Sclerosis of lytic metastatic bone lesions during treatment with pamidronate in a patient with adenocarcinoma of unknown primary site

Pamidronate disodium is a second-generation biphosphonate, a group of compounds that are being used increasingly to inhibit bone resorption in disorders that are characterized by excessive bone loss such, as hypercalcemia of malignancy, osteoporosis, and Paget's disease. The precise mechanisms whereby bisphosphonates inhibit bone resorption are still not completely understood. Pamidronate has previously been reported to induce sclerosis of lytic bone metastases in patients with breast cancer. We have had a similar experience in a patient with multiple bone metastases due to adenocarcinoma of unknown primary site who developed massive consolidation of lytic bone lesions after therapeutic infusions of pamidronate, leading to a satisfactory quality of life.

Effect of growth conditions on antimicrobial activity of DU-6859a and its bactericidal activity determined by the killing curve method

The effect of growth conditions on the antibacterial activity of DU-6859a against Staphylococcus auerus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was compared with those of levofloxacin, sparfloxacin, and ciprofloxacin. This activity was not affected by different media, inoculum size or the addition of human serum, but was decreased under acidic conditions, in human urine, and in the presence of magnesium and ferrous ion, as were the other quinolones tested. Time-kill curve studies demonstrated the bactericidal action of DU-6859a against S. aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa. Morphological alteration of these bacteria after exposure to DU-6859a also demonstrated its bactericidal activity. The frequency of spontaneous resistance to DU-6859a was less than or equal to those of the reference drugs.

Induction of brain prolactin receptor long-form mRNA expression and maternal behavior in pup-contacted male rats: promotion by prolactin administration and suppression by female contact

Prolactin (PRL) is considered to induce maternal behavior toward foster young in female rats. In the present study, we studied the relationship between pup contact-induced maternal behavior and serum PRL concentrations and brain PRL receptor (PRL-R) mRNA expression in male rats. Both intact and castrated male rats exposed to foster pups gradually developed caretaking behavior such as crouching and licking, but their exhibitions of other maternal behavior components, retrieval/grouping and nest building, were incomplete. However, in the male rats displaying crouching and licking, the concomitant increases in serum PRL concentration and brain mRNA expression for long-form PRL-R were observed. The expression of short-form PRL-R mRNA in the brain was not stimulated by pup contact. Administration of PRL remarkably promoted the onset of those maternal responses in male rats. On the other hand, when an intact male rat was housed in a cage where a lactating female rat and her pups were living, his scores in maternal behavior tests toward pups were lowered. And, concomitantly, increases in serum PRL concentration and brain expression of long-form PRL-R mRNA were reduced. In castrated male rats, however, the ratings of maternal behavior toward foster young, serum PRL concentration increase, or brain long-form PRL-R mRNA expression were not reduced at all by cohabitation with a female and her pups. These findings indicated that maternal behavior was triggered and maintained in pup-contacted male rats through elevated serum PRL levels and induced brain long-form PRL-R.

Accumulation of somatic nucleotide substitutions in mitochondrial DNA associated with the 3243 A-to-G tRNA(leu)(UUR) mutation in encephalomyopathy and cardiomyopathy

To understand the pathogenesis of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy and cardiomyopathy, we analyzed the sequence heterogeneity of the skeletal muscle mitochondrial DNA from a patient with Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-like episodes (MELAS). A mtDNA segment of 347 bp amplified from the total DNA was cloned into a vector. Analysis of 60 independent clones (20,800 bp in total) revealed the 3243 A-->G transition in all the sequenced clones and additional nucleotide substitutions at 5 sites in 10 clones. The frequency of mutant clones (10/60) in the MELAS patient was significantly higher [chi2 = 10.909, P < 0.05] than that in an age-matched skeletal muscle control (0/60) as well as in a normal placenta (2/60). These results support our hypothesis that secondary somatic mtDNA mutations can be initiated by the 3243 A-->G mutation and that the accumulation of somatic mutation in individuals with deleterious inherited mitochondrial genotype can contribute to the progressive mitochondrial dysfunction in MELAS.

Phosphorylation-independent stimulation of DNA topoisomerase II alpha activity

It has been suggested that casein kinase II phosphorylates DNA topoisomerase II alpha (topo II alpha) in mouse FM3A cells, by comparison of phosphopeptide maps of topo II alpha labeled in intact cells and of topo II alpha phosphorylated by various kinases in vitro. The phosphorylation of purified topo II alpha by casein kinase II, which attached a maximum of two phosphate groups per topo II alpha molecule, had no effect on the activity of topo II alpha. Dephosphorylation of purified topo II alpha by potato acid phosphatase, which almost completely dephosphorylated the topo II alpha, did not reduce the activity of topo II alpha. The incubation itself, regardless of phosphorylation or dephosphorylation status, stimulated the enzyme activity in both reactions. Topo II alpha activity was stimulated by incubation in a medium containing low concentrations of glycerol but not in that containing high concentrations of glycerol, such as the 50% in which purified topo II alpha is stored. The stimulation of topo II alpha activity by incubation was dependent on the concentration of topo II alpha, requiring a relatively high concentration of topo II alpha.

Mercury content in the gallstones and bile of Thai people (Chiang Mai and Bangkok) and Japanese

Mercury contents in the gallstones and bile of patients living in Thailand (Chiang Mai and Bangkok) and Japan were studied by neutron activation analysis. The correlation between contents in the gallstones and bile, and the amount of mercury in the diet and environment was investigated by comparing the contents in patients living in three different areas. The content in the bile of the Japanese patients was significantly greater than that of the Thai patients. The distribution of mercury contents in the pigment and rare stones of patients living in Bangkok indicated a bipolarity. However, the distribution of the contents in cholesterol, pigment, and rare stones of Japanese patients did not indicate a bipolarity. Bipolarity would indicate the amount of mercury in dietary foods, and the pollution level of mercury. The mercury contents in the gallstones and bile would reflect the amount of mercury in the diet and environment.

Epidural test dose: isoproterenol is a reliable marker for intravascular injection in anesthetized adults

Epidural test doses containing more than 15 micrograms epinephrine are reliable for the detection of intravascular injection based on the conventional systolic blood pressure (SBP) criterion (positive if > or = 15 mm Hg increase) but not on the heart rate (HR) criterion (positive if > or = 20 bpm increase) in adult patients anesthetized with isoflurane. The present study was designed to test whether isoproterenol could be used as a reliable marker. Thirty adult patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups, each of which was anesthetized with 1% end-tidal isoflurane and nitrous oxide after endotracheal intubation. Isoproterenol group (n = 15) was given 3 mL of 1.5% lidocaine with 3 micrograms isoproterenol intravenously (i.v.) to simulate an i.v. administered test dose. The saline group (n = 15) was identical to the isoproterenol group but received 3 mL of normal saline. HR and arterial blood pressure were measured at 20-s intervals for 4 min after i.v. injection. Mean HR in the isoproterenol group was significantly higher than in the saline group from 40 to 240 s after i.v. test dose with a mean maximum HR increase of 32 +/- 7 bpm (mean +/- SD) occurring at 68 +/- 19 s. All 15 patients in the isoproterenol group developed HR increases > or = 20 bpm (sensitivity 100%). Since HR was essentially unchanged in the saline group, specificity and positive and negative predictive values were all 100%. On the other hand, 12 of 15 patients in the isoproterenol group and none in the saline group exhibited SBP increases > or = 15 mm Hg, resulting in 80% sensitivity and 83% negative predictive value. In the isoproterenol group, however, transient systolic hypotension ( < 80% of the preinjection value) occurred in five patients without untoward clinical sequelae. These results indicate that, based on the peak HR response, the epidural test dose containing 3 micrograms isoproterenol is a reliable marker for intravascular injection in adult patients during isoflurane anesthesia.

Induction and involvement of endogenous IGF-I in pancreas regeneration after partial pancreatectomy in the dog

To elucidate whether and how IGF-I is involved in the regeneration of the pancreas after partial pancreatectomy, IGF-I mRNA expression, IGF-I protein synthesis, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and DNA replication in the remnant pancreas were determined in the dog. After pancreatectomy, IGF-I mRNA expression was remarkably enhanced in the remnant pancreas, showing the maximal value at post-operative day (POD) 1. Subsequently, IGF-I synthesis in the tissue was significantly stimulated at POD 2, and its maximal concentration was observed at POD 3. Following IGF-I synthesis, ODC activity was induced and its maximal activity was also obtained at POD 3. Finally, DNA replication was induced in the remnant pancreas, and its maximal level was observed at POD 5. These responses in the remnant pancreatic tissue to partial pancreatectomy were greatly enhanced as the resection rate was increased up to 95%. Positive correlations were observed between IGF-I concentrations in the remnant pancreas and the activities of ODC and DNA synthesis in the tissue after 95% pancreatectomy. These results suggest that the gene expression of IGF-I is rapidly induced in the remnant pancreas after partial pancreatectomy, and subsequently synthesized endogenous IGF-I peptides may stimulate ODC and other cell growth-related activities in the tissue in paracrine and/or autocrine manners eventually to induce DNA replication and tissue regeneration.

Effect of MCI-186 on postischemic reperfusion injury in isolated rat heart

MCI-186 (3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one) is a newly developed antioxidant which has been shown to reduce brain edema in cerebral ischemia through inhibition of the lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid. However, its effect on myocardial reperfusion injury after prolonged ischemia has not yet been demonstrated. We compared the mode of the effect of MIC-186 and recombinant human CuZn superoxide dismutase (rh-SOD) in isolated perfused rat hearts subjected to 60-min ischemia followed by 60-min reperfusion. Left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), necrotic area and the release of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and endogenous CuZn superoxide dismutase (endoge-SOD) were measured to evaluate myocardial damage. The decrease in left coronary flow (CBF) was measured as an index of the damage of left coronary circulation. MCI-186 (14.5 mg/L) was perfused for 10 min in the MCI group and rh-SOD (70 mg/L) was perfused during the reperfusion period in the SOD group starting 5 min prior to reperfusion. The release patterns of CPK and endoge-SOD were analyzed to elucidate the difference in the mode of protection of MCI-186 and rh-SOD. The LVDP remained higher in both MCI and SOD groups than that of control (76 +/- 1, 77 +/- 2 and 69 +/- 1% of preischemic value, respectively). The necrotic area was significantly attenuated in both MCI and SOD groups compared with that in the control group (16 +/- 1, 14 +/- 1 and 32 +/- 1%, respectively, p < 0.05). Total CPK release was lower in both MCI and SOD groups than in the control (78 +/- 7, 100 +/- 2 and 116 +/- 4 x 10(3) units/g myocardium respectively). The decrease in CPK release was more marked in the MCI group than that in the SOD group (p < 0.05). The reduction in CBF was significantly attenuated by the treatment with rh-SOD or MCI-186, but the effect was much higher in the SOD group than in the MCI group (69 +/- 5, 58 +/- 2, and 48 +/- 2% in SOD, MCI and control groups, respectively). The release pattern of endoge-SOD was identical to that of CPK and thus this did not distinguish the mode of effect of MCI-186 from that of rh-SOD. These results indicate that MCI-186 reduces reperfusion injury in isolated perfused hearts with prolonged ischemia and the effect is more closely related to the reduction of myocyte damage than the preservation of the coronary circulation.

Pup contact induces the expression of long form prolactin receptor mRNA in the brain of female rats: effects of ovariectomy and hypophysectomy on receptor gene expression

Prolactin receptor (PRL-R) mRNA expression levels in the female rat brain (cerebrum) during pup contact stimulation were determined by the reverse transcription-PCR method. The high expression levels of long form PRL-R mRNA found in the brain of lactating rats were markedly reduced by removal of pups, and long form PRL-R mRNA levels were recovered by resumption of pup contact. Interestingly, pup contact stimuli of nulliparous virgin rats also markedly induced long form but not short form PRL-R mRNA expression in the brain in 1.3 days, together with the expression of maternal behaviour. In ovariectomized (OVX) or hypophysectomized (HYPOX) virgin rats, or in OVX plus HYPOX virgin rats, however, brain long form PRL-R mRNA was not significantly induced by pup contact stimuli for as long as 7 days, while maternal behaviour was fully expressed in these rats after 7 days of pup contact. The in situ hybridization experiments revealed that the long form PRL-R mRNA induced in virgin rats in contact with pups or in lactating rats was localized in the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus. No significant increase in mRNA was detected in other regions of the brain, such as the hypothalamus or cortex, in these maternal female rats. These results suggest that pup contact induces the expression of long form PRL-R mRNA in the choroid plexus of the brain in the presence of female sex steroid and pituitary hormones for the rapid expression of maternal behaviour. Our studies also suggested that maternal behaviour can be expressed in OVX or HYPOX rats after exposure to pups for 7 days without any significant increase in brain PRL-R mRNA expression.

Effects of methyl 9(or 10)-hydroxy-10(or 9)-mercaptostearate and hexadecanethioic S-acid on cupric ion- or 2,2-azo-bis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced oxidation of low density lipoprotein

The preventive effects of two antioxidants, methyl 9(or 10)-hydroxy-10 (or 9)-mercaptostearate (SH-S) and hexadecanethioic S-acid (thiopalmitic acid, SH-Pal) against the oxidative modification of low density lipoproteins (LDL) induced by cupric ion or a water soluble initiator of peroxyl radicals, 2,2-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH), were studied by measuring thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS). SH-S acted as an effective antioxidant in the oxidative modification of LDL induced by either cupric ion or AAPH. Interestingly, SH-S completely inhibited the formation of fluorescence products and decreased both the fluorescence and alpha-tocopherol content in LDL induced by cupric ion, and reduced 1,1-diphenyl 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) used as a stable free radical model. The antioxidative effect was effectively prevented by the addition of increasing amounts of N-ethylmalemide (NEM) to the system. SH-Pal also inhibited the cupric ion-induced LDL oxidation, but showed little inhibitory effect on the AAPH-induced LDL oxidation. Moreover, SH-Pal was reduced to palmitic acid during the AAPH-induced LDL oxidation. These findings indicate that SH-S protects against oxidative damage of LDL in vitro, and that it acts as a free radical in peroxidation. In addition, this study shows that SH-Pal doesn't act as an efficient antioxidant in AAPH-induced lipid peroxidation.

Direct determination of pantoprazole enantiomers in human serum by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using a cellulose-based chiral stationary phase and column-switching system as a sample cleanup procedure

A direct stereoselective reversed-phase HPLC method is described for the determination of the enantiomers of a proton pump inhibitor, pantoprazole (PAN), in human serum. The enantiomers were separated with high resolution on a cellulose-based chiral stationary phase (Chiralcel OJ-R) following on-line solid phase sample cleanup with a column-switching device. A mixture of acetonitrile and 50 mM sodium perchlorate was used as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.5 mliter/min. Pantoprazole enantiomers were detected by monitoring the column effluent with UV light at a wavelength of 290 nm. The calibration curve for each enantiomer was linear from 0.1 to 5.0 micrograms/mliter. Under these conditions, the determination of pantoprazole enantiomers in human serum can be achieved with satisfactory selectivity, sensitivity, precision, and accuracy. The described procedure is very simple and rapid since labor-intensive sample preparation is not required. The method was applied to the analyses of the serum samples obtained from a volunteer who received an 80-mg oral dose of racemic PAN. The samples showed the (+)/(-) isomer ratios ranging from 0.74 to 1.03 up to 6 h after dosing, indicating that there is only a small difference in the concentrations of (+)- and (-)-PAN.

Large right ventricular myxoma in a 79-year-old male

A 79-year-old male, admitted because of severe dyspnea on exertion, showed echocardiographic findings of a large tumor in the dilated right ventricle. The right ventricular outflow tract was nearly occluded by the tumor mass, and the mass was attached to the interventricular septum by a pedicle. The tumor removal operation was successful. The size of the tumor was 40 mm x 90 mm, and the weight 70 g. Microscopic findings showed typical myxomatous tissue with high cellularity, and no malignancy was observed. This is the oldest reported patient with right ventricular myxoma which was cured by operation.

Citral, an inhibitor of retinoic acid synthesis, modifies chick limb development

Exogenously applied retinoic acid (RA) is known to affect cartilage pattern in developing and regenerating limbs. There are, however, few reports which analyze the participation of endogenous RA in limb pattern formation. Using an organ culture system, we attempted to reduce the concentration of endogenous RA in the developing chick wing buds by the treatment with citral (3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal), an inhibitor of retinoic acid formation. After this treatment, the cultured wing buds were grafted to the stumps of host embryos. These citral-treated limb buds frequently formed truncated cartilage elements and the defects were rescued by simultaneous treatment with an appropriate concentration of RA. These results suggest that endogenous RA plays a role in chick limb bud development.

Increase of mtDNA-binding proteins and mitochondrial mRNAs in regenerating liver

In order to elucidate the mechanism of energy supply for liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy, we investigated mtDNA replication and transcription in regenerating rat liver. Changes of mtDNA-binding proteins, mtDNA, and mitochondrial mRNAs were monitored at 0, 12, 24, 48, 96, and 168 hr after the operation by gel mobility shift assay and Southern and Northern blot analyses, respectively. We focused on mtDNA-binding proteins specific for four different sequence elements possibly involved in regulation of mtDNA replication and transcription. Amounts of all the proteins sharply increased to maximum (4- to 10-fold of the preoperative level) 12 hr after partial hepatectomy and then decreased for 24 hr. After 24 hr, the amount of the respective binding protein changed diversely. Mitochondrial mRNA levels per gram tissue weight were unchanged during the first 12 hr after partial hepatectomy, but dramatically increased to maximum (4-fold) at 24 hr. In contrast, mtDNA content, expressed as a ratio of the nuclear cytochrome c1 gene, was unchanged during the first 48 hr and then started to increase, reaching maximum (1.5-fold) at 4 days. These results suggest that the energy supply in the early stage of the liver regeneration following hepatectomy is achieved mainly through enhancement of mtDNA transcription in which the mtDNA-binding proteins probably play regulatory roles.

Thiopalmitic acid-mediated Fe(III)-nitrilotriacetate reduction and lipid peroxidation

The mechanism of the antioxidant action of thiopalmitic acid (SH-Pal) was examined in an in vitro system measuring ferric (Fe(III)-nitrilotriacetate (NTA)- and Fe(III)-NTA/ascorbic acid (AsA)-induced lipid peroxidation of rat liver phospholipid liposomes and microsomes. The extent of lipid peroxidation was determined by measuring thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). SH-Pal and glutathione (GSH) scarcely stimulated the Fe(III)-NTA-induced lipid peroxidation in contrast with the mode of action, being similar to those produced by reducing-agent antioxidants such as cysteine and AsA. SH-Pal reduced iron similar to the action produced by AsA and cysteine, but not that of GSH under the same conditions. Also, the reduction of iron by SH-Pal did not exhibit a pH dependency. Similarly, microsomal lipid peroxidation and oxygen consumption induced by Fe(III)-NTA/AsA were inhibited by the addition of SH-Pal in a time and dose dependent fashion, but GSH and cysteine exhibited a lower protective action. Time course studies on TBARS formation and oxygen consumption indicated the ability of SH-Pal to inhibit initiation and propagation reactions. Moreover, the microsomal lipid peroxidation induced by Cumene hydroperoxide (CumOOH) was progressively suppressed by the addition of increasing amounts of SH-Pal. These findings suggest that the antioxidant action of SH-Pal is partly due to complete reduction of iron at a faster rate and inhibition of oxygen consumption during the progress of the peroxidation. Further, SH-Pal has a protective action against free radical damage by hydroperoxy radical.

Modulation of promoter occupancy by cooperative DNA binding and activation-domain function is a major determinant of transcriptional regulation by activators in vivo

Binding of transcriptional activators to a promoter is a prerequisite process in transcriptional activation. It is well established that the efficiency of activator binding to a promoter is determined by the affinity of direct interactions between the DNA-binding domain of an activator and its specific target sequences. However, I describe here that activator binding to a promoter is augmented in vivo by the effects of two other determinants that have not been generally appreciated: (i) the number of activator binding sites present in a promoter and (ii) the potency of activation domains of activators. Multiple sites within a promoter can cooperatively recruit cognate factors regardless of whether they contain an effective activation domain. This cooperativity can result in the synergistic activation of transcription. The second effect is the enhancement of activator binding to a promoter by the presence of activation domains. In this case, activation domains are not simply tethered to the promoter by the DNA-binding domain but instead assist the DNA-binding domain being tethered onto the promoter. This effect of activation domains on DNA binding is instrumental in determining how potent activators can induce steep transcriptional increases at low concentrations.

Localization of Menkes gene expression in the mouse brain; its association with neurological manifestations in Menkes model mice

Menkes gene (Mc1 or MNK, encoding putative copper-transporting ATPase) expression was investigated and compared in normal and macular mutant mouse brain. Northern blot analysis showed a distinct 8.3-kb transcript and no obvious difference in size or extent in normal mice and macular mutants on postnatal days 0, 4, 7, 10 or 13. In situ hybridization revealed that certain specific populations of cells in the brain express Menkes mRNA, and that their localization in normal and mutant mice did not differ and was conserved on days 4, 10 and 13. The most intense hybridization signals were observed in the hippocampal CA1 region and dentate gyrus, the olfactory bulb nuclei, the cerebellar granular cell layer, the choroid plexus and the ependyma, with less intense signals in the hippocampal CA3 region and cerebellar Purkinje cells. In addition, necrotic neuronal cell death was predominantly observed in the CA3 region and the Purkinje cells of macular mice after postnatal day 10. The finding that the regions that had lower expression level of Menkes mRNA corresponded to those showing neuronal necrosis suggests that the Menkes gene may be responsible for the neuronal degeneration in some specific portions of the brain and clinical manifestations in this mutant.

Lipophilic, acid-stable, adenosine deaminase-activated anti-HIV prodrugs for central nervous system delivery. 3. 6-Amino prodrugs of 2'-beta-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyinosine

A series of 6-substituted amino analogs of 9-(2,3-dideoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-threo-pentofuranosyl) purines (F-ddN) has been synthesized and characterized with the objective of finding compounds which might be superior to existing drugs for the treatment of HIV in the central nervous system. These compounds are intended to be more lipophilic than the currently approved anti-HIV drugs for better blood-brain barrier penetration. Subsequent adenosine deaminase (ADA)-catalyzed hydrolysis of these prodrugs in the brain is expected to produce the anti-HIV agent, 9-(2,3-dideoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-threo-pentofuranosyl)hypoxanthine (F-ddI). The new compounds, synthesized from the corresponding 6-chloro analog, include F-ddN which contain methylamino, ethylamino, dimethylamino, hydroxylamino, methoxyamino, benzyloxyamino, hydrazino, and nitro substituents in the 6-position. The 6-nitro analog was isolated as an unexpected product during the preparation of the 6-chloro derivative. Among the analogs with anti-HIV activity, the ethylamino and dimethylamino compounds are ca. 100 times more lipophilic than ddI or F-ddI. As expected, 2'-fluoro substitution protects the compounds from acid-catalyzed glycosylic cleavage. Only the hydroxylamino and nitro analogs underwent any nonenzymatic hydrolysis at pH 1.0 or 7.4. This reaction, however, results in hydrolysis of the group in the 6-position rather than glycosylic bond cleavage. ADA catalyzes the hydrolysis of the 6-substituents at rates which vary from slightly slower (NO2, 1.7x) to much slower (NHEt, 5000x) than F-ddA. The 6-dimethylamino analog is the only compound which possesses anti-HIV activity (ED50 18 microM) without ADA hydrolysis. With the exception of the two inactive alkoxyamino compounds, the other prodrugs exhibited cellular protection in the HIV-1/PHA-PBM system with IC50 potencies of 7-40 microM.

Haploinsufficiency of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) results in abnormal postnatal bone development

Although apparently phenotypically normal at birth, mice heterozygous for inactivation of the gene encoding parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) develop haplotype insufficiency by 3 months of age. In addition to histologic and morphologic abnormalities similar to those seen in homozygous mutants, heterozygous animals demonstrated alterations in trabecular bone and bone marrow. These included metaphyseal bone spicules which were diminished in volume, irregularly distributed, and less well developed than those seen in age-matched controls as well as bone marrow, which contained an inordinate number of adipocytes. A substantial reduction in PTHrP mRNA was detected in heterozygous tissue, while circulating parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcium concentrations were normal. Thus, while a physiologic concentration of PTH was capable of maintaining calcium homeostasis, it was incapable of compensating for PTHrP haploinsufficiency in developing bone. In normal animals, both PTHrP and the PTH/PTHrP receptor were expressed predominantly in chondrocytes situated throughout the proliferative zone of the tibial growth plate. In the metaphysis, the PTH/PTHrP receptor was identified on osteoblasts and preosteoblastic cells situated in the bone marrow, while PTHrP was expressed only by osteoblasts. These observations indicate that postnatal bone development involves susceptible pathways that display exquisite sensitivity to critical levels of PTHrP and imply that the skeletal effects of PTH are influenced by locally produced PTHrP. Moreover, identification of both the ligand and its N-terminal receptor in metaphyseal osteoblasts and their progenitors suggests an autocrine/paracrine role for the protein in osteoblast differentiation and/or function. Impairment in this function as a consequence of PTHrP haploinsufficiency may critically influence the course of bone formation, resulting in altered trabecular architecture and perhaps low bone mass and increased bone fragility.

Immunohistochemical detection of 4-hydroxynonenal protein adducts in Parkinson disease

There is growing evidence that oxidative stress and mitochondrial respiratory failure with attendant decrease in energy output are implicated in nigral neuronal death in Parkinson disease (PD). It is not known, however, which cellular elements (neurons or glial cells) are major targets of oxygen-mediated damage. 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) was shown earlier to react with proteins to form stable adducts that can be used as markers of oxidative stress-induced cellular damage. We report here results of immunochemical studies using polyclonal antibodies directed against HNE-protein conjugates to label the site of oxidative damage in control subjects (ages 18-99 years) and seven patients that died of PD (ages 57-78 years). All the nigral melanized neurons in one of the midbrain sections were counted and classified into three groups according to the intensity of immunostaining for HNE-modified proteins--i.e., no staining, weak staining, and intensely positive staining. On average, 58% of nigral neurons were positively stained for HNE-modified proteins in PD; in contrast only 9% of nigral neurons were positive in the control subjects; the difference was statistically significant (Mann-Whitney U test; P < 0.01). In contrast to the substantia nigra, the oculomotor neurons in the same midbrain sections showed no or only weak staining for HNE-modified proteins in both PD and control subjects; young control subjects did not show any immunostaining; however, aged control subjects showed weak staining in the oculomotor nucleus, suggesting age-related accumulation of HNE-modified proteins in the neuron. Our results indicate the presence of oxidative stress within nigral neurons in PD, and this oxidative stress may contribute to nigral cell death.

[Serum CA 19-9 levels in rheumatic diseases with interstitial pneumonia]

Serum CA 19-9 (2-3 sialyl Le(a)) is a marker of malignant disorder such as pancreas or gall bladder cancers. It has been reported that sera from patients with interstitial pneumonia show elevated level of CA 19-9. To investigate the relationship between the elevation of serum CA 19-9 (sCA 19-9) and the presence of pulmonary fibrosis, we examined the level of sCA 19-9 in sera from patients with rheumatic diseases with or without interstitial pneumonia (IP). The sCA 19-9 level was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Fourteen sera of 129 (10.9%) patients with rheumatic diseases without malignant disorders were positive for sCA 19-9 when normal range was determined as less than 100 U/ml (mean +/- 5 SD), and 26.7% of sera from poly/dermatomyositis (PM/DM) and 11.8% of systemic sclerosis (PSS) were positive for CA 19-9. Whereas only 8.0% of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was positive. Twelve (28.6%) of 42 rheumatic patients with IP showed positive levels for sCA 19-9 (mean 142.5 +/- 363.0 U/ml), whereas only two (2.3%) of 87 without IP were positive (mean 33.9 +/- 65.8 U/ml; p < 0.05). The correlation between the level of sCA 19-9 and pulmonary diffusing capacity (%DLCO) revealed an inverse correlation in 32 rheumatic patients with IP (r = -0.43, p < 0.05). Furthermore, the elevated sCA 19-9 levels decreased after treatment with corticosteroid and/or cyclophosphamide or cyclosporin A. Therefore, elevation of the level of sCA 19-9 seems to be involved in the pathogenesis of IP and sCA 19-9 will be a useful parameter for IP. It has been reported that the CA 19-9 is produced from the bronchial glands and suggested that during chronic fibrotic process of the lung, the metaplastic change of the bronchial glandular cells occur and the cells produce CA 19-9.