101
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Falah N, McElroy J, Snegovskikh V, Lockwood CJ, Norwitz E, Murray JC, Kuczynski E, Menon R, Teramo K, Muglia LJ, Morgan T. Investigation of genetic risk factors for chronic adult diseases for association with preterm birth. Hum Genet 2013; 132:57-67. [PMID: 22972380 PMCID: PMC3864772 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-012-1223-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Preterm birth (PTB) is the leading cause of infant mortality. PTB pathophysiology overlaps with those of adult cardiovascular, immune and metabolic disorders (CIMD), with mechanisms including inflammation, immunotolerance, thrombosis, and nutrient metabolism. Whereas many genetic factors for CIMD have been identified, progress in PTB has lagged. We hypothesized that highly validated genetic risk factors for CIMD may also be associated with PTB. We conducted case-control study of four female cohorts with spontaneous PTB (n = 673) versus term (n = 1119). Of 35 SNPs genotyped, there were 13 statistically significant associations (P < 0.05), which were more than expected (binomial test; P = 0.02). In US White (307 cases/342 controls), the G allele of HLA-DQA1 (A/G) rs9272346 was protective for PTB in the initial discovery cohort (P = 0.02; OR = 0.65; 95 % CI 0.46, 0.94). This protective association replicated (P = 0.02; OR = 0.85; 95 % CI 0.75, 0.97) nominally in the Danish Cohort (883 cases, 959 controls), but lost significance upon multiple testing correction. We observed more statistically significant associations than expected, suggesting that chance is an unlikely explanation for one or more of the associations. Particularly, a protective association of the G allele of HLA-DQA1 was found in two independent cohorts, and in previous studies, this same allele was found to protect against type-1-diabetes (meta-analysis P value 5.52 × 10(-219)). Previous investigations have implicated HLA phenotypic variation in recurrent fetal loss and in chronic chorioamnionitis. Given the limited sample size in his study, we suggest larger studies to further investigate possible HLA genetic involvement in PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Falah
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Jude McElroy
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Charles J. Lockwood
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Errol Norwitz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | | | | | - Ramkumar Menon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas, Galveston, TX
| | - Kari Teramo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Louis J. Muglia
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Thomas Morgan
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
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102
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Karjalainen MK, Huusko JM, Ulvila J, Sotkasiira J, Luukkonen A, Teramo K, Plunkett J, Anttila V, Palotie A, Haataja R, Muglia LJ, Hallman M. A potential novel spontaneous preterm birth gene, AR, identified by linkage and association analysis of X chromosomal markers. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51378. [PMID: 23227263 PMCID: PMC3515491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth is the major cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity. In many cases, it has severe life-long consequences for the health and neurological development of the newborn child. More than 50% of all preterm births are spontaneous, and currently there is no effective prevention. Several studies suggest that genetic factors play a role in spontaneous preterm birth (SPTB). However, its genetic background is insufficiently characterized. The aim of the present study was to perform a linkage analysis of X chromosomal markers in SPTB in large northern Finnish families with recurrent SPTBs. We found a significant linkage signal (HLOD = 3.72) on chromosome locus Xq13.1 when the studied phenotype was being born preterm. There were no significant linkage signals when the studied phenotype was giving preterm deliveries. Two functional candidate genes, those encoding the androgen receptor (AR) and the interleukin-2 receptor gamma subunit (IL2RG), located near this locus were analyzed as candidates for SPTB in subsequent case-control association analyses. Nine single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within these genes and an AR exon-1 CAG repeat, which was previously demonstrated to be functionally significant, were analyzed in mothers with preterm delivery (n = 272) and their offspring (n = 269), and in mothers with exclusively term deliveries (n = 201) and their offspring (n = 199), all originating from northern Finland. A replication study population consisting of individuals born preterm (n = 111) and term (n = 197) from southern Finland was also analyzed. Long AR CAG repeats (≥26) were overrepresented and short repeats (≤19) underrepresented in individuals born preterm compared to those born at term. Thus, our linkage and association results emphasize the role of the fetal genome in genetic predisposition to SPTB and implicate AR as a potential novel fetal susceptibility gene for SPTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna K Karjalainen
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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103
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Schug TT, Erlebacher A, Leibowitz S, Ma L, Muglia LJ, Rando OJ, Rogers JM, Romero R, vom Saal FS, Wise DL. Fetal programming and environmental exposures: implications for prenatal care and preterm birth. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1276:37-46. [PMID: 23278645 PMCID: PMC4154493 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Sponsored by the New York Academy of Sciences and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, with support from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), and Life Technologies, "Fetal Programming and Environmental Exposures: Implications for Prenatal Care and Preterm Birth" was held on June 11-12, 2012 at the New York Academy of Sciences in New York City. The meeting, comprising individual talks and panel discussions, highlighted basic, clinical, and translational research approaches, and highlighted the need for specialized testing of drugs, consumer products, and industrial chemicals, with a view to the unique impacts these can have during gestation. Speakers went on to discuss many other factors that affect prenatal development, from genetics to parental diet, revealing the extraordinary sensitivity of the developing fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddeus T Schug
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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104
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McGregor TL, Van Driest SL, Brothers KB, Bowton EA, Muglia LJ, Roden DM. Inclusion of pediatric samples in an opt-out biorepository linking DNA to de-identified medical records: pediatric BioVU. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2012; 93:204-11. [PMID: 23281421 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2012.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Vanderbilt DNA repository, BioVU, links DNA from leftover clinical blood samples to de-identified electronic medical records (EMRs). After initiating adult sample collection, pediatric extension required consideration of ethical concerns specific to pediatrics and implementation of specialized DNA extraction methods. In the first year of pediatric sample collection, more than 11,000 samples from individuals younger than 18 years were included. We compared data from the pediatric BioVU cohort with those from the overall Vanderbilt University Medical Center pediatric population and found similar demographic characteristics; however, the BioVU cohort had higher rates of select diseases, medication exposures, and laboratory testing, demonstrating enriched representation of severe or chronic disease. The fact that the sample accumulation is not balanced may accelerate research in some cohorts while limiting the study of relatively benign conditions and the accrual of unaffected and unbiased control samples. BioVU represents a feasible model for pediatric DNA biobanking but involves both ethical and practical considerations specific to the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L McGregor
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University and the Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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105
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Kocalis HE, Turney MK, Printz RL, Laryea GN, Muglia LJ, Davies SS, Stanwood GD, McGuinness OP, Niswender KD. Neuron-specific deletion of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARδ) in mice leads to increased susceptibility to diet-induced obesity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42981. [PMID: 22916190 PMCID: PMC3423438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) lipid accumulation, inflammation and resistance to adipo-regulatory hormones, such as insulin and leptin, are implicated in the pathogenesis of diet-induced obesity (DIO). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR α, δ, γ) are nuclear transcription factors that act as environmental fatty acid sensors and regulate genes involved in lipid metabolism and inflammation in response to dietary and endogenous fatty acid ligands. All three PPAR isoforms are expressed in the CNS at different levels. Recent evidence suggests that activation of CNS PPARα and/or PPARγ may contribute to weight gain and obesity. PPARδ is the most abundant isoform in the CNS and is enriched in the hypothalamus, a region of the brain involved in energy homeostasis regulation. Because in peripheral tissues, expression of PPARδ increases lipid oxidative genes and opposes inflammation, we hypothesized that CNS PPARδ protects against the development of DIO. Indeed, genetic neuronal deletion using Nes-Cre loxP technology led to elevated fat mass and decreased lean mass on low-fat diet (LFD), accompanied by leptin resistance and hypothalamic inflammation. Impaired regulation of neuropeptide expression, as well as uncoupling protein 2, and abnormal responses to a metabolic challenge, such as fasting, also occur in the absence of neuronal PPARδ. Consistent with our hypothesis, KO mice gain significantly more fat mass on a high-fat diet (HFD), yet are surprisingly resistant to diet-induced elevations in CNS inflammation and lipid accumulation. We detected evidence of upregulation of PPARγ and target genes of both PPARα and PPARγ, as well as genes of fatty acid oxidation. Thus, our data reveal a previously underappreciated role for neuronal PPARδ in the regulation of body composition, feeding responses, and in the regulation of hypothalamic gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi E. Kocalis
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Maxine K. Turney
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Richard L. Printz
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Gloria N. Laryea
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Louis J. Muglia
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sean S. Davies
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Gregg D. Stanwood
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Owen P. McGuinness
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kevin D. Niswender
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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106
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Laryea G, Arnett MG, Muglia LJ. Behavioral Studies and Genetic Alterations in Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) Neurocircuitry: Insights into Human Psychiatric Disorders. Behav Sci (Basel) 2012; 2:135-71. [PMID: 23077729 PMCID: PMC3471213 DOI: 10.3390/bs2020135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To maintain well-being, all organisms require the ability to re-establish homeostasis in the presence of adverse physiological or psychological experiences. The regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis during stress is important in preventing maladaptive responses that may increase susceptibility to affective disorders. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is a central stress hormone in the HPA axis pathway and has been implicated in stress-induced psychiatric disorders, reproductive and cardiac function, as well as energy metabolism. In the context of psychiatric disorders, CRH dysfunction is associated with the occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder, major depression, anorexia nervosa, and anxiety disorders. Here, we review the synthesis, molecular signaling and regulation, as well as synaptic activity of CRH. We go on to summarize studies of altered CRH signaling in mutant animal models. This assembled data demonstrate an important role for CRH in neuroendocrine, autonomic, and behavioral correlates of adaptation and maladaptation. Next, we present findings regarding human genetic polymorphisms in CRH pathway genes that are associated with stress and psychiatric disorders. Finally, we discuss a role for regulators of CRH activity as potential sites for therapeutic intervention aimed at treating maladaptive behaviors associated with stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Laryea
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st. Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; E-Mail:
- Center for Preterm Birth Research, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Melinda G. Arnett
- Center for Preterm Birth Research, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Louis J. Muglia
- Center for Preterm Birth Research, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; E-Mail:
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107
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Dong H, Murphy KM, Meng L, Montalvo-Ortiz J, Zeng Z, Kolber BJ, Zhang S, Muglia LJ, Csernansky JG. Corticotrophin releasing factor accelerates neuropathology and cognitive decline in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 28:579-92. [PMID: 22045495 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2011-111328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stress has been suggested to influence the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, the mechanism underlying this influence remains unknown. In this study, we created a triple transgenic mouse model that overexpresses corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) and human amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP), to investigate whether increases in the expression of CRF can mimic the effects of stress on amyloid metabolism and the neurodegeneration. Tg2576 mice that overexpresses human AβPP gene were crossbreed with Tetop-CRF (CRF) mice and CaMKII-tTA (tTA) mice to create a novel triple transgenic mouse model that conditioned overexpresses CRF in forebrain and overexpresses human AβPP (called AβPP+/CRF+/tTA+, or TT mice). Then we evaluated serial neuro-anatomical and behavioral phenotypes on TT mice using histological, biochemical, and behavioral assays. TT mice showed a Cushingoid-like phenotype starting at 3 months of age. At 6 months of age, these mice demonstrated increases in tissue-soluble amyloid-β (Aβ) and Aβ plaques in the cortex and hippocampus, as compared to control mice. Moreover, TT mice characterized substantial decreases in dendritic branching and dendritic spine density in pyramidal neurons in layer 4 of the frontal cortex and CA1 of the hippocampus. Finally, TT mice showed significantly impaired working memory and contextual memory, with a modest increase in anxiety-like behavior. Our results suggested genetic increases in the brain of CRF expression mimicked chronic stress on the effects of amyloid deposition, neurodegeneration, and behavioral deficits. The novel transgenic mouse model will provide a unique tool to further investigate the mechanisms between stress and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Dong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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108
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Ratajczak CK, Asada M, Allen GC, McMahon DG, Muglia LM, Smith D, Bhattacharyya S, Muglia LJ. Generation of myometrium-specific Bmal1 knockout mice for parturition analysis. Reprod Fertil Dev 2012; 24:759-67. [PMID: 22697126 DOI: 10.1071/rd11164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human and rodent studies indicate a role for circadian rhythmicity and associated clock gene expression in supporting normal parturition. The importance of clock gene expression in tissues besides the suprachiasmatic nucleus is emerging. Here, a Bmal1 conditional knockout mouse line and a novel Cre transgenic mouse line were used to examine the role of myometrial Bmal1 in parturition. Ninety-two percent (22/24) of control females but only 64% (14/22) of females with disrupted myometrial Bmal1 completed parturition during the expected time window of 5p.m. on Day 19 through to 9a.m. on Day 19.5 of gestation. However, neither serum progesterone levels nor uterine transcript expression of the contractile-associated proteins Connexin43 and Oxytocin receptor differed between females with disrupted myometrial Bmal1 and controls during late gestation. The data indicate a role for myometrial Bmal1 in maintaining normal time of day of parturition.
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109
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McGregor TL, Gurnett CA, Dobbs MB, Wise CA, Morcuende JA, Morgan TM, Menon R, Muglia LJ. Common polymorphisms in human lysyl oxidase genes are not associated with the adolescent idiopathic scoliosis phenotype. BMC Med Genet 2011; 12:92. [PMID: 21740577 PMCID: PMC3154146 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-12-92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Although adolescent idiopathic scoliosis affects approximately 3% of adolescents, the genetic contributions have proven difficult to identify. Work in model organisms, including zebrafish, chickens, and mice, has implicated the lysyl oxidase family of enzymes in the development of scoliosis. We hypothesized that common polymorphisms in the five human lysyl oxidase genes (LOX, LOXL1, LOXL2, LOXL3, and LOXL4) may be associated with the phenotype of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Methods This was a case-control genetic association study. A total of 112 coding and tag SNPs in LOX, LOXL1, LOXL2, LOXL3, and LOXL4 were genotyped in a discovery cohort of 138 cases and 411 controls. Genotypes were tested for association with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis by logistic regression with a two degree of freedom genotypic model and gender as a covariate. Fourteen SNPs with p < 0.1 in the discovery phase were genotyped in an independent replication cohort of 400 cases and 506 controls. Results No evidence for significant association was found between coding or tag SNPs in LOX, LOXL1, LOXL2, LOXL3, and LOXL4 and the phenotype of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Conclusions Despite suggestive evidence in model organisms, common variants and known coding SNPs in the five human lysyl oxidase genes do not confer increased genotypic risk for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. The above methodology does not address rare variants or individually private mutations in these genes, and future research may focus on this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L McGregor
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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110
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Arnett MG, Kolber BJ, Boyle MP, Muglia LJ. Behavioral insights from mouse models of forebrain--and amygdala-specific glucocorticoid receptor genetic disruption. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 336:2-5. [PMID: 21094675 PMCID: PMC3172614 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Genetic modulation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) function in the brain using transgenic and gene knockout mice has yielded important insights into many aspects of GR effects on behavior and neuroendocrine responses, but significant limitations regarding interpretation of region-specific and temporal requirements remain. Here, we summarize the behavioral phenotype associated with two knockout mouse models to define the role of GRs specifically within the forebrain and amygdala. We report that forebrain-specific GR knockout mice exhibit impaired negative feedback regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and increased despair- and anxiety-like behaviors. In addition, mice with a disruption of GR specifically within the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) are deficient in conditioned fear behavior. Overall, these models serve as beneficial tools to better understand the biology of GR signaling in the normal stress response and in mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda G Arnett
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
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111
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Haataja R, Karjalainen MK, Luukkonen A, Teramo K, Puttonen H, Ojaniemi M, Varilo T, Chaudhari BP, Plunkett J, Murray JC, McCarroll SA, Peltonen L, Muglia LJ, Palotie A, Hallman M. Mapping a new spontaneous preterm birth susceptibility gene, IGF1R, using linkage, haplotype sharing, and association analysis. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1001293. [PMID: 21304894 PMCID: PMC3033387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth is the major cause of neonatal death and serious morbidity. Most preterm births are due to spontaneous onset of labor without a known cause or effective prevention. Both maternal and fetal genomes influence the predisposition to spontaneous preterm birth (SPTB), but the susceptibility loci remain to be defined. We utilized a combination of unique population structures, family-based linkage analysis, and subsequent case-control association to identify a susceptibility haplotype for SPTB. Clinically well-characterized SPTB families from northern Finland, a subisolate founded by a relatively small founder population that has subsequently experienced a number of bottlenecks, were selected for the initial discovery sample. Genome-wide linkage analysis using a high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array in seven large northern Finnish non-consanginous families identified a locus on 15q26.3 (HLOD 4.68). This region contains the IGF1R gene, which encodes the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor IGF-1R. Haplotype segregation analysis revealed that a 55 kb 12-SNP core segment within the IGF1R gene was shared identical-by-state (IBS) in five families. A follow-up case-control study in an independent sample representing the more general Finnish population showed an association of a 6-SNP IGF1R haplotype with SPTB in the fetuses, providing further evidence for IGF1R as a SPTB predisposition gene (frequency in cases versus controls 0.11 versus 0.05, P = 0.001, odds ratio 2.3). This study demonstrates the identification of a predisposing, low-frequency haplotype in a multifactorial trait using a well-characterized population and a combination of family and case-control designs. Our findings support the identification of the novel susceptibility gene IGF1R for predisposition by the fetal genome to being born preterm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritva Haataja
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Minna K. Karjalainen
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Aino Luukkonen
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kari Teramo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hilkka Puttonen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja Ojaniemi
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Teppo Varilo
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bimal P. Chaudhari
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jevon Plunkett
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Human and Statistics Genetics Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey C. Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Steven A. McCarroll
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Leena Peltonen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- The Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Louis J. Muglia
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- The Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mikko Hallman
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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112
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Liu Q, Zhang J, Zerbinatti C, Zhan Y, Kolber BJ, Herz J, Muglia LJ, Bu G. Lipoprotein receptor LRP1 regulates leptin signaling and energy homeostasis in the adult central nervous system. PLoS Biol 2011; 9:e1000575. [PMID: 21264353 PMCID: PMC3019112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein receptor LRP1 play critical roles in lipid metabolism, and this study reveals a novel role for LRP1 in controlling food intake and obesity in the central nervous system of the adult mouse. Obesity is a growing epidemic characterized by excess fat storage in adipocytes. Although lipoprotein receptors play important roles in lipid uptake, their role in controlling food intake and obesity is not known. Here we show that the lipoprotein receptor LRP1 regulates leptin signaling and energy homeostasis. Conditional deletion of the Lrp1 gene in the brain resulted in an obese phenotype characterized by increased food intake, decreased energy consumption, and decreased leptin signaling. LRP1 directly binds to leptin and the leptin receptor complex and is required for leptin receptor phosphorylation and Stat3 activation. We further showed that deletion of the Lrp1 gene specifically in the hypothalamus by Cre lentivirus injection is sufficient to trigger accelerated weight gain. Together, our results demonstrate that the lipoprotein receptor LRP1, which is critical in lipid metabolism, also regulates food intake and energy homeostasis in the adult central nervous system. The World Health Organization estimates that at least 1 in 10 adults worldwide are obese, and in some western countries, a far greater percentage (25% or more) is affected. Obesity is a serious concern because it increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and some cancers, among other health problems. Despite recent advances in understanding the disease mechanism, effective treatments are still lacking. Lipoprotein receptors play critical roles in lipid metabolism, but their potential roles in controlling food intake and obesity in the central nervous system have not been examined. Here we show that deletion of LRP1, a member of the LDL (low density lipoprotein) receptor family, in the adult mouse brain results in obese phenotype characterized by increased food intake, decreased energy consumption and decreased leptin signaling. We further show that deletion of the Lrp1 gene specifically in the hypothalamus (a region of the brain) by using Cre lentivirus injection is sufficient to trigger accelerated weight gain. Together, our results present a novel function of LRP1: the direct regulation of leptin signaling and energy balance in the adult central nervous system. Hence, LRP1 represents a very promising new therapeutic target for the design of innovative and more effective therapies for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Celina Zerbinatti
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Yan Zhan
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Benedict J. Kolber
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Louis J. Muglia
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
- Institute for Biomedical Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- * E-mail:
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Plunkett J, Doniger S, Morgan T, Haataja R, Hallman M, Puttonen H, Menon R, Kuczynski E, Norwitz E, Snegovskikh V, Palotie A, Peltonen L, Fellman V, DeFranco EA, Chaudhari BP, Oates J, Boutaud O, McGregor TL, McElroy JJ, Teramo K, Borecki I, Fay JC, Muglia LJ. Primate-specific evolution of noncoding element insertion into PLA2G4C and human preterm birth. BMC Med Genomics 2010; 3:62. [PMID: 21184677 PMCID: PMC3017005 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-3-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The onset of birth in humans, like other apes, differs from non-primate mammals in its endocrine physiology. We hypothesize that higher primate-specific gene evolution may lead to these differences and target genes involved in human preterm birth, an area of global health significance. Methods We performed a comparative genomics screen of highly conserved noncoding elements and identified PLA2G4C, a phospholipase A isoform involved in prostaglandin biosynthesis as human accelerated. To examine whether this gene demonstrating primate-specific evolution was associated with birth timing, we genotyped and analyzed 8 common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in PLA2G4C in US Hispanic (n = 73 preterm, 292 control), US White (n = 147 preterm, 157 control) and US Black (n = 79 preterm, 166 control) mothers. Results Detailed structural and phylogenic analysis of PLA2G4C suggested a short genomic element within the gene duplicated from a paralogous highly conserved element on chromosome 1 specifically in primates. SNPs rs8110925 and rs2307276 in US Hispanics and rs11564620 in US Whites were significant after correcting for multiple tests (p < 0.006). Additionally, rs11564620 (Thr360Pro) was associated with increased metabolite levels of the prostaglandin thromboxane in healthy individuals (p = 0.02), suggesting this variant may affect PLA2G4C activity. Conclusions Our findings suggest that variation in PLA2G4C may influence preterm birth risk by increasing levels of prostaglandins, which are known to regulate labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jevon Plunkett
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Wieczorek L, Maas JW, Muglia LM, Vogt SK, Muglia LJ. Temporal and regional regulation of gene expression by calcium-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity during fear memory. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13385. [PMID: 20976279 PMCID: PMC2954788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Ca2+-stimulated adenylyl cyclases (ACs), AC1 and AC8, are key components of long-term memory processing. AC1 and AC8 double knockout mice (Adcy1−/−Adcy8−/−; DKO) display impaired fear memory processing; the mechanism of this impairment is largely unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings We hypothesize that the Ca2+-stimulated ACs modulate long-lasting transcriptional changes essential for fear memory consolidation and maintenance. Here, we report a genome-wide study of gene expression changes associated with conditioned fear (CF) memory in wild-type and DKO mice to identify AC-dependent gene regulatory changes that occur in the amygdala and hippocampus at baseline and different time points after CF learning. We observed an overall decrease in transcriptional changes in DKO mice across all time points, but most strikingly, at periods when memory consolidation and retention should be occurring. Further, we identified a shared set of transcription factor binding sites in genes upregulated in wild-type mice that were associated with downregulated genes in DKO mice. To prove the temporal and regional importance of AC activity on different stages of memory processing, the tetracycline-off system was used to produce mice with forebrain-specific inducible expression of AC8 on a DKO background. CF behavioral results reveal that adult restoration of AC8 activity in the forebrain is sufficient for intact learning, while cessation of this expression at any time point across learning causes memory deficits. Conclusions/Significance Overall, these studies demonstrate that the Ca2+-stimulated ACs contribute to the formation and maintenance of fear memory by a network of long-term transcriptional changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Wieczorek
- Departments of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - James W. Maas
- Departments of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Lisa M. Muglia
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sherri K. Vogt
- Departments of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Louis J. Muglia
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The high rate of preterm birth in the USA and many other countries is a potential target for improving children’s immediate health and reducing the medical problems they face as adults. The acute complications for infants born prematurely often require intensive care management and are followed by long-lasting cognitive, sensory, motor, and cardiovascular deficits that substantially limit adult capabilities and survival. The inability to effectively reduce preterm birth stems from the failure to understand normal mechanisms of parturition in humans. Although studies from several model organisms help define the physiology of maintenance and termination of pregnancy, there are fundamental differences between species. For example, species regulate their production of progesterone, the crucial hormone in sustaining pregnancy, differently. This limits the extent to which models can provide meaningful information about the physiological mechanisms of human gestation. The growing wealth of sequenced mammalian genomes, computational comparative genomic tools and systems biology approaches provides new potential to utilize the divergence of DNA sequences and physiology between species to understand the genetic underpinnings of preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin C. Fay
- Department of Genetics and Center for Genome Sciences, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Louis J. Muglia
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Monroe Carell Jr Children’s Hospital at Vanderbilt, Nashville, TN 37215, USA
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116
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Chang JJ, Muglia LJ, Macones GA. Association of early-onset pre-eclampsia in first pregnancy with normotensive second pregnancy outcomes: a population-based study. BJOG 2010; 117:946-53. [PMID: 20497414 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2010.02594.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate pregnancy outcomes in normotensive second pregnancy following pre-eclampsia in first pregnancy. DESIGN Population-based retrospective cohort study. SETTING State of Missouri in the USA. SAMPLE White European origin or African-American women who delivered their first two non-anomalous singleton pregnancies between 20 and 44 weeks of gestation in Missouri, USA, 1989-2005, without chronic hypertension, renal disease or diabetes mellitus (n = 12 835). METHODS Pre-eclampsia or delivery at 34 weeks of gestation or less in first pregnancy was defined as early-onset pre-eclampsia, whereas late-onset pre-eclampsia was defined as pre-eclampsia with delivery after 34 weeks of gestation. Multivariate regression models were fitted to estimate the crude and adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Preterm delivery, large and small-for-gestational-age infant, Apgar scores at 5 minutes, fetal death, caesarean section, placental abruption. RESULTS Women with early-onset pre-eclampsia in first pregnancy were more likely to be younger, African-American, recipients of Medicaid, unmarried and smokers. Despite a second normotensive pregnancy, women with early-onset pre-eclampsia in their first pregnancy had greater odds of a small-for-gestational-age infant, preterm birth, fetal death, caesarean section and placental abruption in the second pregnancy, relative to women with late-onset pre-eclampsia, after controlling for confounders. Moreover, maternal ethnic origin modified the association between early-onset pre-eclampsia in the first pregnancy and preterm births in the second pregnancy. Having a history of early-onset pre-eclampsia reduces the odds of having a large-for-gestational-age infant in the second pregnancy. CONCLUSION A history of early-onset pre-eclampsia is associated with increased odds of adverse pregnancy outcomes despite a normotensive second pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Chang
- Department of Community Health in Epidemiology, Saint Louis University School of Public Health, 3545 Lafayette Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis J Muglia
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, and Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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118
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Ratajczak CK, Herzog ED, Muglia LJ. Clock gene expression in gravid uterus and extra-embryonic tissues during late gestation in the mouse. Reprod Fertil Dev 2010; 22:743-50. [PMID: 20450826 PMCID: PMC3816753 DOI: 10.1071/rd09243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence in humans and rodents suggests the importance of circadian rhythmicity in parturition. A molecular clock underlies the generation of circadian rhythmicity. While this molecular clock has been identified in numerous tissues, the expression and regulation of clock genes in tissues relevant to parturition is largely undefined. Here, the expression and regulation of the clock genes Bmal1, Clock, cryptochrome (Cry1/2) and period (Per1/2) was examined in the murine gravid uterus, placenta and fetal membranes during late gestation. All clock genes examined were expressed in the tissues of interest throughout the last third of gestation. Upregulation of a subset of these clock genes was observed in each of these tissues in the final two days of gestation. Oscillating expression of mRNA for a subset of the examined clock genes was detected in the gravid uterus, placenta and fetal membranes. Furthermore, bioluminescence recording on explants from gravid Per2::luciferase mice indicated rhythmic expression of PER2 protein in these tissues. These data demonstrate expression and rhythmicity of clock genes in tissues relevant to parturition indicating a potential contribution of peripheral molecular clocks to this process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik D. Herzog
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Louis J. Muglia
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and the Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital at Vanderbilt, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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Ratajczak CK, Herzog ED, Muglia LJ. Clock Gene Expression in Pregnancy-Related Tissues During Late Gestation in the Mouse. Biol Reprod 2009. [DOI: 10.1093/biolreprod/81.s1.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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120
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Defranco EA, Chang JJ, Macones GA, Muglia LJ. The correlation in birth timing between singleton and twin gestations in the same mother. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2009; 22:106-10. [PMID: 19089775 DOI: 10.1080/14767050802488204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that the timing of twin births is correlated to that of their singleton siblings. METHODS Using the Missouri Department of Health's birth certificate database we performed a retrospective population-based cohort study of 2222 women who had at least one singleton and one twin birth (1989-1997). Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to examine the relationship in gestational age between singleton and twin births occurring in the same mother. RESULTS Among 2222 mothers who had both a singleton and twin pregnancy during the study period, the mean difference in birth timing between singleton and twin siblings was 3.05 weeks (+/-2.9 weeks). The correlation between singleton and twin birth timing was statistically significant (r = 0.28, p < 0.001), and remained significant even after controlling for potential confounders (beta = 0.459, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS We identified a significant correlation in the timing of birth between singleton and twin pregnancies in the same mother, which could be due to shared genetic, environmental, medical, social and other influences. This finding could be useful to help predict birth timing in mothers at especially high risk of preterm birth, those with a twin gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Defranco
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0526, USA.
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121
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Plunkett J, Feitosa MF, Trusgnich M, Wangler MF, Palomar L, Kistka ZAF, DeFranco EA, Shen TT, Stormo AE, Puttonen H, Hallman M, Haataja R, Luukkonen A, Fellman V, Peltonen L, Palotie A, Daw EW, An P, Teramo K, Borecki I, Muglia LJ. Mother's genome or maternally-inherited genes acting in the fetus influence gestational age in familial preterm birth. Hum Hered 2009; 68:209-19. [PMID: 19521103 PMCID: PMC2869074 DOI: 10.1159/000224641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While multiple lines of evidence suggest the importance of genetic contributors to risk of preterm birth, the nature of the genetic component has not been identified. We perform segregation analyses to identify the best fitting genetic model for gestational age, a quantitative proxy for preterm birth. METHODS Because either mother or infant can be considered the proband from a preterm delivery and there is evidence to suggest that genetic factors in either one or both may influence the trait, we performed segregation analysis for gestational age either attributed to the infant (infant's gestational age), or the mother (by averaging the gestational ages at which her children were delivered), using 96 multiplex preterm families. RESULTS These data lend further support to a genetic component contributing to birth timing since sporadic (i.e. no familial resemblance) and nontransmission (i.e. environmental factors alone contribute to gestational age) models are strongly rejected. Analyses of gestational age attributed to the infant support a model in which mother's genome and/or maternally-inherited genes acting in the fetus are largely responsible for birth timing, with a smaller contribution from the paternally-inherited alleles in the fetal genome. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that genetic influences on birth timing are important and likely complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jevon Plunkett
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Miss., USA
- Center for Preterm Birth Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Miss., USA
- Human and Statistical Genetics Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Miss., USA
| | - Mary F. Feitosa
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Miss., USA
| | - Michelle Trusgnich
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Miss., USA
| | - Michael F. Wangler
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Miss., USA
- Center for Preterm Birth Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Miss., USA
| | - Lisanne Palomar
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Miss., USA
- Center for Preterm Birth Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Miss., USA
| | - Zachary A.-F. Kistka
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Miss., USA
- Center for Preterm Birth Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Miss., USA
| | - Emily A. DeFranco
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Miss., USA
- Center for Preterm Birth Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Miss., USA
| | - Tammy T. Shen
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Miss., USA
- Center for Preterm Birth Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Miss., USA
| | - Adrienne E.D. Stormo
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Miss., USA
- Center for Preterm Birth Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Miss., USA
| | - Hilkka Puttonen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Hallman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ritva Haataja
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Aino Luukkonen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Vineta Fellman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Leena Peltonen
- Biomedicum Helsinki Research Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass., USA
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Biomedicum Helsinki Research Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- The Finnish Genome Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass., USA
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - E. Warwick Daw
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Miss., USA
| | - Ping An
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Miss., USA
| | - Kari Teramo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ingrid Borecki
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Miss., USA
- Center for Preterm Birth Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Miss., USA
- Human and Statistical Genetics Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Miss., USA
| | - Louis J. Muglia
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Miss., USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Miss., USA
- Center for Preterm Birth Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Miss., USA
- Human and Statistical Genetics Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Miss., USA
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122
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Conti AC, Maas JW, Moulder KL, Jiang X, Dave BA, Mennerick S, Muglia LJ. Adenylyl cyclases 1 and 8 initiate a presynaptic homeostatic response to ethanol treatment. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5697. [PMID: 19479030 PMCID: PMC2682654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although ethanol exerts widespread action in the brain, only recently has progress been made in understanding the specific events occurring at the synapse during ethanol exposure. Mice deficient in the calcium-stimulated adenylyl cyclases, AC1 and AC8 (DKO), demonstrate increased sedation duration and impaired phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA) following acute ethanol treatment. While not direct targets for ethanol, we hypothesize that these cyclases initiate a homeostatic presynaptic response by PKA to reactivate neurons from ethanol-mediated inhibition. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here, we have used phosphoproteomic techniques and identified several presynaptic proteins that are phosphorylated in the brains of wild type mice (WT) after ethanol exposure, including synapsin, a known PKA target. Phosphorylation of synapsins I and II, as well as phosphorylation of non-PKA targets, such as, eukaryotic elongation factor-2 (eEF-2) and dynamin is significantly impaired in the brains of DKO mice. This deficit is primarily driven by AC1, as AC1-deficient, but not AC8-deficient mice also demonstrate significant reductions in phosphorylation of synapsin and eEF-2 in cortical and hippocampal tissues. DKO mice have a reduced pool of functional recycling vesicles and fewer active terminals as measured by FM1-43 uptake compared to WT controls, which may be a contributing factor to the impaired presynaptic response to ethanol treatment. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These data demonstrate that calcium-stimulated AC-dependent PKA activation in the presynaptic terminal, primarily driven by AC1, is a critical event in the reactivation of neurons following ethanol-induced activity blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana C Conti
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America.
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123
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Kolber BJ, Muglia LJ. Defining brain region-specific glucocorticoid action during stress by conditional gene disruption in mice. Brain Res 2009; 1293:85-90. [PMID: 19361487 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Revised: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability of an organism to adapt during stress has a significant impact on long-term survival and health. Maladaptive responses to stress have been associated with susceptibility to the development of mood disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder. Importantly, dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the endocrine stress response, has been linked to these diseases. Here, we review recent data on the region-specific role of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling in the behavioral, molecular and endocrine response to stress. Using a conditional deletion approach, we have shown that disruption of GR function in the forebrain of mice induces alterations in despair-like behavior and HPA axis function, reminiscent of MDD. Furthermore, in an effort to explore the sub-regional specificity of GR activity, we have developed a model to disrupt GR in the central nucleus of the amygdala. In our initial efforts to characterize these mice, we have demonstrated a critical role for GR in the formation of fear memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict J Kolber
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology at Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
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124
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Abstract
Evidence in humans and rodents suggests that normal circadian rhythmicity is important for supporting reproductive function. A molecular clock underlies circadian rhythmicity. Impaired fertility is observed in some genetically altered mice with deficiencies in genes of the molecular clock, suggesting a critical role for these genes in reproduction. Here we systematically characterize the reproductive phenotype of females deficient in the clock gene Bmal1. Bmal1(-/-) females are infertile. They exhibit progression through the estrous cycle, although these cycles are prolonged. Normal follicular development occurs in Bmal1(-/-) females, and healthy embryos of the expected developmental stage are found in the reproductive tract of Bmal1(-/-) females 3.5 d after mating to wild-type males. However, serum progesterone levels are significantly lower in Bmal1(-/-) vs. Bmal1(+/+/-) females on d 3.5 of gestation. Low progesterone levels in Bmal1(-/-) females are accompanied by decreased expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein in corpora lutea of Bmal1(-/-) vs. Bmal1(+/+/-) females. Whereas implantation of embryos is not observed in untreated or vehicle-treated Bmal1(-/-) females, exogenous administration of progesterone to Bmal1(-/-) females is able to reinstitute implantation. These data suggest that implantation failure due to impaired steroidogenesis causes infertility of Bmal1(-/-) females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine K Ratajczak
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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125
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Chaudhari BP, Plunkett J, Ratajczak CK, Shen TT, DeFranco EA, Muglia LJ. The genetics of birth timing: insights into a fundamental component of human development. Clin Genet 2009; 74:493-501. [PMID: 19037974 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2008.01124.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The timing of birth necessitates the coupling of fetal maturation with the onset of parturition, and occurs at characteristic, but divergent gestations between mammals. Preterm birth in humans is an important but poorly understood outcome of pregnancy that uncouples fetal maturation and birth timing. The etiology of preterm birth is complex, involving environmental and genetic factors whose underlying molecular and cellular pathogenic mechanisms remain poorly understood. Animal models, although limited by differences with human physiology, have been crucial in exploring the role of various genetic pathways in mammalian birth timing. Studies in humans of both familial aggregation and racial disparities in preterm birth have contributed to the understanding that preterm birth is heritable. A significant portion of this heritability is due to polygenic causes with few true Mendelian disorders contributing to preterm birth. Thus far, studies of the human genetics of preterm birth using a candidate gene approach have met with limited success. Emerging research efforts using unbiased methods may yield promising results if concerns about study design can be adequately addressed. The findings from this frontier of research may have direct implications for the allocation of public health and clinical resources as well as spur the development of more effective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Chaudhari
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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126
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Abstract
With the growing frequency of preterm birth, increased effort has been made to elucidate the physiology of normal and aberrant parturition. As with many developmental processes, the study of genetically altered mice has led to an increased understanding of mechanisms controlling the maintenance and resolution of pregnancy. Studies in genetically altered mice have implicated critical roles for both prostaglandin synthesis and degradation in luteolysis and the progression of labor. The importance of local modulation of progesterone activity to cervical ripening has also been demonstrated. Although a decline in levels of serum progesterone is a part of normal labor initiation in mice but not humans, murine labor without progesterone withdrawal has been reported in some cases. These findings emphasize the importance of other components of the parturition cascade that are shared in mice and humans and highlights the importance of an increased understanding of the physiology of mouse parturition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine K Ratajczak
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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127
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Shen TT, DeFranco EA, Stamilio DM, Chang JJ, Muglia LJ. A population-based study of race-specific risk for preterm premature rupture of membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 199:373.e1-7. [PMID: 18667175 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2008.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2008] [Revised: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that race is associated with the risk of preterm birth due to preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) and its recurrence. STUDY DESIGN We conducted a population-based cohort study using the Missouri Department of Health's maternally linked birth certificate database (1989-1997) to assess racial effects on the occurrence and recurrence of PPROM, while adjusting for socioeconomic and maternal medical risk factors (n = 644,462). RESULTS Black mothers were more likely to have PPROM compared to white mothers (aOR, 2.3; 95% CI, 2.0-2.5). The magnitude of risk of PPROM for black mothers compared to white mothers was greatest at < 28 weeks of gestation (aOR 2.8, 95% CI, 2.5-3.2). Black mothers were at significantly higher risk of recurrent PPROM compared to white mothers (aOR 6.4, 95% CI, 3.7-11.0). CONCLUSION There is an overrepresentation in the occurrence and recurrence of PPROM in black mothers that persists after adjusting for known risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy T Shen
- Center for Preterm Birth Research, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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128
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Shen TT, DeFranco EA, Stamilio DM, Chang JJ, Muglia LJ. A population-based study of race-specific risk for placental abruption. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2008; 8:43. [PMID: 18789147 PMCID: PMC2546363 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2393-8-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efforts to elucidate risk factors for placental abruption are imperative due to the severity of complications it produces for both mother and fetus, and its contribution to preterm birth. Ethnicity-based differences in risk of placental abruption and preterm birth have been reported. We tested the hypotheses that race, after adjusting for other factors, is associated with the risk of placental abruption at specific gestational ages, and that there is a greater contribution of placental abruption to the increased risk of preterm birth in Black mothers, compared to White mothers. METHODS We conducted a population-based cohort study using the Missouri Department of Health's maternally-linked database of all births in Missouri (1989-1997) to assess racial effects on placental abruption and the contribution of placental abruption to preterm birth, at different gestational age categories (n = 664,303). RESULTS Among 108,806 births to Black mothers and 555,497 births to White mothers, 1.02% (95% CI 0.96-1.08) of Black births were complicated by placental abruption, compared to 0.71% (95% CI 0.69-0.73) of White births (aOR 1.32, 95% CI 1.22-1.43). The magnitude of risk of placental abruption for Black mothers, compared to White mothers, increased with younger gestational age categories. The risk of placental abruption resulting in term and extreme preterm births (< 28 weeks) was higher for Black mothers (aOR 1.15, 95% CI 1.02-1.29 and aOR 1.98, 95% CI 1.58-2.48, respectively). Compared to White women delivering in the same gestational age category, there were a significantly higher proportion of placental abruption in Black mothers who delivered at term, and a significantly lower proportion of placental abruption in Black mothers who delivered in all preterm categories (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Black women have an increased risk of placental abruption compared to White women, even when controlling for known coexisting risk factors. This risk increase is greatest at the earliest preterm gestational ages when outcomes are the poorest. The relative contribution of placental abruption to term births was greater in Black women, whereas the relative contribution of placental abruption to preterm birth was greater in White women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy T Shen
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St, Louis, St, Louis, Missouri, USA.
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129
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Kolber BJ, Wieczorek L, Muglia LJ. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation and behavioral analysis of mouse mutants with altered glucocorticoid or mineralocorticoid receptor function. Stress 2008; 11:321-38. [PMID: 18609295 PMCID: PMC2744095 DOI: 10.1080/10253890701821081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticosteroid receptors are critical for the maintenance of homeostasis after both psychological and physiological stress. To understand the different roles and interactions of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) during stress, it is necessary to dissect the role of corticosteroid signaling at both the system and sub-system level. A variety of GR transgenic mouse lines have recently been used to characterize the role of GR in the CNS as a whole and particularly in the forebrain. We will describe both the behavioral and cellular/molecular implications of disrupting GR function in these animal models and describe the implications of this data for our understanding of normal endocrine function and stress adaptation. MRs in tight epithelia have a long established role in sodium homeostasis. Recently however, evidence has suggested that MRs in the limbic brain also play an important role in psychological stress. Just as with GR, targeted mutations in MR induce a variety of behavioral changes associated with stress adaptation. In this review, we will discuss the implications of this work on MR. Finally, we will discuss the possible interaction between MR and GR and how future work using double mutants (through conventional means or virus based gene alteration) will be needed to more fully understand how signaling through these two steroid receptors provides the adaptive mechanisms to deal with a variety of stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict J. Kolber
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Biology and Pharmacology and Program in Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Lindsay Wieczorek
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Biology and Pharmacology and Program in Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Louis J. Muglia
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Biology and Pharmacology and Program in Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Corresponding Author: Louis J. Muglia, , Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid, Box 8208, St. Louis, MO 63110
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130
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Purisch SE, DeFranco EA, Muglia LJ, Odibo AO, Stamilio DM. Preterm birth in pregnancies complicated by major congenital malformations: a population-based study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 199:287.e1-8. [PMID: 18771986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2008.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2008] [Revised: 05/24/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to estimate and compare the relative risk of preterm birth (PTB) in pregnancies complicated by 1 or more of 8 major congenital malformations (MCMs). STUDY DESIGN This was a population-based cohort study of the birth database of the Missouri Department of Health (1989-1997) including 678,693 singleton live births. Outcomes included a binary composite variable of any MCM and the following 8 individual malformations: spina bifida, diaphragmatic hernia, renal agenesis, other urogenital anomaly, tracheoesophageal fistula/esophageal atresia, omphalocele/gastroschisis, cardiac defect, and cleft lip/palate. Chromosomal anomalies were excluded. Logistic regression analyses assessed the association between malformations and PTB. RESULTS The risk of PTB increased significantly and to varying degrees for each malformation. In pregnancies with any MCM, there was an increased prevalence (11.5%) and relative risk (adjusted odds ratio [(adj)OR] 3.2 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.9 to 3.6]) of PTB at less than 35 weeks' gestation. The magnitude of risk increase was greatest at the earliest gestational ages: (adj)OR 4.8 (95% CI, 4.0 to 5.7) at less than 28 weeks. Pregnancies with multiple malformations were at highest risk for PTB: (adj)OR 8.0 [95% CI, 4.6 to 14.1]. CONCLUSION MCMs significantly increase PTB risk. The risk varies by malformation type and is higher with multiple malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E Purisch
- Center for Preterm Birth Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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131
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Proctor BM, Jin X, Lupu TS, Muglia LJ, Semenkovich CF, Muslin AJ. Requirement for p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity in neointima formation after vascular injury. Circulation 2008; 118:658-66. [PMID: 18645058 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.107.734848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angioplasty and stent delivery are performed to treat atherosclerotic vascular disease but often cause deleterious neointimal lesion formation. Previously, growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2), an intracellular linker protein, was shown to be essential for neointima formation and for p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). In this study, the role of vascular SMC p38alpha MAPK in neointimal development was examined. METHODS AND RESULTS Compound transgenic mice were generated with doxycycline-inducible SMC-specific expression of dominant-negative p38alpha MAPK (DN-p38alpha). Doxycycline treatment resulted in the expression of DN-p38alpha mRNA and protein in transgenic arteries. Doxycycline-treated compound transgenic mice were resistant to neointima formation 21 days after carotid injury and showed reduced arterial p38 MAPK activation. To explore the mechanism by which p38alpha MAPK promotes neointima formation, an in vitro SMC culture system was used. Inhibition of p38alpha MAPK in cultured SMCs by treatment with SB202190 or small interfering RNA blocked platelet-derived growth factor-induced SMC proliferation, DNA replication, phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein, and induction of minichromosome maintenance protein 6. CONCLUSIONS SMC p38alpha MAPK activation is required for neointima formation, perhaps because of its ability to promote retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation and minichromosome maintenance protein 6 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Proctor
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, School of Medicine, ST. Louis, Mo., USA
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132
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Plunkett J, Borecki I, Morgan T, Stamilio D, Muglia LJ. Population-based estimate of sibling risk for preterm birth, preterm premature rupture of membranes, placental abruption and pre-eclampsia. BMC Genet 2008; 9:44. [PMID: 18611258 PMCID: PMC2483292 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-9-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as preterm birth, preeclampsia and placental abruption, are common, with acute and long-term complications for both the mother and infant. Etiologies underlying such adverse outcomes are not well understood. As maternal and fetal genetic factors may influence these outcomes, we estimated the magnitude of familial aggregation as one index of possible heritable contributions. Using the Missouri Department of Health's maternally-linked birth certificate database, we performed a retrospective population-based cohort study of births (1989–1997), designating an individual born from an affected pregnancy as the proband for each outcome studied. We estimated the increased risk to siblings compared to the population risk, using the sibling risk ratio, λs, and sibling-sibling odds ratio (sib-sib OR), for the adverse pregnancy outcomes of preterm birth, preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM), placental abruption, and pre-eclampsia. Results Risk to siblings of an affected individual was elevated above the population prevalence of a given disorder, as indicated by λS (λS (95% CI): 4.3 (4.0–4.6), 8.2 (6.5–9.9), 4.0 (2.6–5.3), and 4.5 (4.4–4.8), for preterm birth, PPROM, placental abruption, and pre-eclampsia, respectively). Risk to siblings of an affected individual was similarly elevated above that of siblings of unaffected individuals, as indicated by the sib-sib OR (sib-sib OR adjusted for known risk factors (95% CI): 4.2 (3.9–4.5), 9.6 (7.6–12.2), 3.8 (2.6–5.5), 8.1 (7.5–8.8) for preterm birth, PPROM, placental abruption, and pre-eclampsia, respectively). Conclusion These results suggest that the adverse pregnancy outcomes of preterm birth, PPROM, placental abruption, and pre-eclampsia aggregate in families, which may be explained in part by genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jevon Plunkett
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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133
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Ratajczak CK, Muglia LJ. Normal Follicle Development and Oocyte Maturation in Bmal1 Null Females Indicates Other Defects Responsible for Reproductive Failure. Biol Reprod 2008. [DOI: 10.1093/biolreprod/78.s1.147b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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134
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Mouillet JF, Yan X, Ou Q, Jin L, Muglia LJ, Crawford PA, Sadovsky Y. DEAD-box protein-103 (DP103, Ddx20) is essential for early embryonic development and modulates ovarian morphology and function. Endocrinology 2008; 149:2168-75. [PMID: 18258677 PMCID: PMC2329271 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-1237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The DEAD-box helicase DP103 (Ddx20, Gemin3) is a multifunctional protein that interacts with Epstein-Barr virus nuclear proteins (EBNA2/EBNA3) and is a part of the spliceosomal small nuclear ribonucleoproteins complex. DP103 also aggregates with the micro-RNA machinery complex. We have previously shown that DP103 interacts with the nuclear receptor steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1, NR5A1), a key regulator of reproductive development, and represses its transcriptional activity. To further explore the physiological function of DP103, we disrupted the corresponding gene in mice. Homozygous Dp103-null mice die early in embryonic development before a four-cell stage. Although heterozygous mice are healthy and fertile, analysis of steroidogenic tissues revealed minor abnormalities in mutant females, including larger ovaries, altered estrous cycle, and reduced basal secretion of ACTH. Our data point to diverse functions of murine DP103, with an obligatory role during early embryonic development and also in modulation of steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Mouillet
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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135
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Abstract
Infants born before term (<37 weeks) have an increased risk of neonatal mortality as well as other health problems. The increasing rate of preterm birth in recent decades, despite improvements in health care, creates an impetus to better understand and prevent this disorder. Preterm birth likely depends on a number of interacting factors, including genetic, epigenetic, and environmental risk factors. Genetic studies may identify markers, which more accurately predict preterm birth than currently known risk factors, or novel proteins and/or pathways involved in the disorder. This review summarizes epidemiological and genetic studies to date, emphasizing the complexity of genetic influences on birth timing. While several candidate genes have been reportedly associated with the disorder, inconsistency across studies has been problematic. More systematic and unbiased genetic approaches are needed for future studies to examine the genetic etiology of human birth timing thoroughly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jevon Plunkett
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Preterm Birth Research, and Human and Statistical Genetics Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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136
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Pennell CE, Muglia LJ, Relton C. Reply. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2007.06.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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137
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Abstract
Background The molecular components determining the timing for birth remain an incompletely characterized aspect of reproduction, with important conceptual and therapeutic ramifications for management of preterm, post-term and arrested labor. Methodology/Principal Findings To test the hypothesis that oxytocin mediates circadian regulation of birth, we evaluated parturition timing following shifts in light cycles in oxytocin (OT)-deficient mice. We find that, in contrast to wild type mice that do not shift the timing of birth following a 6-h advance or delay in the light cycle, OT-deficient mice delivered at random times of day. Moreover, shifts in the light-dark cycle of gravid wild type mice have little impact on the pattern of circadian oxytocin release. Conclusions/Significance Our results demonstrate oxytocin plays a critical role in minimizing labor disruption due to circadian clock resetting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Roizen
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Christina E. Luedke
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Erik D. Herzog
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Louis J. Muglia
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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138
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Kozlov SV, Bogenpohl JW, Howell MP, Wevrick R, Panda S, Hogenesch JB, Muglia LJ, Van Gelder RN, Herzog ED, Stewart CL. The imprinted gene Magel2 regulates normal circadian output. Nat Genet 2007; 39:1266-72. [PMID: 17893678 DOI: 10.1038/ng2114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 07/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian circadian rhythms of activity are generated within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Transcripts from the imprinted, paternally expressed Magel2 gene, which maps to the chromosomal region associated with Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS), are highly enriched in the SCN. The Magel2 message is circadianly expressed and peaks during the subjective day. Mice deficient in Magel2 expression entrain to light cycles and express normal running-wheel rhythms, but with markedly reduced amplitude of activity and increased daytime activity. These changes are associated with reductions in food intake and male fertility. Orexin levels and orexin-positive neurons in the lateral hypothalamus are substantially reduced, suggesting that some of the consequences of Magel2 loss are mediated through changes in orexin signaling. The robust rhythmicity of Magel2 expression in the SCN and the altered behavioral rhythmicity of null mice reveal Magel2 to be a clock-controlled circadian output gene whose disruption results in some of the phenotypes characteristic of PWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serguei V Kozlov
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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139
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Roizen JD, Asada M, Tong M, Tai HH, Muglia LJ. Preterm birth without progesterone withdrawal in 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase hypomorphic mice. Mol Endocrinol 2007; 22:105-12. [PMID: 17872381 PMCID: PMC2194629 DOI: 10.1210/me.2007-0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parturition is a complex mammalian physiological process whose fundamental determinants have remained elusive. The increasing incidence of human preterm birth, a leading cause of infant mortality, highlights the importance of further understanding mechanisms regulating the timing of birth. Parturition is initiated in most nonprimate mammals, including mice, through a decrease in circulating progesterone caused by elevated prostaglandins. In humans, other higher primates, and guinea pigs, no consistent decrease in circulating progesterone occurs before the onset of labor. The divergence in endocrine control of labor initiation between most mammals compared with the great apes and guinea pigs gives rise to the question: how could a mechanism for the initiation of labor not requiring the withdrawal of progesterone evolve? Here, we genetically modulate prostaglandin signaling to determine the role of prostaglandin catabolism in the timing of birth. We find spontaneous preterm labor in the absence of progesterone withdrawal in 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase hypomorphic mice. The onset of labor in these hypomorphic mice is preceded by prematurely increased concentrations of prostaglandin E(2) and F(2alpha). Moreover, genetic crosses demonstrate a role for fetal genotype in birth timing. Together, these findings demonstrate a 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase-dependent shift in the physiology of murine parturition to one resembling the physiology of higher primates. Thus, endocrine control of labor has the capacity to plastically adapt to changes in genetically determined prostaglandin signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Roizen
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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140
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DeFranco EA, Stamilio DM, Boslaugh SE, Gross GA, Muglia LJ. A short interpregnancy interval is a risk factor for preterm birth and its recurrence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 197:264.e1-6. [PMID: 17826413 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2007.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2007] [Revised: 05/01/2007] [Accepted: 06/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that short interpregnancy intervals (IPIs) increase the risk for preterm birth (PTB), recurrence of PTB, and delivery at early extremes of gestational age. STUDY DESIGN Using the Missouri Department of Health's birth certificate database, we performed a population-based cohort study of 156,330 women who had 2 births from 1989-1997. The association between IPI and subsequent pregnancy outcome was assessed. RESULTS The shortest IPIs (<6 months) increased the risk of extreme PTB (adjusted odds ratio, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.13-1.76). IPIs of <6 months and 6-12 months increased the overall risk of PTB (adjusted odds ratios, 1.48 [95% CI, 1.37-1.61] and 1.14 [95% CI, 1.06-1.23], respectively) and PTB recurrence (adjusted odds ratios, 1.44 [95% CI, 1.19-1.75] and 1.24 [95% CI, 1.02-1.50], respectively). CONCLUSION The risk of PTB and its recurrence increases with short IPIs, even after adjustment for coexisting risk factors. This highlights the importance of counseling women with either an initial term or preterm birth to wait at least 12 months between delivery and subsequent conception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A DeFranco
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the Center for Preterm Birth Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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141
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Gallitano-Mendel A, Izumi Y, Tokuda K, Zorumski CF, Howell MP, Muglia LJ, Wozniak DF, Milbrandt J. The immediate early gene early growth response gene 3 mediates adaptation to stress and novelty. Neuroscience 2007; 148:633-43. [PMID: 17692471 PMCID: PMC2597331 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Revised: 05/07/2007] [Accepted: 07/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Stress and exploration of novel environments induce neural expression of immediate early gene transcription factors (IEG-TFs). However, as yet no IEG-TF has been shown to be required for the normal biological or behavioral responses to these stimuli. Here we show that mice deficient for the IEG-TF early growth response gene (Egr) 3, display accentuated behavioral responses to the mild stress of handling paralleled by increased release of the stress hormone corticosterone. Egr3-/- mice also display abnormal responses to novelty, including heightened reactivity to novel environments and failure to habituate to social cues or startling acoustic stimuli. In a Y-maze spontaneous alternation task, they perform fewer sequential arm entries than controls, suggesting defects in immediate memory. Because stress and novelty stimulate hippocampal long-term depression (LTD), and because abnormalities in habituation to novelty and Y-maze performance have been associated with LTD deficits, we examined this form of synaptic plasticity in Egr3-/- mice. We found that Egr3-/- mice fail to establish hippocampal LTD in response to low frequency stimulation and exhibit dysfunction of an ifenprodil-sensitive (NR1/NR2B) N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subclass. Long term potentiation induction was not altered. The NR2B-dependent dysfunction does not result from transcriptional regulation of this subunit by Egr3, because NR2B mRNA levels did not differ in the hippocampi of Egr3-/- and control mice. These findings are the first demonstration of the requirement for an IEG-TF in mediating the response to stress and novelty, and in the establishment of LTD.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Physiological/genetics
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal/physiology
- Corticosterone/metabolism
- Early Growth Response Protein 3/genetics
- Exploratory Behavior/physiology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/genetics
- Genes, Immediate-Early/genetics
- Habituation, Psychophysiologic/genetics
- Hippocampus/metabolism
- Hippocampus/physiopathology
- Learning Disabilities/genetics
- Learning Disabilities/metabolism
- Learning Disabilities/physiopathology
- Long-Term Potentiation/genetics
- Long-Term Synaptic Depression/genetics
- Male
- Memory Disorders/genetics
- Memory Disorders/metabolism
- Memory Disorders/physiopathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Neuronal Plasticity/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/genetics
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism
- Stress, Psychological/genetics
- Stress, Psychological/metabolism
- Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gallitano-Mendel
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Box 8134, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Palomar L, DeFranco EA, Lee KA, Allsworth JE, Muglia LJ. Paternal race is a risk factor for preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 197:152.e1-7. [PMID: 17689630 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2007.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Revised: 01/28/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that paternal race influences the risk for preterm birth. STUDY DESIGN We conducted a population-based cohort study to examine the association of paternal race with preterm birth using the Missouri Department of Health's birth registry from 1989-1997. Birth outcomes were analyzed in 4 categories: white mother/white father, white mother/black father, black mother/white father, and black mother/ black father. RESULTS We evaluated 527,845 birth records. The risk of preterm birth at <35 weeks of gestation increased when either parent was black (white mother/black father: adjusted odds ratio, 1.28 [95% CI, 1.13, 1.46], black mother/white father: adjusted odds ratio, 2.10 [95% CI, 1.68, 2.62], and black mother/black father: adjusted odds ratio, 2.28 [95% CI, 2.18, 2.39]) and was even higher for extreme preterm birth (<28 weeks of gestation) in pregnancies with a nonwhite parent. CONCLUSION Paternal black race is associated with an increased risk of preterm birth in white mothers, which suggests a paternal contribution to fetal genotype that ultimately influences the risk for preterm delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne Palomar
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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143
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Kistka ZAF, Palomar L, Boslaugh SE, DeBaun MR, DeFranco EA, Muglia LJ. Risk for postterm delivery after previous postterm delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 196:241.e1-6. [PMID: 17346537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2006.10.873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2006] [Revised: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the hypothesis that the risk for subsequent postterm birth is increased in women with an initial postterm birth. STUDY DESIGN We performed a population-based cohort study of Missouri births (1989-1997) to assess the recurrence of postterm birth using the Missouri Department of Health's maternally linked database. RESULTS A total of 368,633 births were evaluated, of which 7.6% were postterm (>42 weeks of gestation). Black mothers had a lower risk for all (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.70; 95% CI, 0.67-0.73) or recurrent (adjusted OR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.67-0.79) postterm birth. Maternal education of <12 years (adjusted OR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.41-1.62), indices of low socioeconomic status, and maternal body mass index >35 kg/m2 (adjusted OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.11-1.37) were associated with increased risk for recurrent postterm birth. Mothers with an initial postterm birth were at increased risk for postterm birth (OR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.79-1.97) in subsequent pregnancies, independent of race. CONCLUSION Among mothers who deliver postterm, there is a significant risk for subsequent postterm births. This increased risk suggests that common factors (genetic or other) influence the likelihood of abnormal parturition timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A-F Kistka
- Washington University School of Medicine, Center for Preterm Birth Research, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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144
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Conti AC, Maas JW, Muglia LM, Dave BA, Vogt SK, Tran TT, Rayhel EJ, Muglia LJ. Distinct regional and subcellular localization of adenylyl cyclases type 1 and 8 in mouse brain. Neuroscience 2007; 146:713-29. [PMID: 17335981 PMCID: PMC1939925 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2006] [Revised: 01/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclases (ACs) convert ATP to cAMP and therefore, subserve multiple regulatory functions in the nervous system. AC1 and AC8 are the only cyclases stimulated by calcium and calmodulin, making them uniquely poised to regulate neuronal development and neuronal processes such as learning and memory. Here, we detail the production and application of a novel antibody against mouse AC1. Along with AC8 immunohistochemistry, these data reveal distinct and partially overlapping patterns of protein expression in brain during murine development and adulthood. AC1 protein increased in abundance in the neonatal hippocampus from postnatal days 7-14. By adulthood, abundant AC1 protein expression was observed in the mossy fiber tract in the hippocampus and the molecular layer in the cerebellum, with diffuse expression in the cortex and thalamus. AC8 protein levels were abundant during development, with diffuse and increasing expression in the hippocampus that intensified in the CA1/CA2 region by adulthood. AC8 expression was weak in the cerebellum at postnatal day 7 and decreased further by postnatal day 14. Analysis of synaptosome fractions from the adult brain demonstrated robust expression of AC1 in the postsynaptic density and extrasynaptic regions, while expression of AC8 was observed in the presynaptic active zone and extrasynaptic fractions. These findings were confirmed with localization of AC1 and/or AC8 with PSD-95, tau, synaptophysin and microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2) expression throughout the brain. Together, these data provide insight into the functional roles of AC1 and AC8 in mice as reflected by their distinct localization in cellular and subcellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana C. Conti
- Departments of Pediatrics, Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110
| | - James W. Maas
- Departments of Pediatrics, Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110
| | - Lisa M. Muglia
- Departments of Pediatrics, Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110
| | - Bhumy A. Dave
- Departments of Pediatrics, Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110
| | - Sherri K. Vogt
- Departments of Pediatrics, Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110
| | - Timothy T. Tran
- Departments of Pediatrics, Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110
| | - Elizabeth J. Rayhel
- Department of Biological and Physical Sciences, Fontbonne University, St. Louis, Missouri 63105
| | - Louis J. Muglia
- Departments of Pediatrics, Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110
- Address correspondence to: Louis J. Muglia, Departments of Pediatrics, Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8208, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, Tel. 314 286-2847; Fax. 314 286-2893;
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145
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Kistka ZAF, Palomar L, Lee KA, Boslaugh SE, Wangler MF, Cole FS, DeBaun MR, Muglia LJ. Racial disparity in the frequency of recurrence of preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 196:131.e1-6. [PMID: 17306652 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2006.06.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2006] [Revised: 05/04/2006] [Accepted: 06/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the hypothesis that black race independent of other factors increases the risk for extreme preterm birth and its frequency of recurrence at a similar gestational age. STUDY DESIGN We conducted a population-based cohort study using the Missouri Department of Health's maternally linked database of all births in Missouri between 1989 and 1997 for factors associated with recurrent preterm delivery. RESULTS Recurrent black preterm births occurred at increased frequency (adjusted odds ratio 4.11 [95% confidence interval 3.78 to 4.4.47]) and earlier gestations (31 versus 33 weeks' median age) than white births. Black siblingships also had higher multiplicity of prematurity (odds ratio 2.14 [95% confidence interval 1.49 to 3.07] and 5.09 [95% confidence interval 1.26 to 20.51] for 3 and 4 preterm births). Additionally, 47% of women delivered recurrent preterm infants within 2 weeks of the gestational age of their initial preterm infant. CONCLUSION Overrepresentation of preterm births in blacks occurs independently of maternal medical and socioeconomic factors. Furthermore, the grouping of timing for preterm birth in different pregnancies of the same mother implicates important genetic contributors to the timing of birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A-F Kistka
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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146
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Pennell CE, Jacobsson B, Williams SM, Buus RM, Muglia LJ, Dolan SM, Morken NH, Ozcelik H, Lye SJ, Relton C. Genetic epidemiologic studies of preterm birth: guidelines for research. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 196:107-18. [PMID: 17306646 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2006.03.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2005] [Revised: 02/25/2006] [Accepted: 03/13/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, it has become increasingly apparent that the cause of preterm birth is multifactorial, involving both genetic and environmental factors. With the development of new technologies capable of probing the genome, exciting possibilities now present themselves to gain new insight into the mechanisms leading to preterm birth. This review aims to develop research guidelines for the conduct of genetic epidemiology studies of preterm birth with the expectation that this will ultimately facilitate the comparison of data sets between study cohorts, both nationally and internationally. Specifically, the 4 areas addressed in this review includes: (1) phenotypic criteria, (2) study design, (3) considerations in the selection of control populations, and (4) candidate gene selection. This article is the product of discussions initiated by the authors at the 3rd International Workshop on Biomarkers and Preterm Birth held at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, in March 2005.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig E Pennell
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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147
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Bhattacharyya S, Brown DE, Brewer JA, Vogt SK, Muglia LJ. Macrophage glucocorticoid receptors regulate Toll-like receptor 4-mediated inflammatory responses by selective inhibition of p38 MAP kinase. Blood 2007; 109:4313-9. [PMID: 17255352 PMCID: PMC1885507 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-10-048215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the role of glucocorticoids in regulation of kinase pathways during innate immune responses, we generated mice with conditional deletion of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in macrophages (MGRKO). Activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) caused greater mortality and cytokine production in MGRKO mice than in controls. Ex vivo, treatment with dexamethasone (Dex) markedly inhibited LPS-mediated induction of inflammatory genes in control but not GR-deficient macrophages. We show that Dex inhibits p38 MAPK, but not PI3K/Akt, ERK, or JNK, in control macrophages. Associated with p38 inhibition, Dex induced MAP kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) in control, but not MGRKO, macrophages. Consistent with the ex vivo studies, treatment with a p38 MAPK-specific inhibitor resulted in rescue of MGRKO mice from LPS-induced lethality. Taken together, we identify p38 MAPK and its downstream targets as essential for GR-mediated immunosuppression in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Bhattacharyya
- Departments of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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148
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Gurley
- St. Louis, MO and Washington University School of Medicine, USA
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149
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Kistka Z, Defranco E, Ligthart L, Boomsma DI, Muglia LJ. Genetic influence on parturition in a twin sample: Examination of parental effect on birth timing. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2006.10.717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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150
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Choleris E, Ogawa S, Kavaliers M, Gustafsson JA, Korach KS, Muglia LJ, Pfaff DW. Involvement of estrogen receptor ?, ? and oxytocin in social discrimination: a detailed behavioral analysis with knockout female mice. Genes Brain Behav 2006; 5:528-39. [PMID: 17010099 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2006.00203.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Social recognition, processing, and retaining information about conspecific individuals is crucial for the development of normal social relationships. The neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) is necessary for social recognition in male and female mice, with its effects being modulated by estrogens in females. In previous studies, mice whose genes for the estrogen receptor-alpha (alpha-ERKO) and estrogen receptor-beta (beta-ERKO) as well as OTKO were knocked out failed to habituate to a repeatedly presented conspecific and to dishabituate when the familiar mouse is replaced by a novel animal (Choleris et al. 2003, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100, 6192-6197). However, a binary social discrimination assay, where animals are given a simultaneous choice between a familiar and a previously unknown individual, offers a more direct test of social recognition. Here, we used alpha-ERKO, beta-ERKO, and OTKO female mice in the binary social discrimination paradigm. Differently from their wild-type controls, when given a choice, the KO mice showed either reduced (beta-ERKO) or completely impaired (OTKO and alpha-ERKO) social discrimination. Detailed behavioral analyses indicate that all of the KO mice have reduced anxiety-related stretched approaches to the social stimulus with no overall impairment in horizontal and vertical activity, non-social investigation, and various other behaviors such as, self-grooming, digging, and inactivity. Therefore, the OT, ER-alpha, and ER-beta genes are necessary, to different degrees, for social discrimination and, thus, for the modulation of social behavior (e.g. aggression, affiliation).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Choleris
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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