Nuclear factor kappaB activation in acute appendicitis: a molecular marker for extent of disease?

Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) has been demonstrated to regulate the transcription of target genes and stimulate inflammatory cytokine responses in a variety of inflammatory diseases. Preliminary studies have demonstrated that NF-kappaB is activated early in acute inflammation and sepsis and may serve as an indicator of clinical severity. The present study was designed to evaluate the degree of activation of NF-kappaB in patients with acute appendicitis and correlate activation with clinical extent of disease. Ten patients with acute appendicitis and five control patients (elective inguinal hernia repair) were evaluated by assaying NF-kappaB activity preoperatively and 12 to 18 hours postoperatively. Assaying of NF-kappaB was determined by binding activity for consensus probes in nuclear extracts from peripheral mixed white blood cells obtained by venous puncture. The bands of NF-kappaB activity from gel electrophoresis were quantified with a phosphor imager and reported as units of integrated intensity. The preoperative NF-kappaB activity was increased in all patients with appendicitis versus the controls [mean 151 (range 97-189) vs mean 50.3 (range 13.7-77); P < 0.0001]. The increased NF-kappaB activity also correlated with length of time of symptoms before operation. The patients who were symptomatic for less than 24 hours had an average NF-kappaB value of 103 (range 97-105) versus 171.4 (range 152-189) (P < 0.0001) in those who were symptomatic 24 or more hours. The NF-kappaB activity did not correlate with the white blood cell count. Postoperative NF-kappaB binding activity in the appendicitis patients dropped to minimal levels (mean 50.3), even lower than the control patients' baseline values (mean 55.6). Control patients demonstrated low baseline values preoperatively and a slight rise postoperatively [mean 50.3 (range 13.7-77) vs mean 100 (range 45-186)]. We conclude the following: (1) NF-kappaB binding activity is elevated in patients with acute appendicitis and correlates with symptoms longer than 24 hours. (2) This increased activity returns to baseline values within 18 hours after appendectomy. (3) Molecular indicators of inflammation may have a role in both staging surgical inflammatory conditions and predicting ultimate outcome.

A single-molecule study of RNA catalysis and folding

Using fluorescence microscopy, we studied the catalysis by and folding of individual Tetrahymena thermophila ribozyme molecules. The dye-labeled and surface-immobilized ribozymes used were shown to be functionally indistinguishable from the unmodified free ribozyme in solution. A reversible local folding step in which a duplex docks and undocks from the ribozyme core was observed directly in single-molecule time trajectories, allowing the determination of the rate constants and characterization of the transition state. A rarely populated docked state, not measurable by ensemble methods, was observed. In the overall folding process, intermediate folding states and multiple folding pathways were observed. In addition to observing previously established folding pathways, a pathway with an observed folding rate constant of 1 per second was discovered. These results establish single-molecule fluorescence as a powerful tool for examining RNA folding.

Inhibition of LPS-induced NFkappaB activation by a glucan ligand involves down-regulation of IKKbeta kinase activity and altered phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaBalpha

Growing evidence supports the role of transcription factor activation in the pathophysiology of inflammatory disorders, sepsis, ARDS, SIRS, and shock. Kinase mediated phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha is a crucial step in the NFkappaB activation pathway. We investigated IKBalpha phosphorylation in murine liver and lung extracts after cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in the presence and absence of a glucan ligand. ICR mice were subjected to CLP. Unoperated and sham-operated mice served as the controls. Glucan phosphate (50 mg/kg) was administered 1 h before or 15 min after CLP. CLP increased hepatic and pulmonary levels of phospho-IkappaBalpha by 48-192%. Pre- or post-treatment with glucan phosphate decreased (P < 0.05) tissue phospho-IkappaBalpha levels in CLP mice. Phospho-IkappaBalpha in the glucan-CLP group were not significantly different from the unoperated controls. To investigate mechanisms we examined IKKbeta kinase activity, IkappaBalpha phosphorylation and degradation, and NFkappaB activity in a murine macrophage cell line, J774a.1, treated with LPS (1 microg/mL) and/or glucan phosphate (1 microg/mL) for up to 120 min. The glucan ligand blunted LPS-induced IKKbeta kinase activity, phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaBalpha, and NFkappaB nuclear binding activity. The data indicate that one mechanism by which (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan may alter the response to endotoxin or polymicrobial sepsis involves modulation of IKK3 kinase activity with subsequent decreases in IkappaBalpha phosphorylation and NFkappaB activation.

Adenosine prevents activation of transcription factor NF-kappa B and enhances activator protein-1 binding activity in ischemic rat heart

BACKGROUND

Adenosine prevents myocardial TNF-alpha production induced by ischemia/reperfusion, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. Transcription factors NF-kappa B and AP-1 have been implicated in the regulation of a variety of inducible gene expressions in response to oxidative stress and cellular defense. The effects of adenosine on NF-kappa B and AP-1 activation have not been clearly defined. This study demonstrated differential effects of adenosine on NF-kappa B and AP-1 nuclear binding activity in ischemic myocardium.

METHODS

Isolated working rat hearts were subjected to 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, and 30 minutes of ischemia, with 4 to 6 hearts for each time point with and without adenosine (100 mumol/L). NF-kappa B and AP-1 binding activity in the nucleus were analyzed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). I kappa B alpha levels in the cytoplasm were measured by Western blot analysis. TNF-alpha mRNA levels were determined by RT-PCR.

RESULTS

NF-kappa B binding activity in the nucleus significantly increased after 4 minutes of ischemia and remained to 30 minutes. The levels of I kappa B alpha protein in the cytoplasm markedly decreased after 4, 5, 7.5, and 10 minutes of ischemia. TNF-alpha mRNA levels peaked after 10 minutes of ischemia. AP-1 DNA binding activity was induced and persisted during all ischemic periods. Adenosine significantly inhibited NK-kappa B binding activity in the nucleus, markedly prevented the loss of I kappa B alpha proteins from the cytoplasm, and concomitantly down-regulated TNF-alpha mRNA expression, but enhanced AP-1 binding activity in the nucleus of ischemic myocardium.

CONCLUSIONS

Adenosine modulation of NF-kappa B activation may be the cellular molecular mechanism of down-regulation of TNF-alpha mRNA expression. The cardioprotective properties of adenosine may be involved in the differential modulation of NF-kappa B and AP-1 activation during myocardial ischemia.

Physical activity and cardiovascular disease risk in middle-aged and older women

The authors investigated the relation between physical activity and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women by following 1,564 University of Pennsylvania alumnae (mean age, 45.5 years), initially free of CVD, from 1962 until 1993. Energy expenditure was estimated from the daily number of flights of stairs climbed and blocks walked as well as the sports played and was categorized into approximate thirds (<500, 500-999, > or = 1,000 kcal/week). During 35,021 person-years, 181 CVD cases were identified. After adjustment for coronary risk factors, the relative risks of CVD were 0.99 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.69, 1.41) and 0.88 (95% CI: 0.62, 1.25) for women who expended 500-999 and > or = 1,000, respectively, compared with <500 kcal/week (p for trend = 0.45). Only walking was found to be inversely related to CVD risk (p for trend = 0.054). Compared with women who walked <4 blocks/day, the relative risks of CVD were 0.84 (95% CI: 0.59, 1.19) and 0.67 (95% CI: 0.45, 1.01) for women who walked 4-9 and > or = 10 blocks/day, respectively. Finally, an interaction (p = 0.023) between body mass index and physical activity on CVD risk was observed, with an inverse association only for leaner (<23 kg/m2) women. These data showed no overall association of physical activity with CVD risk in women. However, walking > or = 10 blocks/day (approximately 6 miles (9.7 km)/week) was associated with a 33% decreased risk. One explanation for this finding may be that walking was reported more precisely than other kinds of activities.

Ligand-induced conformational changes observed in single RNA molecules

We present the first demonstration that fluorescence resonance energy transfer can be used to track the motion of a single molecule undergoing conformational changes. As a model system, the conformational changes of individual three-helix junction RNA molecules induced by the binding of ribosomal protein S15 or Mg(2+) ions were studied by changes in single-molecule fluorescence. The transition from an open to a folded configuration was monitored by the change of fluorescence resonance energy transfer between two different dye molecules attached to the ends of two helices in the RNA junction. Averaged behavior of RNA molecules closely resembles that of unlabeled molecules in solution determined by other bulk assays, proving that this approach is viable and suggesting new opportunities for studying protein-nucleic acids interactions. Surprisingly, we observed an anomalously broad distribution of RNA conformations at intermediate ion concentrations that may be attributed to foldability differences among RNA molecules. In addition, an experimental scheme was developed where the real-time response of single molecules can be followed under changing environments. As a demonstration, we repeatedly changed Mg(2+) concentration in the buffer while monitoring single RNA molecules and showed that individual RNA molecules can measure the instantaneous Mg(2+) concentration with 20-ms time resolution, making it the world's smallest Mg(2+) meter.

Inhibiting early activation of tissue nuclear factor-kappa B and nuclear factor interleukin 6 with (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan increases long-term survival in polymicrobial sepsis

BACKGROUND

Recent data implicate the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) and nuclear factor interleukin 6 (NF-IL6) as important steps in the pathophysiologic mechanisms of adult respiratory distress syndrome and systemic inflammatory response syndrome.

METHODS

This study evaluated the effect of immunomodulating polysaccharides on transcription factor activation, cytokine expression, and mortality in a murine cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model. ICR/HSD mice were treated with glucan (50 mg/kg) 1 hour before or 15 minutes after CLP. Liver and lung tissue were harvested at 3 hours and mortality trends were observed for 20 days.

RESULTS

CLP increased liver and lung NF-kappa B and NF-IL6 nuclear binding activity as well as tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin 6 messenger RNA levels at 3 hours. Pretreatment or posttreatment with glucans inhibited tissue NF-kappa B and NF-IL6 nuclear binding activity and tissue cytokine messenger RNA levels. Prophylaxis with glucan phosphate or scleroglucan increased (P < .001) long-term survival (20% CLP vs 65% glucan phosphate, 75% scleroglucan). Posttreatment with glucan phosphate also increased (P < .05) long-term survival (20% vs 65%).

CONCLUSIONS

Pretreatment or posttreatment with biologic response modifiers decreased tissue transcription factor nuclear binding activity and cytokine message in liver and lung of septic mice. Inhibiting early transcription factor activation and cytokine message expression correlates with improved outcome in polymicrobial sepsis as denoted by increased long-term survival.

Early activation of hepatic NFkappaB and NF-IL6 in polymicrobial sepsis correlates with bacteremia, cytokine expression, and mortality

BACKGROUND

The role of transcription factor activation in the pathophysiology of sepsis syndrome has not been established. This study investigated the relation between tissue nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) and nuclear factor interleukin 6 (NF-IL6 or C/EBP) activation and bacteremia, inflammatory cytokine expression, and mortality in a murine model of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP).

METHODS

Transcription factor activation was assessed by the electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Cytokine mRNA levels were established by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and quantified by scanning densitometry. Bacteremia was evaluated by standard aerobic and anaerobic microbiologic methods.

RESULTS

CLP stimulated hepatic NFkappaB activation at 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8 hours compared with control and sham-operated mice. Hepatic NFkappaB activation during CLP peaked at 4 hours (1114% vs. no surgery, 609% vs. sham). Hepatic NF-IL6 activation was observed at 3, 4, and 6 hours after CLP. Hepatic and splenic levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and IL-6 mRNA were also elevated after CLP. Bacteremia in CLP mice consisted of Bacteroides species and to a lesser extent facultative gram-negative bacilli and group D Enterococcus.

CONCLUSIONS

Early activation of hepatic and splenic NFkappaB and NF-IL6 positively correlates with tissue cytokine mRNA expression and mortality in a surgical model of polymicrobial sepsis. The data suggest that transcription factor activation is an early event in the pathophysiology of sepsis.

Identification and characterization of a serine hydroxymethyltransferase isoform in Caenorhabditis briggsae

In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the maternal effect lethal gene mel-32 encodes a serine hydroxymethyltransferase isoform. Since interspecies DNA comparison is a valuable tool for identifying sequences that have been conserved because of their functional importance or role in regulating gene activity, mel-32(SHMT) genomic DNA from C. elegans was used to screen a genomic library from the closely related nematode Caenorhabditis briggsae. The C. briggsae genomic clone identified fully rescues the Mel-32 phenotype in C. elegans, indicating functional and regulatory conservation. Computer analysis reveals that CbMEL-32(SHMT) is 92% identical (97% similar) to CeMEL-32(SHMT) at the amino acid level over the entire length of the protein (484 amino acids), whereas the coding DNA is 82.5% identical (over 1455 nucleotides). Several highly conserved non-coding regions upstream and downstream of the mel-32(SHMT) gene reveal potential regulatory sites that may bind trans-acting protein factors.

Intracellular Ca2+ and adrenergic responsiveness of cardiac myocytes in streptozotocin-induced diabetes

1. The contractile function of diabetic hearts is impaired. In addition, the responsiveness of diabetic cardiac muscle to sympathetic stimulation is altered. Previous studies have revealed a depressed response to beta-adrenoceptor stimulation; however, the response to alpha-adrenoceptor activation remains controversial. Because alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor agonists increase cardiac contractility, largely through increased mobilization of intracellular Ca2+, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor stimulation on intracellular Ca2+ handling in cardiac myocytes from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. 2. Intracellular Ca2+ was measured using fura-2. Under basal conditions (27 degrees C, 2.5 mmol/L extracellular [Ca2+], 0.3 Hz stimulation), there was no significant difference in resting or peak Ca2+ levels between control and diabetic cardiomyocytes. However, the time course of the intracellular Ca2+ transient was significantly prolonged in cells from diabetic hearts. 3. The beta-adrenoceptor agonist orciprenaline (at 10(-7) and 10(-6) mol/L) increased the amplitude of the Ca2+ transient in both groups; however, the extent of potentiation was less in diabetic compared with control cardiomyocytes. Orciprenaline decreased the duration of the transient to the same extent in both groups. 4. The alpha-adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine (at 10(-7) and 10(-6) mol/L) had no effect on the Ca2+ transient in control myocytes but caused a significant concentration-dependent increase in its amplitude in diabetic cardiomyocytes. Phenylephrine had no effect on the time course of the transient in either group. 5. These results demonstrate differential effects of insulin-dependent diabetes on the responsiveness of cardiomyocytes to alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor stimulation. The heightened response to alpha-adrenoceptor stimulation observed in diabetic cardiomyocytes may partly compensate for the diminished myocardial beta-adrenoceptor response.

Early activation of pulmonary nuclear factor kappaB and nuclear factor interleukin-6 in polymicrobial sepsis

BACKGROUND

Transcription factor activation may be a pivotal step in the pathophysiology of sepsis syndrome and adult respiratory distress syndrome. This study investigated the activation of lung nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) and nuclear factor interleukin-6 (NF-IL6) and how they correlate to proinflammatory cytokine expression and mortality in a murine model of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP).

METHODS

Polymicrobial sepsis was induced by CLP. Transcription factor activation was assessed at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 24 hours after CLP by the electrophoretic mobility-shift assay. Lung cytokine mRNA levels were established by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

CLP induced pulmonary NFkappaB activation at 3, 4, and 8 hours (p < 0.05). Lung NFkappaB activation peaked at 3 hours (533% vs. no surgery, 2,900% vs. sham treatment) after CLP. Supershift analysis revealed a predominance of p50 subunits in the lung nuclear extracts of septic mice 3 hours after CLP, indicating the presence of p50 homodimer. In contrast, liver nuclear extracts from septic mice indicated the presence of both p65 and p50 subunits at 3 hours. Lung NF-IL6 activation (p < 0.05) was observed at 4 hours (649% vs. no surgery, 296% vs. sham treatment) and 6 hours after CLP. Lung tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA levels were increased (p < 0.05) at all time intervals after CLP. Lung IL-6 mRNA levels were increased at 3, 6, and 8 hours after CLP.

CONCLUSION

Early activation of lung NFkappaB and NF-IL6 and lung cytokine mRNA expression correlated with mortality in polymicrobial sepsis. Although IL-6 mRNA levels correlated with NFkappaB and NF-IL6 activation, tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA levels did not, in that they preceded transcription factor activation. These data suggest a potential role for NFkappaB and NF-IL6 activation in the initiation and propagation of acute lung injury.

Single-pair fluorescence resonance energy transfer on freely diffusing molecules: observation of Förster distance dependence and subpopulations

Photon bursts from single diffusing donor-acceptor labeled macromolecules were used to measure intramolecular distances and identify subpopulations of freely diffusing macromolecules in a heterogeneous ensemble. By using DNA as a rigid spacer, a series of constructs with varying intramolecular donor-acceptor spacings were used to measure the mean and distribution width of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) efficiencies as a function of distance. The mean single-pair FRET efficiencies qualitatively follow the distance dependence predicted by Förster theory. Possible contributions to the widths of the FRET efficiency distributions are discussed, and potential applications in the study of biopolymer conformational dynamics are suggested. The ability to measure intramolecular (and intermolecular) distances for single molecules implies the ability to distinguish and monitor subpopulations of molecules in a mixture with different distances or conformational states. This is demonstrated by monitoring substrate and product subpopulations before and after a restriction endonuclease cleavage reaction. Distance measurements at single-molecule resolution also should facilitate the study of complex reactions such as biopolymer folding. To this end, the denaturation of a DNA hairpin was examined by using single-pair FRET.

Single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy of enzyme conformational dynamics and cleavage mechanism

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer and fluorescence polarization anisotropy are used to investigate single molecules of the enzyme staphylococcal nuclease. Intramolecular fluorescence resonance energy transfer and fluorescence polarization anisotropy measurements of fluorescently labeled staphylococcal nuclease molecules reveal distinct patterns of fluctuations that may be attributed to protein conformational dynamics on the millisecond time scale. Intermolecular fluorescence resonance energy transfer measurements provide information about the dynamic interactions of staphylococcal nuclease with single substrate molecules. The experimental methods demonstrated here should prove generally useful in studies of protein folding and enzyme catalysis at single-molecule resolution.

Ligand binding to the (1 --> 3)-beta-D-glucan receptor stimulates NFkappaB activation, but not apoptosis in U937 cells

Recent data suggest that sepsis stimulates macrophage apoptosis (Ao) with subsequent induction of macrophage dysfunction. Nuclear factor-kappaB (NFkappaB) activation has been linked to Ao in either a pro- or antiapoptotic role. Glucans are biological response modifiers which exert antisepsis activity. This investigation examined the effect of (1-3)-beta-D-glucan receptor binding by a high affinity ligand on Ao and NFkappaB activation in U937 cells in the presence or absence of LPS. A high affinity glucan ligand (IC50 = 23 nM) activated NFkappaB, but did not induce Ao or significantly alter LPS induced U937 Ao. These data indicate that: i) modulation of the macrophage (1-3)-beta-D-glucan receptor stimulates NFkappaB; ii) does not induce Ao or significantly diminish LPS induced Ao and iii) activation of the U937 FAS receptor does not alter the relative Ao responses in glucan and LPS treated cells.

Identification of H. pylori in saliva by a nested PCR assay derived from a newly cloned DNA probe

A novel probe was developed from genomic DNA of Helicobacter pylori ATCC type strain 43629. It hybridized with all 73 H. pylori clinical isolates tested but not with any of 183 non-H. pylori DNAs in dot blot hybridization. Typing tests revealed 41 different HaeIII-digestion patterns from 57 H. pylori strains tested. Based on the sequence of the probe, a nested PCR was developed that detected as little as 2 fg of H. pylori DNA or approximately equivalent to one cell. No PCR products were amplified from any of 21 non-H. pylori strains tested. Using this nested PCR, H. pylori DNA was detected in 33 of 45 (73%) saliva samples collected from patients with gastric H. pylori infection. These data suggest that the probe is useful for typing H. pylori and that the nested PCR is a valuable tool for detecting H. pylori DNA in saliva.

Near-field fluorescence microscopy of cells

We demonstrate the surface sensitivity of near-field scanning optical microscopy by fluorescence imaging of membrane and bulk proteins in cells. We discuss instrument design considerations for successful cell-biology work with NSOM and show that the technique is most suited for studying membrane proteins.

Necrotizing fasciitis complicating disseminated cutaneous herpes zoster

The association of necrotizing fasciitis, often due to group A streptococcus and primary varicella (chicken pox), is unusual but recognized in children. The association in adults is rare but one report in the literature describes a previously healthy man with the two disorders. We now describe a case of disseminated cutaneous herpes zoster complicated by subacute necrotizing fasciitis in an elderly woman taking low dose methotrexate and prednisone for rheumatoid arthritis. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated. Localized debridement and split skin grafting were required.

A sensitive ELISPOT assay to detect low-frequency human T lymphocytes

We extended the sensitivity of the ELISPOT assay by including an antigen-driven proliferation step prior to a final restimulation with antigen and irradiated antigen presenting cells (APCs). This improved sensitivity made the modified ELISPOT assay better suited to the detection of rare or low frequency T lymphocytes than the standard ELISPOT assay or alternatives such as limiting dilution analysis or in situ hybridization. Use of ELISA-grade plastic or polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) plates for the detection of different cytokines improved the signal-to-noise ratio for counting cytokine spots, and use of video computer imaging software improved objective quantitation. Analysis of antigen-reactive peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from multiple sclerosis (MS) patients using both the traditional and our modified ELISPOT assay demonstrate a > 10-fold increase in numbers of myelin basic protein (MBP)-responsive T cells detected (an average of less than 1 spot forming cell (SFC) per 2 x 10(5) PBMC with the standard assay compared to 19 SFC per 2 x 10(5) PBMC with the modified assay). In addition, the modified ELISPOT assay could be performed with frozen PBMC, which permitted greater flexibility in sample processing, multiple use of a single sample as an internal standard, and simultaneous analysis of samples collected at different time points. This modified ELISPOT assay has many applications, including analysis of cytokine profiles in rare T cell populations, identification of antigen-responsive individuals as PBMC donors for T lymphocyte cloning or for therapeutic intervention, and assessment of vaccine or therapeutic efficacy as a surrogate clinical marker.

Differentiation of Helicobacter pylori strains directly from gastric biopsy specimens by PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis without culture

Recent studies have shown the usefulness of PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis for differentiating Helicobacter pylori strains isolated by culture. For this study, a PCR-based RFLP assay was developed for directly typing H. pylori strains from gastric biopsy specimens. Nineteen gastric biopsy specimens obtained from patients undergoing endoscopy for gastrointestinal complaints were cultured for isolation of H. pylori. Genomic DNA preparations from these gastric biopsy specimens and the corresponding H. pylori isolates were tested by our PCR-based RFLP assay. The 1,179-bp H. pylori DNA fragments amplified by the PCR assay were digested with the restriction enzymes HhaI, MboI, and AluI and analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. HhaI, MboI, and AluI digestion produced 11, 10, and 6 distinguishable digestion patterns, respectively, from the 19 H. pylori isolates tested and generated 13, 11, and 6 different patterns, respectively, from the 19 gastric biopsy specimens. The patterns from 13 of the 19 gastric biopsy specimens matched those of the H. pylori isolates from the corresponding patients. The patterns from the remaining six biopsy specimens appeared to represent infection by two strains of H. pylori; the pattern of one strain was identical to that of the isolate from the corresponding patient. By combining all the restriction enzyme digestion patterns obtained by using HhaI, MboI, and AluI, we observed 19 distinct RFLP patterns from the 19 specimens. The results suggest that the PCR-based RFLP analysis method may be useful as a primary technique to identify and distinguish H. pylori strains directly from gastric biopsy specimens without culture of the organisms.

Therapeutic modification of nuclear factor kappa B binding activity and tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene expression during acute biliary pancreatitis

The role of cytokines has been well documented in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. Antibodies against specific cytokines have been used to treat pancreatitis, with mixed results. The transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B is a pleiotropic regulator of many genes involved in stress and inflammatory responses. The aim of this study was to prevent the NF-kappa B binding activity and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha gene overexpression as a possible therapeutic intervention for acute pancreatitis. Reversible acute biliary pancreatitis was induced in male Sprague Dawley rats as established in this laboratory. The animals were sacrificed at 0, 5, 15, 30 min and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 24 hours after the induction of pancreatitis. NF-kappa B binding activity was determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and TNF-alpha gene expression was assayed by reverse transcription-PCR. NF-kappa B binding activity was markedly higher around 4 hours and persisted up to 24 hours after pancreatitis induction in animals with acute pancreatitis, whereas TNF-alpha mRNA levels peaked at 24 hours. When amobarbital (to block NF-kappa B activation) was given (60 mg/kg body weight, I.P.) 3 hours before induction of pancreatitis, the activation of NF-kappa B and the overexpression of TNF-alpha gene was prevented, with significantly decreased severity of pancreatitis as assessed by amylase and clinical recovery. We conclude that 1) preventing the activation of NF-kappa B eliminates the induced overexpression of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha) in acute pancreatitis, 2) such intervention correlates with clinical improvement in pancreatitis, and 3) this genetic modification offers a possible therapeutic intervention in acute pancreatitis.

Interpreting a sequenced genome: toward a cosmid transgenic library of Caenorhabditis elegans

We have generated a library of transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans strains that carry sequenced cosmids from the genome of the nematode. Each strain carries an extrachromosomal array containing a single cosmid, sequenced by the C. elegans Genome Sequencing Consortium, and a dominate Rol-6 marker. More than 500 transgenic strains representing 250 cosmids have been constructed. Collectively, these strains contain approximately 8 Mb of sequence data, or approximately 8% of the C. elegans genome. The transgenic strains are being used to rescue mutant phenotypes, resulting in a high-resolution map alignment of the genetic, physical, and DNA sequence maps of the nematode. We have chosen the region of chromosome III deleted by sDf127 and not covered by the duplication sDp8(III;I) as a starting point for a systematic correlation of mutant phenotypes with nucleotide sequence. In this defined region, we have identified 10 new essential genes whose mutant phenotypes range from developmental arrest at early larva, to maternal effect lethal. To date, 8 of these 10 essential genes have been rescued. In this region, these rescues represent approximately 10% of the genes predicted by GENEFINDER and considerably enhance the map alignment. Furthermore, this alignment facilitates future efforts to physically position and clone other genes in the region. [Updated information about the Transgenic Library is available via the Internet at http://darwin.mbb.sfu.ca/imbb/dbaillie/cos mid.html.]

Membrane specific mapping and colocalization of malarial and host skeletal proteins in the Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocyte by dual-color near-field scanning optical microscopy

Accurate localization of proteins within the substructure of cells and cellular organelles enables better understanding of structure-function relationships, including elucidation of protein-protein interactions. We describe the use of a near-field scanning optical microscope (NSOM) to simultaneously map and detect colocalized proteins within a cell, with superresolution. The system we elected to study was that of human red blood cells invaded by the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. During intraerythrocytic growth, the parasite expresses proteins that are transported to the erythrocyte cell membrane. Association of parasite proteins with host skeletal proteins leads to modification of the erythrocyte membrane. We report on colocalization studies of parasite proteins with an erythrocyte skeletal protein. Host and parasite proteins were selectively labeled in indirect immunofluorescence antibody assays. Simultaneous dual-color excitation and detection with NSOM provided fluorescence maps together with topography of the cell membrane with subwavelength (100 nm) resolution. Colocalization studies with laser scanning confocal microscopy provided lower resolution (310 nm) fluorescence maps of cross sections through the cell. Because the two excitation colors shared the exact same near-field aperture, the two fluorescence images were acquired in perfect, pixel-by-pixel registry, free from chromatic aberrations, which contaminate laser scanning confocal microscopy measurements. Colocalization studies of the protein pairs of mature parasite-infected erythrocyte surface antigen (MESA) (parasite)/protein4.1(host) and P. falciparum histidine rich protein (PfHRP1) (parasite)/protein4.1(host) showed good real-space correlation for the MESA/protein4.1 pair, but relatively poor correlation for the PfHRP1/protein4.1 pair. These data imply that NSOM provides high resolution information on in situ interactions between proteins in biological membranes. This method of detecting colocalization of proteins in cellular structures may have general applicability in many areas of current biological research.

Microwave and Infrared Spectra, ab Initio Calculation, and Two-Dimensional Model of Amino Group Inversion and Ring Puckering in 2,5-Dihydropyrrole

The microwave spectra of 2,5-dihydropyrrole and 2,5-dihydropyrrole-1-d1 have been measured with Stark and Fourier transform spectrometers in the range 10-39 GHz. Rotational constants, centrifugal distortion constants, and 14N quadrupole coupling constants have been determined from the observed transition frequencies for the ground vibrational state. In addition, two satellites of the normal species and one satellite of the deuterated species have been identified and measured. Splittings of the rotational transitions due to amino group inversion tunneling have been observed and analyzed. Infrared transitions of the amino group inversion mode have been measured in the range 490-720 cm-1. The effect of ring puckering on the inversion motion of the amino group in 2,5-dihydropyrrole and 2,5-dihydropyrrole-N-d1 has been investigated by ab initio calculations and two-dimensional flexible model calculations from the results of microwave and infrared spectroscopy. The observed molecular properties have been reproduced by a model which involved adjustable parameters for the potential energy surface and the structural relaxation of the CCC valence angles. Additional parameters have been transferred from the ab initio calculations. The adjustment of the model to the experimental data has yielded an equatorial equilibrium conformation with slightly larger CCC valence angle than in the most stable axial conformation. Excitation of the first ring puckering state has been found to enhance the inversion tunnel splittings.

A newly developed PCR assay of H. pylori in gastric biopsy, saliva, and feces. Evidence of high prevalence of H. pylori in saliva supports oral transmission

We have recently developed a new PCR assay for the detection of H. pylori. In this study, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was used to detect H. pylori in 88 gastric biopsy, 85 saliva, and 71 fecal specimens from 88 patients. H. pylori infection was confirmed in 71 of 88 patients by culture and/or histological stain of gastric biopsies. Serum IgG antibody to H. pylori was also measured and resulted in 97% sensitivity and 94% specificity. H. pylori DNA was detected by the PCR assay in gastric biopsy specimens from all 71 patients (100% sensitivity) with proven gastric H. pylori infection but not from 17 noninfected patients (100% specificity). In saliva specimens, H. pylori DNA was identified in 57 of the 68 patients (84%) with proven gastric H. pylori infection and in three of the 17 patients without gastric H. pylori infection. However, the PCR assay was only able to detect H. pylori DNA in the feces from 15 of 61 patients (25%) with proven gastric H. pylori infection and one of the 10 patients without gastric H. pylori infection. The results show that the PCR assay is reliable for detecting the presence of H. pylori in gastric biopsy and saliva specimens. The data indicate that H. pylori exists in a higher prevalence in saliva than feces and that the fecal-oral route may be an important means of transmission of this infection in developing countries but not as significant as previously suspected in the developed countries. It is likely that the oral-oral route is more prominent.

Probing the interaction between two single molecules: fluorescence resonance energy transfer between a single donor and a single acceptor

We extend the sensitivity of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to the single molecule level by measuring energy transfer between a single donor fluorophore and a single acceptor fluorophore. Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) is used to obtain simultaneous dual color images and emission spectra from donor and acceptor fluorophores linked by a short DNA molecule. Photodestruction dynamics of the donor or acceptor are used to determine the presence and efficiency of energy transfer. The classical equations used to measure energy transfer on ensembles of fluorophores are modified for single-molecule measurements. In contrast to ensemble measurements, dynamic events on a molecular scale are observable in single pair FRET measurements because they are not canceled out by random averaging. Monitoring conformational changes, such as rotations and distance changes on a nanometer scale, within single biological macromolecules, may be possible with single pair FRET.

Receptor binding and internalization of a water-soluble (1--&gt;3)-beta-D-glucan biologic response modifier in two monocyte/macrophage cell lines

Glucan phosphate, a water-soluble, chemically defined (1--&gt;3)-beta-D-glucan biologic response modifier, has been reported to exert antisepsis activity and accelerate wound healing. In this study we describe the specific binding of glucan phosphate to human and murine monocyte/macrophage cell lines, U937 and J774A.1, respectively. At 37 degrees C, equilibrium binding was rapidly achieved, i.e., within 1 min. In U937 cells, binding occurred with an affinity (Kd) of 37 microM and a Bmax of 65 x 106 binding sites/cell at 37 degrees C. In J774A.1 cells, glucan phosphate bound with an affinity (Kd) of 24 microM and a Bmax of 53 x 106 binding sites/cell at 37 degrees C. In both cases there was insignificant nonspecific binding. We further demonstrated that bound glucan phosphate cannot be displaced by a 50-fold excess of unlabeled ligand, suggesting internalization of glucan phosphate. Transmission electron microscopy showed significantly increased cytoplasmic vacuolization and significantly decreased mitotic activity in glucan phosphate-treated U937 cells compared with that in untreated cells. Pullulan, a random coil alpha-(1--&gt;4)-(1--&gt;6)-linked glucose polymer that served as a control, did not compete for the same binding site as glucan phosphate in either cell line, indicating the specificity of the binding site for (1--&gt;3)-beta-D-glucans. We conclude that water-soluble pharmaceutical grade (1--&gt;3)-beta-D-glucan phosphate specifically binds to and is internalized by U937 and J774A.1 cells.

Receptor binding and internalization of a water-soluble (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan biologic response modifier in two monocyte/macrophage cell lines

Glucan phosphate, a water-soluble, chemically defined (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan biologic response modifier, has been reported to exert antisepsis activity and accelerate wound healing. In this study we describe the specific binding of glucan phosphate to human and murine monocyte/macrophage cell lines, U937 and J774A.1, respectively. At 37 degrees C, equilibrium binding was rapidly achieved, i.e., within 1 min. In U937 cells, binding occurred with an affinity (Kd) of 37 microM and a Bmax of 65 x 106 binding sites/cell at 37 degrees C. In J774A.1 cells, glucan phosphate bound with an affinity (Kd) of 24 microM and a Bmax of 53 x 106 binding sites/cell at 37 degrees C. In both cases there was insignificant nonspecific binding. We further demonstrated that bound glucan phosphate cannot be displaced by a 50-fold excess of unlabeled ligand, suggesting internalization of glucan phosphate. Transmission electron microscopy showed significantly increased cytoplasmic vacuolization and significantly decreased mitotic activity in glucan phosphate-treated U937 cells compared with that in untreated cells. Pullulan, a random coil alpha-(1-->4)-(1-->6)-linked glucose polymer that served as a control, did not compete for the same binding site as glucan phosphate in either cell line, indicating the specificity of the binding site for (1-->3)-beta-D-glucans. We conclude that water-soluble pharmaceutical grade (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan phosphate specifically binds to and is internalized by U937 and J774A.1 cells.

High prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in saliva demonstrated by a novel PCR assay

AIMS

To investigate the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in the saliva of patients infected with this bacterium.

METHODS

A novel polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed to detect H pylori in saliva and gastric biopsy specimens from patients undergoing endoscopy.

RESULTS

Our PCR assay amplified a 417 base pair fragment of DNA from all 21 DNAs derived from H pylori clinical isolates but did not amplify DNA from 23 non-H pylori strains. Sixty three frozen gastric biopsy and 56 saliva specimens were tested. H pylori specific DNA was detected by PCR in all 39 culture positive biopsy specimens and was also identified from another seven biopsy specimens which were negative by culture but positive by histology. H pylori specific DNA was identified by PCR in saliva specimens from 30 (75%) of 40 patients with H pylori infection demonstrated by culture or histological examination, or both, and in three patients without H pylori infection in the stomach.

CONCLUSION

The results indicate that the oral cavity harbours H pylori and may be the source of infection and transmission.

A highly specific and sensitive DNA probe derived from chromosomal DNA of Helicobacter pylori is useful for typing H. pylori isolates

HindIII-digested DNA fragments derived from an EcoRI-digested 6.5-kb fragment of chromosomal DNA prepared from Helicobacter pylori ATCC 43629 (type strain) were cloned into the pUC19 vector. A 0.86-kb insert was identified as a potential chromosomal DNA probe. The specificity of the probe was evaluated by testing 166 non-H. pylori bacterial strains representing 38 genera and 91 species which included aerobic, anaerobic, and microaerophilic flora of the upper and lower gastrointestinal tracts. None of the 166 non-H. pylori strains hybridized with this probe (100% specificity), and the sensitivity of this probe was also 100% when H. pylori isolates from 72 patients with gastritis and with the homologous ATCC type strain were tested by dot blot hybridization. The capability of this probe for differentiating between strains of H. pylori was evaluated by Southern blot hybridization of HaeIII-digested chromosomal DNA from 68 clinical isolates and the homologous ATCC type strain of H. pylori. Fifty-one unique hybridization patterns were seen among the 69 strains tested, demonstrating considerable genotypic variation among H. pylori clinical isolates. We propose that this probe would be of significant value for conducting epidemiologic studies.

Inhibition of folate-dependent enzymes by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Many non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (including sulphasalazine, sulindac, indomethacin, naproxen, salicylic acid, ibuprofen, piroxicam and mefenamic acid) were found to be competitive inhibitors (with respect to folate) of avian liver phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase (AICAR transformylase, EC 2.1.2.3) and bovine liver dihydrofolate reductase (EC 1.5.1.3). In contrast, aspirin and the antipyretic-analgesic drugs acetaminophen and antipyrine were weak inhibitors of these enzymes. Structure-activity correlation suggests that an aromatic ring with a side chain containing a carboxylic acid is a requirement for competitive inhibition of the transformylase. The above-listed NSAIDs also inhibited the folate-coenzyme-mediated biosynthesis of serine from glycine and formate (i.e., the C1 index) by human blood mononuclear cells (BMCs) in experiments where the drug was added to a culture of BMCs. Acetaminophen had a weak inhibitory effect on the C1 index. Consistent with the results obtained in vitro is the observation that the C1 index of BMCs from rheumatoid-arthritis patients treated with drugs which possess little antifolate activity (e.g. acetaminophen) is higher than the C1 index of BMCs from rheumatoid-arthritis patients treated with NSAIDs possessing more potent antifolate activity (e.g. sulindac, sulphasalazine, naproxen and ibuprofen). The mean activity of the transformylase in BMCs taken from healthy humans was 1.98 nmol of product/h per 10(6) cells and the activity was positively correlated with BMC folate levels. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that (1) the antifolate activity of NSAIDs, and hence cytostatic consequences, are important factors in producing anti-inflammatory activity and (2) aspirin exerts its anti-inflammatory effects after its conversion into salicylic acid, which possesses greater antifolate activity than its parent compound.

Detection of inhibition of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribotide transformylase by thioinosinic acid and azathioprine by a new colorimetric assay

The colorimetric assay for 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribotide (AICAR) transformylase (phosphoribosylamino-imidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase; EC 2.1.2.3) has been extensively modified. The modified assay is based upon the short-term permanganate oxidation of the folate product, tetrahydrofolate (H4folate) to p-aminobenzoyl glutamate (pABG). The modified assay was used to detect the transformylase activity in crude extracts of peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Azathioprine and its metabolite, thioinosinic acid (tIMP), are competitive inhibitors (with respect to AICAR) of the chicken liver transformylase and the transformylase from PBMCs of the MRL/lpr mouse, an animal model of systemic autoimmune disease. The Ki values of tIMP and azathioprine for the chicken liver enzyme are 39 +/- 4 microM and 120 +/- 10 microM, whereas the Ki values for the enzyme from PBMCs of the MRL/lpr mouse are 110 +/- 20 microM and 90 +/- 14 microM respectively. The anti-inflammatory drugs ibuprofen and naproxen are also inhibitors of the transformylase.

Fed, but not fasted, adrenalectomized rats survive the stress of hemorrhage and hypovolemia

We have recently shown that conscious adrenalectomized rats exhibit nearly normal recovery of arterial blood pressure during the 5 h after hemorrhage. In those experiments, it appeared that a previous reduction in food intake might have compromised the recovery of blood pressure and increased mortality. These experiments were designed to test in conscious sham-adrenalectomized (control) and adrenalectomized rats prepared with indwelling arterial and venous cannulae 1) the effects of a 20- to 24-h fast (compared to rats fed ab libitum) on the mobilization of plasma substrates and recovery of arterial blood pressure after a 15 ml/kg.5 min hemorrhage, and 2) vascular responsivity to pressor agents in fed or fasted groups before or 2 h after hemorrhage. In all rats hemorrhage resulted in decreased arterial pressure and heart rate. Arterial pressure recovered to near normal in both fed and fasted control groups and in the fed adrenalectomized rats, and all of these rats survived for 24 h after stress. By contrast, in the fasted adrenalectomized rats, arterial pressure recovered only during the first 1.5-2 h and then failed, resulting in 100% mortality by 3-5 h. Compared to the other three groups, in which substrate levels either increased or remained fairly stable, plasma glucose and beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations fell steadily from 1.5-2 h after hemorrhage until death occurred in the fasted adrenalectomized rats. Basal ACTH concentrations were elevated compared to control values in both adrenalectomized groups (fed and fasted). Hemorrhage caused increases in plasma ACTH in all groups; the magnitude of the responses did not differ among the groups. The dilution of Evans' blue dye after hemorrhage (used as an index of fluid movement into the vascular space) was not different in control and adrenalectomized rats (either fed or fasted). There were no differences in pressor responses to phenylephrine, vasopressin, or angiotensin-II between the fed and fasted conditions in the control rats either before or after hemorrhage. There was a fasting-associated decrease in vascular responsivity to vasopressin, but normal responsivity to phenylephrine and angiotensin-II, in the adrenalectomized rats both before and after hemorrhage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Corticosterone, but not glucose, treatment enables fasted adrenalectomized rats to survive moderate hemorrhage

Fed adrenalectomized rats survive the stress of hemorrhage and hypovolemia, whereas fasted adrenalectomized rats become hypotensive and hypoglycemic after the first 90 min and die within 4 h. We have studied the effects of glucose and corticosterone (B) infusions after hemorrhage as well as treatment with B at the time of adrenalectomy on the capacity of chronically prepared, conscious, fasted, adrenalectomized rats to survive hemorrhage. We have also measured the magnitudes of vasoactive hormone responses to hemorrhage. Maintenance of plasma glucose concentrations did not sustain life; however, treatment of rats at the time of adrenalectomy with B allowed 100% survival, and acute treatment of adrenalectomized rats at the time of hemorrhage allowed about 50% survival during the 5-h posthemorrhage observation period. Rats in the acute B infusion group that died exhibited significantly increased plasma B and significantly decreased plasma glucose concentrations by 2 h compared to the rats that lived. Plasma vasopressin, renin, and norepinephrine responses to hemorrhage were markedly augmented in the adrenalectomized rats not treated with B, and plasma vasopressin concentrations were significantly elevated at 1 and 2 h in all of the rats that subsequently died compared to values in those that lived. We conclude that: 1) death after hemorrhage in fasted adrenalectomized rats is not a result of lack of glucose; 2) chronic and, to an extent, acute treatment of fasted adrenalectomized rats with B enables survival; 3) fasted adrenalectomized rats exhibit strong evidence of hepatic insufficiency which is not apparent in either fed adrenalectomized rats or B-treated fasted adrenalectomized rats; 4) death after hemorrhage in fasted adrenalectomized rats may result from hepatic failure as a consequence of marked splanchnic vasoconstriction mediated by the actions of extraordinarily high levels of vasoactive hormones after hemorrhage; and 5) B appears to act to decrease the magnitude of response of vasoactive hormones after hemorrhage in fasted adrenalectomized rats.

Effect of miso (Japanese soybean paste) and NaCl on DMBA-induced rat mammary tumors

An AIN-76A diet supplemented with miso (Japanese soybean paste) reduced the incidence (p = 0.05, Fishers exact test) and delayed the appearance (p = 0.04, log rank test) of dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary adenocarcinomas in female Sprague-Dawley rats. A NaCl-supplemented AIN-76A diet (containing the same amount of NaCl as in the miso-supplemented diet) also delayed the appearance of tumors (p = 0.02, log rank test) compared with the AIN-76A control diet. The miso- and NaCl-supplemented diet treatment groups showed a trend toward a lower number of cancers per animal, a trend toward a higher number of benign tumors per animal, and a trend toward a lower growth rate of cancers compared with controls. However, no statistical differences in the total number of tumors per animal or growth rate of the cancers were observed in the miso, NaCl, and control groups. Both miso and NaCl supplementation resulted in increased water intake and urine output but no change in the growth of the animals. These data suggest that miso consumption may be a factor producing a lower breast cancer incidence in Japanese women.

Neurite extension on dibutyryl cyclic AMP-stimulated astrocytes

Although both central and peripheral neurons successfully regenerate cut axons along peripheral nerve and other suitable substrates, axonal elongation through the mature central nervous system (CNS) is limited. It has been proposed that the presence of reactive astrocytes formed in response to CNS injury act as a barrier to axonal regeneration. In contrast, in vitro, astrocytes in a flat or unstimulated state have been shown to be a preferred substrate for neurite extension. We have investigated whether induced modifications of astrocytes alter the capacity of these cells to act as a substrate for axonal elongation. Treatment with dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dBcAMP) results in a marked morphological and biochemical change in astrocytes, considered by some to be a model of reactive astrocytosis. Retinal and dorsal root ganglia explants from embryonic mice were cultured on top of untreated glial monolayers and those treated with dBcAMP. The subsequent neuritic growth was measured at 48 h. No difference was found between the groups, indicating that astrocytes are an excellent substrate for axonal growth, even after they develop a stellate shape and high levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein.

Hemoglobin-catalyzed transformation of elliptinium acetate into electrophilic species. Evidences for oxidative activation of the drug in human red blood cells

The anti-tumor drug N2-methyl-9-hydroxyellipticinium acetate (NMHE, Celiptium) after incubation with various N or S containing amino acids (alanine, histidine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutathione) with hemoglobin and hydrogen peroxide or an organic peroxide (terbutylhydroperoxide) leads to the formation of the corresponding covalent binding adducts, via an oxidative activation. The formation of the covalent adduct glutathione-elliptinium was also demonstrated in human red blood cells. The importance of such process under in vivo conditions is discussed.

Ribose as the preferential target for the oxidized form of elliptinium acetate in ribonucleos(t)ides. Biological activities of the resulting adducts

The covalent binding of the oxidized form of elliptinium acetate, an antitumor drug, to various ribonucleos(t)ides is described. In the absence of a strong nucleophile on the bases, e.g., a sulfhydryl group, the main target of this quinone imine derivative is the sugar moiety. With unmodified regular bases, the first electrophilic addition always occurs on the 2'-oxygen of ribose (more slowly for pyrimidine than for purine); in a second step, cyclization of the reoxidized product leads to a spiro derivative: only one stereoisomer is detected with purine nucleoside; the other stereoisomer appears as a minor product (10-20%) with nucleotides and pyrimidine nucleosides. With modified bases, no change is observed except for bases exhibiting an additional strong nucleophilic center: oxidized elliptinium alkylates thioguanine and thioguanosine on the sulfur atom and in this last case not on the ribose moiety. All spiro derivatives are less cytotoxic than the parent compound even if the base is an antimetabolite (azauridine); however, thio-elliptinium adducts maintain high cytotoxicity.

Characterisation of a new cell line (CJ18) from a patient with 'hairy' cell leukaemia

A cell line (CJ18) has been established from the peripheral blood of a patient with hairy cell leukaemia (HCL) in a leukaemic phase. They grow slowly in large clumps with a doubling time of 3-4 d. 8% show positivity for surface immunoglobulin G and a small percentage (5%) are positive for intracytoplasmic immunoglobulin. They are B1,Ia1 positive and CALL, TdT and OKM1 negative. Although they are Epstein Barr Virus Nuclear Antigen (EBNA) positive they have several features not found in other EBNA positive B lymphoblastoid cell lines which suggest they may be derived from the patient's leukaemic hairy cells. They are strongly positive for tartrate resistant acid phosphatase, esterase positive, contain numerous lysosomes and are able to phagocytose sheep red blood cells after exposure to tetradecanoyl-12, 13-phorbol acetate (TPA). Following exposure to retinoic acid and TPA they adhere to plastic with numerous slender processes, a feature seen in HCL cells.