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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To perform a systematic review of reported HRs of all cause dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) for late-life depression and depressive symptomatology on specific screening instruments at specific thresholds. DESIGN Meta-analysis with meta-regression. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS PubMed, PsycInfo, and Cochrane databases were searched through 28 February 2014. Articles reporting HRs for incident all-cause dementia, AD and VaD based on published clinical criteria using validated measures of clinical depression or symptomatology from prospective studies of general population of adults were selected by consensus among multiple reviewers. Studies that did not use clinical dementia diagnoses or validated instruments for the assessment of depression were excluded. Data were extracted by two reviewers and reviewed by two other independent reviewers. The most specific analyses possible using continuous symptomatology ratings and categorical measures of clinical depression focusing on single instruments with defined reported cut-offs were conducted. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES HRs for all-cause dementia, AD, and VaD were computed where possible for continuous depression scores, or for major depression assessed with single or comparable validated instruments. RESULTS Searches yielded 121,301 articles, of which 36 (0.03%) were eligible. Included studies provided a combined sample size of 66,532 individuals including 6593 cases of dementia, 2797 cases of AD and 585 cases of VaD. The increased risk associated with depression did not significantly differ by type of dementia and ranged from 83% to 104% for diagnostic thresholds consistent with major depression. Risk associated with continuous depression symptomatology measures were consistent with those for clinical thresholds. CONCLUSIONS Late-life depression is consistently and similarly associated with a twofold increased risk of dementia. The precise risk estimates produced in this study for specific instruments at specified thresholds will assist evidence-based medicine and inform policy on this important population health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Cherbuin
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Sarang Kim
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Kaarin J Anstey
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Hopyan T, Geoffroy P, Hirata Y, Sokolowska M, Setnik B. Redefining the Recreational Drug User Population in Human Abuse Potential Studies. J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 56:657-9. [PMID: 26380952 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Palmer RHC, McGeary JE, Heath AC, Keller MC, Brick LA, Knopik VS. Shared additive genetic influences on DSM-IV criteria for alcohol dependence in subjects of European ancestry. Addiction 2015; 110. [PMID: 26211938 PMCID: PMC4644467 DOI: 10.1111/add.13070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Genetic studies of alcohol dependence (AD) have identified several candidate loci and genes, but most observed effects are small and difficult to reproduce. A plausible explanation for inconsistent findings may be a violation of the assumption that genetic factors contributing to each of the seven DSM-IV criteria point to a single underlying dimension of risk. Given that recent twin studies suggest that the genetic architecture of AD is complex and probably involves multiple discrete genetic factors, the current study employed common single nucleotide polymorphisms in two multivariate genetic models to examine the assumption that the genetic risk underlying DSM-IV AD is unitary. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, MEASUREMENTS AD symptoms and genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data from 2596 individuals of European descent from the Study of Addiction: Genetics and Environment were analyzed using genomic-relatedness-matrix restricted maximum likelihood. DSM-IV AD symptom covariance was described using two multivariate genetic factor models. FINDINGS Common SNPs explained 30% (standard error=0.136, P=0.012) of the variance in AD diagnosis. Additive genetic effects varied across AD symptoms. The common pathway model approach suggested that symptoms could be described by a single latent variable that had a SNP heritability of 31% (0.130, P=0.008). Similarly, the exploratory genetic factor model approach suggested that the genetic variance/covariance across symptoms could be represented by a single genetic factor that accounted for at least 60% of the genetic variance in any one symptom. CONCLUSION Additive genetic effects on DSM-IV alcohol dependence criteria overlap. The assumption of common genetic effects across alcohol dependence symptoms appears to be a valid assumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan H. C. Palmer
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence RI,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903
| | - John E. McGeary
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence RI,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903,Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, 02908
| | - Andrew C. Heath
- Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Matthew C. Keller
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Institute for Behavioral Genetics at the University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Leslie A. Brick
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence RI
| | - Valerie S. Knopik
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence RI,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903
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Abstract
With the release of the DSM-III, multiaxial assessment, which was a new concept, was introduced to daily clinical practice. This article will review the history and the development of the concept of multiaxial assessment and will focus on the its relationship to the DSM-III. In conclusion I will discuss different critiques of the concept.
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Vélez-van-Meerbeke A, Talero-Gutiérrez C, Zamora-Miramón I, Guzmán-Ramírez GM. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: From parents to children. Neurologia 2015; 32:158-165. [PMID: 26546284 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple studies of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have recognised a heritability factor in that a higher frequency of the disorder is observed in children with an affected relative. Our aim was to determine the association between ADHD symptoms in young children enrolled in five schools in Bogota and a history of ADHD symptoms in their parents using the Wender-Utah Rating Scale. METHODOLOGY Case-control study of participants selected according to DSM-IV criteria for ADHD and the Behavioral Assessment System for Children (BASC) completed by parents and teachers; the WISC-IV scale was used to exclude children with cognitive deficit. Parents completed the Wender-Utah Rating Scale to retrospectively identify any ADHD symptoms in childhood. A score of 36 was used as a cutoff point. RESULTS The study included 202 children: 117 cases and 85 controls. A positive history of ADHD symptoms in childhood was identified for 16% of 175 mothers and 20.6% of 141 fathers. The presence of symptoms in either parent, especially the mother, constitutes a significant risk factor for ADHD in children and this relationship persists after controlling for different variables. If both parents have the disorder, the risk tends to increase. CONCLUSION Although ADHD has been linked to a genetic component, other environmental factors may be involved in the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vélez-van-Meerbeke
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias NeURos, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - C Talero-Gutiérrez
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias NeURos, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - I Zamora-Miramón
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias NeURos, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - G M Guzmán-Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias NeURos, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
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Garcia Rosales A, Vitoratou S, Banaschewski T, Asherson P, Buitelaar J, Oades RD, Rothenberger A, Steinhausen HC, Faraone SV, Chen W. Are all the 18 DSM-IV and DSM-5 criteria equally useful for diagnosing ADHD and predicting comorbid conduct problems? Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2015; 24:1325-37. [PMID: 25743746 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-015-0683-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In view of ICD-11 revision, we evaluate whether the 18 DSM-IV diagnostic items retained by DSM-5 could be further improved (i) in predicting ADHD 'caseness' and 'impairment' and (ii) discriminating ADHD without CD (ADHD - CD) cases from ADHD with CD (ADHD + CD) cases. In a multi-centre study sample consisting of 1497 ADHD probands and 291 unaffected subjects, 18 diagnostic items were examined for redundancy; then each item was evaluated for association with caseness, impairment and CD status using Classical Test Theory, Item-Response Theory and logistic regression methods. First, all 18 DSM-IV items contributed significantly and independently to the clinical diagnosis of ADHD. Second, not all the DSM-IV items carried equal weighting. "Often loses things", "forgetfulness" and "difficulty sustaining attention" mark severity for Inattentiveness (IA) items and "often unduly noisy", "exhibits a persistent pattern of restlessness", "leaves seat in class" and "often blurts out answers" for Hyperactivity/Impulsivity (HI) items. "Easily distracted", "inattentive to careless mistakes", "often interrupts" and "often fidgets" are associated with milder presentations. In the IA domain, "distracted" yields most information in the low-severity range of the latent trait, "careless" in the mid-severity range and "loses" in the high-severity range. In the HI domains, "interrupts" yields most information in the low-severity range and "motor" in the high-severity range. Third, all 18 items predicted impairment. Fourth, specific ADHD items are associated with ADHD + CD status. The DSM-IV diagnostic items were valid and not redundant; however, some carried more weight than others. All items were associated with impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Garcia Rosales
- MRC Social Genetic Developmental and Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK.
- Barnet, Enfield and Haringey Mental Health Trust, London, UK.
| | - Silia Vitoratou
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philip Asherson
- MRC Social Genetic Developmental and Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jan Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert D Oades
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Aribert Rothenberger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Christoph Steinhausen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Research Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric Hospital, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Wai Chen
- MRC Social Genetic Developmental and Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Complex ADHD Service (CAHDS), Department of Health, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Paediatrics and Child Health and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6840, Australia
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Kendler KS, Aggen SH, Li Y, Lewis CM, Breen G, Boomsma DI, Bot M, Penninx BWJH, Flint J. The similarity of the structure of DSM-IV criteria for major depression in depressed women from China, the United States and Europe. Psychol Med 2015; 45:1945-1954. [PMID: 25781917 PMCID: PMC4446696 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291714003067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Do DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for major depression (MD) in Chinese and Western women perform in a similar manner? METHOD The CONVERGE study included interview-based assessments of women of Han Chinese descent with treated recurrent MD. Using Mplus software, we investigated the overall degree of between-sample measurement invariance (MI) for DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for MD in the CONVERGE sample and samples selected from four major Western studies from the USA and Europe matched to the inclusion criteria of CONVERGE. These analyses were performed one pair at a time. We then compared the results from CONVERGE paired with Western samples to those obtained when examining levels of MI between pairs of the Western samples. RESULTS Assuming a single factor model for the nine diagnostic criteria for MD, the level of MI based on global fit indexes observed between the CONVERGE and the four Western samples was very similar to that seen between the Western samples. Comparable results were obtained when using a two-factor structure for MI testing when applied to the 14 diagnostic criteria for MD disaggregated for weight, appetite, sleep, and psychomotor changes. CONCLUSIONS Despite differences in language, ethnicity and culture, DSM criteria for MD perform similarly in Chinese women with recurrent MD and comparable subjects from the USA and Europe. The DSM criteria for MD may assess depressive symptoms that are relatively insensitive to cultural and ethnic differences. These results support efforts to compare findings from depressed patients in China and Western countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. S. Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - S. H. Aggen
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Y. Li
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK
| | - C. M. Lewis
- MRC SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - G. Breen
- MRC SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at the Maudsley and Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - D. I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology and EMGO Institute of Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M. Bot
- Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute of Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B. W. J. H. Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute of Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J. Flint
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK
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Wakefield JC, Schmitz MF. The harmful dysfunction model of alcohol use disorder: revised criteria to improve the validity of diagnosis and prevalence estimates. Addiction 2015; 110:931-42. [PMID: 25622535 DOI: 10.1111/add.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To formulate harmful dysfunction (HD) diagnostic criteria for alcohol use disorder (AUD) and test whether they increase validity relative to standard DSM criteria, as evidenced by lowered prevalence, increased validator levels including service use, severity and family history and enhanced specificity. DESIGN DSM-IV AUD, DSM-IV dependence, DSM-5 AUD and HD AUD definitions were compared on eight validity related tests using nationally representative community data. SETTING United States. PARTICIPANTS National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcoholism and Related Conditions (NESARC) respondents, aged 18-54 years (wave 1, n = 29 673; wave 2, n = 24 244). MEASURES NESARC DSM-IV and DSM-5 criteria were taken from published studies. Whereas DSM-5 diagnosis requires any two AUD symptoms, HD criteria were constructed from NESARC items to require symptoms of both impaired-control dysfunction [withdrawal, drink to prevent/stop withdrawal, cannot stop/reduce drinking, or craving (wave 2 only)] and harm (sacrificed important activities, problems caring for home/family, job/school problems, health problems, psychological problems or problems with family/friends). Validators included service use, severity and family history, among others. Specificity was tested using a teen transient drinker criterion group. FINDINGS Compared with DSM-5 AUD (DSM-IV results were similar), HD criteria yielded lower prevalence (95% confidence intervals): HD life-time 6.7% (6.2, 7.2%), 1-year 2.3% (2.0, 2.5%); and DSM-5 life-time 38.2% (36.5, 39.9%), 1-year 12.4% (11.7, 13.1%). HD AUD was higher than DSM-5 on pathology validators, including: life-time alcohol-related service use: HD 41.0% (38.1, 43.9%), DSM-5 11.5% (10.7, 12.3%); severity (number of life-time alcohol symptoms): HD 20.8 (20.4, 21.2), DSM-5 10.6 (10.4, 10.8); and family history of alcohol problems: HD 50.1% (47.3, 52.9), DSM-5 32.8% (31.6, 34.0). HD criteria eliminated 83% of a DSM-5 teen transient drinker false-positives criterion group. CONCLUSIONS Prevalence estimates of alcohol use disorder are lowered and diagnostic validity improved when using 'harmful dysfunction' diagnostic criteria compared with standard DSM criteria, partly by reducing misdiagnosis of teenage transient drinkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome C Wakefield
- School of Social Work and Department of Psychiatry, New York University, New York, NY,, USA
| | - Mark F Schmitz
- School of Social Work, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA,, USA
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Cornelius LR, van der Klink JJL, de Boer MR, Brouwer S, Groothoff JW. High prevalence of early onset mental disorders among long-term disability claimants. Disabil Rehabil 2015; 38:520-7. [PMID: 25974228 DOI: 10.3109/09638288.2015.1046566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide information on prevalence, comorbidity, age-of-onset and severity of mental disorders among persons claiming disability after long-term sickness absence. METHOD Cross-sectional analysis of a cohort of Dutch disability claimants (n = 346). Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) 3.0 was used to generate DSM-IV classifications of mental disorder, age-of-onset and severity; registry data were used on demographics and ICD-10 classifications of somatic disorder. RESULTS The mean age of respondents was 49.8 (range 22-64). The most prevalent broad categories of mental disorders were mood and anxiety disorder with a 12-month prevalence of 28.6% and 32.9%, respectively. Mood and most anxiety disorders had ages of onset in adolescence and early adulthood. The phobias start at school age. Of all respondents, 33.7% had ≥1 12-month mental disorder. Co-occurrence of substance use disorders, phobias and depression/anxiety disorders is frequent. Urogenital and gastrointestinal diseases, and cancer coincide with 12-month mental disorder in 66.7%, 53.9% and 51.7% of cases, respectively. More than two out of three specific mental disorders are serious in terms of disability and days out of working role. CONCLUSIONS Disability claimants constitute a vulnerable population with a high prevalence of serious mental disorder, substantial comorbidity and ages-of-onset in early working careers. More research is needed to help prevent long-term sickness absence and disability of claimants with mental health problems. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION This study shows common mental disorders, such as mood and anxiety disorders, to be highly prevalent among persons claiming disability benefit after long-term sickness absence, to have early onsets and to often co-occur with somatic disorders. Professionals in primary and occupational health care should assess need for treatment of workers at risk, while at the same time being careful not to medicalize normal life problems. Insurance physicians assessing disability benefit claims should identify factors that caused claimants to call in sick and start interventions to promote return to work.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Cornelius
- a Department of Health Sciences, Community and Occupational Medicine , University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands .,b Research Center for Insurance Medicine , Amsterdam , The Netherlands .,c Social Security Institute , Amsterdam , The Netherlands , and
| | - J J L van der Klink
- a Department of Health Sciences, Community and Occupational Medicine , University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands .,b Research Center for Insurance Medicine , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - M R de Boer
- d Department of Health Sciences , VU University , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - S Brouwer
- a Department of Health Sciences, Community and Occupational Medicine , University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands .,b Research Center for Insurance Medicine , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - J W Groothoff
- a Department of Health Sciences, Community and Occupational Medicine , University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
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Wilson JE, Niu K, Nicolson SE, Levine SZ, Heckers S. The diagnostic criteria and structure of catatonia. Schizophr Res 2015; 164:256-62. [PMID: 25595653 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The classification of catatonia has fluctuated and underwent recent changes in DSM-5. The current study examines the prevalence of catatonia signs, estimates the utility of diagnostic features, identifies core catatonia signs, and explores their underlying structure. METHOD We screened 339 acutely ill medical and psychiatric patients with the Bush Francis Catatonia Rating Scale (BFCRS). We examined prevalence and severity of catatonia signs and compared BFCRS, DSM-IV and DSM-5 diagnoses. We used principal component analysis (PCA) to examine the factorial validity of catatonia and item response theory (IRT) to estimate each sign's utility and reliability. RESULTS Out of the 339 patients, 300 were diagnosed with catatonia using the BFCRS and 232 catatonia diagnoses were validated by the treating provider based on selection for treatment with benzodiazepines or electroconvulsive therapy. Of the 232 validated catatonia cases, 211 (91%) met DSM-IV criteria but only 170 (73%) met DSM-5 criteria for catatonia. Staring was the most prevalent catatonia sign. PCA identified three components, interpretable as "Increased, Abnormal and Decreased Psychomotor Activity," although 63% of the variance was unexplained. IRT showed that Excitement, Waxy Flexibility and Immobility/Stupor were the best indicators of each factor. The BFCRS had many redundant items and as a whole had low reliability at low severity of catatonia, but good reliability at moderate-high severity of catatonia. CONCLUSIONS The structure of catatonia remains to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Ellen Wilson
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Kathy Niu
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | | | - Stephen Z Levine
- Department of Community Mental Health, University of Haifa, Israel.
| | - Stephan Heckers
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Mohler-Kuo M, Foster S, Gmel G, Dey M, Dermota P. DSM-IV and DSM-5 alcohol use disorder among young Swiss men. Addiction 2015; 110:429-40. [PMID: 25393592 DOI: 10.1111/add.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Previous studies suggest that the new DSM-5 criteria for alcohol use disorder (AUD) will increase the apparent prevalence of AUD. This study estimates the 12-month prevalence of AUD using both DSM-IV and DSM-5 criteria and compares the characteristics of men in a high risk sample who meet both, only one and neither sets of diagnostic criteria. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS 5943 Swiss men aged 18-25 years who participated in the Cohort Study on Substance Use Risk Factors (C-SURF), a population-based cohort study recruited from three of the six military recruitment centres in Switzerland (response rate = 79.2%). MEASUREMENTS DSM-IV and DSM-5 criteria, alcohol use patterns, and other substance use were assessed. FINDINGS Approximately 31.7% (30.5-32.8) of individuals met DSM-5 AUD criteria [21.2% mild (20.1-22.2); 10.5% moderate/severe (9.7-11.3)], which was less than the total rate when DSM-IV criteria for alcohol abuse (AA) and alcohol dependence (AD) were combined [36.8% overall (35.5-37.9); 26.6% AA (25.4-27.7); 10.2% AD (9.4-10.9)]. Of 2479 respondents meeting criteria for either diagnoses, 1585 (63.9%) met criteria for both. For those meeting DSM-IV criteria only (n = 598, 24.1%), hazardous use was most prevalent, whereas the criteria larger/longer use than intended and tolerance to alcohol were most prevalent for respondents meeting DSM-5 criteria only (n = 296, 11.9%). Two in five DSM-IV alcohol abuse cases and one-third of DSM-5 mild AUD individuals fulfilled the diagnostic criteria due to the hazardous use criterion. The addition of the craving and excluding of legal criterion, respectively, did not affect estimated AUD prevalence. CONCLUSIONS In a high-risk sample of young Swiss males, prevalence of alcohol use disorder as diagnosed by DSM-5 was slightly lower than prevalence of DSM-IV diagnosis of dependence plus abuse; 63.9% of those who met either criterion met criteria for both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichun Mohler-Kuo
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Young adults have some of the highest rates of problem drinking and alcohol use disorders (AUDs) relative to any other age. However, recent evidence suggests that the DSM-IV hierarchical classification system of AUDs does not validly represent symptoms in the population; instead, it evinces a unitary, dimensional classification scheme. The DSM-5 has been altered to fit this changing, evidence-based conceptualization. Nevertheless, little is understood about the degree to which known risk factors for DSM-IV AUD diagnoses will transfer to the new DSM-5 guidelines in this group of high-risk drinkers. The current study built a coherent model of liabilities for DSM-IV AUDs in young adults and tested for transferability to DSM-5. METHODS N = 496 college students (51.10% male) were assessed on a variety of factors related to AUD risk, including demographics, substance use (past 90-days), and drinking motives. Liability models were created using all variables in Structural Equation Modeling to test direct and indirect effects on DSM diagnostic status. The best model under the DSM-IV was chosen based on fit and parsimony. This model was then applied to the DSM-5 system to test for transferability. RESULTS The best the fitting model for DSM-IV included direct influences of drug use, quantity-frequency of alcohol consumption, and social and coping drinking motives. Improved model fit was found when the DSM-5 system was the outcome. CONCLUSIONS Knowledge of risk factors for AUDs appear to transfer well to the new diagnostic system.
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Delforterie MJ, Creemers HE, Agrawal A, Lynskey MT, Jak S, Huizink AC. The influence of age and gender on the likelihood of endorsing cannabis abuse/dependence criteria. Addict Behav 2015; 42:172-5. [PMID: 25481449 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Higher prevalence rates of cannabis abuse/dependence and abuse/dependence criteria in 18-24year old versus older cannabis users and in males versus females might reflect true differences in the prevalence of these disorders across age and gender or, alternatively, they could arise from age- and gender-related measurement bias. To understand differences in endorsement across important subgroups, we examined the influence of age and gender simultaneously on the likelihood of endorsement of the various abuse/dependence criteria. METHOD The sample consisted of 1603 adult past year cannabis users participating in the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), a U.S. population study (39.6% aged 18-24; 62.1% male). Past year DSM-IV cannabis abuse/dependence criteria and withdrawal were assessed with the AUDADIS-IV. A restricted factor analysis with latent moderated structures was used to detect measurement bias. RESULTS Although cannabis abuse and dependence diagnoses and various individual abuse/dependence criteria showed different prevalence rates across younger and older male and female cannabis users, none of the items showed uniform or non-uniform measurement bias with respect to age or gender. CONCLUSION The results indicate that, although prevalence rates of cannabis abuse/dependence criteria differ across age and gender, past year abuse/dependence criteria function similarly across these groups. It can thus be concluded that the criteria are applicable to younger and older, as well as male and female, adult cannabis users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique J Delforterie
- VU University, Department of Developmental Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke E Creemers
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael T Lynskey
- Addictions Dept, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Suzanne Jak
- Department of Methods and Statistics, Faculty of Social Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anja C Huizink
- VU University, Department of Developmental Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Schieber K, Kollei I, de Zwaan M, Martin A. Classification of body dysmorphic disorder - what is the advantage of the new DSM-5 criteria? J Psychosom Res 2015; 78:223-7. [PMID: 25595027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In DSM-5 the diagnosis of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) has been subjected to two important changes: Firstly, BDD has been assigned to the category of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders. Secondly, a new criterion has been defined requiring the presence of repetitive behaviors or mental acts in response to appearance concerns. The aims of this study were to report the prevalence rates of BDD based on a DSM-5 diagnosis, and to evaluate the impact of the recently introduced DSM-5 criteria for BDD by comparing the prevalence rates (DSM-5 vs. DSM-IV) METHODS BDD-criteria (DSM-IV/DSM-5), dysmorphic concerns, and depressive symptoms, were assessed in a representative sample of the German general population (N=2129, aged 18-65years). RESULTS The association between BDD case identification based on DSM-IV and DSM-5 was strong (Phi=.95, p<.001), although point prevalence of BDD according to DSM-5 was slightly lower (2.9%, n=62 vs. 3.2%, n=68). Approximately one third of the identified BDD (DSM-5) cases reported time-consuming behavioral acts in response to appearance concerns. In detail, 0.8% of the German general population fulfilled the BDD criteria and reported repetitive acts of at least one hour/day. CONCLUSIONS The revised criteria of BDD in DSM-5 do not seem to have an impact on prevalence rates. However, the recently added B-criterion reflects more precisely the clinical symptoms of BDD, and may be useful for distinguishing between various severity levels related to repetitive behaviors/mental acts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Schieber
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Ines Kollei
- (b)Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, Nägelsbachstr. 25a, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martina de Zwaan
- (c)Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexandra Martin
- (d)Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Wuppertal, Max-Horkheimer-Str. 20, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany
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Bartoli F, Carrà G, Crocamo C, Clerici M. From DSM-IV to DSM-5 alcohol use disorder: an overview of epidemiological data. Addict Behav 2015; 41:46-50. [PMID: 25305657 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) has made several changes to criteria for alcohol use disorder (AUD). The objective of this systematic review is to assess if new DSM-5 diagnostic criteria will increase the prevalence rates of AUD in clinical and non-clinical samples as compared with DSM-IV criteria. METHODS We searched PubMed, Scopus, and PsycINFO (via ProQuest) electronic databases, with no language restrictions. We included studies with data available on both DSM-IV (and DSM-IV-TR) and DSM-5 AUD in samples of adults, estimating from each study an expected increase in prevalence rates with relevant 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS Twelve studies were included in this review. Seven studies showed an increase, two no substantial difference, and three a decrease in AUD prevalence according to DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, with differences in rates (95% CIs) varying between -12.4% (-27.4 to +5.6%) and +61.3% (+46.7 to +77.3%). Additional analyses provided confirmatory results. CONCLUSIONS DSM-5 diagnostic criteria seem to inflate prevalence rates of AUD as compared with DSM-IV. The increasing likelihood of a DSM-5 AUD diagnosis may be explained by the amount of DSM-IV 'diagnostic orphans' which are more prevalent than DSM-IV single-criterion alcohol abuse individuals. Further research should be aimed to study if similar trends are detectable also for other substance use disorders that experienced similar changes in DSM-5 diagnostic criteria.
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Delforterie M, Creemers H, Agrawal A, Lynskey M, Jak S, van der Ende J, Verhulst F, Huizink A. Functioning of cannabis abuse and dependence criteria across two different countries: the United States and The Netherlands. Subst Use Misuse 2015; 50:242-50. [PMID: 25363693 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2014.952445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cross-national differences could affect the likelihood of endorsement of DSM cannabis abuse and dependence criteria. The present study examines whether cannabis abuse and dependence criteria function differently across U.S. and Dutch cannabis users. METHOD Data on lifetime endorsement of DSM-IV cannabis abuse/dependence criteria were utilized from U.S. cannabis users who participated in the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) and from Dutch cannabis users who participated in the Zuid-Holland study. In total, 1,568 cannabis users participated in the NESARC sample, and 359 cannabis users participated in the Zuid-Holland sample. The DSM-IV cannabis abuse/dependence criteria as well as cannabis withdrawal were determined using face-to-face computer-assisted personal interviews. RESULTS Using Restricted Factor Analysis with Latent Moderated Structures, the cannabis abuse/dependence criteria legal problems (β = -0.43), failed quit attempts (β = -1.09), use despite problems (β = -0.32), and withdrawal (β = -0.53) showed measurement bias, and were more likely to be endorsed by U.S. than by Dutch cannabis users. Also, men were more likely than women to endorse the criteria hazardous use (β = -0.27), legal problems (β = -0.49) and tolerance (β = -0.20). Findings on failed quit attempts and withdrawal were replicated in matched subsamples, while results on legal problems (country and gender) were partly replicated. CONCLUSIONS Several CUD criteria showed measurement bias across two countries and between males and females. Therefore, differences between countries and gender in prevalence rates of CUD should be regarded with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Delforterie
- 1Developmental Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Schaal S, Koebach A, Hinkel H, Elbert T. Posttraumatic stress disorder according to DSM-5 and DSM-IV diagnostic criteria: a comparison in a sample of Congolese ex-combatants. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2015; 6:24981. [PMID: 25720994 PMCID: PMC4342502 DOI: 10.3402/ejpt.v6.24981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compared to DSM-IV, the criteria for diagnosing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been modified in DSM-5. OBJECTIVE The first aim of this study was to examine how these modifications impact rates of PTSD in a sample of Congolese ex-combatants. The second goal of this study was to investigate whether PTSD symptoms were associated with perpetrator-related acts or victim-related traumatic events. METHOD Ninety-five male ex-combatants in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo were interviewed. Both the DSM-IV and the DSM-5 PTSD symptom criteria were assessed. RESULTS The DSM-5 symptom criteria yielded a PTSD rate of 50% (n=47), whereas the DSM-IV symptom criteria were met by 44% (n=42). If the DSM-5 would be set as the current "gold standard," then DSM-IV would have produced more false negatives (8%) than false positives (3%). A minority of participants (19%, n=18) indicated an event during which they were involved as a perpetrator as their most stressful event. RESULTS of a regression analysis (R (2)=0.40) showed that, after accounting for the number of types of traumatic events, perpetrated violent acts were not associated with the symptom severity of PTSD. CONCLUSIONS The findings demonstrate that more diagnostic cases were produced with the DSM-5 diagnostic rules than were dropped resulting in an increase in PTSD rates compared to the DSM-IV system. The missing association between PTSD symptoms and perpetrated violent acts might be explained by a potential fascinating and excited perception of these acts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Schaal
- Department of Psychology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany;
| | - Anke Koebach
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Elbert
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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Rehm J, Allamani A, Della Vedova R, Elekes Z, Jakubczyk A, Landsmane I, Manthey J, Moreno-España J, Pieper L, Probst C, Snikere S, Struzzo P, Voller F, Wittchen HU, Gual A, Wojnar M. General practitioners recognizing alcohol dependence: a large cross-sectional study in 6 European countries. Ann Fam Med 2015; 13:28-32. [PMID: 25583889 PMCID: PMC4291262 DOI: 10.1370/afm.1742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although alcohol dependence causes marked mortality and disease burden in Europe, the treatment rate is low. Primary care could play a key role in reducing alcohol-attributable harm by screening, brief interventions, and initiating or referral to treatment. This study investigates identification of alcohol dependence in European primary care settings. METHODS Assessments from 13,003 general practitioners, and 9,098 interviews (8,476 joint number of interviewed patients with a physician's assessment) were collected in 6 European countries. Alcohol dependence, comorbidities, and health service utilization were assessed by the general practitioner and independently using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and other structured interviews. Weighted regression analyses were used to compare the impact of influencing variables on both types of diagnoses. RESULTS The rate of patients being identified as alcohol dependent by the CIDI or a general practitioner was about equally high, but there was not a lot of overlap between cases identified. Alcohol-dependent patients identified by a physician were older, had higher rates of physicial comorbidity (liver disease, hypertension), and were socially more marginalized, whereas average consumption of alcohol and mental comorbidity were equally high in both groups. CONCLUSION General practitioners were able to identify alcohol dependence, but the cases they identified differed from cases identified using the CIDI. The role of the CIDI as the reference standard should be reexamined, as older alcohol-dependent patients with severe comorbidities seemed to be missed in this assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Rehm
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze, Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO), Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI), Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga, Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga, Latvia (S.S.); Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.)
| | - Allaman Allamani
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze, Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO), Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI), Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga, Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga, Latvia (S.S.); Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.)
| | - Roberto Della Vedova
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze, Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO), Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI), Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga, Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga, Latvia (S.S.); Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.)
| | - Zsuzsanna Elekes
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze, Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO), Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI), Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga, Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga, Latvia (S.S.); Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.)
| | - Andrzej Jakubczyk
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze, Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO), Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI), Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga, Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga, Latvia (S.S.); Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.)
| | - Inga Landsmane
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze, Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO), Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI), Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga, Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga, Latvia (S.S.); Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.)
| | - Jakob Manthey
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze, Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO), Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI), Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga, Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga, Latvia (S.S.); Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.).
| | - José Moreno-España
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze, Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO), Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI), Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga, Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga, Latvia (S.S.); Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.)
| | - Lars Pieper
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze, Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO), Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI), Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga, Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga, Latvia (S.S.); Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.)
| | - Charlotte Probst
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze, Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO), Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI), Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga, Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga, Latvia (S.S.); Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.)
| | - Sigita Snikere
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze, Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO), Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI), Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga, Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga, Latvia (S.S.); Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.)
| | - Pierluigi Struzzo
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze, Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO), Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI), Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga, Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga, Latvia (S.S.); Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.)
| | - Fabio Voller
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze, Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO), Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI), Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga, Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga, Latvia (S.S.); Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.)
| | - Hans-Ulrich Wittchen
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze, Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO), Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI), Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga, Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga, Latvia (S.S.); Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.)
| | - Antoni Gual
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze, Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO), Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI), Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga, Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga, Latvia (S.S.); Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.)
| | - Marcin Wojnar
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze, Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO), Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI), Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga, Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga, Latvia (S.S.); Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.)
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Armour C. The underlying dimensionality of PTSD in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: where are we going? Eur J Psychotraumatol 2015; 6:28074. [PMID: 25994027 PMCID: PMC4439421 DOI: 10.3402/ejpt.v6.28074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a substantial body of literature devoted to answering one question: Which latent model of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) best represents PTSD's underlying dimensionality? This research summary will, therefore, focus on the literature pertaining to PTSD's latent structure as represented in the fourth (DSM-IV, 1994) to the fifth (DSM-5, 2013) edition of the DSM. This article will begin by providing a clear rationale as to why this is a pertinent research area, then the body of literature pertaining to the DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR will be summarised, and this will be followed by a summary of the literature pertaining to the recently published DSM-5. To conclude, there will be a discussion with recommendations for future research directions, namely that researchers must investigate the applicability of the new DSM-5 criteria and the newly created DSM-5 symptom sets to trauma survivors. In addition, researchers must continue to endeavour to identify the "correct" constellations of symptoms within symptom sets to ensure that diagnostic algorithms are appropriate and aid in the development of targeted treatment approaches and interventions. In particular, the newly proposed DSM-5 anhedonia model, externalising behaviours model, and hybrid models must be further investigated. It is also important that researchers follow up on the idea that a more parsimonious latent structure of PTSD may exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherie Armour
- School of Psychology, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK;
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Abstract
Introduction Insomnia is the most common sleep disorder. In Portugal, teachers have a specific socioeconomic situation, caused by the distance between home and workplace, unstable job situation and students’ behavioral problems. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of insomnia in a sample of Portuguese schoolteachers. Participants and methods In a cross-sectional study 604 teachers were assessed of seventeen public schools, from the districts of Aveiro and Viseu, Portugal. Data was collected through a self-administered questionnaire. Insomnia had been defined according to the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) as the presence of one or more of the following symptoms: a) difficulty initiating sleep; b) difficulty maintaining sleep; c) early morning awakening and difficulty getting back to sleep; d) non-restorative sleep, that lasts for a period of 1 month. Results Prevalence of insomnia symptoms in the sample was 40.6%. Prevalence of the variables difficulty initiating sleep, difficulty maintaining sleep, early morning awakening and difficulty getting back to sleep and non-restorative sleep were 14.3%, 28.7%, 19.7% and 20.7%, respectively. Insomnia symptoms had been associated with marital status (divorced; OR = 1.65; 95%CI, 0.78–3.48), years of teaching experience (10 to 20 years; OR = 0.46; 95%CI, 0.28–0.75) and job satisfaction (OR = 0.74; 95%CI, 0.53–1.0). Conclusion Portuguese schoolteachers show a high prevalence of insomnia. Insomnia was associated with sociodemographic and occupational variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Pereira
- Escola Superior de Saúde de Viseu, CI&DETS, Instituto Politécnico de Viseu.
| | - Cristina Almeida
- Agrupamento de Escolas de Santa Cruz da Trapa, Santa Cruz da Trapa, Portugal
| | - Nélio Veiga
- Escola Superior de Saúde de Viseu, CI&DETS, Instituto Politécnico de Viseu; Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Odete Amaral
- Escola Superior de Saúde de Viseu, CI&DETS, Instituto Politécnico de Viseu
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Hasin
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Kelly SM, Gryczynski J, Mitchell SG, Kirk A, O’Grady KE, Schwartz RP. Concordance between DSM-5 and DSM-IV nicotine, alcohol, and cannabis use disorder diagnoses among pediatric patients. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 140:213-6. [PMID: 24793367 PMCID: PMC4070874 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recently published Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 (DSM-5) includes several major revisions to substance use diagnoses. Studies have evaluated the impact of these changes among adult samples but research with adolescent samples is lacking. METHODS 525 adolescents (93% African American) awaiting primary care appointments in Baltimore, Maryland were recruited for a study evaluating a substance use screening instrument. Participants were assessed for DSM-5 nicotine, alcohol, and cannabis use disorder, DSM-IV alcohol and cannabis abuse, and DSM-IV dependence for all three substances during the past year using the modified Composite International Diagnostic Interview-2, Substance Abuse Module. Contingency tables examining DSM-5 vs. DSM-IV joint frequency distributions were examined for each substance. RESULTS Diagnoses were more prevalent using DSM-5 criteria compared with DSM-IV for nicotine (4.0% vs. 2.7%), alcohol (4.6% vs. 3.8%), and cannabis (10.7% vs. 8.2%). Cohen's κ, Somers' d, and Cramer's V ranged from 0.70 to 0.99 for all three substances. Of the adolescents categorized as "diagnostic orphans" under DSM-IV, 7/16 (43.8%), 9/29 (31.0%), and 13/36 (36.1%) met criteria for DSM-5 disorder for nicotine, alcohol, and cannabis, respectively. Additionally, 5/17 (29.4%) and 1/21 (4.8%) adolescents who met criteria for DSM-IV abuse did not meet criteria for a DSM-5 diagnosis for alcohol and cannabis, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Categorizing adolescents using DSM-5 criteria may result in diagnostic net widening-particularly for cannabis use disorders-by capturing adolescents who were considered diagnostic orphans using DSM-IV criteria. Future research examining the validity of DSM-5 substance use disorders with larger and more diverse adolescent samples is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon M. Kelly
- Friends Research Institute, Inc., 1040 Park Avenue, Suite
103, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA,Corresponding author: Friends
Research Institute, Inc., 1040 Park Avenue, Suite 103, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
Tel.: +1 410 837 3977; Fax: +1 410 752 4218.
| | - Jan Gryczynski
- Friends Research Institute, Inc., 1040 Park Avenue, Suite
103, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Shannon Gwin Mitchell
- Friends Research Institute, Inc., 1040 Park Avenue, Suite
103, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Arethusa Kirk
- Total Health Care, 1501 Division Street, Baltimore, MD
21217, USA
| | - Kevin E. O’Grady
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College
Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Robert P. Schwartz
- Friends Research Institute, Inc., 1040 Park Avenue, Suite
103, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Papazoglou A, Jacobson LA, McCabe M, Kaufmann W, Zabel TA. To ID or not to ID? Changes in classification rates of intellectual disability using DSM-5. Intellect Dev Disabil 2014; 52:165-174. [PMID: 24937742 DOI: 10.1352/1934-9556-52.3.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (DSM-5) diagnostic criteria for intellectual disability (ID) include a change to the definition of adaptive impairment. New criteria require impairment in one adaptive domain rather than two or more skill areas. The authors examined the diagnostic implications of using a popular adaptive skill inventory, the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System-Second Edition, with 884 clinically referred children (ages 6-16). One hundred sixty-six children met DSM-IV-TR criteria for ID; significantly fewer (n = 151, p = .001) met ID criteria under DSM-5 (9% decrease). Implementation of DSM-5 criteria for ID may substantively change the rate of ID diagnosis. These findings highlight the need for a combination of psychometric assessment and clinical judgment when implementing the adaptive deficits component of the DSM-5 criteria for ID diagnosis.
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Cornelius LR, Brouwer S, de Boer MR, Groothoff JW, van der Klink JJL. Development and validation of the Diagnostic Interview Adjustment Disorder (DIAD). Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2014; 23:192-207. [PMID: 24478059 PMCID: PMC6878425 DOI: 10.1002/mpr.1418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjustment disorders (ADs) are under-researched due to the absence of a reliable and valid diagnostic tool. This paper describes the development and content/construct validation of a fully structured interview for the diagnosis of AD, the Diagnostic Interview Adjustment Disorder (DIAD). We developed the DIAD by partly adjusting and operationalizing DSM-IV criteria. Eleven experts were consulted on the content of the DIAD. In addition, the DIAD was administered by trained lay interviewers to a representative sample of disability claimants (n = 323). To assess construct validity of the DIAD, we explored the associations between the AD classification by the DIAD and summary scores of the Kessler Psychological Distress 10-item Scale (K10) and the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS) by linear regression. Expert agreement on content of the DIAD was moderate to good. The prevalence of AD using the DIAD with revised criteria for the diagnosis AD was 7.4%. The associations of AD by the DIAD with average sum scores on the K10 and the WHODAS supported construct validity of the DIAD. The results provide a first indication that the DIAD is a valid instrument to diagnose AD. Further studies on reliability and on other aspects of validity are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Cornelius
- Research Center for Insurance Medicine, The Netherlands; Department of Health Sciences, Community and Occupational Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Social Security Institute, The Netherlands
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Kim YS, Fombonne E, Koh YJ, Kim SJ, Cheon KA, Leventhal B. A comparison of DSM-IV pervasive developmental disorder and DSM-5 autism spectrum disorder prevalence in an epidemiologic sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2014; 53:500-8. [PMID: 24745950 PMCID: PMC4058782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2013.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Changes in autism diagnostic criteria found in DSM-5 may affect autism spectrum disorder (ASD) prevalence, research findings, diagnostic processes, and eligibility for clinical and other services. Using our published, total-population Korean prevalence data, we compute DSM-5 ASD and social communication disorder (SCD) prevalence and compare them with DSM-IV pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) prevalence estimates. We also describe individuals previously diagnosed with DSM-IV PDD when diagnoses change with DSM-5 criteria. METHOD The target population was all children from 7 to 12 years of age in a South Korean community (N = 55,266), those in regular and special education schools, and a disability registry. We used the Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire for systematic, multi-informant screening. Parents of screen-positive children were offered comprehensive assessments using standardized diagnostic procedures, including the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule. Best-estimate clinical diagnoses were made using DSM-IV PDD and DSM-5 ASD and SCD criteria. RESULTS DSM-5 ASD estimated prevalence was 2.20% (95% confidence interval = 1.77-3.64). Combined DSM-5 ASD and SCD prevalence was virtually the same as DSM-IV PDD prevalence (2.64%). Most children with autistic disorder (99%), Asperger disorder (92%), and PDD-NOS (63%) met DSM-5 ASD criteria, whereas 1%, 8%, and 32%, respectively, met SCD criteria. All remaining children (2%) had other psychopathology, principally attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and anxiety disorder. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that most individuals with a prior DSM-IV PDD meet DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for ASD and SCD. PDD, ASD or SCD; extant diagnostic criteria identify a large, clinically meaningful group of individuals and families who require evidence-based services.
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Tarrahi MJ, Rahimi-Movaghar A, Zeraati H, Amin-Esmaeili M, Motevalian A, Hajebi A, Sharifi V, Radgoodarzi R, Hefazi M, Fotouhi A. Agreement between DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria for opioid use disorders in two Iranian samples. Addict Behav 2014; 39:553-7. [PMID: 24286705 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the agreement between the two systems in opioid users in the general population and a clinical sample. Two series of data were used in this study. The first was the data of 236 home-residing opioid abusers aged 15-64, who had previously participated in the Iran Mental Health Survey (IranMHS) in 2011, and the second was the data of 104 general psychiatry patients from inpatient or outpatient wards of two psychiatry hospitals in Tehran. Opioid use disorders were evaluated with CIDI-version 2.1. The disorders were assessed in all participants who used opioid substances for at least 5 times during the past 12months. In the sample from the general population, the agreement between the two systems on the diagnosis of dependence was excellent (0.81). The agreement between the two systems on the diagnosis of abuse and harmful use was 0.41. In the clinical sample, the agreement between the two systems on the diagnosis of dependence or any opioid use disorder was 0.96 and 0.93, respectively. The agreement between abuse and harmful use was 0.9 and -0.02 with and without regarding hierarchy, respectively. The inter-rater reliability of both DSM-IV and ICD-10 systems for all diagnosis was more than 0.95. The results of the diagnosis of dependence in the two systems had a weak concordance with treatment. The diagnostic criteria of DSM-IV and ICD-10 regarding dependence are very similar and the diagnosis produced by each system is concordant with the other system. However, the two systems have noticeable discrepancies in the diagnosis of abuse and harmful use. The discrepancies result from their conceptual differences and necessitate further revision in the definition of these disorders in the two systems.
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Fazzino TL, Rose GL, Burt KB, Helzer JE. Comparison of categorical alcohol dependence versus a dimensional measure for predicting weekly alcohol use in heavy drinkers. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 136:121-6. [PMID: 24485060 PMCID: PMC4009619 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The DSM specifies categorical criteria for psychiatric disorders. In contrast, a dimensional approach considers variability in symptom severity and can significantly improve statistical power. The current study tested whether a categorical, DSM-defined diagnosis of Alcohol Dependence (AD) was a better fit than a dimensional dependence measure for predicting change in alcohol consumption among heavy drinkers following a brief alcohol intervention (BI). DSM-IV and DSM-5 alcohol use disorder (AUD) measures were also evaluated. METHODS Participants (N=246) underwent a diagnostic interview after receiving a BI, then reported daily alcohol consumption using an Interactive Voice Response system. Dimensional AD was calculated by summing the dependence criteria (mean=4.0; SD=1.8). The dimensional AUD measure was a summation of positive Alcohol Abuse plus AD criteria (mean=5.8; SD=2.5). A multi-model inference technique was used to determine whether the DSM-IV categorical diagnosis or dimensional approach would provide a more accurate prediction of first week consumption and change in weekly alcohol consumption following a BI. RESULTS The Akaike information criterion (AIC) for the dimensional AD model (AIC=7625.09) was 3.42 points lower than the categorical model (AIC=7628.51) and weight of evidence calculations indicated there was 85% likelihood that the dimensional model was the better approximating model. Dimensional AUD models fit similarly to the dimensional AD model. All AUD models significantly predicted change in alcohol consumption (p's=.05). CONCLUSION A dimensional AUD diagnosis was superior for detecting treatment effects that were not apparent with categorical and dimensional AD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tera L. Fazzino
- Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, 2 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT 05401, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, 1 South Prospect Street, Burlington, VT05401, USA,Corresponding author at: Health Behavior Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, UHC Campus 457OH3, 1 South Prospect Street, Burlington, VT 05401, USA. Tel.: +1 802 847 1441
| | - Gail L. Rose
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, 1 South Prospect Street, Burlington, VT05401, USA
| | - Keith B. Burt
- Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, 2 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
| | - John E. Helzer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, 1 South Prospect Street, Burlington, VT05401, USA
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Gilder DA, Gizer IR, Lau P, Ehlers CL. Item response theory analyses of DSM-IV and DSM-5 stimulant use disorder criteria in an American Indian community sample. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 135:29-36. [PMID: 24200103 PMCID: PMC3915779 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Native Americans experience some of the highest rates of DSM-IV stimulant dependence (SD) of all U.S. ethnic groups. This report compares DSM-IV and DSM-5 stimulant use disorder (SUD) diagnostic criteria in an American Indian community sample. METHODS Demographic information, stimulant (methamphetamine or cocaine) use, and lifetime DSM-IV and DSM-5 diagnoses were assessed in 858 adult American Indians. Item Response Theory (IRT) analyses were used to assess SUD criteria in both DSM-IV and DSM-5 criteria sets along an underlying latent trait severity continuum and the effect of demographic variables on differential item functioning (DIF) in those criteria. RESULTS The overall rate of DSM-IV SD was 33%, of DSM-IV SUD was 38%, and of DSM-5 SUD was 36% with no gender differences. All SUD symptoms in both the DSM-IV and DSM-5 datasets functioned on the moderate portion of the underlying severity continuum. "Craving" discriminated better than any other criterion at its level of severity in indicating the presence or absence of SUD. There was little DIF in groups defined by gender or any other demographic variable in either the DSM-IV or DSM-5 datasets. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that in this American Indian sample, diagnostic criteria for DSM-IV and DSM-5 SUD function similarly in terms of severity and DIF and that the abolition of the DSM-IV distinction between stimulant abuse and dependence in DSM-5 is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Gilder
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ian R. Gizer
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Philip Lau
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Cindy L. Ehlers
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,Corresponding Author: Dr. C.L. Ehlers, TSRI, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road SP30-1501, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA, Telephone: +1 858 784 7058; Fax: +1 858 784 7409,
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79
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Na KS, Lee KJ, Lee JS, Cho YS, Jung HY. Efficacy of adjunctive celecoxib treatment for patients with major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 48:79-85. [PMID: 24056287 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies have reported that inflammation is closely associated with depression, and adjunctive non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) treatment has been suggested as a novel therapeutic approach for depression. METHODS We searched electronic databases including Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. We only included randomized controlled trials comparing adjunctive NSAIDs with placebos for treating depressive episodes. RESULTS Of the 654 retrieved entries, we identified four relevant studies with a total of 150 patients (75 NSAID patients and 75 placebo patients) with depressive episodes. All four studies used celecoxib as the NSAID. The patients receiving adjunctive celecoxib had significantly higher mean changes in the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression scores between baseline and endpoint measurements compared with those receiving placebo (weighted mean difference=3.26, 95% confidence interval; CI=1.81 to 4.71). The adjunctive celecoxib group also showed better remission (odds ratio; OR=6.58, 95% CI=2.55 to 17.00) and response rates (OR=6.49, 95% CI=2.89 to 14.55) than the placebo group. The all-cause drop-out rate was more favorable for the celecoxib group than for the placebo group (OR=0.45, 95% CI=0.18 to 1.13), although the statistical significance was not statistically significant (p=0.09). CONCLUSION Adjunctive treatment with NSAIDs, particularly celecoxib, can be a promising strategy for patients with depressive disorder. Future studies with a larger sample size and longer study duration are needed to confirm the efficacy and tolerability of NSAIDs for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Sae Na
- Department of Psychiatry, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Heres S, Don L, Herceg M, Bidzan L, Blanc M, Siracusano A, Maciulis V, Lahaye M, Schreiner A. Treatment of acute schizophrenia with paliperidone ER: predictors for treatment response and benzodiazepine use. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 48:207-12. [PMID: 24096139 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Paliperidone ER Treatment in Acute Intervention (PERTAIN) study was designed to explore treatment response, tolerability, and safety of flexible doses of paliperidone ER in patients with schizophrenia admitted for an acute exacerbation. This paper addresses a secondary analysis of PERTAIN data designed to explore predictors for treatment response, flexible dosing, and concomitant benzodiazepine use. This prospective, multicenter, phase 3b, open-label, single-arm, 6-week study used flexible doses of paliperidone ER (3 to 12mg once daily) to treat patients hospitalized for an acute exacerbation of schizophrenia, reflecting more closely daily clinical practice. Predictive models were evaluated for paliperidone ER flexible dosing, treatment response, and concomitant treatment with benzodiazepines as distinct independent variables. For the analysis of explanatory variables, a stepwise logistic regression was used, taking into account patient age, gender, body mass index, diagnosis and duration of schizophrenia, number of prior hospitalizations, psychotic symptoms (PANSS), disease severity (CGI-S), and patient functioning (PSP) at baseline. Early response (defined as response within 2weeks of treatment initiation) was also used as a predictor. Clinical response (defined as ≥30% decrease in PANSS total score and ≥1 point decrease in CGI-S from baseline to endpoint) was predicted by early clinical response (p<0.001) and there was a trend for the diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia vs. other types of schizophrenia to predict clinical response (p=0.0525). High response (defined as ≥50% decrease in PANSS total score and ≥2 points decrease in CGI-S from baseline to endpoint) was predicted by early high response, higher baseline CGI-S, or female gender. More severely ill patients with a higher baseline CGI-S were twice likely to be treated concomitantly with a benzodiazepine.
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81
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Hsu ZY, Moskowitz DS, Young SN. The influence of light administration on interpersonal behavior and affect in people with mild to moderate seasonality. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 48:92-101. [PMID: 24044973 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bright light is used to treat winter depression and may also have positive effects on mood in some healthy individuals. However, there is little information on how bright light treatment influences social behavior. We performed a cross-over study in winter comparing the effects of morning bright light administration with placebo (exposure to negative ions) on mood and social behavior in 38 healthy people with mild to moderate seasonality. Each treatment was given for 21days with a washout period of 14days between treatments. An event-contingent recording assessment was used to measure mood, and social behavior along two axes, agreeable-quarrelsome and dominant-submissive, during each 21-day treatment period. During treatments, participants wore a combined light-sensor and accelerometer to test this method for adherence to light treatment self-administered at home. Data were analyzed using multilevel modeling. Bright light improved mood but increased quarrelsome behavior and decreased submissiveness. Data from the light monitor and accelerometer suggested that 21% of the participants did not adhere to bright light treatment; when this group was analyzed separately, there was no change in quarrelsomeness or mood. However, results for individuals who followed the procedure were similar to those reported for the whole sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Y Hsu
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 1033 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada.
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Chopra V, Harley K, Lahiff M, Eskenazi B. Association between phthalates and attention deficit disorder and learning disability in U.S. children, 6-15 years. Environ Res 2014; 128:64-9. [PMID: 24267794 PMCID: PMC3889659 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigates the association between urinary phthalate metabolite levels and attention deficit disorder (ADD), learning disability (LD), and co-occurrence of ADD and LD in 6-15-year-old children. METHODS We used cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2001-2004). Phthalate metabolites with ≥75% detection in urine samples were examined. The study population comprised 1493 children with parent-reported information on ADD or LD diagnosis and phthalate concentrations in urine. Phthalate concentrations were creatinine-adjusted and log10-transformed for analysis. All models controlled for child sex, age, race, household income, blood lead, and maternal smoking during pregnancy. RESULTS There were 112 ADD cases, 173 LD cases, and 56 ADD and LD cases in the sample. After adjusting for potential confounders, we found increased odds of ADD with increasing urinary concentration of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalates (OR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.1, 3.9) and high molecular weight phthalates (OR: 2.7; 95% CI: 1.2, 6.1). In addition, dibutyl phthalates (OR: 3.3; 95% CI: 0.9, 12.7) and high molecular weight phthalates (OR: 3.7; 95% CI: 0.9, 14.8) were marginally associated with increased odds of co-occurring ADD and LD. We did not find associations for any phthalate and LD alone. We observed stronger associations between phthalates and ADD and both ADD and LD in girls than boys in some models. CONCLUSIONS We found cross-sectional evidence that certain phthalates are associated with increased odds of ADD and both ADD and LD. Further investigations with longitudinal data are needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidita Chopra
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Kim Harley
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Maureen Lahiff
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Zhang B, Hao Y, Jia F, Tang Y, Li X, Liu W, Arnulf I. Sertraline and rapid eye movement sleep without atonia: an 8-week, open-label study of depressed patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 47:85-92. [PMID: 23994660 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may induce or exacerbate rapid eye movement (REM) sleep without atonia (RSWA) and increase the risk of developing REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD). However, most of these studies are retrospective and cross-sectional and employed small sample sizes and a mixture of SSRIs. In this 8-week open-label trial of sertraline in depressed patients (n = 31), depressed patients were administered 50mg sertraline at 8 am on the 1st day and subsequently titrated up to a maximum of 200mg/day. All patients underwent repeated video-polysomnography (vPSG) (baseline, 1st day, 14th day, 28th day, and 56th day). Both tonic (submental) and phasic (submental and anterior tibialis) RSWA events were visually counted. Tonic RSWA increased from 3.2 ± 1.8% at baseline to 5.1 ± 2.3% on the 1st day and 10.4 ± 2.7% on the 14th day; after that, measurements were stable until the 56th day. A similar profile was observed for phasic RSWA. The increases in tonic RSWA (r = 0.56, P = 0.004) and phasic RSWA (submental: r = -0.51, P = 0.02; anterior tibialis: r = 0.41, P = 0.04) were correlated with the degree of the prolonging of REM latency. All of RSWAs were not correlated with patients' demographic and clinical characteristics. Sertraline may induce or exacerbate RSWA. In contrast to idiopathic RBD, sertraline-related RSWA had the specific characteristics of being correlated with the degree of the prolonging of REM latency and no predominance of male sex and elder age, suggesting different pathophysiological mechanisms. The antidepressant-related RSWA should be a potential public health problem in the depressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Mental Health Center, Guangzhou 510120, China.
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Lin CH, Yen YC, Chen MC, Chen CC. Relief of depression and pain improves daily functioning and quality of life in patients with major depressive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 47:93-8. [PMID: 23989033 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of depression relief and pain relief on the improvement in daily functioning and quality of life (QOL) for depressed patients receiving a 6-week treatment of fluoxetine. METHOD A total of 131 acutely ill inpatients with major depressive disorder (MDD) were enrolled to receive 20mg of fluoxetine daily for 6 weeks. Depression severity, pain severity, daily functioning, and health-related QOL were assessed at baseline and again at week 6. Depression severity, pain severity, and daily functioning were assessed using the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, the Short-Form 36 (SF-36) Body Pain Index, and the Work and Social Adjustment Scale. Health-related QOL was assessed by three primary domains of the SF-36, including social functioning, vitality, and general health perceptions. Pearson's correlation and structural equation modeling were used to examine relationships among the study variables. Five models were proposed. In model 1, depression relief alone improved daily functioning and QOL. In model 2, pain relief alone improved daily functioning and QOL. In model 3, depression relief, mediated by pain relief, improved daily functioning and QOL. In model 4, pain relief, mediated by depression relief, improved daily functioning and QOL. In model 5, both depression relief and pain relief improved daily functioning and QOL. RESULTS One hundred and six patients completed all the measures at baseline and at week 6. Model 5 was the most fitted structural equation model (χ(2) = 8.62, df = 8, p = 0.376, GFI = 0.975, AGFI = 0.935, TLI = 0.992, CFI = 0.996, RMSEA = 0.027). CONCLUSION Interventions which relieve depression and pain improve daily functioning and QOL among patients with MDD. The proposed model can provide quantitative estimates of improvement in treating patients with MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hua Lin
- Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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85
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Stoops WW, Bennett JA, Lile JA, Sevak RJ, Rush CR. Influence of aripiprazole pretreatment on the reinforcing effects of methamphetamine in humans. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 47:111-7. [PMID: 23994622 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine use disorders remain a significant public health concern. Methamphetamine produces its behavioral effects by facilitating release of monoamines like dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT). Results from animal studies show that acute pretreatment with DA and 5-HT antagonists attenuates the effects of methamphetamine, but this area remains largely unexplored in humans. This study sought to assess whether aripiprazole, a partial agonist at D2/5-HT1A receptors and an antagonist at 5-HT2A receptors, would attenuate the reinforcing and subject-rated effects of oral methamphetamine. Seven subjects with histories of recreational stimulant use completed a placebo-controlled, crossover, double-blind protocol in which they first sampled doses of oral methamphetamine (0, 4, 8 or 16 mg) following acute pretreatment with aripiprazole (0 and 15 mg). During each Sampling Session, subjects also completed a battery of subject-rated, cardiovascular, and other performance measures. In subsequent Self-Administration Sessions, subjects were provided the opportunity to earn the previously sampled methamphetamine dose on a progressive-ratio procedure. Methamphetamine functioned as a reinforcer, and produced prototypical stimulant-like subject-rated and cardiovascular effects (e.g., increased ratings of Stimulated; elevated blood pressure). Aripiprazole reduced methamphetamine self-administration and attenuated some of the positive subject-rated effects of methamphetamine (e.g., ratings of Like Drug). These results indicate that acute aripiprazole pretreatment attenuates the abuse-related effects of methamphetamine.
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Chen YC, Chen CK, Lin SK, Chiang SC, Su LW, Wang LJ. Health care service utilization and associated factors among heroin users in northern Taiwan. Addict Behav 2013; 38:2635-8. [PMID: 23896066 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Due to the needs of medical care, the probability of using health care service from heroin users is high. This cross-sectional study investigated the frequency and correlates of health service utilization among heroin users. From June to September 2006, 124 heroin users (110 males and 14 females, mean age: 34.2 ± 8.3 years) who entered two psychiatric hospitals (N = 83) and a detention center (N = 41) in northern Taiwan received a face-to-face interview. Therefore, socio-demographic characteristics, patterns of drug use, psychiatric comorbidities, blood-borne infectious diseases and health service utilization were recorded. The behaviors of health service utilization were classified into the frequency of out-patient department visit and hospitalization, as well as the purchase of over-the-counter drugs. During 12 months prior to interview, 79.8% of the participants attended health care service at least once. The rate of having any event in out-patients service visit, hospitalization, and over-the-counter drugs were 66.1%, 29.8% and 25.8% respectively. The frequency of health service utilization was associated with numerous factors. Among these factors, patients who were recruited from hospital and having a mood disorder were conjoint predictors of out-patient department visit, hospitalization and purchase of over-the-counter drugs. According to the results of this study, social education and routine screening for mood disorders can help heroin users to obtain adequate health care service. The findings of this study are useful references for targeting the heroin users for whom a successful intervention represents the greatest cost benefit.
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to further explore the properties of axis IV in the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV). In a naturalistic cross-sectional design, a group (n = 163) of young (18-25 years old) Swedish psychiatric outpatients was assessed according to DSM-IV. Psychosocial and environmental problems/axis IV were evaluated through structured interviewing by a social worker and by self-assessment on a questionnaire. Reliability between professional assessment and self-assessment of axis IV was examined. Concurrent validity of axis IV was also examined. Reliability between professional and self-assessed axis IV was fair to almost perfect, 0.31-0.83, according to prevalence and bias-adjusted kappa. Categories of psychosocial stress and environmental problems were related to the presence of axis I disorders, co-morbidity, personality disorders and decreasing Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) values. The revised axis IV according to DSM-IV seems to have concurrent validity, but is still hampered by limited reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ramirez
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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Sala R, Goldstein BI, Wang S, Flórez-Salamanca L, Iza M, Blanco C. Increased prospective health service use for depression among adults with childhood onset bipolar disorder. J Pediatr 2013; 163:1454-7.e1-3. [PMID: 23896190 PMCID: PMC3812265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the prospective relationship between age of onset of bipolar disorder and the demographic and clinical characteristics, treatment, new onset of psychiatric comorbidity, and psychosocial functioning among adults with bipolar disorder. STUDY DESIGN As part of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, 1600 adults who met lifetime Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria for bipolar disorder-I (n = 1172) and bipolar disorder-II (n = 428) were included. Individuals were evaluated using the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-IV version for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, and data were analyzed from Waves 1 and 2, approximately 3 years apart. Individuals with bipolar disorder were divided into three age at onset groups: childhood (<13 years old, n = 115), adolescence (13-18 years old, n = 396), and adulthood (>19 year old, n = 1017). RESULTS After adjusting for confounding factors, adults with childhood-onset bipolar disorder were more likely to see a counselor, have been hospitalized, and have received emergency room treatment for depression compared with those with adulthood-onset bipolar disorder. By contrast, there were no differences in the severity of mania or hypomania, new onset of comorbidity, and psychosocial functioning by age of bipolar disorder onset. CONCLUSIONS Childhood-onset bipolar disorder is prospectively associated with seeking treatment for depression, an important proxy for depressive severity. Longitudinal studies are needed in order to determine whether prompt identification, accurate diagnosis, and early intervention can serve to mitigate the burden of childhood onset on the long-term depressive burden of bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Sala
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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González-Castro TB, Tovilla-Zárate CA, Juárez-Rojop I, Pool García S, Genis A, Nicolini H, López Narváez L. Association of 5HTR1A gene variants with suicidal behavior: case-control study and updated meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47:1665-72. [PMID: 23911056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The gene encoding the serotonin 1A receptor (5HTR1A) has been a candidate gene associated with suicidal behavior in case-control and meta-analysis studies. We carried out a meta-analysis and a case-control study on the 5HTR1A gene to examine the association of this gene with suicidal behavior. METHODS We performed a systematic search in electronic databases to study meta-analytically the association of 5HTR1A gene with suicidal behavior; we found 9 published genetic association studies concerning the rs6295 polymorphism. To get a comprehensive knowledge of this association we conducted a case-control study on the following polymorphisms: rs1423691, rs6295, and rs878567 in a Mexican population; the sample was composed of 152 suicide attempters and 264 healthy subjects. RESULTS The meta-analysis revealed that the rs6295 polymorphism is not associated with suicidal behavior. Similarly, no significant association for polymorphisms rs6295 and rs878567 was found in the case-control study. The polymorphism rs1423691 was excluded of the association analysis because cases and control groups were in Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium. CONCLUSION The meta-analysis of functional rs6295 polymorphisms produced no association. Likewise, the analysis in our case-control study in a Mexican population resulted in lack of association of polymorphisms rs6295 and rs878567 with suicidal behavior. However, further studies assessing different populations, as well as larger samples are necessary to obtain conclusive outcomes.
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Yamamori H, Hashimoto R, Ishima T, Kishi F, Yasuda Y, Ohi K, Fujimoto M, Umeda-Yano S, Ito A, Hashimoto K, Takeda M. Plasma levels of mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in treatment-resistant schizophrenia treated with clozapine. Neurosci Lett 2013; 556:37-41. [PMID: 24141084 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) regulates the survival and growth of neurons, and influences synaptic efficiency and plasticity. Peripheral BDNF levels in patients with schizophrenia have been widely reported in the literature. However, it is still controversial whether peripheral levels of BDNF are altered in patients with schizophrenia. The peripheral BDNF levels previously reported in patients with schizophrenia were total BDNF (proBDNF and mature BDNF) as it was unable to specifically measure mature BDNF due to limited BDNF antibody specificity. In this study, we examined whether peripheral levels of mature BDNF were altered in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) levels were also measured, as MMP-9 plays a role in the conversion of proBDNF to mature BDNF. Twenty-two patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia treated with clozapine and 22 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled. The plasma levels of mature BDNF and MMP-9 were measured using ELISA kits. No significant difference was observed for mature BDNF however, MMP-9 was significantly increased in patients with schizophrenia. The significant correlation was observed between mature BDNF and MMP-9 plasma levels. Neither mature BDNF nor MMP-9 plasma levels were associated clinical variables. Our results do not support the view that peripheral BDNF levels are associated with schizophrenia. MMP-9 may play a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and serve as a biomarker for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenaga Yamamori
- Department of Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan
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91
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Aas M, Haukvik UK, Djurovic S, Bergmann Ø, Athanasiu L, Tesli MS, Hellvin T, Steen NE, Agartz I, Lorentzen S, Sundet K, Andreassen OA, Melle I. BDNF val66met modulates the association between childhood trauma, cognitive and brain abnormalities in psychoses. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 46:181-8. [PMID: 23876786 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is important for brain development and plasticity, and here we tested if the functional BDNF val66met variant modulates the association between high levels of childhood abuse, cognitive function, and brain abnormalities in psychoses. METHOD 249 patients with a broad DSM-IV schizophrenia spectrum disorder or bipolar disorder were consecutively recruited to the TOP research study (mean±age: 30.7±10.9; gender: 49% males). History of childhood trauma was obtained using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Cognitive function was assessed through a standardized neuropsychological test battery. BDNF val66met was genotyped using standardized procedures. A sub-sample of n=106 Caucasians with a broad DSM-IV schizophrenia spectrum disorder or bipolar disorder (mean±age: 32.67±10.85; 49% males) had data on sMRI. RESULTS Carriers of the Methionine (met) allele exposed to high level of childhood abuse demonstrated significantly poorer cognitive functioning compared to homozygotic Valine (val/val) carriers. Taking in consideration multiple testing, using a more conservative p value, this was still shown for physical abuse and emotional abuse, as well as a trend level for sexual abuse. Further, met carriers exposed to high level of childhood sexual abuse showed reduced right hippocampal volume (r(2)=0.43; p=0.008), and larger right and left lateral ventricles (r(2)=0.37; p=0.002, and r(2)=0.27; p=0.009, respectively). Our findings were independent of age, gender, diagnosis and intracranial volume. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that in patients with psychoses, met carriers of the BDNF val66met with high level of childhood abuse have more cognitive and brain abnormalities than all other groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Aas
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Psychosis Research Unit, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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92
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Kim S, Arora M, Fernandez C, Caruso J, Landero J, Chen A. Lead, mercury, and cadmium exposure and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children. Environ Res 2013; 126:105-10. [PMID: 24034783 PMCID: PMC3847899 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited research examining the relationship between lead (Pb) exposure and medically diagnosed attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. The role of mercury (Hg) and cadmium (Cd) exposures in ADHD development is even less clear. OBJECTIVES To examine the relationship between Pb, Hg, and Cd and ADHD in children living inside and outside a Lead Investigation Area (LIA) of a former lead refinery in Omaha, NE. METHODS We carried out a case-control study with 71 currently medically diagnosed ADHD cases and 58 controls from a psychiatric clinic and a pediatric clinic inside and outside of the LIA. The participants were matched on age group (5-8, 9-12 years), sex, race (African American or Caucasians and others), and location (inside or outside LIA). We measured whole blood Pb, total Hg, and Cd using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. RESULTS Inside the LIA, the 27 cases had blood Pb geometric mean (GM) 1.89 µg/dL and the 41 controls had 1.51 µg/dL. Outside the LIA, the 44 cases had blood Pb GM 1.02 µg/dL while the 17 controls had 0.97 µg/dL. After adjustment for matching variables and maternal smoking, socioeconomic status, and environmental tobacco exposure, each natural log unit blood Pb had an odds ratio of 2.52 with 95% confidence interval of 1.07-5.92. Stratification by the LIA indicated similar point estimate but wider CIs. No associations were observed for Hg or Cd. CONCLUSIONS Postnatal Pb exposure may be associated with higher risk of clinical ADHD, but not the postnatal exposure to Hg or Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephani Kim
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267 USA
| | - Monica Arora
- Department of Psychiatry, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, 68131, USA
| | - Cristina Fernandez
- Department of Pediatrics, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, 68131, USA
| | - Joseph Caruso
- Metallomics Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221 USA
| | - Julio Landero
- Metallomics Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221 USA
| | - Aimin Chen
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267 USA
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93
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Akpinar A, Yaman GB, Demirdas A, Onal S. Possible role of adrenomedullin and nitric oxide in major depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 46:120-5. [PMID: 23867466 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (ADM) and nitric oxide (NO) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of certain psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. ADM induces vasorelaxation by activating adenylate cyclase and stimulating the release of NO. These two molecules are known to influence cerebral activity. In this study, we aimed to examine the serum levels of ADM and NO in patients with major depression (MD). We enrolled 50 patients with MD and 50 healthy control subjects. The diagnosis of MD was established on the basis of a structured clinical interview using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). The severity of depressive symptoms was evaluated using Hamilton's 17-item Depression Rating Scale. The mean serum levels of ADM and NO in patients with MD were significantly higher than those in healthy subjects (p=0.001, for both). The severity of psychomotor retardation in patients with MD was significantly correlated with the ADM (r=0.37, p=0.007) and NO levels (r=0.29, p=0.038). The patients with obvious psychomotor retardation had significantly higher levels of ADM and NO than did the patients with no psychomotor retardation (p=0.025, p=0.030). A significantly positive correlation was found between ADM and NO levels in patients with MD (r=0.79, p=0.001). Serum levels of ADM and NO levels were not correlated with the severity or duration of depression or depressive symptoms (except psychomotor retardation). In conclusion, our study indicates that serum levels of ADM and NO are elevated in patients with MD and that increased serum levels of ADM and NO may be associated with psychomotor retardation. The ADM-NO system may serve as a new target in the treatment of patients with MD and psychomotor retardation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Akpinar
- Department of Psychiatry, Suleyman Demirel University School of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey.
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94
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Balan S, Yamada K, Iwayama Y, Toyota T, Ohnishi T, Maekawa M, Toyoshima M, Iwata Y, Suzuki K, Kikuchi M, Ujike H, Inada T, Kunugi H, Ozaki N, Iwata N, Nanko S, Kato T, Yoshikawa T. Lack of association of EGR2 variants with bipolar disorder in Japanese population. Gene 2013; 526:246-50. [PMID: 23747400 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The early growth response gene 2 (EGR2) has been recently reported to be associated with bipolar disorder in the Korean population. However replication studies in independent cohorts of same and different ethnicities are essential for establishing the credibility of a genotype-phenotype association. With this notion, in the present study we have performed a replication study of the reported association of SNPs in EGR2 in a case-control study comprising of 867 unrelated Japanese bipolar disorder patients and 895 age-, sex- and ethnicity-matched controls. Results showed no significant differences in allele and genotype frequencies of EGR2 SNPs between bipolar disorder patients and controls and also in a sex-stratified genetic analysis. The haplotype and meta-analyses also showed no significant association with bipolar disorder. In conclusion, this is the first replication study of the previously reported association of EGR2 with bipolar disorder in a larger sample set and the results showed that the EGR2 gene is unlikely to contribute to the susceptibility of bipolar disorder in a Japanese cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabeesh Balan
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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95
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Ahuja A, Martin J, Langley K, Thapar A. Intellectual disability in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Pediatr 2013; 163:890-5.e1. [PMID: 23608559 PMCID: PMC4078221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and mild intellectual disability (ID) are a clinically distinct ADHD subgroup. STUDY DESIGN This was a cross-sectional study comparing clinical characteristics (ADHD subtypes, total number of symptoms, and rates of common comorbidities) between children with ADHD and mild ID and those with ADHD and IQ test scores >70, and also between children with ADHD and ID and a general population sample of children with ID alone. The sample comprised a clinical sample of children with ADHD with ID (n = 97) and without ID (n = 874) and a general population sample of children with ID and without ADHD (n = 58). RESULTS After correcting for multiple statistical tests, no differences were found between the 2 ADHD groups on any measure except the presence of conduct disorder (CD) symptoms and diagnoses. Children with ADHD and ID had higher rates of both (OR, 2.38; 95% CI, 1.71-3.32 and OR, 2.69; 95% CI, 1.69-4.28, respectively). Furthermore, children with ADHD and ID had significantly higher rates of oppositional defiant disorder (OR, 5.54; 95% CI, 2.86-10.75) and CD (OR, 13.66; 95% CI, 3.25-57.42) symptoms and a higher incidence of oppositional defiant disorder diagnoses (OR, 30.99; 95% CI, 6.38-150.39) compared with children with ID without ADHD. CONCLUSION Children with ADHD and mild ID appear to be clinically typical of children with ADHD except for more conduct problems. This finding has implications for clinicians treating these children in terms of acknowledging the presence and impact of ADHD symptoms above and beyond ID and dealing with a comorbid CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Ahuja
- Ty Bryn Unit, St Cadocs Hospital, Newport, United Kingdom,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Section, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Martin
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Section, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom,Medical Research Council Center for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Langley
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Section, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom,Medical Research Council Center for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom,Reprint requests: Kate Langley, PhD, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Department of Psychological Medicine, 4th Floor Main Building, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Anita Thapar
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Section, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom,Medical Research Council Center for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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96
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Yacob D, Di Lorenzo C, Bridge JA, Rosenstein PF, Onorato M, Bravender T, Campo JV. Prevalence of pain-predominant functional gastrointestinal disorders and somatic symptoms in patients with anxiety or depressive disorders. J Pediatr 2013; 163:767-70. [PMID: 23522860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether children with symptoms of internalizing psychiatric disorders have a greater prevalence of pain-predominant functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) and migraine-like headaches. STUDY DESIGN Children and adolescents aged 6-18 years were recruited from a behavioral health center (n = 31) and a primary care center (n = 36). Subjects completed Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition-based symptom inventory questionnaires to screen for internalizing psychiatric disorders, the Questionnaire on Pediatric Gastrointestinal Symptoms, and a somatic distress assessment interview. RESULTS Thirty-three subjects (19 of 31 from the behavioral health center and 14 of 36 from the primary care center) screened positive for symptoms of anxiety or depressive disorders. The remainder screened negative and served as controls. Pain-predominant FGIDs were more common in the group with symptoms of anxiety or depression compared with controls (prevalence, 51.5% vs 8.8%; P = .0002). Migraine headaches occurred in 57.6% of the subjects with internalizing psychiatric disorders vs 23.5% of the control group (P = .006). The prevalence of functional constipation did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. The data remained essentially unchanged when analyzed within each center of recruitment. CONCLUSION Youths with anxiety or depressive symptoms are more likely to suffer from pain-predominant FGIDs and migraine-like headaches, but not from functional constipation. The lack of an association between functional constipation and internalizing psychiatric symptoms suggests that FGIDs associated with pain may bear a specific relationship to emotional disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desale Yacob
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 75390-9063, USA.
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97
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Nieratschker V, Lahtinen J, Meier S, Strohmaier J, Frank J, Heinrich A, Breuer R, Witt SH, Nöthen MM, Rietschel M, Hovatta I. Longer telomere length in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2013; 149:116-20. [PMID: 23870621 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported an association between shorter leukocyte telomere length and schizophrenia (SCZ). The aim of the present study was to replicate this finding in a large sample of SCZ patients (n=539) and population-based controls (n=519). In addition, the possible influence of SCZ severity on telomere length - as measured by age of onset, mode of onset, and course of the disorder - was investigated. Telomere length was negatively associated with age in both patients and controls. This is a consistently reported phenomenon, related to the problem of DNA end-replication. However, in contrast to previous findings, SCZ patients displayed longer telomeres compared to controls (p=0.015). No association was found with any SCZ-severity subphenotype. Interestingly, recent studies have reported associations between longer leukocyte telomere length and both smaller hippocampal volume, and poorer episodic memory performance. Both phenotypes are common in patients with SCZ. Further studies are warranted to investigate whether the present association between SCZ and increased telomere length was driven by such associations, or rather by association with the clinical disease per se or other associated phenotypes, endophenotypes or lifestyle factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Nieratschker
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J 5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany.
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98
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Compton WM, Dawson DA, Goldstein RB, Grant BF. Crosswalk between DSM-IV dependence and DSM-5 substance use disorders for opioids, cannabis, cocaine and alcohol. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 132:387-90. [PMID: 23642316 PMCID: PMC3748225 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ascertaining agreement between DSM-IV and DSM-5 is important to determine the applicability of treatments for DSM-IV conditions to persons diagnosed according to the proposed DSM-5. METHODS Data from a nationally representative sample of US adults were used to compare concordance of past-year DSM-IV opioid, cannabis, cocaine and alcohol dependence with past-year DSM-5 disorders at thresholds of 3+, 4+, 5+ and 6+ positive DSM-5 criteria among past-year users of opioids (n=264), cannabis (n=1622), cocaine (n=271) and alcohol (n=23,013). Substance-specific 2 × 2 tables yielded overall concordance (kappa), sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV). RESULTS For DSM-IV alcohol, cocaine and opioid dependence, optimal concordance occurred when 4+ DSM-5 criteria were endorsed, corresponding to the threshold for moderate DSM-5 alcohol, cocaine and opioid use disorders. Maximal concordance of DSM-IV cannabis dependence and DSM-5 cannabis use disorder occurred when 6+ criteria were endorsed, corresponding to the threshold for severe DSM-5 cannabis use disorder. At these optimal thresholds, sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV generally exceeded 85% (>75% for cannabis). CONCLUSIONS Overall, excellent correspondence of DSM-IV dependence with DSM-5 substance use disorders was documented in this general population sample of alcohol, cannabis, cocaine and opioid users. Applicability of treatments tested for DSM-IV dependence is supported by these results for those with a DSM-5 alcohol, cocaine or opioid use disorder of at least moderate severity or severe cannabis use disorder. Further research is needed to provide evidence for applicability of treatments for persons with milder substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson M Compton
- Division of Epidemiology, Services and Prevention Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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99
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Chen P, Ganesan S, McKenna M. Overview of psychiatric scales used in Nepal: their reliability, validity and cultural appropriateness. Asia Pac Psychiatry 2013; 5:113-8. [PMID: 23857938 DOI: 10.1111/j.1758-5872.2012.00212.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A review of the Western mental health scales that have been utilized in Nepal was conducted. Academic search engines (PubMed, MEDLINE, PsychLIT, Social Sciences Citation Index, and Anthropology Plus) were searched using relevant terms for the years 1990-2011. Search results indicated a limited number of mental health scales had been used and/or developed in Nepal with mixed emphasis on reliability and validity, as well as cultural considerations. These scales, methods and limitations are discussed within the cultural and social background of Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Clinical Practice Unit, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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100
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Kawano A, Tanaka Y, Ishitobi Y, Maruyama Y, Ando T, Inoue A, Okamoto S, Imanaga J, Kanehisa M, Higuma H, Ninomiya T, Tsuru J, Akiyoshi J. Salivary alpha-amylase and cortisol responsiveness following electrical stimulation stress in obsessive-compulsive disorder patients. Psychiatry Res 2013; 209:85-90. [PMID: 23266021 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Salivary α-amylase (sAA) serves as a marker of sympathoadrenal medullary system (SAM) activity. Salivary AA has not been extensively studied in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients. In the current study, 45 OCD patients and 75 healthy volunteers were assessed with the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), the Profile of Mood State (POMS), and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Measures of heart rate variability (HRV), sAA, and salivary cortisol were also obtained following the application of electrical stimulation stress. The Y-BOCS and POMS Tension-Anxiety, Depression-Dejection, Anger-Hostility, Fatigue, and Confusion scores were significantly increased in patients with OCD compared with healthy controls. In contrast, Vigor scores were significantly decreased in patients with OCD relative to scores in healthy controls. There was no difference in HRV between the patients and the controls. Salivary AA levels in female and male OCD patients were significantly elevated relative to controls both before and after electrical stimulation. In contrast, there were no differences in salivary cortisol levels between OCD patients and controls. The elevated secretion of sAA before and after stimulation may suggest an increased responsiveness to novel and uncontrollable situations in patients with OCD. An increase in sAA might be a characteristic change of OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimi Kawano
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Hasama-Machi, Oita 879-5593, Japan
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