Measurement of the Cross Sections of Ξ_{c}^{0} and Ξ_{c}^{+} Baryons and of the Branching-Fraction Ratio BR(Ξ_{c}^{0}→Ξ^{-}e^{+}ν_{e})/BR(Ξ_{c}^{0}→Ξ^{-}π^{+}) in pp Collisions at sqrt[s]=13 TeV

The p_{T}-differential cross sections of prompt charm-strange baryons Ξ_{c}^{0} and Ξ_{c}^{+} were measured at midrapidity (|y|<0.5) in proton-proton (pp) collisions at a center-of-mass energy sqrt[s]=13  TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC. The Ξ_{c}^{0} baryon was reconstructed via both the semileptonic decay (Ξ^{-}e^{+}ν_{e}) and the hadronic decay (Ξ^{-}π^{+}) channels. The Ξ_{c}^{+} baryon was reconstructed via the hadronic decay (Ξ^{-}π^{+}π^{+}) channel. The branching-fraction ratio BR(Ξ_{c}^{0}→Ξ^{-}e^{+}ν_{e})/BR(Ξ_{c}^{0}→Ξ^{-}π^{+})=1.38±0.14(stat)±0.22(syst) was measured with a total uncertainty reduced by a factor of about 3 with respect to the current world average reported by the Particle Data Group. The transverse momentum (p_{T}) dependence of the Ξ_{c}^{0}- and Ξ_{c}^{+}-baryon production relative to the D^{0} meson and to the Σ_{c}^{0,+,++}- and Λ_{c}^{+}-baryon production are reported. The baryon-to-meson ratio increases toward low p_{T} up to a value of approximately 0.3. The measurements are compared with various models that take different hadronization mechanisms into consideration. The results provide stringent constraints to these theoretical calculations and additional evidence that different processes are involved in charm hadronization in electron-positron (e^{+}e^{-}) and hadronic collisions.

Association between thyroid hormone and components of metabolic syndrome in euthyroid Korean adults: A population-based study

Thyroid dysfunction increases the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. However, the link between thyroid hormones and metabolic syndrome remains debatable, and the effect of sex on their relationship is not completely understood. To elucidate the relationship of thyroid hormones with metabolic syndrome and its components according to sex in euthyroid individuals in South Korea. Adult participants who underwent thyroid tests at our institution between January 2015 and December 2018 and had thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH; 0.270-4.200 μIU/mL) and free thyroxine (FT4; 0.93-1.70 ng/dL) levels in the normal range were included. After correcting for age and body mass index, multiple linear regression was performed to assess the association of TSH and FT4 with metabolic syndrome and its components, and logistic regression was performed to estimate the risk of developing metabolic syndrome and its components according to different thyroid hormone quartiles. We included 12,478 men and 7,575 women in this study. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 9.68%. In men, TSH was positively associated with blood pressure and triglycerides, and the odds ratio for high blood pressure and hypertriglyceridemia was approximately 1.3 times higher in the fourth quartile than in the first quartile. FT4 associated positively with waist circumference, and a high odds ratio for abdominal obesity in the fourth quartile was observed in both men (odds ratio [OR], 1.239; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.045-1.470) and women (OR, 1.302; 95% CI, 1.029-1.649). A negative association was found between FT4 and triglycerides, and concurrently, the odds ratios for hypertriglyceridemia were lower in the fourth quartile in both men (OR, 0.692; 95% CI, 0.619-0.774) and women (OR: 0.641; 95% CI: 0.512-0.803). In addition, a higher odds ratio for high blood pressure was observed in the fourth quartiles of FT4 and TSH in women. However, there was no association between TSH and FT4 levels and the onset of metabolic syndrome in either of the sexes. Serum TSH and FT4 levels were associated with different metabolic syndrome components in men and women, but there was no association with the onset of metabolic syndrome.

Λ_{c}^{+} Production and Baryon-to-Meson Ratios in pp and p-Pb Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.02 TeV at the LHC

The prompt production of the charm baryon Λ_{c}^{+} and the Λ_{c}^{+}/D^{0} production ratios were measured at midrapidity with the ALICE detector in pp and p-Pb collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.02  TeV. These new measurements show a clear decrease of the Λ_{c}^{+}/D^{0} ratio with increasing transverse momentum (p_{T}) in both collision systems in the range 2<p_{T}<12  GeV/c, exhibiting similarities with the light-flavor baryon-to-meson ratios p/π and Λ/K_{S}^{0}. At low p_{T}, predictions that include additional color-reconnection mechanisms beyond the leading-color approximation, assume the existence of additional higher-mass charm-baryon states, or include hadronization via coalescence can describe the data, while predictions driven by charm-quark fragmentation processes measured in e^{+}e^{-} and e^{-}p collisions significantly underestimate the data. The results presented in this Letter provide significant evidence that the established assumption of universality (colliding-system independence) of parton-to-hadron fragmentation is not sufficient to describe charm-baryon production in hadronic collisions at LHC energies.

Experimental Evidence for an Attractive p-ϕ Interaction

This Letter presents the first experimental evidence of the attractive strong interaction between a proton and a ϕ meson. The result is obtained from two-particle correlations of combined p-ϕ⊕ p[over ¯]-ϕ pairs measured in high-multiplicity pp collisions at sqrt[s]=13  TeV by the ALICE Collaboration. The spin-averaged scattering length and effective range of the p-ϕ interaction are extracted from the fully corrected correlation function employing the Lednický-Lyuboshits approach. In particular, the imaginary part of the scattering length vanishes within uncertainties, indicating that inelastic processes do not play a prominent role for the p-ϕ interaction. These data demonstrate that the interaction is dominated by elastic p-ϕ scattering. Furthermore, an analysis employing phenomenological Gaussian- and Yukawa-type potentials is conducted. Under the assumption of the latter, the N-ϕ coupling constant is found to be g_{N-ϕ}=0.14±0.03(stat)±0.02(syst). This work provides valuable experimental input to accomplish a self-consistent description of the N-ϕ interaction, which is particularly relevant for the more fundamental studies on partial restoration of chiral symmetry in nuclear medium.

Multiharmonic Correlations of Different Flow Amplitudes in Pb-Pb Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=2.76 TeV

The event-by-event correlations between three flow amplitudes are measured for the first time in Pb-Pb collisions, using higher-order symmetric cumulants. We find that different three-harmonic correlations develop during the collective evolution of the medium when compared to correlations that exist in the initial state. These new results cannot be interpreted in terms of previous lower-order flow measurements since contributions from two-harmonic correlations are explicitly removed in the new observables. A comparison to Monte Carlo simulations provides new and independent constraints for the initial conditions and system properties of nuclear matter created in heavy-ion collisions.

Soft-Dielectron Excess in Proton-Proton Collisions at sqrt[s]=13 TeV

A measurement of dielectron production in proton-proton (pp) collisions at sqrt[s]=13  TeV, recorded with the ALICE detector at the CERN LHC, is presented in this Letter. The data set was recorded with a reduced magnetic solenoid field. This enables the investigation of a kinematic domain at low dielectron (ee) invariant mass m_{ee} and pair transverse momentum p_{T,ee} that was previously inaccessible at the LHC. The cross section for dielectron production is studied as a function of m_{ee}, p_{T,ee}, and event multiplicity dN_{ch}/dη. The expected dielectron rate from hadron decays, called hadronic cocktail, utilizes a parametrization of the measured η/π^{0} ratio in pp and proton-nucleus collisions, assuming that this ratio shows no strong dependence on collision energy at low transverse momentum. Comparison of the measured dielectron yield to the hadronic cocktail at 0.15<m_{ee}<0.6  GeV/c^{2} and for p_{T,ee}<0.4  GeV/c indicates an enhancement of soft dielectrons, reminiscent of the "anomalous" soft-photon and soft-dilepton excess in hadron-hadron collisions reported by several experiments under different experimental conditions. The enhancement factor over the hadronic cocktail amounts to 1.61±0.13(stat)±0.17(syst,data)±0.34(syst,cocktail) in the ALICE acceptance. Acceptance-corrected excess spectra in m_{ee} and p_{T,ee} are extracted and compared with calculations of dielectron production from hadronic bremsstrahlung and thermal radiation within a hadronic many-body approach.

Continuing patient care to underserved communities and medical education during the COVID-19 pandemic through a teledermatology student-run clinic

A virtual pediatric dermatology student-run clinic was initiated during the COVID-19 pandemic, when in-person educational opportunities were limited. The clinic's aim is to provide high-quality dermatologic care to a diverse, underserved pediatric patient population while teaching trainees how to diagnose and manage common skin conditions. In our initial eight sessions, we served 37 patients, predominantly those with skin of color, and had a low no-show rate of 9.8%. This report describes the general structure of the clinic, goals, and the patient population to provide an overview of our educational model for those interested in similar efforts.

Elliptic Flow of Electrons from Beauty-Hadron Decays in Pb-Pb Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.02 TeV

The elliptic flow of electrons from beauty hadron decays at midrapidity (|y|<0.8) is measured in Pb-Pb collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.02  TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC. The azimuthal distribution of the particles produced in the collisions can be parametrized with a Fourier expansion, in which the second harmonic coefficient represents the elliptic flow, v_{2}. The v_{2} coefficient of electrons from beauty hadron decays is measured for the first time in the transverse momentum (p_{T}) range 1.3-6  GeV/c in the centrality class 30%-50%. The measurement of electrons from beauty-hadron decays exploits their larger mean proper decay length cτ≈500  μm compared to that of charm hadrons and most of the other background sources. The v_{2} of electrons from beauty hadron decays at midrapidity is found to be positive with a significance of 3.75  σ. The results provide insights into the degree of thermalization of beauty quarks in the medium. A model assuming full thermalization of beauty quarks is strongly disfavored by the measurement at high p_{T}, but is in agreement with the results at low p_{T}. Transport models including substantial interactions of beauty quarks with an expanding strongly interacting medium describe the measurement within uncertainties.

Study of the K_{L}→π^{0}νν[over ¯] Decay at the J-PARC KOTO Experiment

The rare decay K_{L}→π^{0}νν[over ¯] was studied with the dataset taken at the J-PARC KOTO experiment in 2016, 2017, and 2018. With a single event sensitivity of (7.20±0.05_{stat}±0.66_{syst})×10^{-10}, three candidate events were observed in the signal region. After unveiling them, contaminations from K^{±} and scattered K_{L} decays were studied, and the total number of background events was estimated to be 1.22±0.26. We conclude that the number of observed events is statistically consistent with the background expectation. For this dataset, we set an upper limit of 4.9×10^{-9} on the branching fraction of K_{L}→π^{0}νν[over ¯] at the 90% confidence level.

Timing and clinical outcomes of tracheostomy in patients with COVID-19

In this retrospective multicentre cohort study that included 27 COVID-19 patients who underwent tracheostomy, the mean time between intubation and tracheostomy was 15.8 days and the negative conversion time of COVID-19 was 43.1 days. Eleven patients (40.7%) died of COVID-19 and the use of percutaneous dilatation tracheostomy was significantly associated with in-hospital death. Timely tracheostomy could be performed in COVID-19 patients, regardless of duration of intubation or positivity of COVID-19 test, with an open surgical tracheostomy as a preferable technique.

Mitochondrial genome of the Antarctic microalga Micractinium simplicissimum KSF0127 (Chlorellaceae, Trebouxiophyceae)

We report the first mitochondrial genome of the Antarctic microalga Micractinium simplicissimum KSF0127. The circular mitochondrial genome was 67,923 bp in length and contained 45 protein-coding genes, one ribosomal RNA gene, and 60 transfer RNA genes. The phylogenetic tree was constructed with eight previously reported mitogenome sequences and showed the phylogenetic position of M. simplicissimum KSF0127 within the Chlorellaceae family.

Research Note: Effects of the in ovo injection of organic zinc, manganese, and copper and posthatch holding time before placement on broiler body temperature during grow out

Effects of the in ovo injection of organic microminerals (OM) (zinc, manganese, and copper) and posthatch holding time (HT) on the daily body temperature (bt) of broilers during grow out were determined. The hatching eggs from a Ross 708 breeder flock at 32 wk of age were incubated under standard commercial conditions. At 17 d of incubation, eggs were randomly allocated to 3 in ovo OM injection treatment (TRT) groups, and at 21 d of incubation, male hatchlings were randomly allocated to 2 posthatch HT treatment groups. Eggs were either not injected or were in ovo injected with diluent only or diluent containing the OM mixture. A 0-hour HT group had immediate access to water and feed, and a 24-hour HT (24HT) group contained birds that were kept in transport baskets in their pens without access to feed and water for 24 h before being released. Fifteen male birds were placed in each of 36 litter floor pens in a temperature-controlled facility. Approximately 2 birds in each of 6 replicate pens belonging to each TRT-HT combination had temperature transponders inserted subcutaneous in the mid-dorsal region of the neck. All birds were brooded under standard commercial conditions and had ad libitum access to feed and water after their respective HT. The bt of the same birds were determined daily at the same time each day beginning at hatch and ending on 39 d of posthatch age (AGE). There were no significant main or interactive effects involving TRT or HT for bt. However, there was a significant (P ≤ 0.0001) main effect because of AGE. A general increase in bt occurred during the 39 d grow out period. At hatch, bt was 40.54 ± 0.056°C and at AGE 39 was 41.46 ± 0.055°C. Under standard brooding conditions, a general increase in bt occurred in the Ross 708 broilers. However, these birds did not exhibit a significant bt response to TRT or a 24HT before placement.

Measurement of the Low-Energy Antideuteron Inelastic Cross Section

In this Letter, we report the first measurement of the inelastic cross section for antideuteron-nucleus interactions at low particle momenta, covering a range of 0.3≤p<4  GeV/c. The measurement is carried out using p-Pb collisions at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon-nucleon pair of sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.02  TeV, recorded with the ALICE detector at the CERN LHC and utilizing the detector material as an absorber for antideuterons and antiprotons. The extracted raw primary antiparticle-to-particle ratios are compared to the results from detailed ALICE simulations based on the geant4 toolkit for the propagation of (anti)particles through the detector material. The analysis of the raw primary (anti)proton spectra serves as a benchmark for this study, since their hadronic interaction cross sections are well constrained experimentally. The first measurement of the inelastic cross section for antideuteron-nucleus interactions averaged over the ALICE detector material with atomic mass numbers ⟨A⟩=17.4 and 31.8 is obtained. The measured inelastic cross section points to a possible excess with respect to the Glauber model parametrization used in geant4 in the lowest momentum interval of 0.3≤p<0.47  GeV/c up to a factor 2.1. This result is relevant for the understanding of antimatter propagation and the contributions to antinuclei production from cosmic ray interactions within the interstellar medium. In addition, the momentum range covered by this measurement is of particular importance to evaluate signal predictions for indirect dark-matter searches.

Probing the Effects of Strong Electromagnetic Fields with Charge-Dependent Directed Flow in Pb-Pb Collisions at the LHC

The first measurement at the LHC of charge-dependent directed flow (v_{1}) relative to the spectator plane is presented for Pb-Pb collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.02  TeV. Results are reported for charged hadrons and D^{0} mesons for the transverse momentum intervals p_{T}>0.2  GeV/c and 3<p_{T}<6  GeV/c in the 5%-40% and 10%-40% centrality classes, respectively. The difference between the positively and negatively charged hadron v_{1} has a positive slope as a function of pseudorapidity η, dΔv_{1}/dη=[1.68±0.49(stat)±0.41(syst)]×10^{-4}. The same measurement for D^{0} and D[over ¯]^{0} mesons yields a positive value dΔv_{1}/dη=[4.9±1.7(stat)±0.6(syst)]×10^{-1}, which is about 3 orders of magnitude larger than the one of the charged hadrons. These measurements can provide new insights into the effects of the strong electromagnetic field and the initial tilt of matter created in noncentral heavy ion collisions on the dynamics of light (u, d, and s) and heavy (c) quarks. The large difference between the observed Δv_{1} of charged hadrons and D^{0} mesons may reflect different sensitivity of the charm and light quarks to the early time dynamics of a heavy ion collision. These observations challenge some recent theoretical calculations, which predicted a negative and an order of magnitude smaller value of dΔv_{1}/dη for both light flavor and charmed hadrons.

Evidence of Spin-Orbital Angular Momentum Interactions in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions

The first evidence of spin alignment of vector mesons (K^{*0} and ϕ) in heavy-ion collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is reported. The spin density matrix element ρ_{00} is measured at midrapidity (|y|<0.5) in Pb-Pb collisions at a center-of-mass energy (sqrt[s_{NN}]) of 2.76 TeV with the ALICE detector. ρ_{00} values are found to be less than 1/3 (1/3 implies no spin alignment) at low transverse momentum (p_{T}<2  GeV/c) for K^{*0} and ϕ at a level of 3σ and 2σ, respectively. No significant spin alignment is observed for the K_{S}^{0} meson (spin=0) in Pb-Pb collisions and for the vector mesons in pp collisions. The measured spin alignment is unexpectedly large but qualitatively consistent with the expectation from models which attribute it to a polarization of quarks in the presence of angular momentum in heavy-ion collisions and a subsequent hadronization by the process of recombination.

Effects of dietary Original XPC on selected blood variables in layer pullets challenged with Mycoplasma gallisepticum,. Poult Sci 2020;99:4373-4383. [PMID: 32867981 PMCID: PMC7598016 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0]

Effects of dietary Original XPC (XPC) on 17 selected blood variables in commercial layer pullets challenged with the virulent, low-passage R strain of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (R_lowMG) were investigated. Hy-Line W-36 pullets sourced from M. gallisepticum–clean layer breeders were fed a basal diet with XPC (1.25 kg/metric ton) or without from hatch until 12 wk of age (woa). At 8 and 10 woa, half of the birds in each dietary treatment were challenged with R_lowMG. Blood samples were taken immediately before the initial R_lowMG challenge at 8 woa and again at 12 woa (4 wk after challenge). At 8 woa, blood pH was lower and glucose concentration was higher in the preassigned challenge treatment groups. At 12 woa, the concentration of oxygen dissolved in the blood was significantly lower in the R_lowMG-challenged group than the unchallenged group of birds regardless of dietary treatment. The R_lowMG challenge significantly increased blood carbon dioxide partial pressure, calcium, sodium, anion gap, osmolality, glucose, and corticosterone levels but significantly decreased blood oxygen partial pressure, oxyhemoglobin concentration, concentration of oxygen dissolved in the blood, chloride, and pH levels. Because blood pH and glucose concentration at 8 woa were examined before challenge, their baseline values were biased with respect to challenge treatment before treatment was applied. However, the lack of a significant main effect due to diet at 8 woa for blood pH and glucose concentration, along with the other 15 blood variables, indicate that the baseline data with respect to dietary treatment were unbiased, allowing for real dietary effects to be accurately assessed. In conclusion, layer pullets challenged with R_lowMG undergo a stress response associated with changes in various physiological blood variables, and a decrease in pH and increase in carbon dioxide partial pressure, in association with a lack of change in bicarbonate, indicates that the stress response caused by the R_lowMG challenge was associated with respiratory acidosis. Nevertheless, feeding XPC did not influence the effects of challenge treatment on these postchallenge physiological blood values.

Growth and humoral immune effects of dietary Original XPC in layer pullets challenged with Mycoplasma gallisepticum

Effects of dietary Original XPC (XPC) in commercial layer pullets challenged with the virulent, low passage R strain of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (R_low MG) were investigated. Hy-Line W-36 pullets sourced from MG-clean breeders were fed a basal diet with or without (CON) XPC (1.25 kg/metric ton) from hatch until 12 wk of age (woa). At 8 and 10 woa, half of the birds in each dietary treatment were challenged with R_low MG. Body weight was recorded at 3, 8, and 12 woa, and ovary, ceca, and bursa weights were recorded at 3 and 12 woa. Blood samples were taken immediately before the initial R_low MG challenge at 8 woa and again at 12 woa to test for IgM and IgG antibody production against MG. All birds were evaluated for MG lesion scores at 12 woa. Regardless of challenge, inclusion of XPC in the diet did not significantly alter BW at 3 or 8 woa or relative organ weights at 3 or 12 woa. However, at 12 woa, BW of XPC-fed birds, regardless of challenge was significantly (P = 0.0038) heavier than CON by 25.7 g. All birds tested negative for MG antibodies before the 8 woa challenge. Respective percentage serum plate agglutination and ELISA positive birds at 12 woa were 0 and 0% (CON, nonchallenged), 1.4 and 0% (XPC, nonchallenged), 100 and 47.2% (CON, challenged), and 100 and 50.0% (XPC, challenged). Diet did not significantly affect ELISA titers, but they were significantly (P < 0.0001) increased due to challenge. Furthermore, lesion scores were significantly higher for R_low MG-challenged birds (P = 0.0012), and dietary treatment with XPC in challenged birds numerically reduced MG lesion scores from 0.278 to 0.194. In conclusion, although dietary XPC did not significantly alter the humoral immune response, antibody titer levels, or severity of MG lesions in layer pullets that were or were not challenged with R_low MG, it led to an increase in their rate of growth through 12 woa.

Scattering Studies with Low-Energy Kaon-Proton Femtoscopy in Proton-Proton Collisions at the LHC

The study of the strength and behavior of the antikaon-nucleon (K[over ¯]N) interaction constitutes one of the key focuses of the strangeness sector in low-energy quantum chromodynamics (QCD). In this Letter a unique high-precision measurement of the strong interaction between kaons and protons, close and above the kinematic threshold, is presented. The femtoscopic measurements of the correlation function at low pair-frame relative momentum of (K^{+}p⊕K^{-}p[over ¯]) and (K^{-}p⊕K^{+}p[over ¯]) pairs measured in pp collisions at sqrt[s]=5, 7, and 13 TeV are reported. A structure observed around a relative momentum of 58  MeV/c in the measured correlation function of (K^{-}p⊕K^{+}p[over ¯]) with a significance of 4.4σ constitutes the first experimental evidence for the opening of the (K[over ¯]^{0}n⊕K^{0}n[over ¯]) isospin breaking channel due to the mass difference between charged and neutral kaons. The measured correlation functions have been compared to Jülich and Kyoto models in addition to the Coulomb potential. The high-precision data at low relative momenta presented in this work prove femtoscopy to be a powerful complementary tool to scattering experiments and provide new constraints above the K[over ¯]N threshold for low-energy QCD chiral models.

Co-production of biodiesel and bioethanol using psychrophilic microalga Chlamydomonas sp. KNM0029C isolated from Arctic sea ice

BACKGROUND

Biofuels, generated using microalgae as sustainable energy, have received a lot of attention. Microalgae can be cultivated at low cost with CO₂ and solar energy without competition from edible crops. Psychrophilic microalgae can be a suitable feedstock to produce biofuels without the environmental constraints of low temperatures, because they can grow below 10 °C. However, there is a lack of efficient strategies using psychrophilic microalgae to produce biodiesel and bioethanol. Therefore, the current study aimed to optimize the production of biodiesel and bioethanol from Arctic Chlamydomonas sp. KNM0029C at low temperatures.

RESULTS

After incubation in a 20-L photobioreactor, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) was extracted using modified FAME extraction methods, producing a maximum yield of 0.16-g FAME/g KNM0029C. Residual biomass was pretreated for bioethanol production, and the yields from different methods were compared. The highest bioethanol yield (0.22-g/g residual biomass) was obtained by pretreatment with enzyme (amyloglucosidase) after sonication. Approximately 300-mg biofuel was obtained, including 156-mg FAME biodiesel and 144-mg bioethanol per g dried cells, representing the highest recorded yield from psychrophilic microalgae.

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first to attempt at utilizing biomass from psychrophilic Arctic microalga Chlamydomonas sp. KNM0029C for the co-production of bioethanol and biodiesel, and it yielded the highest values among reported studies using psychrophilic organisms. These results can be used as a source for the efficient biofuel production using polar microalgae.

Measurement of ϒ(1S) Elliptic Flow at Forward Rapidity in Pb-Pb Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.02 TeV

The first measurement of the ϒ(1S) elliptic flow coefficient (v_{2}) is performed at forward rapidity (2.5<y<4) in Pb-Pb collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.02  TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC. The results are obtained with the scalar product method and are reported as a function of transverse momentum (p_{T}) up to 15  GeV/c in the 5%-60% centrality interval. The measured ϒ(1S)v_{2} is consistent with 0 and with the small positive values predicted by transport models within uncertainties. The v_{2} coefficient in 2<p_{T}<15  GeV/c is lower than that of inclusive J/ψ mesons in the same p_{T} interval by 2.6 standard deviations. These results, combined with earlier suppression measurements, are in agreement with a scenario in which the ϒ(1S) production in Pb-Pb collisions at LHC energies is dominated by dissociation limited to the early stage of the collision, whereas in the J/ψ case there is substantial experimental evidence of an additional regeneration component.

Investigations of Anisotropic Flow Using Multiparticle Azimuthal Correlations in pp, p-Pb, Xe-Xe, and Pb-Pb Collisions at the LHC

Measurements of anisotropic flow coefficients (v_{n}) and their cross-correlations using two- and multiparticle cumulant methods are reported in collisions of pp at sqrt[s]=13  TeV, p-Pb at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.02  TeV, Xe-Xe at sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.44  TeV, and Pb-Pb at sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.02  TeV recorded with the ALICE detector. The multiplicity dependence of v_{n} is studied in a very wide range from 20 to 3000 particles produced in the midrapidity region |η|<0.8 for the transverse momentum range 0.2<p_{T}<3.0  GeV/c. An ordering of the coefficients v_{2}>v_{3}>v_{4} is found in pp and p-Pb collisions, similar to that seen in large collision systems, while a weak v_{2} multiplicity dependence is observed relative to nucleus-nucleus collisions in the same multiplicity range. Using a novel subevent method, v_{2} measured with four-particle cumulants is found to be compatible with that from six-particle cumulants in pp and p-Pb collisions. The magnitude of the correlation between v_{n}^{2} and v_{m}^{2}, evaluated with the symmetric cumulants SC(m,n) is observed to be positive at all multiplicities for v_{2} and v_{4}, while for v_{2} and v_{3} it is negative and changes sign for multiplicities below 100, which may indicate a different v_{n} fluctuation pattern in this multiplicity range. The observed long-range multiparticle azimuthal correlations in high multiplicity pp and p-Pb collisions can neither be described by pythia 8 nor by impact-parameter-Glasma, music, and ultrarelativistic quantum molecular dynamics model calculations, and hence, provide new insights into the understanding of collective effects in small collision systems.

P1249Prognostic impact of sarcopenia on major adverse cardiovascular outcomes in coronary artery disease patients undergoing successful percutaneous coronary intervention

Background

Sarcopenia is an emerging marker of frailty. Its prognostic impact on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) requires further investigation.

Purpose

We investigated the long-term prognostic impact of computed tomography (CT)-determined sarcopenia in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD).

Methods

Total 475 CAD patients those who underwent successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and performed CT scan within 30 days of PCI were enrolled. The cross-sectional area of skeletal muscle at the first lumbar vertebra (L1) level was measured. Sarcopenia was defined as L1 skeletal muscle index of less than 34.60 cm2/m2 for men and of less than 25.90 cm2/m2 for women. Primary outcome was 3-year all-cause mortality and secondary outcome was 3-year major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE), a composite of all-cause mortality, any myocardial infarction, and repeat revascularization.

Results

Sarcopenia was present in 214 (45.1%) of 475 patients. The incidence of 3-year all-cause mortality and MACE was significantly higher in patients with sarcopenia than in those without sarcopenia (17.7% vs. 5.7%, p<0.001; and 35.0% vs. 11.2%, p<0.001, respectively). In the fully adjusted multivariable analysis, sarcopenia was an independent predictor of higher risk of 3-year all-cause mortality (odds ratio [OR]: 2.98; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.35 to 6.58, p=0.007) and MACE (OR: 4.39; 95% CI: 2.49 to 7.73, p<0.001). The results were consistent after propensity-score matched analysis with 100 pairs of study population (C-statistics = 0.868).

Kaplan–Meier analysis of 3-year outcomes Overall population PSM population Sarcopenia (n=214) No sarcopenia (n=261) Log-rank p-value Sarcopenia (n=100) No sarcopenia (n=100) Log-rank p-value All-cause mortality 36 (17.7) 14 (5.7) <0.001 19 (20.0) 7 (7.7) 0.013 Non-fatal MI 12 (6.6) 5 (2.0) 0.021 6 (7.0) 2 (2.3) 0.134 Repeat revascularization 32 (20.3) 14 (6.2) <0.001 17 (23.3) 8 (8.0) 0.027 Total MACEs 68 (35.0) 27 (11.2) <0.001 36 (39.3) 14 (15.4) 0.001 Data are expressed as n (%). MACE = major adverse cardiovascular event; MI = myocardial infarction; PSM = propensity-score matched.

Clinical impact of sarcopenia on CAD

Conclusion

Sarcopenia is a useful predictor of adverse clinical outcomes in patients with CAD undergoing PCI. CT-determined sarcopenia may further aid in risk stratification and decision-making for patients with established ASCVD.

Acknowledgement/Funding

National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2016R1A2B3013825), Ministry of Future Creation and Science of Korea (2018K000255)

P4339Reference values for cardiorespiratory fitness in healthy Koreans: compared to western nations and nomogram

Introduction

Cardiorespiratory Fitness (CRF), defined as the integrated ability to properly oxygenate skeletal muscles during physical activity, is associated with a high risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. The reference range for CRF may differ among nations, with Asians under-represented in previous data.

Purpose

In this study, we sought to establish reference values of CRF for Asians using a recent Korean cohort.

Methods

We analyzed 2646 healthy Korean adults recently enrolled in the Korea Institute of Sports Science Fitness Standards (KISS FitS) project with estimated maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) values during treadmill test. Patients with cardiovascular or renal disease, systemic infection, pregnant women and those with orthopedic injuries unable to measure physical fitness were excluded. Age-specific mean VO2max values were compared with those from recent American, Norwegian, Danish cohorts and old Korean data.

Results

Age-specific reference values for healthy Korean adults in this cohort were as shown (Table). We were able to draw a nomogram to predict exercise capacity for a given age and MET value (Figure). When compared to other countries, less CRF reduction by aging was seen in Asians than in other Westerners. When compared to old Korean data from the 1980s, values were similar after adjustment for difference in methods, except for those under 30 years old which were decreased.

Exercise capacity of healthy Korean Men Women Age VO2max (ml/kg/min) N P-value for trend Age VO2max (ml/kg/min) N P-value for trend 19–29 42.3±6.3± 209 <0.01 19–29 34.3±4.3± 110 <0.01 30–39 42.0±5.0± 170 39–39 32.2±4.5± 211 40–49 41.4±5.6± 238 40–49 30.8±4.6± 284 50–59 38.0±5.7± 274 50–59 28.3±4.6± 367 60–69 32.4±6.2± 134 60–69 26.0±5.7± 336 70–79 27.2±5.6± 83 70–79 23.9±4.4± 195 >80 24.1±4.0± 11 >80 21.0±3.7± 24 Total 38.6±7.4± 1119 Total 28.5±5.8 1527 Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. VO2max, maximal oxygen uptake; N, number.

Nomogram of exercise capacity in Koreans

Conclusions

While there was no significant change in CRF over time in the same ethnic group, there was a clear inter-ethnic difference. CRF should be assessed according to ethnic or national standards, and it is necessary to establish a reference for each nation or ethnicity with periodic updates.

Acknowledgement/Funding

National Sports Promotion Fund of the Korea Sports Promotion Foundation in 2015

P2501Validation of FRIEND and ACSM equations for cardiorespiratory fitness: comparison to direct measurement in male CAD patients

Introduction

Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is associated with a high risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. The regression equation of American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) was a preferred method for estimating maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). It is well-known that CRF is overestimated in ACSM equation. Recently, Kokkinos reported more precise equation from the Fitness Registry and the Importance of Exercise National Database (FRIEND). Both equations were made from western healthy people.

Purpose

In this study, we compared VO2max estimated by ACSM and FRIEND equations to VO2max directly measured in male coronary artery disease (CAD) patients.

Methods

We analyzed 103 male CAD patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention and who participated in cardiac rehabilitation between June 2015 and December 2018. VO2max was directly measured by the gas exchange analysis during treadmill test with modified Bruce protocol. Exclusive criteria were pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis, malignancy, peripheral artery disease, insufficient cardiopulmonary exercise test and orthopedic injuries. Directly measured VO2max were compared to ACSM and FRIEND equations.

Results

Age-specific VO2max values, which were directly measured from male CAD patients, were shown in Table. Smaller CRF difference was shown in FRIEND equation than ACSM equation. Compared to the measured value, CRF estimated by ACSM equation was overestimated by 22%, but the one estimated by FRIEND equation had only 2% gap. Figure presents Bland-Altman plots. ACSM equation had the higher bias (5.52ml/kg/min) compared with FRIEND equation (0.200ml/kg/min).

Comparison table of VO2max estimated by ACSM and FRIEND equations with directly measured VO2max in male CAD patients Age Number VO2max (ml/kg/min) Measured ACSM % predicted FRIEND % predicted 30–39 4 29.5 ± (6.6) 35.7 ± (6.1) 122.3 ± (8.5) 29.1 ± (4.3) 100.1 ± (8.7) 40–49 20 29.1 ± (5.1) 35.7 ± (5.4) 123.6 ± (11.1) 29.1 ± (3.8) 101.2 ± (9.5) 50–59 32 25.6 ± (4.3) 31.5 ± (5.1) 123.8 ± (10.1) 26.2 ± (3.6) 103.2 ± (8.5) 60–69 27 26.0 ± (5.1) 31.1 ± (2.6) 120.5 ± (12.6) 25.9 ± (4.0) 100.8 ± (10.5) 70–79 18 21.2 ± (6.0) 26.8 ± (5.4) 123.2 ± (14.8) 22.8 ± (3.9) 105.2 ± (12.0) >80 2 25.0 ± (10.1) 22.8 ± (2.6) 97 ± (28.9) 19.9 ± (1.9) 85.1 ± (27.0) Total 103 25.7 ± (5.6) 31.4 ± (6.0) 122.2 ± (12.4) 26.1 ± (4.3) 102.1 ± (10.4) Data are presented as mean ± (standard deviation).

Bland-Altman plots

Conclusions

FRIEND equation can estimate CRF more accurately than ACSM equation, even in Asian patients with CAD.