26
|
Kalaoja M, Corbin LJ, Tan VY, Ahola‐Olli AV, Havulinna AS, Santalahti K, Pitkänen N, Lehtimäki T, Lyytikäinen L, Raitoharju E, Seppälä I, Kähönen M, Ripatti S, Palotie A, Perola M, Viikari JS, Jalkanen S, Maksimow M, Salomaa V, Salmi M, Raitakari OT, Kettunen J, Timpson NJ. The Role of Inflammatory Cytokines as Intermediates in the Pathway from Increased Adiposity to Disease. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:428-437. [PMID: 33491305 PMCID: PMC8614117 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the role of cytokines as intermediates in the pathway from increased adiposity to disease. METHODS BMI and circulating levels of up to 41 cytokines were measured in individuals from three Finnish cohort studies (n = 8,293). Mendelian randomization (MR) was used to assess the impact of BMI on circulating cytokines and the impact of BMI-driven cytokines on risk of obesity-related diseases. RESULTS Observationally, BMI was associated with 19 cytokines. For every SD increase in BMI, causal effect estimates were strongest for hepatocyte growth factor, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and were as ratios of geometric means 1.13 (95% CI: 1.08-1.19), 1.08 (95% CI: 1.04-1.14), and 1.13 (95% CI: 1.04-1.21), respectively. TRAIL was associated with a small increase in the odds of coronary artery disease (odds ratio: 1.03; 95% CI: 1.00-1.06). There was inconsistent evidence for a protective role of MCP-1 against inflammatory bowel diseases. CONCLUSIONS Observational and MR estimates of the effect of BMI on cytokine levels were generally concordant. There was little evidence for an effect of raised levels of BMI-driven cytokines on disease. These findings illustrate the challenges of MR when applied in the context of molecular mediation.
Collapse
|
27
|
Gharanei S, Fishwick K, Peter Durairaj R, Jin T, Siamantouras E, Liu KK, Straube A, Lucas ES, Weston CJ, Rantakari P, Salmi M, Jalkanen S, Brosens JJ, Tan BK. Vascular Adhesion Protein-1 Determines the Cellular Properties of Endometrial Pericytes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:621016. [PMID: 33537312 PMCID: PMC7848099 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.621016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) is an inflammation-inducible adhesion molecule and a primary amine oxidase involved in immune cell trafficking. Leukocyte extravasation into tissues is mediated by adhesion molecules expressed on endothelial cells and pericytes. Pericytes play a major role in the angiogenesis and vascularization of cycling endometrium. However, the functional properties of pericytes in the human endometrium are not known. Here we show that pericytes surrounding the spiral arterioles in midluteal human endometrium constitutively express VAP-1. We first characterize these pericytes and demonstrate that knockdown of VAP-1 perturbed their biophysical properties and compromised their contractile, migratory, adhesive and clonogenic capacities. Furthermore, we show that loss of VAP-1 disrupts pericyte-uterine natural killer cell interactions in vitro. Taken together, the data not only reveal that endometrial pericytes represent a cell population with distinct biophysical and functional properties but also suggest a pivotal role for VAP-1 in regulating the recruitment of innate immune cells in human endometrium. We posit that VAP-1 could serve as a potential biomarker for pregnancy pathologies caused by a compromised perivascular environment prior to conception.
Collapse
|
28
|
Saarinen A, Keltikangas-Järvinen L, Dobewall H, Ahola-Olli A, Salmi M, Lehtimäki T, Raitakari O, Jalkanen S, Hintsanen M. Risky emotional family environment in childhood and depression-related cytokines in adulthood: The protective role of compassion. Dev Psychobiol 2021; 63:1190-1201. [PMID: 33421111 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, compassion has been found to protect against depressive symptoms, while emotional adversities in childhood are suggested to increase inflammatory responses. The current study investigated (a) whether emotional family environment in childhood predicts levels of such cytokines in adulthood that are previously found to be elevated in depression (interleukin [IL]-2, IL-6, IL-1b, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interferon-gamma [IFN-γ], and tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α]) and (b) whether these associations are modified by compassion in adulthood. METHODS The participants (N = 1,198-1,523) came from the prospective population-based Young Finns data. Emotional family environment and parental socioeconomic factors were evaluated in 1980; participants' compassion in 2001; and participants' cytokine levels and adulthood covariates in 2007. RESULTS Risky emotional family environment in childhood predicted higher levels of IL-2, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α in adulthood. Additionally, there were significant interaction effects between compassion and emotional risk in childhood, when predicting IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α. Specifically, individuals who grew up in a risky emotional family environment had on average higher levels of IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α in adulthood when combined with low compassion. CONCLUSIONS In individuals coming from risky emotional family environments, high compassion for others may protect against elevated levels of cytokines previously linked with depression.
Collapse
|
29
|
Eichin D, Pessia A, Takeda A, Laakkonen J, Bellmann L, Kankainen M, Imhof BA, Stoitzner P, Tang J, Salmi M, Jalkanen S. CD73 contributes to anti-inflammatory properties of afferent lymphatic endothelial cells in humans and mice. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:231-246. [PMID: 32970335 PMCID: PMC7821194 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
CD73 is an important ectoenzyme responsible for the production of extracellular adenosine. It is involved in regulating inflammatory responses and cell migration and is overexpressed in various cancers. The functions of CD73 in blood endothelial cells are understood in detail, but its role on afferent lymphatics remains unknown. Moreover, anti-CD73 antibodies are now used in multiple clinical cancer trials, but their effects on different endothelial cell types have not been studied. This study reveals that a previously unknown role of CD73 on afferent lymphatics is to dampen immune responses. Knocking it out or suppressing it by siRNA leads to the upregulation of inflammation-associated genes on lymphatic endothelial cells and a more pro-inflammatory phenotype of interacting dendritic cells in vitro and in vivo. In striking contrast, anti-CD73 antibodies had only negligible effects on the gene expression of lymphatic- and blood-endothelial cells. Our data thus reveal new functions of lymphatic CD73 and indicate a low likelihood of endothelial cell-related adverse effects by CD73 targeting therapeutic antibodies.
Collapse
|
30
|
Maurel M, Castagné R, Berger E, Bochud M, Chadeau-Hyam M, Fraga S, Gandini M, Hutri-Kähönen N, Jalkanen S, Kivimäki M, Marmot M, McCrory C, Preisig M, Raitakari O, Ricceri F, Salmi M, Steptoe A, Vineis P, Delpierre C, Kelly-Irving M. Patterning of educational attainment across inflammatory markers: Findings from a multi-cohort study. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 90:303-310. [PMID: 32919037 PMCID: PMC8140486 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that the inflammatory reaction, an adaptive response triggered by a variety of harmful stimuli and conditions involved in the risk and development of many chronic diseases, is a potential pathway through which the socioeconomic environment is biologically embedded. Difficulty in interpreting the role of the inflammatory system in the embodiment dynamic arises because of heterogeneity across studies that use a limited but varied number of inflammatory markers. There is no consensus in the literature as to which inflammatory markers beyond the C-reactive protein and to a lesser extent interleukin 6 are related to the social environment. Accordingly, we aimed to investigate the association between educational attainment, and several markers of inflammation - C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, interleukin 6, interleukin 1β and tumor necrosis factor α- in 6 European cohort studies. METHODS Up to 17,470 participants from six European cohort studies with data on educational attainment, health behaviors and lifestyle factors, and at least two different inflammatory markers. Four sub-datasets were drawn with varying numbers of participants to allow pairwise comparison of the social patterning of C-reactive protein and any other inflammatory markers. To evaluate within each sub-dataset the importance of the context and cohort specificities, linear regression-based analyses were performed separately for each cohort and combined in a random effect meta-analysis to determine the relationship between educational attainment and inflammation. RESULTS We found that the magnitude of the relationship between educational attainment and five inflammatory biomarkers (C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, interleukin 6 and 1β and tumor necrosis factor α) was variable. By far the most socially patterned biomarker was C-reactive protein, followed by fibrinogen and to lesser extent interleukin 6, where a low educational attainment was associated with higher inflammation even after adjusting for health behaviours and body mass index. No association was found with interleukin 1β and tumor necrosis factor α. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests different educational patterning of inflammatory biomarkers. Further large-scale research is needed to explore social differences in the inflammatory cascade in greater detail and the extent to which these differences contribute to social inequalities in health.
Collapse
|
31
|
Lokka E, Lintukorpi L, Cisneros-Montalvo S, Mäkelä JA, Tyystjärvi S, Ojasalo V, Gerke H, Toppari J, Rantakari P, Salmi M. Generation, localization and functions of macrophages during the development of testis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4375. [PMID: 32873797 PMCID: PMC7463013 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18206-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the testis, interstitial macrophages are thought to be derived from the yolk sac during fetal development, and later replaced by bone marrow-derived macrophages. By contrast, the peritubular macrophages have been reported to emerge first in the postnatal testis and solely represent descendants of bone marrow-derived monocytes. Here, we define new monocyte and macrophage types in the fetal and postnatal testis using high-dimensional single-cell analyses. Our results show that interstitial macrophages have a dominant contribution from fetal liver-derived precursors, while peritubular macrophages are generated already at birth from embryonic precursors. We find that bone marrow-derived monocytes do not substantially contribute to the replenishment of the testicular macrophage pool even after systemic macrophage depletion. The presence of macrophages prenatally, but not postnatally, is necessary for normal spermatogenesis. Our multifaceted data thus challenge the current paradigms in testicular macrophage biology by delineating their differentiation, homeostasis and functions.
Collapse
|
32
|
Jargaud V, Bour S, Tercé F, Collet X, Valet P, Bouloumié A, Guillemot JC, Mauriège P, Jalkanen S, Stolen C, Salmi M, Smith DJ, Carpéné C. Obesity of mice lacking VAP-1/SSAO by Aoc3 gene deletion is reproduced in mice expressing a mutated vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) devoid of amine oxidase activity. J Physiol Biochem 2020; 77:141-154. [PMID: 32712883 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-020-00756-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The product of Aoc3 gene is known as vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1), a glycoprotein contributing to leukocyte extravasation and exhibiting semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase activity (SSAO). Regarding the immune functions of VAP-1/SSAO, it is known that mice bearing Aoc3 gene knock-out (AOC3KO) exhibit defects in leukocyte migration similar to those of mice expressing a mutated VAP-1 lacking functional SSAO activity (knock-in, AOC3KI). However, it has not been reported whether these models differ regarding other disturbances. Thus, we further compared endocrine-metabolic phenotypes of AOC3KO and AOC3KI mice to their respective control. Special attention was paid on adiposity, glucose and lipid handling, since VAP-1/SSAO is highly expressed in adipose tissue (AT). In both mouse lines, no tissue SSAO activity was found, while Aoc3 mRNA was absent in AOC3KO only. Although food consumption was unchanged, both AOC3KO and AOC3KI mice were heavier and fatter than their respective controls. Other alterations commonly found in adipocytes from both lines were loss of benzylamine insulin-like action with unchanged insulin lipogenic responsiveness and adiponectin expression. A similar downregulation of inflammatory markers (CD45, IL6) was found in AT. Glucose handling and liver mass remained unchanged, while circulating lipid profile was distinctly altered, with increased cholesterol in AOC3KO only. These results suggest that the lack of oxidase activity found in AOC3KI is sufficient to reproduce the metabolic disturbances observed in AOC3KO mice, save those related with cholesterol transport. Modulation of SSAO activity therefore constitutes a potential target for the treatment of cardiometabolic diseases, especially obesity when complicated by low-grade inflammation.
Collapse
|
33
|
Tahkola K, Ahtiainen M, Kellokumpu I, Mecklin JP, Laukkarinen J, Laakkonen J, Kenessey I, Jalkanen S, Salmi M, Böhm J. Prognostic impact of CD73 expression and its relationship to PD-L1 in patients with radically treated pancreatic cancer. Virchows Arch 2020; 478:209-217. [PMID: 32676968 PMCID: PMC7969575 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-020-02888-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Immune suppressing molecule CD73 is overexpressed in various cancers and associated with poor survival. Little is so far known about the predictive value of CD73 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The purpose of this study was to investigate the prognostic significance of CD73 in PDAC. The study material consisted of 110 radically treated patients for PDAC. Tissue microarray blocks were constructed and stained immunohistochemically using CD73 antibody. Staining intensity and numbers of stained tumour cells, inflammatory cells, stroma, and blood vessels were assessed. High-level CD73 expression in tumour cells was positively associated with PD-L1 expression, perineural invasion, and histopathological grade. CD73 positivity in tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis. Lymphocytic CD73 positivity was also associated with staining positivity in both stroma and vascular structures. In addition, CD73 positivity in vascular structures and stroma were associated with each other. There were no significant associations between CD73 positive tumour cells and CD73 positivity in any other cell types. PD-L1 expression was associated with CD73 staining positivity in stroma (p = 0.007) and also with histopathological grade (p = 0.033) and T class (p = 0.016) of the primary tumour. CD73 positivity in tumour cells was significantly associated with poor disease-specific (p = 0.021) and overall survival (p = 0.016). In multivariate analysis, CD73 positivity in tumour cells was an independent negative prognostic factor together with histopathological grade, TNM stage, and low immune cell score. In conclusion, high CD73 expression in tumour cells is associated with poor survival in PDAC independently of the number of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes or TNM stage.
Collapse
|
34
|
Jokela H, Lokka E, Kiviranta M, Tyystjärvi S, Gerke H, Elima K, Salmi M, Rantakari P. Fetal-derived macrophages persist and sequentially maturate in ovaries after birth in mice. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:1500-1514. [PMID: 32459864 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages, which are highly diverse in different tissues, play a complex and vital role in tissue development, homeostasis, and inflammation. The origin and heterogeneity of tissue-resident monocytes and macrophages in ovaries remains unknown. Here we identify three tissue-resident monocyte populations and five macrophage populations in the adult ovaries using high-dimensional single cell mass cytometry. Ontogenic analyses using cell fate mapping models and cell depletion experiments revealed the infiltration of ovaries by both yolk sac and fetal liver-derived macrophages already during the embryonic development. Moreover, we found that both embryonic and bone marrow-derived macrophages contribute to the distinct ovarian macrophage subpopulations in the adults. These assays also showed that fetal-derived MHC II-negative macrophages differentiate postnatally in the maturing ovary to MHC II-positive cells. Our analyses further unraveled that the developmentally distinct macrophage types share overlapping distribution and scavenging function in the ovaries under homeostatic conditions. In conclusion, we report here the first comprehensive analyses of ovarian monocytes and macrophages. In addition, we show that the mechanisms controlling monocyte immigration, the phenotype of different pools of interstitial macrophages, and the interconversion capacity of fetal-derived macrophages in ovaries are remarkably different from those seen in other tissue niches.
Collapse
|
35
|
Laukka M, Hoppela E, Salo J, Rantakari P, Gronroos TJ, Orte K, Auvinen K, Salmi M, Gerke H, Thol K, Peuhu E, Kauhanen S, Merilahti P, Hartiala P. Preperitoneal Fat Grafting Inhibits the Formation of Intra-abdominal Adhesions in Mice. J Gastrointest Surg 2020; 24:2838-2848. [PMID: 31823326 PMCID: PMC7674570 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-019-04425-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adhesion formation contributes to postoperative complications in abdominal and gynaecological surgery. Thus far, the prevention and treatment strategies have focused on mechanical barriers in solid and liquid form, but these methods are not in routine use. As autologous fat grafting has become popular in treatment of hypertrophic scars because of its immunomodulatory effects, we postulated that fat grafting could also prevent peritoneal adhesion through similar mechanisms. METHODS This was a control versus intervention study to evaluate the effect of fat grafting in the prevention on peritoneal adhesion formation. An experimental mouse model for moderate and extensive peritoneal adhesions was used (n = 4-6 mice/group). Adhesions were induced mechanically, and a free epididymal fat graft from wild type or CAG-DsRed mice was injected preperitoneally immediately after adhesion induction. PET/CT imaging and scaling of the adhesions were performed, and samples were taken for further analysis at 7 and 30 days postoperation. Macrophage phenotyping was further performed from peritoneal lavage samples, and the expression of inflammatory cytokines and mesothelial layer recovery were analysed from peritoneal tissue samples. RESULTS Fat grafting significantly inhibited the formation of adhesions. PET/CT results did not show prolonged inflammation in any of the groups. While the expression of anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic IL-10 was significantly increased in the peritoneum of the fat graft-treated group at 7 days, tissue-resident and repairing M2 macrophages could no longer be detected in the fat graft at this time point. The percentage of the continuous, healed peritoneum as shown by Keratin 8 staining was greater in the fat graft-treated group after 7 days. CONCLUSIONS Fat grafting can inhibit the formation of peritoneal adhesions in mice. Our results suggest that fat grafting promotes the peritoneal healing process in a paracrine manner thereby enabling rapid regeneration of the peritoneal mesothelial cell layer.
Collapse
|
36
|
Nath AP, Ritchie SC, Grinberg NF, Tang HHF, Huang QQ, Teo SM, Ahola-Olli AV, Würtz P, Havulinna AS, Santalahti K, Pitkänen N, Lehtimäki T, Kähönen M, Lyytikäinen LP, Raitoharju E, Seppälä I, Sarin AP, Ripatti S, Palotie A, Perola M, Viikari JS, Jalkanen S, Maksimow M, Salmi M, Wallace C, Raitakari OT, Salomaa V, Abraham G, Kettunen J, Inouye M. Multivariate Genome-wide Association Analysis of a Cytokine Network Reveals Variants with Widespread Immune, Haematological, and Cardiometabolic Pleiotropy. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 105:1076-1090. [PMID: 31679650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are essential regulatory components of the immune system, and their aberrant levels have been linked to many disease states. Despite increasing evidence that cytokines operate in concert, many of the physiological interactions between cytokines, and the shared genetic architecture that underlies them, remain unknown. Here, we aimed to identify and characterize genetic variants with pleiotropic effects on cytokines. Using three population-based cohorts (n = 9,263), we performed multivariate genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for a correlation network of 11 circulating cytokines, then combined our results in meta-analysis. We identified a total of eight loci significantly associated with the cytokine network, of which two (PDGFRB and ABO) had not been detected previously. In addition, conditional analyses revealed a further four secondary signals at three known cytokine loci. Integration, through the use of Bayesian colocalization analysis, of publicly available GWAS summary statistics with the cytokine network associations revealed shared causal variants between the eight cytokine loci and other traits; in particular, cytokine network variants at the ABO, SERPINE2, and ZFPM2 loci showed pleiotropic effects on the production of immune-related proteins, on metabolic traits such as lipoprotein and lipid levels, on blood-cell-related traits such as platelet count, and on disease traits such as coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
|
37
|
Kaartinen M, Karlsson L, Paavonen EJ, Polo-Kantola P, Pelto J, Nousiainen N, Scheinin NM, Maksimow M, Salmi M, Karlsson H. Maternal tiredness and cytokine concentrations in mid-pregnancy. J Psychosom Res 2019; 127:109843. [PMID: 31683065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.109843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sleep disturbances relate to altered levels of inflammatory mediators in general population, but not much is known about the associations between sleep disturbances and inflammatory mediators during pregnancy. The present exploratory study investigated whether insomnia, tiredness, general sleep quality, and insufficient sleep duration during pregnancy relate to the concentrations of maternal peripheral circulating cytokines. As sleep disturbances are frequently observed in mood disorders, the results were controlled for symptoms of depression and anxiety. METHODS 137 participants were randomly drawn from a representative FinnBrain Birth Cohort. Serum concentrations of selected cytokines were analyzed using Multiplex bead arrays from blood samples drawn at the gestational week 24. The sleep disturbances were evaluated using the Basic Nordic Sleep Questionnaire. Depressive and anxiety symptoms were measured with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and the anxiety subscale of the self-rated Symptom Checklist 90, respectively. RESULTS Enhanced tiredness was associated with cytokine concentrations of IL-2, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, and TNF-α. The observed associations resembled a reversed U-shaped curve rather than being linear. Having a good general sleep quality was associated with higher logarithmic cytokine concentrations of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, and IFN-γ. There was no evidence for associations between insomnia or sleep loss and cytokines. CONCLUSIONS Maternal subjective tiredness and good general sleep quality were associated with altered levels of immunological markers during pregnancy. The association was independent from symptoms of depression and anxiety.
Collapse
|
38
|
Koivisto MK, Tervahartiala M, Kenessey I, Jalkanen S, Boström PJ, Salmi M. Cell-type-specific CD73 expression is an independent prognostic factor in bladder cancer. Carcinogenesis 2019; 40:84-92. [PMID: 30395172 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD73 is an adenosine-producing cell surface enzyme, which exerts strong anti-inflammatory and migration modulating effects in many cell types. We evaluated the potential of CD73 as a biomarker in predicting the outcome of bladder carcinoma. CD73 expression in tumor and stromal cells was analyzed using immunohistochemistry in 270 bladder cancer (BC) patients [166 non-muscle-invasive BC (NMIBC) and 104 muscle-invasive BC (MIBC) tumors]. The correlations of CD73 with clinical and pathological characteristics were evaluated with Pearson's and Fischer's tests. The Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to analyze the association between CD73 expression and outcome. CD73 expression showed substantial variation in basal and suprabasal layers of the cancerous epithelium, stromal fibroblasts, endothelial cells and lymphocytes in different tumor specimens. In log-rank analyses, CD73 expression in cancer cells associated with better survival both in NMIBC and MIBC, whereas CD73 positivity in stromal fibroblasts associated with impaired survival in NMIBC. In multivariable models, CD73 negative epithelial cells in both BC types and CD73 negative endothelial cells in MIBC were independent factors predicting poor outcome. We conclude that in contrast to many other cancer types, high CD73 expression in BC predicts favorable prognosis.
Collapse
|
39
|
Auvinen K, Lokka E, Mokkala E, Jäppinen N, Tyystjärvi S, Saine H, Peurla M, Shetty S, Elima K, Rantakari P, Salmi M. Fenestral diaphragms and PLVAP associations in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells are developmentally regulated. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15698. [PMID: 31666588 PMCID: PMC6821839 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52068-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells contain several nanoscale domains such as caveolae, fenestrations and transendothelial channels, which regulate signaling and transendothelial permeability. These structures can be covered by filter-like diaphragms. A transmembrane PLVAP (plasmalemma vesicle associated protein) protein has been shown to be necessary for the formation of diaphragms. The expression, subcellular localization and fenestra-forming role of PLVAP in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) have remained controversial. Here we show that fenestrations in LSEC contain PLVAP-diaphragms during the fetal angiogenesis, but they lose the diaphragms at birth. Although it is thought that PLVAP only localizes to diaphragms, we found luminal localization of PLVAP in adult LSEC using several imaging techniques. Plvap-deficient mice revealed that the absence of PLVAP and diaphragms did not affect the morphology, the number of fenestrations or the overall vascular architecture in the liver sinusoids. Nevertheless, PLVAP in fetal LSEC (fenestrations with diaphragms) associated with LYVE-1 (lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1), neuropilin-1 and VEGFR2 (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2), whereas in the adult LSEC (fenestrations without diaphragms) these complexes disappeared. Collectively, our data show that PLVAP can be expressed on endothelial cells without diaphragms, contradict the prevailing concept that biogenesis of fenestrae would be PLVAP-dependent, and reveal previously unknown PLVAP-dependent molecular complexes in LSEC during angiogenesis.
Collapse
|
40
|
Sliz E, Kalaoja M, Ahola-Olli A, Raitakari O, Perola M, Salomaa V, Lehtimäki T, Karhu T, Viinamäki H, Salmi M, Santalahti K, Jalkanen S, Jokelainen J, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S, Männikkö M, Herzig KH, Järvelin MR, Sebert S, Kettunen J. Genome-wide association study identifies seven novel loci associating with circulating cytokines and cell adhesion molecules in Finns. J Med Genet 2019; 56:607-616. [PMID: 31217265 PMCID: PMC6817708 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2018-105965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory processes contribute to the pathophysiology of multiple chronic conditions. Genetic factors play a crucial role in modulating the inflammatory load, but the exact mechanisms are incompletely understood. OBJECTIVE To assess genetic determinants of 16 circulating cytokines and cell adhesion molecules (inflammatory phenotypes) in Finns. METHODS Genome-wide associations of the inflammatory phenotypes were studied in Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (N=5284). A subsequent meta-analysis was completed for 10 phenotypes available in a previous genome-wide association study, adding up to 13 577 individuals in the study. Complementary association tests were performed to study the effect of the ABO blood types on soluble adhesion molecule levels. RESULTS We identified seven novel and six previously reported genetic associations (p<3.1×10-9). Three loci were associated with soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) level, one of which was the ABO locus that has been previously associated with soluble E-selectin (sE-selectin) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) levels. Our findings suggest that the blood type B associates primarily with sVCAM-1 level, while the A1 subtype shows a robust effect on sE-selectin and sICAM-1 levels. The genotypes in the ABO locus associating with higher soluble adhesion molecule levels tend to associate with lower circulating cholesterol levels and lower cardiovascular disease risk. CONCLUSION The present results extend the knowledge about genetic factors contributing to the inflammatory load. Our findings suggest that two distinct mechanisms contribute to the soluble adhesion molecule levels in the ABO locus and that elevated soluble adhesion molecule levels per se may not increase risk for cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
|
41
|
Takeda A, Hollmén M, Dermadi D, Pan J, Brulois KF, Kaukonen R, Lönnberg T, Boström P, Koskivuo I, Irjala H, Miyasaka M, Salmi M, Butcher EC, Jalkanen S. Single-Cell Survey of Human Lymphatics Unveils Marked Endothelial Cell Heterogeneity and Mechanisms of Homing for Neutrophils. Immunity 2019; 51:561-572.e5. [PMID: 31402260 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels form a critical component in the regulation of human health and disease. While their functional significance is increasingly being recognized, the comprehensive heterogeneity of lymphatics remains uncharacterized. Here, we report the profiling of 33,000 lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) in human lymph nodes (LNs) by single-cell RNA sequencing. Unbiased clustering revealed six major types of human LECs. LECs lining the subcapsular sinus (SCS) of LNs abundantly expressed neutrophil chemoattractants, whereas LECs lining the medullary sinus (MS) expressed a C-type lectin CD209. Binding of a carbohydrate Lewis X (CD15) to CD209 mediated neutrophil binding to the MS. The neutrophil-selective homing by MS LECs may retain neutrophils in the LN medulla and allow lymph-borne pathogens to clear, preventing their spread through LNs in humans. Our study provides a comprehensive characterization of LEC heterogeneity and unveils a previously undefined role for medullary LECs in human immunity.
Collapse
|
42
|
Kähäri L, Fair-Mäkelä R, Auvinen K, Rantakari P, Jalkanen S, Ivaska J, Salmi M. Transcytosis route mediates rapid delivery of intact antibodies to draining lymph nodes. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:3086-3102. [PMID: 31232704 DOI: 10.1172/jci125740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) filter lymph to mount effective immune responses. Small soluble lymph-borne molecules from the periphery enter the draining LNs via a reticular conduit system. Intact antibodies and other larger molecules, in contrast, are physically unable to enter the conduits, and they are thought to be transported to the LNs only within migratory DCs after proteolytic degradation. Here, we discovered that lymph-borne antibodies and other large biomolecules enter within seconds into the parenchyma of the draining LN in an intact form. Mechanistically, we found that the uptake of large molecules is a receptor-independent, fluid-phase process that takes place by dynamin-dependent vesicular transcytosis through the lymphatic endothelial cells in the subcapsular sinus of the LN. Physiologically, this pathway mediates a very fast transfer of large protein antigens from the periphery to LN-resident DCs and macrophages. We show that exploitation of the transcytosis system allows enhanced whole-organ imaging and spatially controlled lymphocyte activation by s.c. administered antibodies in vivo. Transcytosis through the floor of the subcapsular sinus thus represents what we believe to be a new physiological and targetable mode of lymph filtering.
Collapse
|
43
|
Pettersson ABV, Salmi M, Vallittu P, Serlo W, Tuomi J, Mäkitie AA. Main Clinical Use of Additive Manufacturing (Three-Dimensional Printing) in Finland Restricted to the Head and Neck Area in 2016-2017. Scand J Surg 2019; 109:166-173. [PMID: 30991900 DOI: 10.1177/1457496919840958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Additive manufacturing or three-dimensional printing is a novel production methodology for producing patient-specific models, medical aids, tools, and implants. However, the clinical impact of this technology is unknown. In this study, we sought to characterize the clinical adoption of medical additive manufacturing in Finland in 2016-2017. We focused on non-dental usage at university hospitals. MATERIALS AND METHODS A questionnaire containing five questions was sent by email to all operative, radiologic, and oncologic departments of all university hospitals in Finland. Respondents who reported extensive use of medical additive manufacturing were contacted with additional, personalized questions. RESULTS Of the 115 questionnaires sent, 58 received answers. Of the responders, 41% identified as non-users, including all general/gastrointestinal (GI) and vascular surgeons, urologists, and gynecologists; 23% identified as experimenters or previous users; and 36% identified as heavy users. Usage was concentrated around the head area by various specialties (neurosurgical, craniomaxillofacial, ear, nose and throat diseases (ENT), plastic surgery). Applications included repair of cranial vault defects and malformations, surgical oncology, trauma, and cleft palate reconstruction. Some routine usage was also reported in orthopedics. In addition to these patient-specific uses, we identified several off-the-shelf medical components that were produced by additive manufacturing, while some important patient-specific components were produced by traditional methodologies such as milling. CONCLUSION During 2016-2017, medical additive manufacturing in Finland was routinely used at university hospitals for several applications in the head area. Outside of this area, usage was much less common. Future research should include all patient-specific products created by a computer-aided design/manufacture workflow from imaging data, instead of concentrating on the production methodology.
Collapse
|
44
|
Tadayon S, Dunkel J, Takeda A, Halle O, Karikoski M, Gerke H, Rantakari P, Virtakoivu R, Pabst O, Salmi M, Hollmén M, Jalkanen S. Clever-1 contributes to lymphocyte entry into the spleen via the red pulp. Sci Immunol 2019; 4:4/33/eaat0297. [DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aat0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytes recirculate continuously between the blood and lymphoid organs, a process that is of fundamental importance for proper functioning of the immune system. The molecular mechanisms underlying lymphocyte trafficking to the spleen remain an enigma. Here, we show that lymphocytes enter the spleen preferentially from vessels in the red pulp rather than the marginal sinus or the vasculature in the white pulp. Ex vivo adhesion assays in mice and humans, together with genetic ablation of Clever-1 in mice, indicate that CD8+T cell and B220+B cell homing to the spleen via the red pulp is Clever-1 dependent. Moreover, absence of Clever-1 leads to down-regulation of the B cell attractant chemokine, CXCL13, on spleen endothelium. CXCL13 is known to guide B cell trafficking to lymphoid organs, and its lack may contribute to the observed decrease in B cell trafficking into the spleen as well. In summary, this study identifies Clever-1 as an important molecule controlling lymphocyte entry into the spleen, along with a critical role for the splenic red pulp in this regulated trafficking. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that location-specific homing-associated molecules guide lymphocyte entry into the spleen.
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Significance: Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) is an ectoenzyme that oxidates primary amines in a reaction producing also hydrogen peroxide. VAP-1 on the blood vessel endothelium regulates leukocyte extravasation from the blood into tissues under physiological and pathological conditions. Recent Advances: Inhibition of VAP-1 by neutralizing antibodies and by several novel small-molecule enzyme inhibitors interferes with leukocyte trafficking and alleviates inflammation in many experimental models. Targeting of VAP-1 also shows beneficial effects in several other diseases, such as ischemia/reperfusion, fibrosis, and cancer. Moreover, soluble VAP-1 levels may serve as a new prognostic biomarker in selected diseases. Critical Issues: Understanding the contribution of the enzyme activity-independent and enzyme activity-dependent functions, which often appear to be mediated by the hydrogen peroxide production, in the VAP-1 biology will be crucial. Similarly, there is a pressing need to understand which of the VAP-1 functions are regulated through the modulation of leukocyte trafficking, and what is the role of VAP-1 synthesized in adipose and smooth muscle cells. Future Directions: The specificity and selectivity of new VAP-1 inhibitors, and their value in animal models under therapeutic settings need to be addressed. Results from several programs studying the therapeutic potential of VAP-1 inhibition, which now are in clinical trials, will reveal the relevance of this amine oxidase in humans.
Collapse
|
46
|
Jäppinen N, Félix I, Lokka E, Tyystjärvi S, Pynttäri A, Lahtela T, Gerke H, Elima K, Rantakari P, Salmi M. Fetal-derived macrophages dominate in adult mammary glands. Nat Commun 2019; 10:281. [PMID: 30655530 PMCID: PMC6336770 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages serve multiple functions including immune regulation, morphogenesis, tissue homeostasis and healing reactions. The current paradigm holds that mammary gland macrophages first arise postnatally during the prepubertal period from the bone marrow-derived monocytes. Here we delineate the origins of tissue-resident mammary gland macrophages using high-dimension phenotypic analyses, cell-fate mapping experiments, gene-deficient mice lacking selective macrophage subtypes, and antibody-based depletion strategies. We show that tissue-resident macrophages are found in mammary glands already before birth, and that the yolk sac-derived and fetal liver-derived macrophages outnumber the adult-derived macrophages in the mammary gland also in the adulthood. In addition, fetal-derived mammary gland macrophages have a characteristic phenotype, display preferential periductal and perivascular localization, and are highly active in scavenging. These findings identify fetal-derived macrophages as the predominant leukocyte type in the adult mammary gland stroma, and reveal previously unknown complexity of macrophage biology in the breast. Tissue-resident macrophages are highly specialized phagocytes that serve multiple functions. Here, using high-dimension analyses and fate-mapping experiments, the authors show that fetal liver-derived macrophages dominate the mammary gland in neonatal and adult, and display characteristic phenotypes and functions.
Collapse
|
47
|
Abraham RS, Albanesi C, Alevizos I, Anguita J, Antiochos B, Aranow C, Atkinson JP, Austin HA, Babu S, Ballow MC, Balow JE, Belmont JW, Berek C, Beukelman T, Bhavsar T, Bird JA, Blutt SE, Boguniewicz M, Bonamichi-Santos R, Boisson B, Borzova E, Boyaka PN, Boyce J, Browne SK, Burks W, Bustamante J, Calder VL, Campbell M, Cardones ARG, Casanova JL, Castells M, Cavacini LA, Chan ES, Chaplin DD, Chatham WW, Chen ES, Chinen J, Christopher-Stine L, Ciancanelli M, Cope AP, Corry DB, Crea F, Cron RQ, Cuellar-Rodriguez JM, Dalakas MC, Dann SM, Diamond B, Du TW, Dupuis-Boisson S, Eagar TN, Elmets CA, Erkan D, Fanning L, Fikrig E, Flego D, Fleisher TA, Fonacier L, Fontenot AP, Freeman AF, Frew AJ, Fujihashi K, Gadina M, Gatt ME, Gershwin ME, Gillespie SL, Goronzy JJ, Goswami S, Grattan CE, Greenspan NS, Gupta S, Gustafson CE, Hall RP, Hamilton RG, Harrington LE, Harrison LC, Hasni SA, Helbling A, Hester J, Holland SM, Hourcade D, Huntington ND, Hwangpo T, Imboden JB, Issa F, Izraeli S, Jaffe ES, Jalkanen S, Jones S, Jouanguy E, Kabbani S, Kaufmann SH, Kheradmand F, Kohn DB, Korngold R, Kovalszki A, Kuhns DB, Kulkarni H, Kuo CY, Lahouti A, Landgren CO, Laurence A, Lee JS, Lemière C, Leung DY, Levinson AI, Levy O, Lewis DE, Lin P, Linkermann A, Liuzzo G, Lockshin MD, Lord AK, Lozier JN, Luong A, Luqmani R, Mackay M, Maltzman JS, Mannon PJ, Manns MP, Martin JG, Maynard CL, McCash S, McDonald DR, Melby PC, Miller SD, Mitchell AL, Mohd-Zaki A, Mold C, Moller DR, Monos DS, Mueller SN, Mulders-Manders CM, Mulligan MJ, Müller UR, Munshi PN, Murata K, Murphy PM, Navasa N, Noel P, Notarangelo LD, Nussbaum RL, Nutman TB, Nutt SL, Oliveira JB, Ortel TL, O'Shea JJ, Pai SY, Pandit L, Paul ME, Pearce SH, Pedicino D, Peterson EJ, Picard C, Pittaluga S, Priel DL, Puck J, Puel A, Radbruch A, Reece ST, Reveille JD, Rich RR, Roifman CM, Rosen A, Rosenbaum JT, Rosenzweig SD, Rouse BT, Rowley SD, Sakaguchi S, Salmi M, Sant AJ, Satola SW, Saw V, Schechter MC, Schroeder HW, Segal BM, Selmi C, Shankar S, Sharma A, Sharma P, Shearer WT, Siegel RM, Simon A, Smith GP, Stephens DS, Stephens R, Straumann A, Teos LY, Timares L, Tonnus W, Torres RM, Uzel G, van der Hilst JC, van der Meer JW, Varga J, Vyas JM, Waldman M, Weiser P, Weller PF, Weyand CM, Wigley FM, Winchester RJ, Wing JB, Wood KJ, Wu X, Xu H, Yee C, Zhang SY. List of Contributors. Clin Immunol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-6896-6.00104-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
48
|
Dunkel J, Viitala M, Karikoski M, Rantakari P, Virtakoivu R, Elima K, Hollmén M, Jalkanen S, Salmi M. Enhanced Antibody Production in Clever-1/Stabilin-1-Deficient Mice. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2257. [PMID: 30349531 PMCID: PMC6187969 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Clever-1, encoded by the Stab1 gene, is a scavenger and leukocyte trafficking receptor expressed by subsets of vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells and immunosuppressive macrophages. Monocyte Clever-1 also modulates T cell activation. However, nothing is known about the possible links between B cell function and Clever-1. Here, we found that Stab1 knockout mice (Stab1−/−) lacking the Clever-1 protein from all cells present with abnormally high antibody levels under resting conditions and show enhanced humoral immune responses after immunization with protein and carbohydrate antigens. Removal of the spleen does not abolish the augmented basal and post-immunization antibody levels in Clever-1–deficient mice. The increased IgG production is also present in mice in which Clever-1 is selectively ablated from macrophages. When compared to wildtype macrophages, Clever-1–deficient macrophages show increased TNF-α synthesis. In co-culture experiments, monocytes/macrophages deficient of Clever-1 support higher IgM production by B cells, which is blocked by TNF-α depletion. Collectively, our data show that the excessive inflammatory activity of monocytes/macrophages in the absence of Clever-1 results in augmented humoral immune responses in vivo.
Collapse
|
49
|
Trivedi PJ, Tickle J, Vesterhus MN, Eddowes PJ, Bruns T, Vainio J, Parker R, Smith D, Liaskou E, Thorbjørnsen LW, Hirschfield GM, Auvinen K, Hubscher SG, Salmi M, Adams DH, Weston CJ. Vascular adhesion protein-1 is elevated in primary sclerosing cholangitis, is predictive of clinical outcome and facilitates recruitment of gut-tropic lymphocytes to liver in a substrate-dependent manner. Gut 2018; 67:1135-1145. [PMID: 28428344 PMCID: PMC5969351 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is the classical hepatobiliary manifestation of IBD. This clinical association is linked pathologically to the recruitment of mucosal T cells to the liver, via vascular adhesion protein (VAP)-1-dependent enzyme activity. Our aim was to examine the expression, function and enzymatic activation of the ectoenzyme VAP-1 in patients with PSC. DESIGN We examined VAP-1 expression in patients with PSC, correlated levels with clinical characteristics and determined the functional consequences of enzyme activation by specific enzyme substrates on hepatic endothelium. RESULTS The intrahepatic enzyme activity of VAP-1 was elevated in PSC versus immune-mediated disease controls and non-diseased liver (p<0.001). The adhesion of gut-tropic α4β7+lymphocytes to hepatic endothelial cells in vitro under flow was attenuated by 50% following administration of the VAP-1 inhibitor semicarbazide (p<0.01). Of a number of natural VAP-1 substrates tested, cysteamine-which can be secreted by inflamed colonic epithelium and gut bacteria-was the most efficient (yielded the highest enzymatic rate) and efficacious in its ability to induce expression of functional mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 on hepatic endothelium. In a prospectively evaluated patient cohort with PSC, elevated serum soluble (s)VAP-1 levels predicted poorer transplant-free survival for patients, independently (HR: 3.85, p=0.003) and additively (HR: 2.02, p=0.012) of the presence of liver cirrhosis. CONCLUSIONS VAP-1 expression is increased in PSC, facilitates adhesion of gut-tropic lymphocytes to liver endothelium in a substrate-dependent manner, and elevated levels of its circulating form predict clinical outcome in patients.
Collapse
|
50
|
Haddad L, Bouzerzour H, Benmahammed A, Zerargui H, Hannachi A, Bachir A, Salmi M, Oulmi A, Nouar H, Laala Z. Analysis of the phenotypic variability of some varieties of durum wheat (<i>Triticum durum</i> Desf) to improve the efficiency of performance under the constraining conditions of semiarid environments. JOURNAL OF FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.4314/jfas.v8i3.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|