeneration remains unclear. In this study, we observed that they were expressed mainly in both Schwann cells and axons in adult rat sciatic nerve. Sciatic nerve crush and transection resulted in a significant up-regulation of Skp2 and a down-regulation of p27(kip1). By immunochemistry, we found that in the distal stumps of transected nerve from the end to the edge, the appearance of Skp2 in the edge is coincided with the decrease in p27(kip1) levels. Changes of them were inversely correlated. Results obtained by coimmunoprecipitation and double labeling further showed their interaction in the regenerating process. Thus, these results indicate that p27(kip1 )and Skp2 likely play an important role in peripheral nerve injury and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Guo Shen
- The Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
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17
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Lino MM, Atanasoski S, Kvajo M, Fayard B, Moreno E, Brenner HR, Suter U, Monard D. Mice lacking protease nexin-1 show delayed structural and functional recovery after sciatic nerve crush. J Neurosci 2007; 27:3677-85. [PMID: 17409231 PMCID: PMC6672422 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0277-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple molecular mechanisms influence nerve regeneration. Because serine proteases were shown to affect peripheral nerve regeneration, we performed nerve crush experiments to study synapse reinnervation in adult mice lacking the serpin protease nexin-1 (PN-1). PN-1 is a potent endogenous inhibitor of thrombin, trypsin, tissue plasminogen activators (tPAs), and urokinase plasminogen activators. Compared with the wild type, a significant delay in synapse reinnervation was detected in PN-1 knock-out (KO) animals, which was associated with both reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis of Schwann cells. Various factors known to affect Schwann cells were also altered. Fibrin deposits, tPA activity, mature BDNF, and the low-affinity p75 neurotrophin receptor were increased in injured sciatic nerves of mutant mice. To test whether the absence of PN-1 in Schwann cells or in the axon caused delay in reinnervation, PN-1 was overexpressed exclusively in the nerves of PN-1 KO mice. Neuronal PN-1 expression did not rescue the delayed reinnervation. The results suggest that Schwann cell-derived PN-1 is crucial for proper reinnervation through its contribution to the autocrine control of proliferation and survival. Thus, the precise balance between distinct proteases and serpins such as PN-1 can modulate the overall impact on the kinetics of recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Maddalena Lino
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Suzana Atanasoski
- Institute of Cell Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland, and
- Department of Clinical-Biological Sciences, Institute of Physiology, and
| | - Mirna Kvajo
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bérengère Fayard
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eliza Moreno
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans Rudolf Brenner
- Institute of Physiology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ueli Suter
- Institute of Cell Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland, and
| | - Denis Monard
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
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18
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Thippeswamy T, Haddley K, Corness JD, Howard MR, McKay JS, Beaucourt SM, Pope MD, Murphy D, Morris R, Hökfelt T, Quinn JP. NO-cGMP mediated galanin expression in NGF-deprived or axotomized sensory neurons. J Neurochem 2007; 100:790-801. [PMID: 17263797 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04243.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) are well characterized regulators of galanin expression. However, LIF knockout mice containing the rat galanin 5' proximal promoter fragment (- 2546 to + 15 bp) driving luciferase responded to axotomy in the same way as control mice. Also, LIF had no effect on reporter gene expression in vitro, neither in the presence or absence of NGF, suggesting that other factors mediate an axotomy response from the galanin promoter. We then addressed the role of nitric oxide (NO) using NGF-deprived rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuron cultures infected with viral vectors containing the above-mentioned construct, and also studied endogenous galanin expression in axotomized DRG in vivo. Blocking endogenous NO in NGF-deprived DRG cultures suppressed galanin promoter activity. Consistent with this, axotomized/NGF-deprived DRG neurons expressed high levels of neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) and galanin. Further, using pharmacological NOS blockers, or adenoviral vectors expressing dominant-negative either for nNOS or soluble guanylate cyclase in vivo and in vitro, we show that the NO-cGMP pathway induces endogenous galanin in DRG neurons. We propose that both LIF and NO, acting at different promoter regions, are important for the up-regulation of galanin, and for DRG neuron survival and regeneration after axotomy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Axotomy
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cell Survival/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclic GMP/metabolism
- Galanin/metabolism
- Ganglia, Spinal/cytology
- Ganglia, Spinal/drug effects
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/genetics
- Genes, Reporter/genetics
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Leukemia Inhibitory Factor/genetics
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Nerve Growth Factor/deficiency
- Nerve Regeneration/drug effects
- Nerve Regeneration/genetics
- Neurons, Afferent/cytology
- Neurons, Afferent/drug effects
- Neurons, Afferent/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Sciatic Neuropathy/genetics
- Sciatic Neuropathy/metabolism
- Sciatic Neuropathy/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Thimmasettappa Thippeswamy
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Science, Veterinary Faculty, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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19
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Abstract
Schwann cells provide a favorable microenvironment for successful regeneration of the injured peripheral nerve. Even though the roles of extracellular matrix proteins in the Schwann cell physiology have long been studied, the precise function of nidogen, a ubiquitous component of the basal lamina, in Schwann cells is unknown. In this study, we show that the protein and mRNA messages for nidogens are up-regulated in the sciatic nerve after sciatic nerve transection. We demonstrate that recombinant nidogen-1 increased the process formation of Schwann cells cultured from adult rat sciatic nerves and that nidogen-1 prevented Schwann cells from serum-deprivation-induced death. In addition, nidogen-1 promoted spontaneous migration of Schwann cells in two-independent migration assays. The Schwann cell responses to the recombinant nidogen-1 were specific because the nidogen-binding ectodomain of tumor endothelial marker 7 inhibited the nidogen responses without affecting Schwann cell response to laminin. Finally, we found that beta1 subunit-containing integrins play a key role in the nidogen-induced process formation, survival, and migration of Schwann cells. Altogether, these results indicate that nidogen has a prosurvival and promigratory activity on Schwann cells in the peripheral nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Kyoung Lee
- Department of Physiology, Medical Science Research Institute, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
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Siniscalco D, Fuccio C, Giordano C, Ferraraccio F, Palazzo E, Luongo L, Rossi F, Roth KA, Maione S, de Novellis V. Role of reactive oxygen species and spinal cord apoptotic genes in the development of neuropathic pain. Pharmacol Res 2006; 55:158-66. [PMID: 17207636 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2006.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2006] [Revised: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A mouse model of neuropathic pain consisting of chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve was used to examine the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in early spinal cord pro-apoptotic gene over-expression during the development of neuropathic pain. RT-PCR analysis showed increased expression of bax, apoptotic protease-activating factor-1 (apaf-1), and caspase-9 in the dorsal horn spinal cord 3 days after chronic constriction injury of sciatic nerve. Consistent with biomolecular data, a marked increase in TUNEL-positive and caspase-3 active form was observed by 3 days CCI. Administration of phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN), a potent ROS scavenger, reduced the development of thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia at 1 and 3 days post-CCI, and decreased the mRNA levels of bax, apaf-1, and caspase-9. PBN also reduced apoptotic and active Caspase-3 positive profiles in the superficial laminae (I-III) of the spinal cord. This study provides evidence that PBN inhibits over-expression of pro-apoptotic genes and neural apoptosis in the spinal cord dorsal horn induced by early-CCI of the sciatic nerve. These findings suggest that ROS regulate expression of some apoptotic genes which might play a role in the onset of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Siniscalco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology "L. Donatelli", Second University of Naples, via S. Maria di Costantinopoli, 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy
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Campana WM, Li X, Dragojlovic N, Janes J, Gaultier A, Gonias SL. The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein is a pro-survival receptor in Schwann cells: possible implications in peripheral nerve injury. J Neurosci 2006; 26:11197-207. [PMID: 17065459 PMCID: PMC6674644 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2709-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells undergo phenotypic modulation in peripheral nerve injury. In the adult rodent, Schwann cells are resistant to death-promoting challenges. The responsible receptors and signaling pathways are incompletely understood. In this study, we demonstrate that low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1) is expressed in adult sciatic nerve. After crush injury, LRP-1 is lost from the axoplasm and substantially upregulated in Schwann cells. Increased LRP-1 mRNA expression was observed locally at the injury site in multiple forms of sciatic nerve injury, including crush injury, chronic constriction injury, and axotomy. Endogenously produced tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) was mostly responsible for the increase in LRP-1 expression; this activity was reproduced by direct injection of TNF-alpha into injured nerves in the TNF-alpha gene knock-out mouse. TNF receptor II was primarily involved. TNF-alpha also increased LRP-1 mRNA in Schwann cells in primary culture. Silencing of Schwann cell LRP-1 with siRNA decreased phosphorylated Akt and increased activated caspase-3. Equivalent changes in cell signaling were observed in LRP-1-deficient murine embryonic fibroblasts. Schwann cell death was induced in vitro by serum withdrawal or TNF-alpha, to a greater extent when LRP-1 was silenced. Schwann cell death was induced in vivo by injecting the LRP-1 antagonist, receptor-associated protein, into axotomy sites in adult rats. These results support a model in which LRP-1 functions as a pro-survival receptor in Schwann cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Marie Campana
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92093-0629, USA.
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Miao T, Wu D, Zhang Y, Bo X, Subang MC, Wang P, Richardson PM. Suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 suppresses the ability of activated signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 to stimulate neurite growth in rat primary sensory neurons. J Neurosci 2006; 26:9512-9. [PMID: 16971535 PMCID: PMC6674589 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2160-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The actions of the neuropoietic cytokines are mediated by the gp130 receptor, which activates several signaling molecules including the transcription factor STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription), which, in turn, is subject to feedback inhibition by SOCS3 (suppressor of cytokine signaling). Activation of the gp130 receptor has been implicated in axonal growth particularly during regeneration, but the specific contribution of STAT3 is the subject of conflicting reports. Measurements of SOCS3 mRNA in rat dorsal root ganglia showed a significant induction in this inhibitory molecule after peripheral nerve injury. The functions of STAT3 and SOCS3 in adult rat primary sensory neurons were investigated in vitro through transduction of lentiviruses yielding a conditionally activated STAT3, native SOCS3, or a mutant SOCS3 with dominant-negative actions. The SOCS3 construct was effective in inhibiting tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT3 in a neuroblastoma cell line and in blocking nuclear accumulation of endogenous STAT3 or of the conditionally activated STAT3 chimera in primary sensory neurons. In such neurons, transduction and activation of STAT3 enhanced neurite growth, transduction with SOCS3 reduced neurite outgrowth, and transduction with mutant SOCS3 enhanced neurite growth, at least under basal conditions. In conclusion, STAT3 signaling is beneficial to axonal growth through activating transcription of unidentified genes, and SOCS3 is detrimental to axonal growth through inhibition of STAT3 and/or other transcription factors.
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MESH Headings
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus/physiology
- Animals
- Axotomy
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Cultured
- Feedback, Physiological/physiology
- Ganglia, Spinal/cytology
- Ganglia, Spinal/embryology
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/physiology
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Humans
- Mice
- Nerve Regeneration/genetics
- Neurites/metabolism
- Neurites/ultrastructure
- Neurons, Afferent/cytology
- Neurons, Afferent/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/genetics
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/physiology
- Sciatic Neuropathy/genetics
- Sciatic Neuropathy/metabolism
- Sciatic Neuropathy/physiopathology
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein
- Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins/genetics
- Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins/physiology
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ping Wang
- Gastroenterology, Barts and the London Queen Mary's School of Medicine, University of London, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom
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23
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Atkins S, Smith KG, Loescher AR, Boissonade FM, O'Kane S, Ferguson MWJ, Robinson PP. Scarring impedes regeneration at sites of peripheral nerve repair. Neuroreport 2006; 17:1245-9. [PMID: 16951563 DOI: 10.1097/01.wnr.0000230519.39456.ea] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the effect of scarring at a site of peripheral nerve repair by comparing regeneration of the sciatic nerve in normal mice and two transgenic strains with an increased or decreased propensity for scarring. The outcome was assessed by quantifying collagen at the repair site, recording compound action potentials and counting myelinated nerve fibres on each side of the repair. We found that higher levels of collagen scar formation were associated with smaller compound action potentials, slower conduction velocities and a reduction in fibre numbers across the repair site. We conclude that scarring impedes regeneration at sites of nerve repair and suggest that this could be amenable to therapeutic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Atkins
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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24
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Zhou Z, Cornelius CP, Eichner M, Bornemann A. Reinnervation-induced alterations in rat skeletal muscle. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 23:595-602. [PMID: 16877003 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2005] [Revised: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 05/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Denervation-induced myofiber atrophy can be reversed by reinnervation. Growing reinnervated myofibers upregulate numerous molecules, many of which determine the muscle fiber type. In the present study we aimed at identifying factors that might contribute specifically to myofiber growth after reinnervation. The common peroneal nerve of 15 male Wistar rats was cut and resutured without delay (9 animals) or with a delay of 4 weeks (6 animals). We studied the transcriptional repertoire of intact reinnervated tibialis anterior muscle by microarray gene analysis. We assessed SC activation by immunolabeling using anti-MyoD and -myogenin antibodies. The percentage of SC expressing MyoD reached up to 50% of M-cadherin+ cells whereas the percentage of SC expressing myogenin was normal (<10%) in all muscles examined. The values of ipsi- and contralateral muscles did not differ significantly from one another between right and left leg (p<0.05). Thirteen known genes were differentially regulated after reinnervation compared with contralateral muscles. Five of them determine the slow-twitch fiber type (four and a half LIM domains 3, cardiac beta-myosin heavy chain, calsequestrin 2, troponin C (slow), and heart myosin light chain), and three of them are neurally regulated (thrombospondin 4, transferrin receptor, cardiac ankyrin repeat protein). The results strengthen the notion that reinnervaton affects the molecular repertoire of the myofibers directly, leading to fiber type transformation and partial reversal of the denervation phenotype. By contrast, SC do not appear to be affected by reinnervation directly. They can be activated both in reinnervated and contralateral muscles, and they do not fully differentiate. This makes them unlikely to contribute to myofiber growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhou
- Institute of Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Calwerstr. 3, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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25
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Méchaly I, Bourane S, Piquemal D, Al-Jumaily M, Ventéo S, Puech S, Scamps F, Valmier J, Carroll P. Gene profiling during development and after a peripheral nerve traumatism reveals genes specifically induced by injury in dorsal root ganglia. Mol Cell Neurosci 2006; 32:217-29. [PMID: 16769221 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2006.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2005] [Revised: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 04/11/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to shed light on transcriptional networks involved in adult peripheral nerve repair program, we propose for the first time an organization of the transcriptional dynamics of the mouse dorsal root ganglia (DRG) following a sciatic nerve lesion. This was done by a non-hierarchical bioinformatical clustering of four Serial Analysis of Gene Expression libraries performed on DRG at embryonic day E13, neonatal day P0, adult and adult 3 days post-sciatic nerve section. Grouping genes according to their expression profiles shows that a combination of down-regulation of genes expressed at the adult stages, re-expression of embryonic genes and induction of a set of de novo genes takes place in injured neurons. Focusing on this latter event highlights Ddit3, Timm8b and Oazin as potential new injury-induced molecular actors involved in a stress response pathway. Their association with the traumatic state was confirmed by real-time PCR and in situ hybridization investigations. Clustering analysis allows us to distinguish developmental re-programming events from nerve-injury-induced processes and thus provides a basis for molecular understanding of transcriptional alterations taking place in the DRG after a sciatic nerve lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Méchaly
- I.N.S.E.R.M. U583, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier-Hôpital St Eloi. 80, rue Augustin Fliche. BP 74103. 34091 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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26
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Abstract
We have evaluated the possible involvement of delta-opioid receptor (DOR) in the development and expression of neuropathic pain. For this purpose, partial ligation of the sciatic nerve was performed in DOR knockout mice and wild-type littermates. The development of mechanical and thermal allodynia, as well as thermal hyperalgesia was evaluated by using the von Frey filament model, the cold-plate test and the plantar test, respectively. In wild-type and DOR knockout mice, sciatic nerve injury led to a neuropathic pain syndrome revealed in these nociceptive behavioural tests. However, the development of mechanical and thermal allodynia, and thermal hyperalgesia was significantly enhanced in DOR knockout mice. These results reveal the involvement of DOR in the control of neuropathic pain and suggest a new potential therapeutic use of DOR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Nadal
- Laboratori de Neurofarmacologia. Facultat de Ciències de la Salut i de la Vida. Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Dr Aiguader 80, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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27
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Panteri R, Mey J, Zhelyaznik N, D'Altocolle A, Del Fà A, Gangitano C, Marino R, Lorenzetto E, Buffelli M, Keller F. Reelin is transiently expressed in the peripheral nerve during development and is upregulated following nerve crush. Mol Cell Neurosci 2006; 32:133-42. [PMID: 16697663 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2006.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2005] [Revised: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin is an extracellular matrix protein which is critical for the positioning of migrating post-mitotic neurons and the laminar organization of several brain structures during development. We investigated the expression and localization of Reelin in the rodent peripheral nerve during postnatal development and following crush injury in the adult stage. As shown with Western blotting, immunocytochemistry and RT-PCR, Schwann cells in the developing peripheral nerve and in primary cultures from neonatal nerves produce and secrete Reelin. While Reelin levels are downregulated in adult stages, they are again induced following sciatic nerve injury. A morphometric analysis of sciatic nerve sections of reeler mice suggests that Reelin is not essential for axonal ensheathment by Schwann cells, however, it influences the caliber of myelinated axons and the absolute number of fibers per unit area. This indicates that Reelin may play a role in peripheral nervous system development and repair by regulating Schwann cell-axon interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Panteri
- Laboratorio di Neuroscienze dello Sviluppo, Università Campus Bio-Medico, 00155 Roma, Italy.
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28
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De Winter F, Vo T, Stam FJ, Wisman LAB, Bär PR, Niclou SP, van Muiswinkel FL, Verhaagen J. The expression of the chemorepellent Semaphorin 3A is selectively induced in terminal Schwann cells of a subset of neuromuscular synapses that display limited anatomical plasticity and enhanced vulnerability in motor neuron disease. Mol Cell Neurosci 2006; 32:102-17. [PMID: 16677822 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2006.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2005] [Revised: 03/09/2006] [Accepted: 03/13/2006] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular synapses differ markedly in their plasticity. Motor nerve terminals innervating slow muscle fibers sprout vigorously following synaptic blockage, while those innervating fast-fatigable muscle fibers fail to exhibit any sprouting. Here, we show that the axon repellent Semaphorin 3A is differentially expressed in terminal Schwann cells (TSCs) on different populations of muscle fibers: postnatal, regenerative and paralysis induced remodeling of neuromuscular connections is accompanied by increased expression of Sema3A selectively in TSCs on fast-fatigable muscle fibers. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a molecular difference between TSCs on neuromuscular junctions of different subtypes of muscle fibers. Interestingly, also in a mouse model for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Sema3A is expressed at NMJs of fast-fatigable muscle fibers. We propose that expression of Sema3A by TSCs not only suppresses nerve terminal plasticity at specific neuromuscular synapses, but may also contribute to their early and selective loss in the motor neuron disease ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred De Winter
- Graduate School for Neurosciences Amsterdam, Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Meibergdreef 33, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
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29
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Brumovsky P, Hygge-Blakeman K, Villar MJ, Watanabe M, Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z, Hökfelt T. Phenotyping of sensory and sympathetic ganglion neurons of a galanin-overexpressing mouse--possible implications for pain processing. J Chem Neuroanat 2006; 31:243-62. [PMID: 16546349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2006.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2005] [Revised: 02/03/2006] [Accepted: 02/04/2006] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of galanin was studied in the lumbar 5 dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and spinal cord, superior cervical ganglia (SCGs), and skin of transgenic mice overexpressing galanin under the dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) promoter (GalOE-DBH mice) and in wild type (WT) mice. The DRGs and spinal cord were analysed before and after a unilateral, complete transection (axotomy) of the sciatic nerve and after dorsal rhizotomy. Both galanin protein and transcript were studied by, respectively, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Increased galanin expression was observed in several small, medium-sized and large DRG neuron profiles (NPs) in the naïve transgenic mouse, frequently in neurons lacking calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and isolectin B4-binding. This lack of coexistence was particularly evident in the medium-sized/large NPs. In the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, no differences were detected between GalOE-DBH and WT mice, both displaying a strong galanin-positive neuropil in the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn, but the transgenic mice showed a more abundant galanin-positive innervation of the ventral horn. A 12-day dorsal rhizotomy, surprisingly, failed to alter the galanin staining patterns in the dorsal (and ventral) dorsal horn. Unilateral axotomy induced upregulation of galanin in DRG NPs of all sizes in both types of mouse. In the hindpaw skin, a profuse galanin-positive fiber plexus was observed in sweat glands and around blood vessels of the transgenic mice, being much more restricted in WT mice. Finally, GalOE mice exhibited a strong galanin-like immunoreactivity in most SCG NPs. The overexpression of the peptide in DRGs and SCGs was paralleled by increased mRNA levels. The present results show that overexpression of galanin under the control of the DBH promoter does not only occur, as expected in these mice, in noradrenline/adrenaline neurons but also in DRG neurons, particularly in large and medium-sized NPs. To what extent and how this overexpression pattern is related to the previously shown elevated pain threshold under normal and lesion conditions is discussed [Grass, S., Crawley, J.N., Xu, X.J., Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z., 2003a. Reduced spinal cord sensitization to C-fibre stimulation in mice over-expressing galanin. Eur. J. Neurosci. 17, 1829-1832; Hygge-Blakeman, K., Brumovsky, P., Hao, J.X., Xu, X.J., Hökfelt, T., Crawley, J.N., Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z., 2004. Galanin over-expression decreases the development of neuropathic pain-like behaviour in mice after partial sciatic nerve injury. Brain Res. 1025, 152-158].
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Axotomy
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase/genetics
- Galanin/genetics
- Galanin/metabolism
- Ganglia, Spinal/cytology
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Ganglia, Sympathetic/cytology
- Ganglia, Sympathetic/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neurons, Afferent/cytology
- Neurons, Afferent/metabolism
- Norepinephrine/metabolism
- Pain/genetics
- Pain/metabolism
- Pain/physiopathology
- Phenotype
- Posterior Horn Cells/cytology
- Posterior Horn Cells/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rhizotomy
- Sciatic Neuropathy/genetics
- Sciatic Neuropathy/metabolism
- Sciatic Neuropathy/physiopathology
- Sensory Receptor Cells/metabolism
- Skin/innervation
- Up-Regulation/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Brumovsky
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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30
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Zhang D, Liu M, Ding F, Gu X. Expression of myostatin RNA transcript and protein in gastrocnemius muscle of rats after sciatic nerve resection. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2006; 27:37-44. [PMID: 16450055 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-005-9050-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2005] [Accepted: 11/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Myostatin, a member of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily, has been identified as an inhibitor of skeletal muscle mass. To have an insight into the expression pattern of myostatin and its potential role in skeletal muscle atrophy induced by denervation, we used an animal model of peripheral nerve resection to examine the time-dependent changes in myostatin mRNA and protein levels in the denervated gastrocnemius muscle of rats after sciatic neurectomy by the aid of quantitative real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. We also conducted morphometric analyses to measure the wet weight ratio of the denervated muscle (the operated side/contralateral non-operated side) and the cross sectional area of muscle fibers and to observe muscle morphology. The experimental results showed that myostatin mRNA and protein levels in rat gastrocnemius muscle persistently elevated after denervation, despite a fluctuation of myostatin mRNA level at day 3 after denervation, reached their respective peaks at day 28 after denervation, and then depressed slightly until day 56 after denervation. Furthermore, a significant negative linear correlation was found between myostatin abundance and muscle atrophy degree, suggesting that myostatin might probably play an important role in denervation-induced muscle atrophy. Our present study perhaps provides a new window into myostatin regulation in association with a specific type of muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglei Zhang
- The Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, 226001 Nantong, JS, PR China
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31
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Abstract
Remyelination is an important aspect of nerve regeneration after nerve injury but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. The neurotrophin receptor, p75(NTR), in activated Schwann cells in the Wallerian degenerated nerve is up-regulated and may play a role in the remyelination of regenerating peripheral nerves. In the present study, the role of p75(NTR) in remyelination of the sciatic nerve was investigated in p75(NTR) mutant mice. Histological results showed that the number of myelinated axons and thickness of myelin sheath in the injured sciatic nerves were reduced in mutant mice compared with wild-type mice. The myelin sheath of axons in the intact sciatic nerve of adult mutant mice is also thinner than that of wild-type mice. Real-time RT-PCR showed that mRNA levels for myelin basic protein and P0 in the injured sciatic nerves were significantly reduced in p75(NTR) mutant animals. Western blots also showed a significant reduction of P0 protein in the injured sciatic nerves of mutant animals. These results suggest that p75(NTR) is important for the myelinogenesis during the regeneration of peripheral nerves after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Yun Song
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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32
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Shubayev VI, Angert M, Dolkas J, Campana WM, Palenscar K, Myers RR. TNFalpha-induced MMP-9 promotes macrophage recruitment into injured peripheral nerve. Mol Cell Neurosci 2005; 31:407-15. [PMID: 16297636 PMCID: PMC4431648 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2005.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2005] [Revised: 09/09/2005] [Accepted: 10/17/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is an extracellular protease that is induced hours after injury to peripheral nerve. This study shows that MMP-9 gene deletion and neutralization with MMP-9 antibody reduce macrophage content in injured wild-type nerves. In mice with delayed Wallerian degeneration (WldS), MMP-9 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) decline in association with the reduced macrophage recruitment to injured nerve that characterizes this strain of mice. We further determined that TNFalpha acts as an MMP-9 inducer by establishing increased MMP-9 levels after TNFalpha injection in rat sciatic nerve in vivo and primary Schwann cells in vitro. We found reduced MMP-9 expression in crushed TNFalpha knockout nerves that was rescued with exogenous TNFalpha. Finally, local application of MMP-9 on TNFalpha-/- nerves increased macrophage recruitment to the lesion. These data suggest that TNFalpha lies upstream of MMP-9 in the pathway of macrophage recruitment to injured peripheral nerve.
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33
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Sharp PS, Dick JRT, Greensmith L. The effect of peripheral nerve injury on disease progression in the SOD1(G93A) mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuroscience 2005; 130:897-910. [PMID: 15652988 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Around 20% of familial cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis have been shown to carry mutations in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase 1 (Cu/Zn SOD1). Transgenic mice over-expressing human mutant SOD1 genes have been developed and in this study we examined the effect of nerve injury on disease progression in these mice. Firstly, disease progression in uninjured mice was characterised using physiological methods. Muscle force, contractile characteristics and motor unit survival was established at 90 days, an early symptomatic stage and also at the end-stage of the disease, at 130 days. In addition, muscle histochemistry was examined and the extent of motoneuron survival established morphologically. By 90 days of age, there is a significant reduction in muscle force, and nearly 40% of motoneurons within the sciatic motor pool have already died. By 130 days, the muscles are significantly weaker, and there is a dramatic change in the phenotype of extensor digitorum longus (EDL), which changes from a fast fatigable muscle, to a fatigue resistant muscle with a high oxidative capacity. By this stage of the disease, only 40% of motor units in EDL survive, with only 29% of motoneurons surviving within the sciatic motor pool. Following injury to the sciatic nerve in SOD1(G93A) mice, there is an acceleration in disease progression so that 90 day old mice show deficits that are only seen at the end stage in uninjured SOD1(G93A) mice. It is therefore possible that mutant SOD1 toxicity increases the vulnerability of motoneurons and muscles to stressful stimuli such as nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Sharp
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, 21 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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34
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Perlson E, Hanz S, Ben-Yaakov K, Segal-Ruder Y, Seger R, Fainzilber M. Vimentin-dependent spatial translocation of an activated MAP kinase in injured nerve. Neuron 2005; 45:715-26. [PMID: 15748847 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2004] [Revised: 11/16/2004] [Accepted: 01/14/2005] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
How are phosphorylated kinases transported over long intracellular distances, such as in the case of axon to cell body signaling after nerve injury? Here, we show that the MAP kinases Erk1 and Erk2 are phosphorylated in sciatic nerve axoplasm upon nerve injury, concomitantly with the production of soluble forms of the intermediate filament vimentin by local translation and calpain cleavage in axoplasm. Vimentin binds phosphorylated Erks (pErk), thus linking pErk to the dynein retrograde motor via direct binding of vimentin to importin beta. Injury-induced Elk1 activation and neuronal regeneration are inhibited or delayed in dorsal root ganglion neurons from vimentin null mice, and in rats treated with a MEK inhibitor or with a peptide that prevents pErk-vimentin binding. Thus, soluble vimentin enables spatial translocation of pErk by importins and dynein in lesioned nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eran Perlson
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
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35
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Ellegala DB, Monteith SJ, Haynor D, Bird TD, Goodkin R, Kliot M. Characterization of genetically defined types of Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathies by using magnetic resonance neurography. J Neurosurg 2005; 102:242-5. [PMID: 15739551 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2005.102.2.0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Object. Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is a collection of related genetic disorders affecting peripheral nerves with an incidence of one in every 2500 individuals. A diagnosis of CMT disease has classically relied on a medical history, examination, and measurement of nerve conduction velocities. Advancements in genetic testing and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques may provide clinicians with a more precise diagnostic armamentarium. The authors investigated MR neurography as a possible method to characterize CMT subtypes.
Methods. The authors performed MR neurography to evaluate sciatic nerves in the mid-thigh area of seven patients with genetically defined subtypes of CMT, one patient with chronic inflammatory demylinating polyneuropathy, and one patient without neuropathy. The authors correlate their findings with normal nerve conduction velocities (NCVs) and present their results as a descriptive case series.
Although MR neurography could not be used to distinguish subtypes of CMT disease on nerve area or fascicle number, it appears to characterize phenotypic features and disease progression noninvasively in patients with some subtypes.
Conclusions. In conjunction with NCV measurements, MR neurography may be useful in the diagnosis of CMT neuropathies and in monitoring disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilantha B Ellegala
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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36
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Robinson M, Parsons Perez MC, Tébar L, Palmer J, Patel A, Marks D, Sheasby A, De Felipe C, Coffin R, Livesey FJ, Hunt SP. FLRT3 is expressed in sensory neurons after peripheral nerve injury and regulates neurite outgrowth. Mol Cell Neurosci 2005; 27:202-14. [PMID: 15485775 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2004.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2004] [Revised: 06/10/2004] [Accepted: 06/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We used a molecular screen to identify genes upregulated in regenerating adult rat dorsal root ganglion cells. FLRT3 mRNA and protein characterized by a fibronectin type III domain and a leucine-rich repeat motif was upregulated in damaged sensory neurons. The protein was then transported into their peripheral and central processes where the FLRT3 protein was localized to presynaptic axon terminals. In vitro, the FLRT3 protein was expressed at the cell surface, regulated neurite outgrowth in sensory neurons, but did not exhibit homophilic binding. FLRT3 was widely expressed in the developing embryo, particularly in the central nervous system and somites. However, in the adult, we found no evidence for accumulation or reexpression of the FLRT3 protein in damaged axons of the central nervous system. We conclude that FLRT3 codes for a putative cell surface receptor implicated in both the development of the nervous system and in the regeneration of the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Robinson
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, UCL, London, UK
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37
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Hygge-Blakeman K, Brumovsky P, Hao JX, Xu XJ, Hökfelt T, Crawley JN, Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z. Galanin over-expression decreases the development of neuropathic pain-like behaviors in mice after partial sciatic nerve injury. Brain Res 2005; 1025:152-8. [PMID: 15464755 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide galanin may have a role in modulation of nociception, particularly after peripheral nerve injury. Here we assessed the development of neuropathic pain-like behaviors in mice overexpressing galanin under the dopamine beta-hydroxylase promoter. Unoperated galanin over-expressing mice exhibited a moderately reduced sensitivity to noxious heat. Both galanin over-expressing mice and wild-type controls developed mechanical and heat hypersensitivity after photochemically induced partial sciatic nerve ischemic injury. The magnitude and persistence of such pain-like behaviors were significantly less, and recovery was faster in galanin over-expressing mice compared to wild types. However, the recovery from toe-spread deficits did not differ between galanin over-expressing and wild-type mice after a crush injury to the sciatic nerve. Thus, early recovery in pain-like response is unlikely to result from accelerated regeneration in the galanin over-expressing mice. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that galanin is over-expressed both in small and large dorsal root ganglion cells in the transgene mouse, whereas large galanin-positive neurons were never seen in wild-type mice. The present results in general support an inhibitory role of galanin in nociception and indicate that increased availability of galanin in spinal dorsal horn at the time or shortly after nerve injury may reduce the development of pain-like behaviors in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Hygge-Blakeman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Huddinge University Hospital, S-141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
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38
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Kurrikoff K, Kõks S, Matsui T, Bourin M, Arend A, Aunapuu M, Vasar E. Deletion of the CCK2 receptor gene reduces mechanical sensitivity and abolishes the development of hyperalgesia in mononeuropathic mice. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 20:1577-86. [PMID: 15355324 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03619.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that cholecystokinin (CCK) is implicated in the modulation of pain sensitivity and the development of neuropathic pain. We used CCK(2) receptor deficient (CCK(2) (-/-)) mice and assessed their mechanical sensitivity using Von Frey filaments, as well as the development and time course of mechanical hyperalgesia in a model of neuropathic pain. We found that CCK(2) (-/-) mice displayed mechanical hyposensitivity, which was reversed to the level of wild-type animals after administration of naloxone (0.1-10 mg/kg). On the other hand, injection of L-365260 (0.01-1 mg/kg), an antagonist of CCK(2) receptors, decreased dose-dependently, mechanical sensitivity in wild-type mice. The mechanism of reduced mechanical sensitivity in CCK(2) (-/-) mice may be explained by changes in interactions between CCK and opioid systems. Indeed, CCK(2) (-/-) mice natively expressed higher levels of lumbar CCK(1), opioid delta and kappa receptors. Next, we found that CCK(2) (-/-) mice did not develop mechanical hyperalgesia in the Bennett's neuropathic pain model. Induction of neuropathy resulted in decrease of lumbar pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) gene expression in wild-type mice, but increase of POMC expression in CCK(2) (-/-) mice. In addition, induction of neuropathy resulted in further increase of opioid delta receptor in CCK(2) (-/-) mice. Gene expression results indicate up-regulation of opioid system in CCK(2) (-/-) mice, which apparently result in decreased neuropathy score. Our study suggests that not only pain sensitivity, but also mechanical sensitivity and the development of neuropathic pain are regulated by antagonistic interactions between CCK and opioid systems.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Benzodiazepinones/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Dynorphins/genetics
- Dynorphins/metabolism
- Enkephalins/genetics
- Enkephalins/metabolism
- Gene Expression/genetics
- Hyperalgesia/drug therapy
- Hyperalgesia/genetics
- Inflammation/etiology
- Inflammation/pathology
- Ligation/methods
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Naloxone/pharmacology
- Naloxone/therapeutic use
- Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Narcotic Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Pain Measurement/drug effects
- Pain Measurement/methods
- Pain Threshold/drug effects
- Pain Threshold/physiology
- Phenylurea Compounds/pharmacology
- Pro-Opiomelanocortin/genetics
- Pro-Opiomelanocortin/metabolism
- Protein Precursors/genetics
- Protein Precursors/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Cholecystokinin B/deficiency
- Receptor, Cholecystokinin B/genetics
- Receptor, Cholecystokinin B/physiology
- Receptors, Cholecystokinin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid/classification
- Receptors, Opioid/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Sciatic Neuropathy/drug therapy
- Sciatic Neuropathy/genetics
- Sciatic Neuropathy/pathology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaido Kurrikoff
- Department of Physiology, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
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39
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Grandis M, Leandri M, Vigo T, Cilli M, Sereda MW, Gherardi G, Benedetti L, Mancardi G, Abbruzzese M, Nave KA, Nobbio L, Schenone A. Early abnormalities in sciatic nerve function and structure in a rat model of Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1A disease. Exp Neurol 2004; 190:213-23. [PMID: 15473994 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2004] [Revised: 06/23/2004] [Accepted: 07/21/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated early peripheral nervous system impairment in PMP22-transgenic rats ("CMT rat"), an established animal model for Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 1A, at postnatal day 30 (P30), when the clinical phenotype is not yet apparent. Hemizygous CMT1A rats and wildtype littermates were studied by means of behavioral examination, electrophysiology, molecular biology, and light microscopy analysis. Behavioral studies only showed, a mild, but significant, decrease in toe spread 1-5, suggesting a weakness of distal foot muscles in CMT1A rats compared with normal littermates. Nerve conduction studies disclosed a severe slowing in motor conduction velocity, a temporal dispersion and a dramatic decrease of amplitude of motor waves in P30 transgenic animals. Coherently with a demyelinating process, affected nerves showed a significant thinning of myelin. Interestingly, axonal diameter and area were unchanged, but expression of non-phosphorylated neurofilaments was increased in CMT1A rats compared with normal controls. Our results confirm the fidelity of this animal model to human disease. Similarly, in young CMT1A patients, the MCV is significantly reduced and the muscle weakness is confined to distal segments, whereas morphological and morphometrical signs of axonal atrophy are absent. However, the presence of a molecular and functional damage of the axons suggests that this may be the correct moment to start neuroprotective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Grandis
- Department of Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Genetics, University of Genoa, Via de Toni 5, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
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40
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Abstract
Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors Flt-1 and Flk-1 was studied in lumbar spinal cord after sciatic nerve crush injury. Immunohistochemical staining revealed strikingly different distribution of VEGF, Flt-1, and Flk-1 in lumbar motor neurons. VEGF was observed both in the nuclei and perikarya, while Flk-1 had cytoplasmic and Flt-1 perinuclear localization. Real-time RT-PCR showed a significant increase in the expression of VEGF and Flt-1 on the injured side of the lumbar spinal cord. The increased level of VEGF was also detected by immunoblot. Here we show that lumbar motor neurons increase the expression of VEGF and Flt-1 in response to injury. We propose that VEGF/Flt-1 signaling may be involved in regeneration of the spinal motor neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rustem R Islamov
- Department of Physiology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 600 Moye Blvd, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
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41
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Kurrikoff K, Kõks S, Matsui T, Bourin M, Arend A, Aunapuu M, Vasar E. Deletion of the CCK2 receptor gene reduces mechanical sensitivity and abolishes the development of hyperalgesia in mononeuropathic mice. Eur J Neurosci 2004. [PMID: 15355324 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.2004.20.issue-610.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03619.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that cholecystokinin (CCK) is implicated in the modulation of pain sensitivity and the development of neuropathic pain. We used CCK(2) receptor deficient (CCK(2) (-/-)) mice and assessed their mechanical sensitivity using Von Frey filaments, as well as the development and time course of mechanical hyperalgesia in a model of neuropathic pain. We found that CCK(2) (-/-) mice displayed mechanical hyposensitivity, which was reversed to the level of wild-type animals after administration of naloxone (0.1-10 mg/kg). On the other hand, injection of L-365260 (0.01-1 mg/kg), an antagonist of CCK(2) receptors, decreased dose-dependently, mechanical sensitivity in wild-type mice. The mechanism of reduced mechanical sensitivity in CCK(2) (-/-) mice may be explained by changes in interactions between CCK and opioid systems. Indeed, CCK(2) (-/-) mice natively expressed higher levels of lumbar CCK(1), opioid delta and kappa receptors. Next, we found that CCK(2) (-/-) mice did not develop mechanical hyperalgesia in the Bennett's neuropathic pain model. Induction of neuropathy resulted in decrease of lumbar pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) gene expression in wild-type mice, but increase of POMC expression in CCK(2) (-/-) mice. In addition, induction of neuropathy resulted in further increase of opioid delta receptor in CCK(2) (-/-) mice. Gene expression results indicate up-regulation of opioid system in CCK(2) (-/-) mice, which apparently result in decreased neuropathy score. Our study suggests that not only pain sensitivity, but also mechanical sensitivity and the development of neuropathic pain are regulated by antagonistic interactions between CCK and opioid systems.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Benzodiazepinones/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Dynorphins/genetics
- Dynorphins/metabolism
- Enkephalins/genetics
- Enkephalins/metabolism
- Gene Expression/genetics
- Hyperalgesia/drug therapy
- Hyperalgesia/genetics
- Inflammation/etiology
- Inflammation/pathology
- Ligation/methods
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Naloxone/pharmacology
- Naloxone/therapeutic use
- Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Narcotic Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Pain Measurement/drug effects
- Pain Measurement/methods
- Pain Threshold/drug effects
- Pain Threshold/physiology
- Phenylurea Compounds/pharmacology
- Pro-Opiomelanocortin/genetics
- Pro-Opiomelanocortin/metabolism
- Protein Precursors/genetics
- Protein Precursors/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Cholecystokinin B/deficiency
- Receptor, Cholecystokinin B/genetics
- Receptor, Cholecystokinin B/physiology
- Receptors, Cholecystokinin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid/classification
- Receptors, Opioid/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Sciatic Neuropathy/drug therapy
- Sciatic Neuropathy/genetics
- Sciatic Neuropathy/pathology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaido Kurrikoff
- Department of Physiology, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
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42
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George A, Kleinschnitz C, Zelenka M, Brinkhoff J, Stoll G, Sommer C. Wallerian degeneration after crush or chronic constriction injury of rodent sciatic nerve is associated with a depletion of endoneurial interleukin-10 protein. Exp Neurol 2004; 188:187-91. [PMID: 15191815 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2003] [Revised: 01/20/2004] [Accepted: 02/14/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We used enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to determine whether interleukin (IL)-10 protein is changed after unilateral crush or chronic constriction injury (CCI) of mouse or rat sciatic nerve and whether IL-10 protein and mRNA are differentially regulated. In the mouse sciatic nerve, IL-10 protein declined rapidly to 10-20% of baseline early after crush or CCI, while the IL10 mRNA was up-regulated with a maximum on Days 1 and 3. In the rat sciatic nerve, IL-10 protein was significantly reduced on Day 3 after CCI, and IL-10 mRNA was up-regulated in both models. These results suggest that changes of the local cytokine network during wallerian degeneration include an early deficiency of the antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10 despite up-regulation at the mRNA level.
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43
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Yamanaka H, Obata K, Fukuoka T, Dai Y, Kobayashi K, Tokunaga A, Noguchi K. Tissue plasminogen activator in primary afferents induces dorsal horn excitability and pain response after peripheral nerve injury. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 19:93-102. [PMID: 14750967 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.03080.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular protease cascade of plasminogen activators and plasminogen are known to regulate neuronal plasticity and extracellular matrix modification, and to be important factors involved in producing long-term potentiation in the CNS. The purpose of this study is to examine the expression of plasminogen activators in primary afferents and its role in nociceptive pathways after peripheral nerve injury. We found the induction of mRNAs for tissue type plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) in the rat dorsal root ganglia following sciatic nerve transection. Immunoreactivity for tPA was increased in laminae I and II of the dorsal horn and, importantly, the increase in proteolytic activity mediated by tPA was observed in the same area. As neither immunoreactivity for uPA nor uPA-mediated proteolysis was observed, we further examined the effects of tPA on dorsal horn excitability and neuropathic pain behaviour. Intrathecal injection of a specific inhibitor of tPA decreased electrical stimulation-induced Fos expression in dorsal horn neurons following axotomy, and also prevented the development of thermal hyperalgesia following partial sciatic nerve ligation. These findings suggest that the increased tPA in the dorsal horn due to mRNA expression in the dorsal root ganglia increases the dorsal horn excitability and has an important role in pain behaviour after peripheral nerve injury. The tPA-mediated hypersensitivity in dorsal horn neurons may be a novel molecular mechanism of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Yamanaka
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
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44
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Beirowski B, Berek L, Adalbert R, Wagner D, Grumme DS, Addicks K, Ribchester RR, Coleman MP. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of Wallerian degeneration using restricted axonal labelling in YFP-H mice. J Neurosci Methods 2004; 134:23-35. [PMID: 15102500 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2003.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2003] [Revised: 09/23/2003] [Accepted: 10/23/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the usefulness of YFP-H transgenic mice [Neuron 28 (2000) 41] which express yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) in a restricted subset of neurons to study Wallerian degeneration in the PNS. Quantification of YFP positive axons and myelin basic protein (MBP) immunocytochemistry revealed that YFP was randomly distributed to approximately 3% of myelinated motor and sensory fibres. Axotomy-induced Wallerian degeneration appeared as fragmentation of fluorescent signals in individual YFP positive axons with a morphology and timing similar to Wallerian degeneration observed by more traditional methods. In YFP-H transgenic mice co-expressing a high dosage of WldS, a chimeric gene that protects from Wallerian degeneration [Nat Neurosci. 4 (2001) 1199], axonal fragmentation in distal tibial nerves after sciatic nerve axotomy was approximately 10 times delayed. Considerable retardations of Wallerian degeneration using the same transgenic expression system were also observed in cultures of nerve explants, enabling in vitro real-time imaging of axonal fragmentation. Remarkably, single YFP-labelled axons could be traced in peripheral nerves for unusually long distances of up to 2.9 cm exploiting confocal fluorescence imaging. Altogether transgenic YFP-H mice prove to be a valuable tool to study mechanisms of Wallerian degeneration in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Beirowski
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne and Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Strasse 47, D-50674 Cologne, Germany.
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45
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Bloechlinger S, Karchewski LA, Woolf CJ. Dynamic changes in glypican-1 expression in dorsal root ganglion neurons after peripheral and central axonal injury. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 19:1119-32. [PMID: 15016071 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03262.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Glypican-1, a glycosyl phosphatidyl inositol (GPI)-anchored heparan sulphate proteoglycan expressed in the developing and mature cells of the central nervous system, acts as a coreceptor for diverse ligands, including slit axonal guidance proteins, fibroblast growth factors and laminin. We have examined its expression in primary sensory dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and spinal cord after axonal injury. In noninjured rats, glypican-1 mRNA and protein are constitutively expressed at low levels in lumbar DRGs. Sciatic nerve transection results in a two-fold increase in mRNA and protein expression. High glypican-1 expression persists until the injured axons reinnervate their peripheral targets, as in the case of a crushed nerve. Injury to the central axons of DRG neurons by either a dorsal column injury or a dorsal root transection also up-regulates glypican-1, a feature that differs from most DRG axonal injury-induced genes, whose regulation changes only after peripheral and not central axonal injury. After axonal injury, the cellular localization of glypican-1 changes from a nuclear pattern restricted to neurons in noninjured DRGs, to the cytoplasm and membrane of injured neurons, as well as neighbouring non-neuronal cells. Sciatic nerve transection also leads to an accumulation of glypican-1 in the proximal nerve segment of injured axons. Glypican-1 is coexpressed with robo 2 and its up-regulation after axonal injury may contribute to an altered sensitivity to axonal growth or guidance cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bloechlinger
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, MGH-East, 149 13th Street, Rm 4309, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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46
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Zhao X, Wang X, Zheng SY, Xu JG. Gonadectomy affects brain derived neurotrophic factor in rats after chronic constriction nerve injury. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2004; 25:286-92. [PMID: 15000879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess the effect of gonadectomy on brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in neuropathic pain. METHODS Using chronic constriction injury (CCI) model, we detected BDNF mRNA in dorsal root ganglion and protein content in spinal cord by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay respectively. The time point we chose was post CCI operation d 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21. RESULTS After CCI surgery, BDNF mRNA in ipsilateral DRGs was upregulated and reached its maximum on post operation d 7. BDNF protein level in ipsilateral spinal cord was also increased and reached its maximum on post operation d 14. The magnitude of this increase in gonadectomy (GDX) rats was significantly smaller than the GDX-sham rats at each time point. CONCLUSION Gonadectomy reduced the BDNF increment after CCI surgery. Estrogen may affect nociceptive processing by its effect on BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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47
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Jungnickel J, Claus P, Gransalke K, Timmer M, Grothe C. Targeted disruption of the FGF-2 gene affects the response to peripheral nerve injury. Mol Cell Neurosci 2004; 25:444-52. [PMID: 15033172 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2003.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2003] [Revised: 11/06/2003] [Accepted: 11/18/2003] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) is involved in the development, maintenance, and survival of the nervous system. To study the physiological role of endogenous FGF-2 during peripheral nerve regeneration, we analyzed sciatic nerves of FGF-2-deleted mice by using morphometric, morphological, and immunocytochemical methods. Quantification of number and size of myelinated axons in intact sciatic nerves revealed no difference between wild-type and FGF-2 knock-out (ko) animals. One week after nerve crush, FGF-2 ko mice showed about five times more regenerated myelinated axons with increased myelin and axon diameter in comparison to wild-types close to the injury site. In addition, quantitative distribution of macrophages and collapsed myelin profiles suggested faster Wallerian degeneration in FGF-2-deleted mice close to the lesion site. Our results suggest that endogenous FGF-2 is crucially involved in the early phase of peripheral nerve regeneration possibly by regulation of Schwann cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Jungnickel
- Department of Neuroanatomy OE 4140, Center of Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, D-30623 Hannover, Germany.
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48
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Abstract
The expression of Nogo-A mRNA and protein in the nervous system of adult rats and cultured neurons was studied by in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry. Nogo-A mRNA was expressed by many cells in unoperated animals, including spinal motor, DRG, and sympathetic neurons, retinal ganglion cells, and neocortical, hippocampal, and Purkinje neurons. Nogo-A protein was strongly expressed by presumptive oligodendrocytes, but not by NG2+glia and was abundant in motor, DRG, and sympathetic neurons, retinal ganglion cells, and many Purkinje cells, but was difficult to detect in dentate gyrus neurons and some neocortical neurons. Cultured fetal mouse neocortical neurons and adult rat DRG neurons strongly expressed Nogo-A in their perikarya, growth cones, and axonal varicosities. All axons in the intact sciatic nerve contained Nogo-A and many but not all regenerating axons were strongly Nogo-A immunopositive after sciatic nerve transection. Ectopic muscle fibres that developed among the regenerating axons were also Nogo-A immunopositive. Following injury to the spinal cord, Nogo-A mRNA was upregulated around the lesion and Nogo-A protein was strongly expressed in injured dorsal column fibres and their sprouts which entered the lesion site. Following optic nerve crush, Nogo-A accumulated in the proximal and distal stumps bordering the lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hunt
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Pathology, Windeyer Institute, University College London, Cleveland Street, London W1T 4JF, UK.
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49
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Yang L, Zhang FX, Huang F, Lu YJ, Li GD, Bao L, Xiao HS, Zhang X. Peripheral nerve injury induces trans-synaptic modification of channels, receptors and signal pathways in rat dorsal spinal cord. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 19:871-83. [PMID: 15009134 DOI: 10.1111/j.0953-816x.2004.03121.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral tissue injury-induced central sensitization may result from the altered biochemical properties of spinal dorsal horn. However, peripheral nerve injury-induced modification of genes in the dorsal horn remains largely unknown. Here we identified strong changes of 14 channels, 25 receptors and 42 signal transduction related molecules in Sprague-Dawley rat dorsal spinal cord 14 days after peripheral axotomy by cDNA microarray. Twenty-nine genes were further confirmed by semiquantitative RT-PCR, Northern blotting, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. These regulated genes included Ca2+ channel alpha1E and alpha2/delta1 subunits, alpha subunits for Na+ channel 1 and 6, Na+ channel beta subunit, AMAP receptor GluR3 and 4, GABAA receptor alpha5 subunit, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha5 and beta2 subunits, PKC alpha, betaI and delta isozymes, JNK1-3, ERK2-3, p38 MAPK and BatK and Lyn tyrosine-protein kinases, indicating that several signal transduction pathways were activated in dorsal spinal cord by peripheral nerve injury. These results demonstrate that peripheral nerve injury causes phenotypic changes in spinal dorsal horn. Increases in Ca2+ channel alpha2/delta1 subunit, GABAA receptor alpha5 subunit, Na+ channels and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in both dorsal spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia indicate their potential roles in neuropathic pain control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yang
- Laboratory of Sensory System, Institute of Neurosciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
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Hanz S, Perlson E, Willis D, Zheng JQ, Massarwa R, Huerta JJ, Koltzenburg M, Kohler M, van-Minnen J, Twiss JL, Fainzilber M. Axoplasmic importins enable retrograde injury signaling in lesioned nerve. Neuron 2004; 40:1095-104. [PMID: 14687545 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00770-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Axoplasmic proteins containing nuclear localization signals (NLS) signal retrogradely by an unknown mechanism in injured nerve. Here we demonstrate that the importin/karyopherin alpha and beta families underlie this process. We show that importins are found in axons at significant distances from the cell body and that importin beta protein is increased after nerve lesion by local translation of axonal mRNA. This leads to formation of a high-affinity NLS binding complex that traffics retrogradely with the motor protein dynein. Trituration of synthetic NLS peptide at the injury site of axotomized dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons delays their regenerative outgrowth, and NLS introduction to sciatic nerve concomitantly with a crush injury suppresses the conditioning lesion induced transition from arborizing to elongating growth in L4/L5 DRG neurons. These data suggest a model whereby lesion-induced upregulation of axonal importin beta may enable retrograde transport of signals that modulate the regeneration of injured neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomit Hanz
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
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