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Kovarova M, Latour AM, Koller BH. Human embryonic stem cells as a source of human mast cells for studies of allergies and inflammatory diseases (80.3). THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.supp.80.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Human mast cells are principal cells initiating allergic reaction and asthma exacerbations. They are isolated either as mature cells from human tissues including skin and lung or differentiated from hematopoietic progenitors isolated from peripheral or cord blood. Isolation is accompanied with several disadvantages and difficulties including necessity of continuous access to human samples, low proliferation capacity and low efficiency in genetic modifications of isolated mast cells. In order to overcome these problems we developed a new strategy for differentiation of human mast cells from human embryonic stem (hES) cells. First, we differentiated hES cells to hematopoietic progenitors (CD34+ CD43+ cells) by co-culture of hES cells with stromal cells or by direct differentiation from embryonic bodies. Mast cells were subsequently differentiated in mast cell medium. Both approaches result in population of cells stained for mast cell specific proteins tryptase and chymase. They express a broad range of receptors and are able to be activated by their ligands. However, only mast cells differentiated directly from embryonic bodies express functional FcεRI. Together with techniques for genetic manipulation of hES cells, human ES cell-derived mast cells represent a unique model to analyze the effects of specific genetic alterations on human mast cell development, phenotype, and function.
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Németh K, Leelahavanichkul A, Yuen PST, Mayer B, Parmelee A, Doi K, Robey PG, Leelahavanichkul K, Koller BH, Brown JM, Hu X, Jelinek I, Star RA, Mezey É. Erratum: Corrigendum: Bone marrow stromal cells attenuate sepsis via prostaglandin E2–dependent reprogramming of host macrophages to increase their interleukin-10 production. Nat Med 2009. [DOI: 10.1038/nm0409-462b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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53
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Németh K, Leelahavanichkul A, Yuen PST, Mayer B, Parmelee A, Doi K, Robey PG, Leelahavanichkul K, Koller BH, Brown JM, Hu X, Jelinek I, Star RA, Mezey E. Bone marrow stromal cells attenuate sepsis via prostaglandin E(2)-dependent reprogramming of host macrophages to increase their interleukin-10 production. Nat Med 2008; 15:42-9. [PMID: 19098906 DOI: 10.1038/nm.1905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1757] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis causes over 200,000 deaths yearly in the US; better treatments are urgently needed. Administering bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs -- also known as mesenchymal stem cells) to mice before or shortly after inducing sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture reduced mortality and improved organ function. The beneficial effect of BMSCs was eliminated by macrophage depletion or pretreatment with antibodies specific for interleukin-10 (IL-10) or IL-10 receptor. Monocytes and/or macrophages from septic lungs made more IL-10 when prepared from mice treated with BMSCs versus untreated mice. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages produced more IL-10 when cultured with BMSCs, but this effect was eliminated if the BMSCs lacked the genes encoding Toll-like receptor 4, myeloid differentiation primary response gene-88, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-1a or cyclooxygenase-2. Our results suggest that BMSCs (activated by LPS or TNF-alpha) reprogram macrophages by releasing prostaglandin E(2) that acts on the macrophages through the prostaglandin EP2 and EP4 receptors. Because BMSCs have been successfully given to humans and can easily be cultured and might be used without human leukocyte antigen matching, we suggest that cultured, banked human BMSCs may be effective in treating sepsis in high-risk patient groups.
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Jania LA, Chandrasekharan S, Backlund MG, Foley NA, Snouwaert J, Wang IM, Clark P, Audoly LP, Koller BH. Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-2 is not essential for in vivo prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2008; 88:73-81. [PMID: 19010439 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Revised: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) plays an important role in the normal physiology of many organ systems. Increased levels of this lipid mediator are associated with many disease states, and it potently regulates inflammatory responses. Three enzymes capable of in vitro synthesis of PGE(2) from the cyclooxygenase metabolite PGH(2) have been described. Here, we examine the contribution of one of these enzymes to PGE(2) production, mPges-2, which encodes microsomal prostaglandin synthase-2 (mPGES-2), by generating mice homozygous for the null allele of this gene. Loss of mPges-2 expression did not result in a measurable decrease in PGE(2) levels in any tissue or cell type examined from healthy mice. Taken together, analysis of the mPGES-2 deficient mouse lines does not substantiate the contention that mPGES-2 is a PGE(2) synthase.
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Sul OJ, Lee HW, Kim WK, Choi JH, Kwak JS, Choi YJ, Latour AM, Koller BH, Jeong CS, Kwon BS. Regulation of the murine TR2/HVEM gene expression by IRF. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 367:277-83. [PMID: 18155158 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
TR2 (TNFR-related 2, HVEM, or TNFRSF-14), a member of the TNFR family, is involved in a number of immune responses. While TR2 is expressed on the surface of T cells during the resting state, little is known regarding how expression of the TR2 gene is regulated. To understand the mechanisms regulating the expression of TR2 in T cells, we analyzed the 5' flanking region of TR2. We identified an important region for the activity of the TR2 promoter using site directed mutagenesis. Using EMSA analysis, we found that IRF-2 was bound to the promoter region of the TR2 gene during the resting state of EL-4 T cells. Transfection of IRF-2 expression plasmid and of dominant negative IRF-2 mutant further confirmed our results. Together, these data demonstrate that IRF-2 is involved in the regulation of TR2 expression in EL-4 T cells.
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Lovgren AK, Kovarova M, Koller BH. cPGES/p23 is required for glucocorticoid receptor function and embryonic growth but not prostaglandin E2 synthesis. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:4416-30. [PMID: 17438133 PMCID: PMC1900037 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.02314-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Revised: 01/10/2007] [Accepted: 03/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of studies have identified cytosolic prostaglandin E(2) synthase (cPGES)/p23 as a cytoplasmic protein capable of metabolism of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) from the cyclooxygenase metabolite prostaglandin endoperoxide (PGH(2)). However, this protein has also been implicated in a number of other pathways, including stabilization of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) complex. To define the importance of the functions assigned to this protein, mice lacking detectible cPGES/p23 expression were generated. cPGES/p23(-/-) pups die during the perinatal period and display retarded lung development reminiscent of the phenotype of GR-deficient neonates. Furthermore, GR-sensitive gluconeogenic enzymes are not induced in the prenatal period. However, unlike GR-deficient embryos, cPGES/p23(-/-) embryos are small and a proliferation defect is observed in cPGES/p23(-/-) fibroblasts. Analysis of arachidonic acid metabolites in embryonic tissues and primary fibroblasts failed to support a function for this protein in PGE(2) biosynthesis. Thus, while the growth retardation of the cPGES/p23(-/-) pups and decreased proliferation of primary fibroblasts identify functions for this protein in addition to GR stabilization, it is unlikely that these functions include metabolism of PGH(2) to PGE(2).
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57
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Ledford JG, Kovarova M, Koller BH. Impaired host defense in mice lacking ONZIN. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:5132-43. [PMID: 17404296 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.8.5132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
ONZIN is a small, cysteine-rich peptide of unique structure that is conserved in all vertebrates examined to date. We show that ONZIN is expressed at high levels in epithelial cells of the intestinal tract, the lung, and in cells of the immune system including macrophages and granulocytes. Because this pattern of expression is suggestive of a role in innate immune function, we have generated mice lacking this protein and examined their ability to respond to challenge with infectious agents. Onzin(-/-) mice show a heightened innate immune response after induction of acute peritonitis with Klebsiella pneumoniae. This increased response is consistent with an increased bacterial burden in the Onzin(-/-) mice. Ex vivo studies show that, whereas phagocytosis is not altered in Onzin(-/-) neutrophils, phagocytes lacking this protein kill bacteria less effectively. This result identifies ONZIN as a novel class of intracellular protein required for optimal function of the neutrophils after uptake of bacteria.
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Nguyen M, Pace AJ, Koller BH. Mice lacking NKCC1 are protected from development of bacteremia and hypothermic sepsis secondary to bacterial pneumonia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:1383-93. [PMID: 17517966 PMCID: PMC2118609 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20061205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of the Na(+)-K(+)-Cl(-) transporter (NKCC1) to fluid in ion transport and fluid secretion in the lung and in other secretory epithelia has been well established. Far less is known concerning the role of this cotransporter in the physiological response of the pulmonary system during acute inflammation. Here we show that mice lacking this transporter are protected against hypothermic sepsis and bacteremia developing as a result of Klebsiella pneumoniae infection in the lung. In contrast, this protection was not observed in NKCC1(-/-) mice with K. pneumoniae-induced peritonitis. Although overall recruitment of cells to the lungs was not altered, the number of cells present in the airways was increased in the NKCC1(-/-) animals. Despite this robust inflammatory response, the increase in vascular permeability observed in this acute inflammatory model was attenuated in the NKCC1(-/-) animals. Our studies suggest that NKCC1 plays a unique and untoward unrecognized role in acute inflammatory responses in the lung and that specific inhibition of this NKCC isoform could be beneficial in treatment of sepsis.
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59
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Tilley SL, Jaradat M, Stapleton C, Dixon D, Hua X, Erikson CJ, McCaskill JG, Chason KD, Liao G, Jania L, Koller BH, Jetten AM. Retinoid-related orphan receptor gamma controls immunoglobulin production and Th1/Th2 cytokine balance in the adaptive immune response to allergen. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:3208-18. [PMID: 17312169 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.5.3208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The retinoid-related orphan receptors (ROR) comprise a distinct subfamily of nuclear receptors with the capacity to act as both repressors and activators of transcription. RORgamma, the most recently identified member of the ROR family, has been shown to be important for the development of normal lymphocyte compartments as well as organogenesis of some lymphoid organs. In this report, we examine the capacity of RORgamma-deficient mice to develop an adaptive immune response to Ag using OVA-induced inflammation in mice as a model for allergic airway disease. In sham-treated mice lacking RORgamma, low-grade pulmonary inflammation was observed and characterized by the perivascular accumulation of B and T lymphocytes, increased numbers of inflammatory cells in the lung lavage fluid, and polyclonal Ig activation. Following sensitization and challenge, the capacity of these animals to develop the allergic phenotype was severely impaired as evidenced by attenuated eosinophilic pulmonary inflammation, reduced numbers of CD4+ lymphocytes, and lower Th2 cytokines/chemokine protein and mRNA expression in the lungs. IFN-gamma and IL-10 production was markedly greater in splenocytes from RORgamma-deficient mice following in vitro restimulation with OVA compared with wild-type splenocytes, and a shift toward a Th1 immune response was observed in sensitized/challenged RORgamma-deficient animals in vivo. These data reveal a critical role for RORgamma in the regulation of Ig production and Th1/Th2 balance in adaptive immunity.
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60
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Inada K, Farrington JS, Moy SS, Koller BH, Duncan GE. Assessment of NMDA receptor activation in vivo by Fos induction after challenge with the direct NMDA agonist (tetrazol-5-yl)glycine: effects of clozapine and haloperidol. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2007; 114:899-908. [PMID: 17318306 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-007-0628-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Induction of Fos protein by the potent and direct NMDA agonist (tetrazol-5-yl)glycine (TZG) was examined in mice. Effects of antipsychotic drugs were assessed on this in vivo index of NMDA receptor activation. TZG induced the expression of Fos in a neuroanatomically selective manner, with the hippocampal formation showing the most robust response. In mice genetically altered to express low levels of the NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor, TZG-induced Fos was reduced markedly in comparison to the wild type controls. TZG-induced Fos was also blocked by the selective NMDA antagonist MK-801. Pretreatment of mice with clozapine (3 and 10 mg/kg) reduced TZG-induced Fos in the hippocampal formation but not in other brain regions. Haloperidol at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg did not antagonize TZG induced Fos in any region. Haloperidol at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg did attenuate the induction of Fos by TZG in the hippocampus but not in other brain regions. The relatively high dose (1 mg/kg) of haloperidol required to block effects of TZG suggests that this action may not be related to the D(2) dopamine receptor-blocking properties, since maximal D(2) receptor blockade was probably achieved by the 0.5 mg/kg dose of haloperidol. The antidepressant drug imipramine (10 or 20 mg/kg) did not antagonize TZG induced Fos in any brain region. The data suggest that clozapine can reduce excessive activation of NMDA receptors by TZG administration in vivo at doses relevant to the drugs' actions in rodent models of antipsychotic activity. Whether or not this action of clozapine contributes to its therapeutic properties will require further study.
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Cressman VL, Backlund DC, Avrutskaya AV, Leadon SA, Godfrey V, Koller BH. Growth retardation, DNA repair defects, and lack of spermatogenesis in BRCA1-deficient mice. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 26:9571. [PMID: 17135280 PMCID: PMC1698514 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01939-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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62
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Hua X, Kovarova M, Chason KD, Nguyen M, Koller BH, Tilley SL. Enhanced mast cell activation in mice deficient in the A2b adenosine receptor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:117-28. [PMID: 17200408 PMCID: PMC2118413 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20061372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Antigen-mediated cross-linking of IgE bound to mast cells via the high affinity receptor for IgE triggers a signaling cascade that results in the release of intracellular calcium stores, followed by an influx of extracellular calcium. The collective increase in intracellular calcium is critical to the release of the granular contents of the mast cell, which include the mediators of acute anaphylaxis. We show that the sensitivity of the mast cell to antigen-mediated degranulation through this pathway can be dramatically influenced by the A2b adenosine receptor. Loss of this Gs-coupled receptor on mouse bone marrow–derived mast cells results in decreased basal levels of cyclic AMP and an excessive influx of extracellular calcium through store-operated calcium channels following antigen activation. Mice lacking the A2b receptor display increased sensitivity to IgE-mediated anaphylaxis. Collectively, these findings show that the A2b adenosine receptor functions as a critical regulator of signaling pathways within the mast cell, which act in concert to limit the magnitude of mast cell responsiveness when antigen is encountered.
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Duncan GE, Moy SS, Lieberman JA, Koller BH. Typical and atypical antipsychotic drug effects on locomotor hyperactivity and deficits in sensorimotor gating in a genetic model of NMDA receptor hypofunction. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2006; 85:481-91. [PMID: 17097724 PMCID: PMC1861823 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2006.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2006] [Revised: 09/11/2006] [Accepted: 09/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Psychotomimetic effects of NMDA antagonists in humans suggest that NMDA receptor hypofunction could contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. A mouse line that expresses low levels of the NMDA R1 subunit (NR1) of the NMDA receptor was generated to model endogenous NMDA hypofunction. These mutant mice show increased locomotor activity, increased acoustic startle reactivity and deficits in prepulse inhibition (PPI) of acoustic startle. The present study examined effects of a typical antipsychotic drug, haloperidol, and two atypical antipsychotic drugs (olanzapine and risperidone) on behavioral alterations in the NR1 hypomorphic (NR1-/-) mice. Haloperidol significantly reduced activity in the wild type controls at each dose tested (0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mg/kg). The NR1-/- mice were less sensitive to the haloperidol-induced locomotor inhibition in comparison to the NR1+/+ mice. In contrast to haloperidol, olanzapine reduced the hyperactivity in the NR1-/- mice at a dose that produced minimal effects on locomotor activity in the wild type mice. These data suggest that non-dopaminergic blocking properties of olanzapine contribute to the drug's ability to reduce hyperactivity in the NR1 deficient mice. In the PPI paradigm, haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg) did not affect the increased startle reactivity in the NR1-/- mice, but did reduce startle amplitude in the NR1+/+ mice. Haloperidol increased PPI in both the mutant and wild type strains. Unlike haloperidol, risperidone (0.3 mg/kg) and olanzapine (3 mg/kg) reduced startle magnitude in both NR1+/+ and NR1-/- mice. Like haloperidol, risperidone and olanzapine increased PPI in both NR1+/+ and NR1-/- mice. The similar effects of these atypical antipsychotic drugs in wild type mice and mice with markedly reduced NR1 expression suggest that the drugs were not working by a NMDA receptor-dependent mechanism to increase PPI. Since both haloperidol and the atypical drugs increased PPI, it is likely that D2 dopamine receptor blockade is responsible for the drug effects on sensorimotor gating.
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64
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Biswas S, Bhattacherjee P, Paterson CA, Tilley SL, Koller BH. Ocular inflammatory responses in the EP2 and EP4 receptor knockout mice. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2006. [PMID: 16766399 DOI: 10.1080/09273940-600665879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the role of EP2 and EP4 receptors in murine ocular inflammation. METHODS Prostaglandin EP2 and EP4 receptor knockout and wild-type mice were treated topically with prostaglandin E2, SDF-1, and RANTES and lipopolysaccharide by intravitreal injection. Paracentesis was performed by puncturing the cornea. The increase in the level of aqueous humor protein and the number of leukocytes were measured and the vascular leakage of protein was visualized using fluorescein angiography. RESULTS In the EP2 receptor knockout mice, there was significant inhibition of the disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier caused by lipopolysaccharides, paracentesis, prostaglandin E2, SDF-1, and RANTES. Reductions in the disruption in the blood-aqueous barrier and leukocyte infiltration after lipopolysaccharide injection and paracentesis were significant, but there was no increase in the aqueous humor protein level after prostaglandin E2 treatment in EP4 receptor knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present experiments suggest that EP2 and EP4 receptors partly mediate the disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier and leukocyte infiltration induced by prostaglandin E2, SDF-1, RANTES, and lipopolysaccharides.
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65
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Biswas S, Bhattacherjee P, Paterson CA, Tilley SL, Koller BH. Ocular inflammatory responses in the EP2 and EP4 receptor knockout mice. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2006; 14:157-63. [PMID: 16766399 DOI: 10.1080/09273940600665879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the role of EP2 and EP4 receptors in murine ocular inflammation. METHODS Prostaglandin EP2 and EP4 receptor knockout and wild-type mice were treated topically with prostaglandin E2, SDF-1, and RANTES and lipopolysaccharide by intravitreal injection. Paracentesis was performed by puncturing the cornea. The increase in the level of aqueous humor protein and the number of leukocytes were measured and the vascular leakage of protein was visualized using fluorescein angiography. RESULTS In the EP2 receptor knockout mice, there was significant inhibition of the disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier caused by lipopolysaccharides, paracentesis, prostaglandin E2, SDF-1, and RANTES. Reductions in the disruption in the blood-aqueous barrier and leukocyte infiltration after lipopolysaccharide injection and paracentesis were significant, but there was no increase in the aqueous humor protein level after prostaglandin E2 treatment in EP4 receptor knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present experiments suggest that EP2 and EP4 receptors partly mediate the disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier and leukocyte infiltration induced by prostaglandin E2, SDF-1, RANTES, and lipopolysaccharides.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anterior Chamber
- Aqueous Humor/metabolism
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Blood-Aqueous Barrier
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fluorescein Angiography
- Fundus Oculi
- Injections
- Lipopolysaccharides/administration & dosage
- Lipopolysaccharides/toxicity
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/physiology
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype
- Uveitis, Anterior/chemically induced
- Uveitis, Anterior/immunology
- Uveitis, Anterior/pathology
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66
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Allen IC, Pace AJ, Jania LA, Ledford JG, Latour AM, Snouwaert JN, Bernier V, Stocco R, Therien AG, Koller BH. Expression and function of NPSR1/GPRA in the lung before and after induction of asthma-like disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2006; 291:L1005-17. [PMID: 16829631 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00174.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A genetic contribution to asthma susceptibility is well recognized, and linkage studies have identified a large number of genes associated with asthma pathogenesis. Recently, a locus encoding a seven-transmembrane protein was shown to be associated with asthma in founder populations. The expression of the protein GPRA (G protein-coupled receptor for asthma susceptibility) in human airway epithelia and smooth muscle, and its increased expression in a mouse model of asthma, suggested that a gain-of-function mutation in this gene increased the disease risk. However, we report here that the development of allergic lung disease in GPRA-deficient mice is unaltered. A possible explanation for this finding became apparent upon reexamination of the expression of this gene. In contrast to initial studies, our analyses failed to detect expression of GPRA in human lung tissue or in mice with allergic lung disease. We identify a single parameter that distinguishes GPRA-deficient and wild-type mice. Whereas the change in airway resistance in response to methacholine was identical in control and GPRA-deficient mice, the mutant animals showed an attenuated response to thromboxane, a cholinergic receptor-dependent bronchoconstricting agent. Together, our studies fail to support a direct contribution of GPRA to asthma pathogenesis. However, our data suggest that GPRA may contribute to the asthmatic phenotype by altering the activity of other pathways, such as neurally mediated mechanisms, that contribute to disease. This interpretation is supported by high levels of GPRA expression in the brain and its recent identification as the neuropeptide S receptor.
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67
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Parsons KK, Maeda N, Yamauchi M, Banes AJ, Koller BH. Ascorbic acid-independent synthesis of collagen in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006; 290:E1131-9. [PMID: 16352673 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00339.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The mouse has become the most important model organism for the study of human physiology and disease. However, until the recent generation of mice lacking the enzyme gulanolactone oxidase (Gulo), the final enzyme in the ascorbic acid biosynthesis pathway, examination of the role of ascorbic acid in various biochemical processes using this model organism has not been possible. In the mouse, similar to most mammals but unlike humans who carry a mutant copy of this gene, Gulo produces ascorbic acid from glucose. We report here that, although ascorbic acid is essential for survival, its absence does not lead to measurable changes in proline hydroxylation. Vitamin C deficiency had no significant effect on the hydroxylation of proline and collagen production during tumor growth or in angiogenesis associated with tumor or mammary gland growth. This suggests that factors other than ascorbic acid can support proline hydroxylation and collagen synthesis in vivo. Furthermore, the failure of Gulo-/- mice to thrive on a vitamin C-deficient diet therefore suggests that ascorbic acid plays a critical role in survival other than the maintenance of the vasculature.
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68
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Moy SS, Perez A, Koller BH, Duncan GE. Amphetamine-induced disruption of prepulse inhibition in mice with reduced NMDA receptor function. Brain Res 2006; 1089:186-94. [PMID: 16638606 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Revised: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Genetically altered mice with reductions in the NR1 subunit of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor have been proposed as a model for the intrinsic NMDA hypofunction hypothesized for schizophrenia. The following study investigated whether NR1-deficient mice have enhanced susceptibility for the effects of amphetamine, similar to the exaggerated responsivity to dopamine agonists observed in many schizophrenia patients. NR1-/- mice and wild-type controls were tested for the effects of amphetamine (2-10 mg/kg) on prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle responses. The results showed that mice with reduced NMDA receptor function demonstrated consistent deficits in prepulse inhibition (PPI), as well as higher startle response amplitudes. In comparison to normal controls, the NR1-/- mice were more sensitive to the disruptive effects of amphetamine on PPI, but not to the drug effects on startle magnitude without a prepulse stimulus. Wild-type mice only showed decreased PPI at the highest dose of amphetamine tested (10 mg/kg) and demonstrated small increases in PPI at lower amphetamine doses (2 and 6 mg/kg). The NR1-/- mice did not show enhanced PPI in response to amphetamine at low doses, with reductions in PPI apparent at doses of 4-10 mg/kg. Overall, these findings suggest that the NR1-/- mouse may provide a model for enhanced sensitivity to dopamine agonist-induced disruption of PPI.
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69
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Lovgren AK, Jania LA, Hartney JM, Parsons KK, Audoly LP, Fitzgerald GA, Tilley SL, Koller BH. COX-2-derived prostacyclin protects against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2006; 291:L144-56. [PMID: 16473862 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00492.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostacyclin is one of a number of lipid mediators elaborated from the metabolism of arachidonic acid by the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. This prostanoid is a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation, and its production by endothelial cells and protective role in the vasculature are well established. In contrast, much less is known regarding the function of this prostanoid in other disease processes. We show here that COX-2-dependent production of prostacyclin plays an important role in the development of fibrotic lung disease, limiting both the development of fibrosis and the consequential alterations in lung mechanics. In stark contrast, loss of prostaglandin E(2) synthesis and signaling through the G(s)-coupled EP2 and EP4 receptors had no effect on the development of disease. These findings suggest that prostacyclin analogs will protect against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in COX-2(-/-) mice. If such protection is observed, investigation of these agents as a novel therapeutic approach to pulmonary fibrosis in humans may be warranted.
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Duncan GE, Moy SS, Lieberman JA, Koller BH. Effects of haloperidol, clozapine, and quetiapine on sensorimotor gating in a genetic model of reduced NMDA receptor function. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006; 184:190-200. [PMID: 16362405 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-005-0214-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2005] [Accepted: 09/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Reduced N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor function is hypothesized to contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. In order to model chronic and developmental NMDA receptor hypofunction, a mouse line was developed that expresses low levels of the NMDA R1 (NR1) subunit of the NMDA receptor. These mice show increased acoustic startle reactivity and deficits in prepulse inhibition (PPI) of acoustic startle. OBJECTIVES The present study tested the hypothesis that these altered acoustic startle responses in the NR1 hypomorphic (NR1-/-) mice would be affected by antipsychotic drug treatment. METHODS Mice were injected with drugs 30 min before assessment of acoustic startle responses with and without prepulse stimuli. RESULTS Haloperidol (0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg) did not reduce the increased startle reactivity in the NR1-/- mice, but did increase PPI in both the mutant and wild type mice. Clozapine (3 mg/kg) and quetiapine (20 mg/kg) reduced startle magnitude and increased PPI in both the wild type and mutant mice. The antidepressant drug imipramine (10 and 20 mg/kg) had minimal effects on startle amplitude in NR1-/- or wild type mice. However, for the 20-mg/kg dose of imipramine, a significant increase in PPI was observed in the wild type animals, but not in the mutant mice. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that PPI can be increased in a mouse model of chronic NMDA receptor hypofunction by typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs. The similar effects of typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs to increase PPI in the wild type and mutant mice indicates that the assessment of behavior of the NR1 hypomorphic mice in the PPI paradigm offers no advantage over the wild type controls for identifying new clozapine-like drugs.
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Rocha PN, Plumb TJ, Robinson LA, Spurney R, Pisetsky D, Koller BH, Coffman TM. Role of thromboxane A2 in the induction of apoptosis of immature thymocytes by lipopolysaccharide. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 12:896-903. [PMID: 16085905 PMCID: PMC1182190 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.12.8.896-903.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) causes apoptotic deletion of CD4(+) CD8(+) thymocytes, a phenomenon that has been linked to immune dysfunction and poor survival during sepsis. Given the abundance of thromboxane-prostanoid (TP) receptors in CD4(+) CD8(+) thymocytes and in vitro evidence that thromboxane A(2) (TXA(2)) causes apoptosis of these cells, we tested whether enhanced generation of TXA(2) plays a role in LPS-induced thymocyte apoptosis. Mice injected with 50 micro LPS intraperitoneally displayed a marked increase in generation of TXA(2) and prostaglandin E(2) in the thymus as well as apoptotic deletion of CD4(+) CD8(+) thymocytes. Administration of indomethacin or rofecoxib inhibited prostanoid synthesis but did not affect thymocyte death. In contrast, thymocyte apoptosis in response to LPS was significantly attenuated in TP-deficient mice. These studies indicate that TXA(2) mediates a portion of apoptotic thymocyte death caused by LPS. The absence of an effect of global inhibition of prostanoid synthesis suggests a complex role for prostanoids in this model.
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Nguyen M, Pace AJ, Koller BH. Age-induced reprogramming of mast cell degranulation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:5701-7. [PMID: 16237060 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.9.5701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mast cell degranulation can initiate an acute inflammatory response and contribute to the progression of chronic diseases. Alteration in the cellular programs that determine the requirement for mast cell degranulation would therefore have the potential to dramatically impact disease severity. Mast cells are exposed to increased levels of PGE2 during inflammation. We show that although PGE2 does not trigger the degranulation of dermal mast cells of young animals, in older mice, PGE2 is a potent mast cell stimulator. Intradermal administration of PGE2 leads to an EP3 receptor-dependent degranulation of mast cells, with the number of degranulated cells approaching levels observed in IgE- and Ag-treated controls. Taken together, these studies suggest that the ability of PGE2 to initiate mast cell degranulation changes in the aging animal. Therefore, elevated PGE2 levels might provide an important pathway by which mast cells are engaged to participate in inflammatory responses in the elderly patient.
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Allen IC, Hartney JM, Coffman TM, Penn RB, Wess J, Koller BH. Thromboxane A2 induces airway constriction through an M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-dependent mechanism. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2005; 290:L526-33. [PMID: 16243899 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00340.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) is a potent lipid mediator released by platelets and inflammatory cells and is capable of inducing vasoconstriction and bronchoconstriction. In the airways, it has been postulated that TXA2 causes airway constriction by direct activation of thromboxane prostanoid (TP) receptors on airway smooth muscle cells. Here we demonstrate that although TXA2 can mediate a dramatic increase in airway smooth muscle constriction and lung resistance, this response is largely dependent on vagal innervation of the airways and is highly sensitive to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) antagonists. Further analyses employing pharmacological and genetic strategies demonstrate that TP-dependent changes in lung resistance and airway smooth muscle tension require expression of the M2 mAChR subtype. These results raise the possibility that some of the beneficial actions of anticholinergic agents used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease result from limiting physiological changes mediated through the TP receptor. Furthermore, these findings demonstrate a unique pathway for TP regulation of homeostatic mechanisms in the airway and suggest a paradigm for the role of TXA2 in other organ systems.
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Chandrasekharan S, Foley NA, Jania L, Clark P, Audoly LP, Koller BH. Coupling of COX-1 to mPGES1 for prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis in the murine mammary gland. J Lipid Res 2005; 46:2636-48. [PMID: 16204198 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m500213-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland, like most tissues, produces measurable amounts of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a metabolite of arachidonic acid produced by sequential actions of two cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2) and three terminal PGE synthases: microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 (mPGES1), mPGES2, and cytosolic prostaglandin E2 synthase (cPGES). High PGE2 levels and COX-2 overexpression are frequently detected in mammary tumors and cell lines. However, less is known about PGE2 metabolic enzymes in the context of normal mammary development. Additionally, the primary COX partnerships of terminal PGE synthases and their contribution to normal mammary PGE2 biosynthesis are poorly understood. We demonstrate that expression of COX-1, generally considered constitutive, increases dramatically with lactogenic differentiation of the murine mammary gland. Concordantly, total PGE2 levels increase throughout mammary development, with highest levels measured in lactating tissue and breast milk. In contrast, COX-2 expression is extremely low, with only a modest increase detected during mammary involution. Expression of the G(s)-coupled PGE2 receptors, EP2 and EP4, is also temporally regulated, with highest levels detected at stages of maximal proliferation. PGE2 production is dependent on COX-1, as PGE2 levels are nearly undetectable in COX-1-deficient mammary glands. Interestingly, PGE2 levels are similarly reduced in lactating glands of mPGES1-deficient mice, indicating that PGE2 biosynthesis results from the coordinated activity of COX-1 and mPGES1. We thus provide evidence for the first time of functional coupling between COX-1 and mPGES1 in the murine mammary gland in vivo.
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Francois H, Athirakul K, Howell D, Dash R, Mao L, Kim HS, Rockman HA, Fitzgerald GA, Koller BH, Coffman TM. Prostacyclin protects against elevated blood pressure and cardiac fibrosis. Cell Metab 2005; 2:201-7. [PMID: 16154102 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2005.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2005] [Revised: 07/01/2005] [Accepted: 08/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Specific inhibitors of COX-2 have been associated with increased risk for cardiovascular complications. These agents reduce prostacyclin (PGI2) without affecting production of thromboxane (Tx) A2. While this abnormal pattern of eicosanoid generation has been implicated in the development of vascular disease associated with COX-2 inhibition, its role in the development of hypertension, the most common cardiovascular complication associated with COX-2 inhibition, is not known. We report here that mice lacking the receptor for PGI2 (IPKOs) develop salt-sensitive hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and severe cardiac fibrosis. Coincidental deletion of the TxA2 (TP) receptor does not prevent the development of hypertension, but cardiac hypertrophy is ameliorated and fibrosis is prevented in IPTP double knockouts (DKOs). Thus, deletion of the IP receptor removes a constraint revealing adverse cardiovascular consequences of TxA2. Our data suggest that adjuvant therapy that blocks unrestrained Tx actions might protect against end-organ damage without affecting blood pressure in patients taking COX-2 inhibitors.
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