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Park SW, Persaud SD, Ogokeh S, Meyers TA, Townsend D, Wei LN. CRABP1 protects the heart from isoproterenol-induced acute and chronic remodeling. J Endocrinol 2018; 236:151-165. [PMID: 29371236 PMCID: PMC5815894 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Excessive and/or persistent activation of calcium-calmodulin protein kinase II (CaMKII) is detrimental in acute and chronic cardiac injury. However, intrinsic regulators of CaMKII activity are poorly understood. We find that cellular retinoic acid-binding protein 1 (CRABP1) directly interacts with CaMKII and uncover a functional role for CRABP1 in regulating CaMKII activation. We generated Crabp1-null mice (CKO) in C57BL/6J background for pathophysiological studies. CKO mice develop hypertrophy as adults, exhibiting significant left ventricular dilation with reduced ejection fraction at the baseline cardiac function. Interestingly, CKO mice have elevated basal CaMKII phosphorylation at T287, and phosphorylation on its substrate phospholamban (PLN) at T17. Acute isoproterenol (ISO) challenge (80 mg/kg two doses in 1 day) causes more severe apoptosis and necrosis in CKO hearts, and treatment with a CaMKII inhibitor KN-93 protects CKO mice from this injury. Chronic (30 mg/kg/day) ISO challenge also significantly increases hypertrophy and fibrosis in CKO mice as compared to WT. In wild-type mice, CRABP1 expression is increased in early stages of ISO challenge and eventually reduces to the basal level. Mechanistically, CRABP1 directly inhibits CaMKII by competing with calmodulin (CaM) for CaMKII interaction. This study demonstrates increased susceptibility of CKO mice to ISO-induced acute and chronic cardiac injury due to, at least in part, elevated CaMKII activity. Deleting Crabp1 results in reduced baseline cardiac function and aggravated damage challenged with acute and persistent β-adrenergic stimulation. This is the first report of a physiological role of CRABP1 as an endogenous regulator of CaMKII, which protects the heart from ISO-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Wook Park
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Shawna D Persaud
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Stanislas Ogokeh
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Tatyana A Meyers
- Department of Integrative Biology and PhysiologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - DeWayne Townsend
- Department of Integrative Biology and PhysiologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Li-Na Wei
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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2
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Guo Y, Lee YC, Brown C, Zhang W, Usherwood E, Noelle RJ. Dissecting the role of retinoic acid receptor isoforms in the CD8 response to infection. J Immunol 2014; 192:3336-44. [PMID: 24610012 PMCID: PMC4648262 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A deficiency leads to increased susceptibility to a spectrum of infectious diseases. The studies presented dissect the intrinsic role of each of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) isoforms in the clonal expansion, differentiation, and survival of pathogen-specific CD8 T cells in vivo. The data show that RARα is required for the expression of gut-homing receptors on CD8(+) T cells and survival of CD8(+) T cells in vitro. Furthermore, RARα is essential for survival of CD8(+) T cells in vivo following Listeria monocytogenes infection. In contrast, RARβ deletion leads to modest deficiency in Ag-specific CD8(+) T cell expansion during infection. The defective survival of RARα-deficient CD8(+) T cells leads to a deficiency in control of L. monocytogenes expansion in the spleen. To our knowledge, these are the first comparative studies of the role of RAR isoforms in CD8(+) T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756
| | - Yu-Chi Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756
| | - Chrysothemis Brown
- Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Weijun Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756
| | - Edward Usherwood
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756
| | - Randolph J. Noelle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756
- Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
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3
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Dewamitta SR, Joseph C, Purton LE, Walkley CR. Erythroid-extrinsic regulation of normal erythropoiesis by retinoic acid receptors. Br J Haematol 2014; 164:280-5. [PMID: 24383846 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin A and its derivatives (retinoids) are important regulators of haematopoiesis, acting via retinoic acid receptors (RARs). Epidemiological studies indicated an association of vitamin A deficiency with anaemia in humans. To define the requirements of RARs in erythropoiesis, we evaluated erythroid parameters in RAR germ-line deficient and conditional knock out mice with erythroid specific deletion of RARs. Adult RARγ(-/-) mice were anaemic, however, Epor-Cre Rara(fl/fl) , Epor-Cre Rarg(fl/fl) and Epor-Cre Rara(fl/fl) g(fl/fl) mice were normal, indicating a lack of an erythroid intrinsic RAR function. Therefore, erythroid-specific RAR function is dispensable for erythropoiesis and RARγ plays an erythroid extrinsic role in erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sita R Dewamitta
- Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Vic., Australia
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4
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Gely-Pernot A, Raverdeau M, Célébi C, Dennefeld C, Feret B, Klopfenstein M, Yoshida S, Ghyselinck NB, Mark M. Spermatogonia differentiation requires retinoic acid receptor γ. Endocrinology 2012; 153:438-49. [PMID: 22045663 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin A is instrumental to mammalian reproduction. Its metabolite, retinoic acid (RA), acts in a hormone-like manner through binding to and activating three nuclear receptor isotypes, RA receptor (RAR)α (RARA), RARβ, and RARγ (RARG). Here, we show that 1) RARG is expressed by A aligned (A(al)) spermatogonia, as well as during the transition from A(al) to A(1) spermatogonia, which is known to require RA; and 2) ablation of Rarg, either in the whole mouse or specifically in spermatogonia, does not affect meiosis and spermiogenesis but impairs the A(al) to A(1) transition in the course of some of the seminiferous epithelium cycles. Upon ageing, this phenomenon yields seminiferous tubules containing only spermatogonia and Sertoli cells. Altogether, our findings indicate that RARG cell-autonomously transduces, in undifferentiated spermatogonia of adult testes, a RA signal critical for spermatogenesis. During the prepubertal spermatogenic wave, the loss of RARG function can however be compensated by RARA, as indicated by the normal timing of appearance of meiotic cells in Rarg-null testes. Accordingly, RARG- and RARA-selective agonists are both able to stimulate Stra8 expression in wild-type prepubertal testes. Interestingly, inactivation of Rarg does not impair expression of the spermatogonia differentiation markers Kit and Stra8, contrary to vitamin A deficiency. This latter observation supports the notion that the RA-signaling pathway previously shown to operate in Sertoli cells also participates in spermatogonia differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Gely-Pernot
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale Unité 964, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
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5
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Shimono K, Tung WE, Macolino C, Chi AHT, Didizian JH, Mundy C, Chandraratna RA, Mishina Y, Enomoto-Iwamoto M, Pacifici M, Iwamoto M. Potent inhibition of heterotopic ossification by nuclear retinoic acid receptor-γ agonists. Nat Med 2011; 17:454-60. [PMID: 21460849 PMCID: PMC3073031 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification consists of ectopic bone formation within soft tissues after surgery or trauma. It can have debilitating consequences, but there is no definitive cure. Here we show that heterotopic ossification was essentially prevented in mice receiving a nuclear retinoic acid receptor-γ (RAR-γ) agonist. Side effects were minimal, and there was no significant rebound effect. To uncover the mechanisms of these responses, we treated mouse mesenchymal stem cells with an RAR-γ agonist and transplanted them into nude mice. Whereas control cells formed ectopic bone masses, cells that had been pretreated with the RAR-γ agonist did not, suggesting that they had lost their skeletogenic potential. The cells became unresponsive to rBMP-2 treatment in vitro and showed decreases in phosphorylation of Smad1, Smad5 and Smad8 and in overall levels of Smad proteins. In addition, an RAR-γ agonist blocked heterotopic ossification in transgenic mice expressing activin receptor-like kinase-2 (ALK2) Q207D, a constitutively active form of the receptor that is related to ALK2 R206H found in individuals with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. The data indicate that RAR-γ agonists are potent inhibitors of heterotopic ossification in mouse models and, thus, may also be effective against injury-induced and congenital heterotopic ossification in humans.
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MESH Headings
- Activin Receptors, Type I/genetics
- Activin Receptors, Type I/metabolism
- Animals
- Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Chondrogenesis/drug effects
- Humans
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/drug effects
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mice, Nude
- Mice, Transgenic
- Ossification, Heterotopic/drug therapy
- Ossification, Heterotopic/metabolism
- Ossification, Heterotopic/pathology
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/agonists
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/deficiency
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/genetics
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Retinoic Acid Receptor gamma
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Shimono
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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6
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Chung SSW, Choi C, Wang X, Hallock L, Wolgemuth DJ. Aberrant distribution of junctional complex components in retinoic acid receptor alpha-deficient mice. Microsc Res Tech 2010; 73:583-96. [PMID: 19937743 PMCID: PMC2877760 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARalpha)-deficient mice are sterile, with abnormalities in the progression of spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis. In this study, we investigated whether defective retinoid signaling involved at least in part, disrupted cell-cell interactions. Hypertonic fixation approaches revealed defects in the integrity of the Sertoli-cell barrier in the tubules of RARalpha-deficient testes. Dye transfer experiments further revealed that coupling between cells from the basal to adluminal compartments was aberrant. There were also differences in the expression of several known retinoic acid (RA)-responsive genes encoding structural components of tight junctions and gap junctions. Immunostaining demonstrated a delay in the incorporation of zonula occludens (ZO-1), a peripheral component protein of tight junctions, into the Sertoli cell tight junctions. Markedly reduced expression of connexin-40 in mutant pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids was found by in situ hybridization. An ectopic distribution of vimentin and disrupted cyclic expression of vimentin, which is usually tightly regulated during spermiogenesis, was found in RARalpha-deficient testes at all ages examined. Thus, the specific defects in spermiogenesis in RARalpha-deficient testes may correlate with a disrupted cyclic expression of RA-responsive structural components, including vimentin, a downregulation of connexin-40 in spermatogenic cells, and delayed assembly of ZO-1 into Sertoli cell tight junctions. Interestingly, bioinformatic analysis revealed that many genes that are components of tight junctions and gap junctions contained potential retinoic acid response element binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanny S W Chung
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
- The Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Cindy Choi
- The Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Xiangyuan Wang
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Loretta Hallock
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Debra J Wolgemuth
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
- The Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
- The Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
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7
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Hill JA, Hall JA, Sun CM, Cai Q, Ghyselinck N, Chambon P, Belkaid Y, Mathis D, Benoist C. Retinoic acid enhances Foxp3 induction indirectly by relieving inhibition from CD4+CD44hi Cells. Immunity 2008; 29:758-70. [PMID: 19006694 PMCID: PMC3140207 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2008] [Revised: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells originate primarily from thymic differentiation, but conversion of mature T lymphocytes to Foxp3 positivity can be elicited by several means, including in vitro activation in the presence of TGF-beta. Retinoic acid (RA) increases TGF-beta-induced expression of Foxp3, through unknown molecular mechanisms. We showed here that, rather than enhancing TGF-beta signaling directly in naive CD4(+) T cells, RA negatively regulated an accompanying population of CD4(+) T cells with a CD44(hi) memory and effector phenotype. These memory cells actively inhibited the TGF-beta-induced conversion of naive CD4(+) T cells through the synthesis of a set of cytokines (IL-4, IL-21, IFN-gamma) whose expression was coordinately curtailed by RA. This indirect effect was evident in vivo and required the expression of the RA receptor alpha. Thus, cytokine-producing CD44(hi) cells actively restrain TGF-beta-mediated Foxp3 expression in naive T cells, and this balance can be shifted or fine-tuned by RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A. Hill
- Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Jason A. Hall
- Mucosal Immunology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Cheng-Ming Sun
- Mucosal Immunology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Qi Cai
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Louis Pasteur, 67404 Illkirch France
| | - Norbert Ghyselinck
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Louis Pasteur, 67404 Illkirch France
| | - Pierre Chambon
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Louis Pasteur, 67404 Illkirch France
| | - Yasmine Belkaid
- Mucosal Immunology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Diane Mathis
- Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Christophe Benoist
- Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
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8
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Kang HS, Angers M, Beak JY, Wu X, Gimble JM, Wada T, Xie W, Collins JB, Grissom SF, Jetten AM. Gene expression profiling reveals a regulatory role for ROR alpha and ROR gamma in phase I and phase II metabolism. Physiol Genomics 2007; 31:281-94. [PMID: 17666523 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00098.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoid-related orphan receptors alpha (ROR alpha) and gamma (ROR gamma) are both expressed in liver; however, their physiological functions in this tissue have not yet been clearly defined. The ROR alpha1 and ROR gamma 1 isoforms, but not ROR alpha 4, show an oscillatory pattern of expression during circadian rhythm. To obtain insight into the physiological functions of ROR receptors in liver, we analyzed the gene expression profiles of livers from WT, ROR alpha-deficient staggerer (sg) mice (ROR alpha(sg/sg)), ROR gamma(-/-), and ROR alpha(sg/sg)ROR gamma(-/-) double knockout (DKO) mice by microarray analysis. DKO mice were generated to study functional redundancy between ROR alpha and ROR gamma. These analyses demonstrated that ROR alpha and ROR gamma affect the expression of a number of genes. ROR alpha and ROR gamma are particularly important in the regulation of genes encoding several phase I and phase II metabolic enzymes, including several 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, cytochrome P450 enzymes, and sulfotransferases. In addition, our results indicate that ROR alpha and ROR gamma each affect the expression of a specific set of genes but also exhibit functional redundancy. Our study shows that ROR alpha and ROR gamma receptors influence the regulation of several metabolic pathways, including those involved in the metabolism of steroids, bile acids, and xenobiotics, suggesting that RORs are important in the control of metabolic homeostasis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bile Acids and Salts/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Circadian Rhythm/genetics
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Lipid Metabolism/genetics
- Liver/metabolism
- Metabolic Networks and Pathways/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Neurologic Mutants
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/deficiency
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/physiology
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/deficiency
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/genetics
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/physiology
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/deficiency
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/genetics
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/physiology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Steroids/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/deficiency
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/physiology
- Transfection
- Xenobiotics/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Soon Kang
- Cell Biology Section, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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10
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Tilley SL, Jaradat M, Stapleton C, Dixon D, Hua X, Erikson CJ, McCaskill JG, Chason KD, Liao G, Jania L, Koller BH, Jetten AM. Retinoid-related orphan receptor gamma controls immunoglobulin production and Th1/Th2 cytokine balance in the adaptive immune response to allergen. J Immunol 2007; 178:3208-18. [PMID: 17312169 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.5.3208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The retinoid-related orphan receptors (ROR) comprise a distinct subfamily of nuclear receptors with the capacity to act as both repressors and activators of transcription. RORgamma, the most recently identified member of the ROR family, has been shown to be important for the development of normal lymphocyte compartments as well as organogenesis of some lymphoid organs. In this report, we examine the capacity of RORgamma-deficient mice to develop an adaptive immune response to Ag using OVA-induced inflammation in mice as a model for allergic airway disease. In sham-treated mice lacking RORgamma, low-grade pulmonary inflammation was observed and characterized by the perivascular accumulation of B and T lymphocytes, increased numbers of inflammatory cells in the lung lavage fluid, and polyclonal Ig activation. Following sensitization and challenge, the capacity of these animals to develop the allergic phenotype was severely impaired as evidenced by attenuated eosinophilic pulmonary inflammation, reduced numbers of CD4+ lymphocytes, and lower Th2 cytokines/chemokine protein and mRNA expression in the lungs. IFN-gamma and IL-10 production was markedly greater in splenocytes from RORgamma-deficient mice following in vitro restimulation with OVA compared with wild-type splenocytes, and a shift toward a Th1 immune response was observed in sensitized/challenged RORgamma-deficient animals in vivo. These data reveal a critical role for RORgamma in the regulation of Ig production and Th1/Th2 balance in adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Tilley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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11
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Dzhagalov I, Chambon P, He YW. Regulation of CD8+ T lymphocyte effector function and macrophage inflammatory cytokine production by retinoic acid receptor gamma. J Immunol 2007; 178:2113-21. [PMID: 17277115 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.4.2113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A and its derivatives regulate a broad array of immune functions. The effects of these retinoids are mediated through members of retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors. However, the role of individual retinoid receptors in the pleiotropic effects of retinoids remains unclear. To dissect the role of these receptors in the immune system, we analyzed immune cell development and function in mice conditionally lacking RARgamma, the third member of the RAR family. We show that RARgamma is dispensable for T and B lymphocyte development, the humoral immune response to a T-dependent Ag and in vitro Th cell differentiation. However, RARgamma-deficient mice had a defective primary and memory CD8(+) T cell response to Listeria monocytogenes infection. Unexpectedly, RARgamma-deficient macrophages exhibited impaired inflammatory cytokine production upon TLR stimulation. These results suggest that under physiological condition, RARgamma is a positive regulator of inflammatory cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Dzhagalov
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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12
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Vernet N, Dennefeld C, Guillou F, Chambon P, Ghyselinck NB, Mark M. Prepubertal testis development relies on retinoic acid but not rexinoid receptors in Sertoli cells. EMBO J 2006; 25:5816-25. [PMID: 17124491 PMCID: PMC1698894 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2006] [Accepted: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sertoli cells (SC) are instrumental to stem spermatogonia differentiation, a process that critically depends on retinoic acid (RA). We show here that selective ablation of RA receptor alpha (RARalpha) gene in mouse SC, singly (Rara(Ser-/-) mutation) or in combination with RARbeta and RARgamma genes (Rara/b/g(Ser-/-) mutation), abolishes cyclical gene expression in these cells. It additionally induces testis degeneration and delays spermatogonial expression of Stra8, two hallmarks of RA deficiency. As identical defects are generated upon inactivation of RARalpha in the whole organism, our data demonstrate that all the functions exerted by RARalpha in male reproduction are Sertoli cell-autonomous. They further indicate that RARalpha is a master regulator of the cyclical activity of SC and controls paracrine pathways required for spermatogonia differentiation and germ cell survival. Most importantly, we show that the ablation of all RXR (alpha, beta and gamma isotypes) in SC does not recapitulate the phenotype generated upon ablation of all three RARs, thereby providing the first evidence that RARs exert functions in vivo independently of RXRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Vernet
- IGBMC (Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM, U596, Illkirch, France; CNRS, UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Faculté de Médecine, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christine Dennefeld
- IGBMC (Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM, U596, Illkirch, France; CNRS, UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Faculté de Médecine, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Pierre Chambon
- IGBMC (Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM, U596, Illkirch, France; CNRS, UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Faculté de Médecine, Strasbourg, France
| | - Norbert B Ghyselinck
- IGBMC (Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM, U596, Illkirch, France; CNRS, UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Faculté de Médecine, Strasbourg, France
| | - Manuel Mark
- IGBMC (Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM, U596, Illkirch, France; CNRS, UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Faculté de Médecine, Strasbourg, France
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13
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Ostermann S, Salvi R, Lang-Muritano M, Voirol MJ, Puttinger R, Gaillard RC, Schoenle E, Pralong FP. Importance of genetic diagnosis of DAX-1 deficiency: example from a large, multigenerational family. Horm Res 2006; 65:163-8. [PMID: 16514244 DOI: 10.1159/000091831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2005] [Accepted: 11/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inactivating mutations of DAX-1 give rise to the X-linked form of adrenal hypoplasia congenita (AHC). Affected fetuses are at risk of early postnatal Addisonian crisis, but the variable phenotypic expression of DAX-1 insufficiency renders this diagnosis challenging. METHODS We describe the familial transmission of AHC over several generations. The proband was diagnosed with adrenal insufficiency at age 3.5 years: molecular analysis revealed a novel, 373-bp deletion including the second exon of DAX-1. Given the familial history of several unexplained deaths in male infants related to the proband via his maternal great-grandmother, we hypothesized that all these boys had been affected with AHC. Another female member of the family being pregnant with a male fetus at the time, we performed DAX-1 analysis on the mother and the newborn. The mother was heterozygous for the deletion, and the newborn hemizygous: he presented an adrenal crisis at 10 days of life, and is now doing well on hormone replacement therapy. CONCLUSION The unfortunate deaths of male infants at each generation of this family underlie the importance of early and precise diagnosis of this rare condition, stressing the value of genetic diagnosis in six potential female carriers of this family entering their reproductive years.
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14
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Galdones E, Lohnes D, Hales BF. Role of retinoic acid receptors alpha1 and gamma in the response of murine limbs to retinol in vitro. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2006; 76:39-45. [PMID: 16397886 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Derivatives of retinol (vitamin A), commonly referred to as retinoids, signal through retinoic acid and retinoid X receptors (RARs/RXRs) and are essential for normal limb formation. Retinoid imbalances or perturbations in receptor function result in aberrant limb development. To examine the mechanisms underlying retinol-induced limb defects, we determined the responsiveness of limbs from RARalpha1-/-gamma mice to excess retinol in vitro. METHODS RARalpha1-/-gamma+/- mice were bred and their embryos were recovered at gestational day (GD) 12.5. The forelimbs were excised and cultured in vitro in the presence of all-trans retinol acetate (0, 1.25, 12.5, or 62.5 microM) for 6 days. The expression profiles of genes known to affect chondrogenesis (sox9 and col2a1) and limb outgrowth (meis1, meis2, and pbx1a) were examined by real-time qRT-PCR following retinol exposure for 3 hr. RESULTS Whereas RARalpha1-/-gamma+/+ and RARalpha1-/-gamma+/- limbs exhibited deleterious effects on limb outgrowth and chondrogenesis in the presence of exogenous retinol, this outcome was significantly attenuated in RARalpha1-/-gamma-/- limbs. The expressions of sox9 and col2a1 were significantly decreased in retinol-exposed RARalpha1-/-gamma+/+ limbs. In contrast, expression was not altered in limbs from their RARalpha1-/-gamma+/- or RARalpha1-/-gamma-/- littermates. Retinol exposure upregulated the expression of meis1 and meis2 in RARalpha1-/-gamma+/+ limbs; however, in RARalpha1-/-gamma-/- limbs the expression of both genes was unresponsive to retinol. Pbx1a remained unresponsive to retinol treatment in all genotypes. CONCLUSION In the absence of RARalpha1, RARgamma is a functionally important mediator of retinoid-induced limb dysmorphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Galdones
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
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15
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Hoegberg P, Schmidt CK, Fletcher N, Nilsson CB, Trossvik C, Gerlienke Schuur A, Brouwer A, Nau H, Ghyselinck NB, Chambon P, Håkansson H. Retinoid status and responsiveness to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in mice lacking retinoid binding protein or retinoid receptor forms. Chem Biol Interact 2005; 156:25-39. [PMID: 16109390 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2005.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2005] [Revised: 06/16/2005] [Accepted: 06/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the role of Vitamin A (retinoid) proteins in hepatic retinoid processing under normal conditions and during chemical stress induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a chemical known to interfere with retinoid turnover and metabolism. Three separate studies were performed in wildtype control mice and transgenic mice that lack one or more isoforms of retinoic acid receptors (RAR), retinoid X receptors (RXR), or intracellular retinoid-binding proteins (CRABP I, CRABP II, CRBP I). Body and organ weight development was monitored from 2 weeks of age to adult, and hepatic levels of retinyl esters, retinol, and retinoic acid were investigated. In addition, hepatic concentrations of 9-cis-4-oxo-13,14-dihydro-retinoic acid, a recently discovered retinoid metabolite that has proven sensitive to both TCDD exposure and Vitamin A status, were also determined. Mice absent in the three proteins CRBP I, CRABP I, and CRABP II (CI/CAI/CAII-/-) displayed significantly lower hepatic retinyl ester, retinol, and all-trans-retinoic acid levels compared to wildtype mice, whereas the liver concentrations of 9-cis-4-oxo-13,14-dihydro-retinoic acid was considerably higher. After treatment with TCDD, hepatic total retinoids were almost entirely depleted in the CI/CAI/CAII-/- mice, whereas wildtype mice and mice lacking CRABP I, and CRABP II (CAI/CAII-/-) retained approximately 60-70% of their Vitamin A content compared to controls at 28 days. RAR and RXR knockout mice responded similarly to wildtype mice with respect to TCDD-induced retinoid disruption, with the exception of RXRbeta-/- mice which showed no decrease in hepatic Vitamin A concentration, suggesting that the role of RXRbeta in TCDD-induced retinoid disruption should be further investigated. Overall, the abnormal retinoid profile in the triple knockout mice (CI/CAI/CAII-/-), but not double knockout (CAI/CAII-/-) mice, suggests that a loss of CRBP I may account for the difference in retinoid profile in CI/CAI/CAII-/- mice, and is likely to result in an increased susceptibility to hepatic retinoid depletion following dioxin exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pi Hoegberg
- Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Bezbradica JS, Hill T, Stanic AK, Van Kaer L, Joyce S. Commitment toward the natural T (iNKT) cell lineage occurs at the CD4+8+ stage of thymic ontogeny. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:5114-9. [PMID: 15792999 PMCID: PMC555981 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0408449102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2004] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
T lineage commitment occurs in a discrete, stage-specific manner during thymic ontogeny. Intrathymic precursor transfer experiments and the identification of CD4(+)8+ double-positive (DP), V alpha 14J alpha 18 natural T (iNKT) cells suggest that commitment to this lineage might occur at the DP stage. Nevertheless, this matter remains contentious because others failed to detect V alpha 14J alpha 18-positive iNKT cells that are CD4(+)8+. In resolution to this issue, we demonstrate that retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma (ROR gamma)0/0 thymi, which accumulate immature single-positive (ISP) thymocytes that precede the DP stage, do not rearrange V alpha 14-to-J alpha 18 gene segments, suggesting that this event occurs at a post-ISP stage. Mixed radiation bone marrow chimeras revealed that RORgamma functions in an iNKT cell lineage-specific manner. Further, introgression of a Bcl-x(L) transgene into ROR gamma(0/0) mice, which promotes survival and permits secondary rearrangements of distal V alpha and J alpha gene segments at the DP stage, rescues V alpha 14-to-J alpha 18 recombination. Similarly, introgression of a rearranged V alpha 14J alpha 18 transgene into ROR gamma(0/0) mice results in functional iNKT cells. Thus, our data support the "T cell receptor-instructive (mainstream precursor) model" of iNKT cell lineage specification where V alpha 14-to-J alpha 18 rearrangement, positive selection, and iNKT cell lineage commitment occur at or after the DP stage of ontogeny.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Differentiation
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte
- Immunity, Innate
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lymphopoiesis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Immunological
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3
- Radiation Chimera/genetics
- Radiation Chimera/immunology
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/deficiency
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/genetics
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/immunology
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/deficiency
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/genetics
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena S Bezbradica
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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17
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Desai TJ, Malpel S, Flentke GR, Smith SM, Cardoso WV. Retinoic acid selectively regulates Fgf10 expression and maintains cell identity in the prospective lung field of the developing foregut. Dev Biol 2004; 273:402-15. [PMID: 15328022 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2004] [Revised: 04/21/2004] [Accepted: 04/21/2004] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Although respiratory tract defects that result from disruption of retinoic acid (RA) signaling have been widely reported, the mechanism by which endogenous RA regulates early lung morphogenesis is unknown. Here, we provide novel evidence that a major role for RA is to selectively maintain mesodermal proliferation and induce fibroblast growth factor 10 (Fgf10) expression in the foregut region where the lung forms. By using a pan-RAR antagonist (BMS493) in foregut explant cultures, we show that bud initiation is selectively blocked in the prospective respiratory region by failure to induce Fgf10 in the corresponding mesoderm. The RA regulation of Fgf10 expression occurs only in this region, within a defined developmental window, and is not seen in other foregut derivatives such as thyroid and pancreas where Fgf10 is also required for normal development. Furthermore, we show that RA activity is essential in the lung field to maintain lung cell identity in the endoderm; RAR antagonism disrupts expression of thyroid transcription factor 1 (Ttf1), an early marker of the respiratory region in the endoderm, and surfactant protein C (Sp-C) mRNAs. Our observations in mouse foregut cultures are corroborated by data from an in vivo model of vitamin A deficiency in rats. Our study supports RA as an essential regulator of gene expression and cellular activities during primary bud formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar J Desai
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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18
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Haugen BR, Jensen DR, Sharma V, Pulawa LK, Hays WR, Krezel W, Chambon P, Eckel RH. Retinoid X receptor gamma-deficient mice have increased skeletal muscle lipoprotein lipase activity and less weight gain when fed a high-fat diet. Endocrinology 2004; 145:3679-85. [PMID: 15087432 DOI: 10.1210/en.2003-1401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Retinoids, derivatives of vitamin A, induce hypertriglyceridemia through decreased clearance of very low-density lipoprotein by a lipoprotein lipase (LPL)-dependent pathway. The retinoid X receptor (RXR) gamma isotype, which is highly expressed in skeletal muscle, may be important in mediating the effects of retinoids on skeletal muscle metabolism and triglyceride (TG) clearance. RXRgamma-deficient (-/-) mice had lower fasting plasma TG levels compared with wild-type littermates (33.1 +/- 2.0 vs. 51.7 +/- 6.3 mg/dl, respectively; P < 0.05). Skeletal muscle LPL activity was higher in RXRgamma mice (18.7 +/- 2.2 vs. 13.3 +/- 1.3 nmol free fatty acids/min.g; P = 0.03), but LPL activity was not different in adipose and cardiac tissue, suggesting a specific effect of RXRgamma in skeletal muscle. In addition, when exposed to a 14-wk high-fat diet, RXRgamma -/- mice had less weight gain, which was entirely due to lower fat mass (11.9 +/- 1.8 vs. 14.4 +/- 1.1 g; P = 0.01), and leptin levels were also lower in the RXRgamma -/- mice (17.6 +/- 5.0 vs. 30.9 +/- 6.4 ng/ml; P = 0.03). These data suggest that RXRgamma -/- mice are resistant to gain in fat mass in response to high-fat feeding. This occurs, at least in part, through up-regulation of LPL activity in skeletal muscle. An understanding of the mechanisms governing the role of RXR in TG disposal and metabolism may lead to the rational design of RXR-selective agonists and antagonists that may be useful in common disorders such as dyslipidemia and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan R Haugen
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA.
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19
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Mori M, Metzger D, Picaud S, Hindelang C, Simonutti M, Sahel J, Chambon P, Mark M. Retinal dystrophy resulting from ablation of RXR alpha in the mouse retinal pigment epithelium. Am J Pathol 2004; 164:701-10. [PMID: 14742273 PMCID: PMC1602254 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63157-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A (retinol) actions in eye development are mediated by retinoic acid receptors (RARs and RXRs). Using the Cre/loxP system, we have selectively ablated RXR alpha in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), a cell monolayer critically involved in visual retinoid renewal and phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments. In the mutant (RXR alpha (rpe-/-)) mice, RPE cells are morphologically and functionally abnormal and display decreased expression of proteins involved in the visual retinoid cycle, namely RPE65, CRALBP, and RGR. RXR alpha (rpe-/-) mice also show alterations of photoreceptor cells including: 1) decrease in their number; 2) outer segment shortening and disorganization, and 3) reduced light responses in electroretinograms. These results indicate that RXR alpha is required for normal maturation of the RPE, which is known to play essential roles in photoreceptor cell function and survival, and point to a possible involvement of RXR alpha signaling pathways in the RPE in human retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikiro Mori
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Louis Pasteur, Collège de France, Strasbourg, France
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20
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Zhang YH, Huang BL, Niakan KK, McCabe LL, McCabe ERB, Dipple KM. IL1RAPL1 is associated with mental retardation in patients with complex glycerol kinase deficiency who have deletions extending telomeric ofDAX1. Hum Mutat 2004; 24:273. [PMID: 15300857 DOI: 10.1002/humu.9269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
IL1RAPL1 (interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein-like, gene 1) has recently been shown to be mutated in patients with X-linked mental retardation. Clinical experience has suggested that patients with the contiguous gene syndrome, complex glycerol kinase deficiency (cGKD), will have mental retardation (MR) if they have deletions extending from the GK gene into the DMD gene and/or involving a significant extension telomeric from DAX1. We examined cell lines from patients with cGKD whose clinical features would be informative and would allow us to determine if IL1RAPL1 deletions can help to explain the MR in patients with deletions extending telomeric from DAX1. Our results showed that nearly all patients with deletions involving DAX1, but not DMD, had MR if IL1RAPL1 was deleted. If ILIRAPLI and DMD were intact, the patients with DAX1 deletions only rarely had normal development. Deletions in DNA from patients with cGKD who exhibited MR and had normal IL1RAPL1 all involved the GK and DMD genes. Our data are consistent with the association of IL1RAPL1 gene deletion and MR in the majority of patients with cGKD and deletions extending telomeric from DAX1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Hua Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095-7088, USA
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21
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Dai T, Wu Y, Leng AS, Ao Y, Robel RCV, Lu SC, French SW, Wan YJY. RXRalpha-regulated liver SAMe and GSH levels influence susceptibility to alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity. Exp Mol Pathol 2003; 75:194-200. [PMID: 14611810 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4800(03)00091-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Retinoids influence the pathogenesis of alcohol liver disease (ALD). To analyze the impact of retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRalpha) on ALD, alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity was studied using mice fed ethanol intragastrically for 25 days. Alcohol-induced microvesicular fat around the central vein and drug-induced morphological changes (loss of rough endoplasmic reticulum, pinkish cytoplasm, and enlarged hepatocyte) in the pericentral area were observed in the liver of wild-type mice. In the hepatocyte RXRalpha-deficient mouse liver, alcohol induced fat accumulation, mitosis, acute inflammation, and necrosis. The histology score after alcohol treatment was significantly higher in mutant mice than in wild-type mice. However, drug-induced morphological changes were not apparent in alcohol-treated hepatocyte RXRalpha-deficient mice. Northern analysis showed that the basal and alcohol-induced CYP2B, CYP2A, and CYP3A mRNA levels were lower in hepatocyte RXRalpha-deficient mice than in wild-type mice, which in turn may protect mutant mice from morphological changes. Compared with wild-type mice, hepatocyte RXRalpha-deficient mice have significant lower levels of S-adenosylmethionine and glutathione, which is further reduced after alcohol treatment, and that may account for severe liver injury induced by alcohol. The overall result suggests an important role of RXRalpha in preventing alcohol-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiane Dai
- Department of Pathology, Harbor-UCLA Research and Education Institute, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
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22
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Sockanathan S, Perlmann T, Jessell TM. Retinoid Receptor Signaling in Postmitotic Motor Neurons Regulates Rostrocaudal Positional Identity and Axonal Projection Pattern. Neuron 2003; 40:97-111. [PMID: 14527436 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00532-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The identity of motor neurons diverges markedly at different rostrocaudal levels of the spinal cord, but the signals that specify their fate remain poorly defined. We show that retinoid receptor activation in newly generated spinal motor neurons has a crucial role in specifying motor neuron columnar subtypes. Blockade of retinoid receptor signaling in brachial motor neurons inhibits lateral motor column differentiation and converts many of these neurons to thoracic columnar subtypes. Conversely, expression of a constitutively active retinoid receptor derivative impairs the differentiation of thoracic motor neuron columnar subtypes. These findings provide evidence for a regionally restricted role for retinoid signaling in the postmitotic specification of motor neuron columnar identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanthini Sockanathan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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23
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Meeks JJ, Russell TA, Jeffs B, Huhtaniemi I, Weiss J, Jameson JL. Leydig cell-specific expression of DAX1 improves fertility of the Dax1-deficient mouse. Biol Reprod 2003; 69:154-60. [PMID: 12606353 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.102.011429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Dax1 is an orphan nuclear receptor expressed in both Leydig and Sertoli cells of the testis. Mutation of DAX1 in humans causes adrenal failure and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Targeted mutagenesis of Dax1 in mice reveals a primary gonadal defect characterized by overexpression of aromatase and cellular obstruction of the seminiferous tubules and efferent ductules, leading to germ cell death and infertility. Transgenic expression of DAX1 under the control of the müllerian-inhibiting substance promoter, which is selectively expressed in Sertoli cells, improves fertility but does not fully correct the histological abnormalities in the testes of Dax1 knockout (Dax1KO) mice. We therefore hypothesized that Dax1 may also play a crucial role in other somatic cells of the testis, namely the Leydig cells. A 2.1-kilobase fragment of the murine LH receptor 5'-promoter (LHR-DAX1) was used to generate transgenic mice that selectively express DAX1 in Leydig cells. Expression of the LHR-DAX1 transgene caused no observable phenotype in wild-type mice but improved fertility when expressed in Dax1KO males (rescue [RS]). Although testicular size was not increased in LHR-DAX1 RS animals, aromatase expression was restored to normal levels, and sperm production was increased. Testicular pathology was only slightly improved in RS mice compared to Dax1KO animals. Taken together with the result of previous studies of DAX1 expression in Sertoli cells, we conclude that the testis phenotype of Dax1KO mice reflects the combined effects of Dax1 deficiency in both Sertoli and Leydig cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Meeks
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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24
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Hellerud C, Adamowicz M, Jurkiewicz D, Taybert J, Kubalska J, Ciara E, Popowska E, Ellis JR, Lindstedt S, Pronicka E. Clinical heterogeneity and molecular findings in five Polish patients with glycerol kinase deficiency: investigation of two splice site mutations with computerized splice junction analysis and Xp21 gene-specific mRNA analysis. Mol Genet Metab 2003; 79:149-59. [PMID: 12855219 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-7192(03)00094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Five cases of glycerol kinase deficiency are presented with clinical, biochemical, and genetic results. Two had the glycerol kinase deficiency as part of an Xp21 contiguous gene deletion syndrome-complex form-and three had an isolated form of the enzyme deficiency. In these we found two splice site mutations (IVS1+4A>G, IVS9-1G>T) and one insertion (1393_1394insG). In patients with the complex form, a deletion of the DAX1, GK genes and the distal part of the DMD gene was found. A computerized study was performed to predict the effects of the splice site mutations. It showed that the IVS9-1G>T mutation substantially altered and removed the wild-type site and enhanced a cryptic site seven nucleotides downstream, and that the IVS1+4A>G diminished the strength of the wild-type donor site from strong to leaky. To verify these predictions, we developed an RT-PCR system with gene-specific primers that exclusively amplifies the Xp21 glycerol kinase gene transcript. Identification of individuals at risk is motivated by a need to avoid delay in a correct diagnosis. For reliable identification of heterozygotes for isolated glycerol kinase deficiency, knowledge of the specific mutation in the proband is required. This is easily obtained with the RT-PCR analyses developed in this study.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenal Insufficiency/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, X
- DAX-1 Orphan Nuclear Receptor
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- DNA Primers/chemistry
- DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry
- DNA-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Gene Deletion
- Glycerol/blood
- Glycerol/urine
- Glycerol Kinase/chemistry
- Glycerol Kinase/deficiency
- Glycerol Kinase/genetics
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/genetics
- Mutation
- Poland
- Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/chemistry
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/deficiency
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/chemistry
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Hellerud
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg University, Bruna Stråket 16, S 413 415 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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25
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Abstract
The orphan nuclear receptor, Dax1, was originally proposed to act as an 'anti-testis' factor. We find, however, that Nr0b1 (also called Dax1 and Ahch, which encodes Dax1) is in fact required for testis differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Meeks
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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26
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Lian Z, Kluger Y, Greenbaum DS, Tuck D, Gerstein M, Berliner N, Weissman SM, Newburger PE. Genomic and proteomic analysis of the myeloid differentiation program: global analysis of gene expression during induced differentiation in the MPRO cell line. Blood 2002; 100:3209-20. [PMID: 12384419 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-03-0850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have used an approach using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis with mass spectrometry analysis combined with oligonucleotide chip hybridization for a comprehensive and quantitative study of the temporal patterns of protein and mRNA expression during myeloid development in the MPRO murine cell line. This global analysis detected 123 known proteins and 29 "new" proteins out of 220 protein spots identified by tandem mass spectroscopy, including proteins in 12 functional categories such as transcription factors and cytokines. Bioinformatic analysis of these proteins revealed clusters with functional importance to myeloid differentiation. Previous analyses have found that for a substantial number of genes the absolute amount of protein in the cell is not strongly correlated to the amount of mRNA. These conclusions were based on simultaneous measurement of mRNA and protein at just a single time point. Here, however, we are able to investigate the relationship between mRNA and protein in terms of simultaneous changes in their levels over multiple time points. This is the first time such a relationship has been studied, and we find that it gives a much stronger correlation, consistent with the hypothesis that a substantial proportion of protein change is a consequence of changed mRNA levels, rather than posttranscriptional effects. Cycloheximide inhibition also showed that most of the proteins detected by gel electrophoresis were relatively stable. Specific investigation of transcription factor mRNA representation showed considerable similarity to those of mature human neutrophils and highlighted several transcription factors and other functional nuclear proteins whose mRNA levels change prominently during MPRO differentiation but which have not been investigated previously in the context of myeloid development. Data are available online at http://bioinfo.mbb.yale.edu/expression/myelopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Lian
- Department of Genetics, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Wang L, Schuster GU, Hultenby K, Zhang Q, Andersson S, Gustafsson JA. Liver X receptors in the central nervous system: from lipid homeostasis to neuronal degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:13878-83. [PMID: 12368482 PMCID: PMC129791 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.172510899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRalpha and -beta) are nuclear receptors abundant in the liver where they are regulators of lipid homeostasis. Both LXRs are also expressed in the brain, but their roles in this tissue remain to be clarified. We examined the brains of mice in which the genes of both LXRalpha and -beta have been disrupted and found several severe abnormalities. One of the most striking features is that the lateral ventricles are closed and lined with lipid-laden cells. In addition, there are enlarged brain blood vessels, especially in the pars reticularis of the substantia nigra and in the globus pallidus. Other features of the brains are excessive lipid deposits, proliferation of astrocytes, loss of neurons, and disorganized myelin sheaths. Electron micrographs revealed that, as mice aged, lipid vacuoles accumulated in astrocytes surrounding blood vessels. Comparison of mRNA profiles in LXR knockout mice and wild-type littermates showed that expression of several LXR target genes involved in cholesterol efflux from astrocytes was reduced. These findings show that LXRs have an important function in lipid homeostasis in the brain, and that loss of these receptors results in neurodegenerative diseases. Further characterization of the role of LXRs in the brain could lead to new insights into the etiology and treatment of some neurodegenerative disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Axons/pathology
- Biological Transport, Active/genetics
- Blood-Brain Barrier
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Central Nervous System/metabolism
- Central Nervous System/pathology
- Cholesterol/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Homeostasis
- Lipid Metabolism
- Liver X Receptors
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microcirculation/pathology
- Microscopy, Electron
- Nerve Degeneration/genetics
- Nerve Degeneration/metabolism
- Nerve Degeneration/pathology
- Orphan Nuclear Receptors
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/deficiency
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/genetics
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/metabolism
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/deficiency
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/genetics
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Department of Medical Nutrition, NOVUM, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, S-141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
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29
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Jiang X, Choudhary B, Merki E, Chien KR, Maxson RE, Sucov HM. Normal fate and altered function of the cardiac neural crest cell lineage in retinoic acid receptor mutant embryos. Mech Dev 2002; 117:115-22. [PMID: 12204252 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4773(02)00206-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mouse embryos lacking the retinoic acid (RA) receptors RARalpha1 and RARbeta suffer from a failure to properly septate (divide) the early outflow tract of the heart into distinct aortic and pulmonary channels, a phenotype termed persistent truncus arteriosus. This phenotype is associated with a failure in the development of the cardiac neural crest cell lineage, which normally forms the aorticopulmonary septum. In this study, we examined the fate of the neural crest lineage in RARalpha1/RARbeta mutant embryos by crossing with the Wnt1-cre and conditional R26R alleles, which together constitute a genetic lineage marker for the neural crest. We find that the number, migration, and terminal fate of the cardiac neural crest is normal in mutant embryos; however, the specific function of these cells in forming the aorticopulmonary septum is impaired. We furthermore show that the neural crest cells themselves do not utilize retinoid receptors and do not respond to RA during this process, but rather that the phenotype is cell non-autonomous for the neural crest cell lineage. This suggests that an alternative tissue in the vicinity of the outflow tract of the heart responds directly to RA, and thereby induces or permits the neural crest cell lineage to initiate aorticopulmonary septation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Count
- Cell Movement
- Fetal Heart/cytology
- Fetal Heart/embryology
- Fetal Heart/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gestational Age
- Heart Defects, Congenital/embryology
- Heart Defects, Congenital/genetics
- Heart Defects, Congenital/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Neural Crest/cytology
- Neural Crest/embryology
- Neural Crest/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/deficiency
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/genetics
- Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha
- Rhombencephalon/embryology
- Rhombencephalon/metabolism
- Truncus Arteriosus, Persistent/embryology
- Truncus Arteriosus, Persistent/genetics
- Truncus Arteriosus, Persistent/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Jiang
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 2250 Alcazar St, IGM240, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The nature of some of the target genes for liver X receptors (LXRs)-alpha and -beta, such as sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 and ATP-binding cassette transporter proteins, suggests a pivotal role of these nuclear receptors in the regulation of fatty acid and cholesterol homeostasis. The present study aimed to elucidate the physiological relevance of both LXRs with regard to lipid metabolism and macrophage cholesterol efflux. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice depleted for LXRalpha, LXRbeta, or both were fed low-fat rodent chow for 18 months before investigations. The combined deficiency of LXRalpha and LXRbeta was linked to impaired triglyceride metabolism, increased LDL and reduced HDL cholesterol levels, and cholesterol accumulation in macrophages (foam cells) of the spleen, lung, and arterial wall. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate the physiological importance of both LXRs in lipid metabolism and strongly indicate that both LXRs have a protective role against the development of atherosclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/biosynthesis
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- Aging/metabolism
- Animals
- Aorta/metabolism
- Aorta/pathology
- Arteriosclerosis/etiology
- Arteriosclerosis/pathology
- CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins/genetics
- CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Cholesterol/metabolism
- Cholesterol, HDL/blood
- Cholesterol, LDL/blood
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Dietary Fats
- Foam Cells/cytology
- Foam Cells/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Liver X Receptors
- Lung/pathology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Orphan Nuclear Receptors
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/deficiency
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Receptors, LDL/metabolism
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/deficiency
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/genetics
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/deficiency
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/genetics
- Spleen/pathology
- Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1
- Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 2
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Triglycerides/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertrud U Schuster
- Department of Biosciences at Novum, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
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31
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Chapellier B, Mark M, Messaddeq N, Calléja C, Warot X, Brocard J, Gérard C, Li M, Metzger D, Ghyselinck NB, Chambon P. Physiological and retinoid-induced proliferations of epidermis basal keratinocytes are differently controlled. EMBO J 2002; 21:3402-13. [PMID: 12093741 PMCID: PMC125394 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdf331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2002] [Revised: 04/29/2002] [Accepted: 05/06/2002] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the roles of retinoic acid (RA) receptors (RARs) in the physiology of epidermis that does not express RAR beta, conditional spatio-temporally controlled somatic mutagenesis was used to selectively ablate RAR alpha in keratinocytes of RAR gamma-null mice. Keratinocyte proliferation was maintained in adult mouse epidermis lacking both RAR alpha and RAR gamma, as well as in RAR beta-null mice. All RAR-mediated signalling pathways are therefore dispensable in epidermis for homeostatic keratinocyte renewal. However, topical treatment of mouse skin with selective retinoids indicated that RXR/RAR gamma heterodimers, in which RXR transcriptional activity was subordinated to that of its RAR gamma partner, were required for retinoid-induced epidermal hyperplasia, whereas RXR homodimers and RXR/RAR alpha heterodimers were not involved. RA-induced keratinocyte proliferation was studied in mutant mice in which RXR alpha, RXR alpha and RAR alpha, RAR gamma, or RXR alpha and RAR gamma genes were specifically disrupted in either basal or suprabasal keratinocytes. We demonstrate that the topical retinoid signal is transduced by RXR alpha/RAR gamma heterodimers in suprabasal keratinocytes, which, in turn, stimulate proliferation of basal keratinocytes via a paracrine signal that may be heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Chapellier
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Collège de France, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, CU de Strasbourg, France
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32
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Lehmann SG, Lalli E, Sassone-Corsi P. X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita is caused by abnormal nuclear localization of the DAX-1 protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:8225-30. [PMID: 12034880 PMCID: PMC123049 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.122044099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the DAX-1 [dosage-sensitive sex reversal-adrenal hypoplasia congenita (AHC) critical region on the X chromosome; NR0B1] gene cause X-linked AHC associated with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. DAX-1 encodes an unusual orphan member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily, acting as a transcriptional repressor of genes involved in the steroidogenic pathway. All DAX-1 mutations found in AHC patients alter the protein C terminus, which shares similarity to the ligand binding domain of nuclear hormone receptors and bears transcriptional repressor activity. This property is invariably impaired in DAX-1 AHC mutants. Here we show that the localization of DAX-1 AHC mutant proteins is drastically shifted toward the cytoplasm, even if their nuclear localization signal, which resides in the N terminal of the protein, is intact. Cytoplasmic localization of DAX-1 AHC mutants correlates with an impairment in their transcriptional repression activity. These results reveal a critical role of an intact C terminus in determining DAX-1 subcellular localization and constitute an important example of a defect in human organogenesis caused by impaired nuclear localization of a transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia G Lehmann
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Louis Pasteur, B.P. 10142, 67404 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
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33
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Harmsen A, Kusser K, Hartson L, Tighe M, Sunshine MJ, Sedgwick JD, Choi Y, Littman DR, Randall TD. Cutting edge: organogenesis of nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) occurs independently of lymphotoxin-alpha (LT alpha) and retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor-gamma, but the organization of NALT is LT alpha dependent. J Immunol 2002; 168:986-90. [PMID: 11801629 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.3.986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Peyer's patch and nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) are mucosal lymphoid tissues that appear similar in structure and function. Surprisingly, we found that NALT, unlike Peyer's patch, was formed independently of lymphotoxin (LT)alpha. Furthermore, using mice deficient in the retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor-gamma, we found that NALT was formed in the absence of CD4+CD3- cells, which are thought to be the embryonic source of LTalpha. However, we also found that NALT of LTalpha-/- animals was disorganized and lymphopenic, suggesting that the organization and recruitment of lymphocytes within NALT remained dependent on LTalpha. Finally, we demonstrated that both the structure and function of NALT were restored in LTalpha-/- animals upon reconstitution with normal bone marrow. These results demonstrate that the organogenesis of NALT occurs through unique mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Harmsen
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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34
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Kubalak SW, Hutson DR, Scott KK, Shannon RA. Elevated transforming growth factor β2 enhances apoptosis and contributes to abnormal outflow tract and aortic sac development in retinoic X receptor α knockout embryos. Development 2002; 129:733-46. [PMID: 11830573 PMCID: PMC3094159 DOI: 10.1242/dev.129.3.733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Septation of the single tubular embryonic outflow tract into two outlet segments in the heart requires the precise integration of proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis during remodeling. Lack of proper coordination between these processes would result in a variety of congenital cardiac defects such as those seen in the retinoid X receptor α knockout (Rxra–/–) mouse. Rxra–/– embryos exhibit lethality between embryonic day (E) 13.5 and 15.5 and harbor a variety of conotruncal and aortic sac defects making it an excellent system to investigate the molecular and morphogenic causes of these cardiac malformations. At E12.5, before the embryonic lethality, we found no qualitative difference between wild type and Rxra–/– proliferation (BrdU incorporation) in outflow tract cushion tissue but a significant increase in apoptosis as assessed by both TUNEL labeling in paraffin sections and caspase activity in trypsin-dispersed hearts. Additionally, E12.5 embryos demonstrated elevated levels of transforming growth factor β2 (TGFβ2) protein in multiple cell lineages in the heart. Using a whole-mouse-embryo culture system, wild-type E11.5 embryos treated with TGFβ2 protein for 24 hours displayed enhanced apoptosis in both the sinistroventralconal cushion and dextrodorsalconal cushion in a manner analogous to that observed in the Rxra–/–. TGFβ2 protein treatment also led to malformations in both the outflow tract and aortic sac. Importantly, Rxra–/– embryos that were heterozygous for a null mutation in the Tgfb2 allele exhibited a partial restoration of the elevated apoptosis and of the malformations. This was evident at both E12.5 and E13.5. The data suggests that elevated levels of TGFβ2 can (1) contribute to abnormal outflow tract morphogenesis by enhancing apoptosis in the endocardial cushions and (2) promote aortic sac malformations by interfering with the normal development of the aorticopulmonary septum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Kubalak
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cardiovascular Developmental Biology Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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35
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Abstract
Nuclear receptors constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and pregnane X receptor (PXR) cross talk and serve as xenobiotic sensors to form a safety net against the toxic effects of harmful substances. Retinoid x receptor alpha (RXRalpha) dimerizes with CAR and PXR. In order to analyze the role of RXRalpha in these xeno-sensor-mediated pathways, hepatocyte RXRalpha-deficient mice were challenged by CAR and PXR ligands including androstanol, 1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene (TCPOBOP), and pregnenolone 16alpha-carbonitrile (PCN). We demonstrate that hepatocyte RXRalpha deficiency prevents TCPOBOP-induced hepatomegaly and morphological changes. We also show that in vivo the cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes including CYP2A5, CYP2B10, CYP3A1, but not CYP2E1 and CYP2D6, are the RXRalpha target genes. Androstanol, TCPOBOP, and PCN can differentially regulate the expression of these CYP450 genes. In addition, the most active peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPARalpha) ligand, Wy14,643, also regulates some of the xeno-sensor target genes such as CYP2A5 and CYP2B10 in vivo. Thus, the ligands of different nuclear receptors can regulate common CYP450 genes and hepatocyte RXRalpha is essential for xenobiotic metabolism in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cai
- Department of Pathology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
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36
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Kömüves LG, Schmuth M, Fowler AJ, Elias PM, Hanley K, Man MQ, Moser AH, Lobaccaro JMA, Williams ML, Mangelsdorf DJ, Feingold KR. Oxysterol stimulation of epidermal differentiation is mediated by liver X receptor-beta in murine epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 118:25-34. [PMID: 11851872 DOI: 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01628.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Liver X receptor-alpha and -beta are members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily that heterodimerize with retinoid X receptor and are activated by oxysterols. In recent studies we found that treatment of cultured human keratinocytes with oxysterolstimulated differentiation, as demonstrated by increased expression of involucrin and transglutaminase, and inhibited proliferation. The aims of this study were to determine: (i) whether oxysterols applied topically to the skin of mice induce differentiation in normal epidermis; (ii) whether this effect is mediated via liver X receptor-alpha and/or liver X receptor-beta; and (iii) whether oxysterols normalize epidermal morphology in an animal model of epidermal hyperplasia. Topical treatment of normal hairless mice with 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol or 24(S),25-epoxycholesterol resulted in a decrease in epidermal thickness and a decrease in keratinocyte proliferation assayed by proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining. Moreover, oxysterol treatment increased the levels of involucrin, loricrin, and profilaggrin protein and mRNA in the epidermis, indicating that oxysterols stimulate epidermal differentiation. Additionally, topical oxysterol pretreatment improved permeability barrier homeostasis. Whereas liver X receptor-alpha-/- mice revealed no alterations in epidermal differentiation, the epidermis was thinner in liver X receptor-beta-/- mice than in wild-type mice, with a reduced number of proliferating cell nuclear antigen positive cells and a modest reduction in the expression of differentiation markers. Topical oxysterol treatment induced differentiation in liver X receptor-alpha-/- mice whereas in liver X receptor-beta-/- mice there was no increase in the expression of differentiation markers. Whereas both liver X receptor-alpha and liver X receptor-beta are expressed in cultured human keratinocytes and in fetal rat skin, only liver X receptor-beta was observed on northern blotting in adult mouse epidermis. Finally, treatment of hyperproliferative epidermis with oxysterols restored epidermal homeostasis. These studies demonstrate that epidermal differentiation is regulated by liver X receptor-beta and that oxysterols, acting via liver X receptor-beta, can induce differentiation and inhibit proliferation in vivo. The ability of oxysterols to reverse epidermal hyperplasia suggests that these agents could be beneficial for the treatment of skin disorders associated with hyperproliferation and/or altered differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- László G Kömüves
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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Yagishita N, Yamamoto Y, Yoshizawa T, Sekine K, Uematsu Y, Murayama H, Nagai Y, Krezel W, Chambon P, Matsumoto T, Kato S. Aberrant growth plate development in VDR/RXR gamma double null mutant mice. Endocrinology 2001; 142:5332-41. [PMID: 11713233 DOI: 10.1210/endo.142.12.8544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
VDR forms heterodimers with one of three RXRs, RXR alpha, RXR beta, and RXR gamma, and it is thought that RXR ligands can also modulate the trans-activation function of VDR/RXR heterodimers. In the present study we generated VDR/RXR gamma double null mutant mice to examine the convergent actions of vitamin D and vitamin A signaling and to explore the possibility of a functionally redundant VDR. Although RXR gamma(-/-) mice exhibited no overt abnormalities, VDR(-/-)/RXR gamma(-/-) mice appeared similar to VDR(-/-) mice, showing features typical of vitamin D-dependent rickets type II, including growth retardation, impaired bone formation, hypocalcemia, and alopecia. However, compared to VDR(-/-) mice, growth plate development in VDR(-/-)/RXR gamma(-/-) mutant mice was more severely impaired. Normalizing mineral ion homeostasis through dietary supplementation with high calcium and phosphorous effectively prevented rachitic abnormalities, except for disarranged growth plates in VDR(-/-)/RXR gamma(-/-) mutant mice, and alopecia in both VDR(-/-) and VDR(-/-)/RXR gamma(-/-) mutant mice. Histological analysis of VDR(-/-)/RXR gamma(-/-) growth plates revealed that development of the hypertrophic chondrocytes was selectively impaired. Thus, our findings indicated that the combined actions of VDR- and RXR gamma-mediated signals are essential for the normal development of growth plate chondrocytes, and raised the possibility that a functionally redundant VDR is present on chondrocytes as a heterodimer with RXR gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yagishita
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
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38
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Abstract
The retinoic acid receptor alpha gene is the target of chromosomal rearrangements in all cases of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). This recurrent involvement of RARalpha in the pathogenesis of APL is likely to reflect an important role played by this receptor during the differentiation of immature myeloid cells to neutrophils. RARalpha is a negative regulator of promyelocyte differentiation when not complexed with RA, and stimulates this differentiation when bound to RA. Since RARs are dispensable for the generation of mature neutrophils, their role thus appears to be to modulatory, rather than obligatory, for the control of neutrophil differentiation. In vitro, retinoic acid is also a potent inducer of neutrophil cell fate, suggesting that it might play a role in the commitment of pluripotent hematopoietic progenitors to the neutrophil lineage. Thus, the APL translocations target an important regulator of myeloid cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kastner
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS-INSERM-ULP, 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP163, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, C.U. de Strasbourg, France
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39
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Jeffs B, Meeks JJ, Ito M, Martinson FA, Matzuk MM, Jameson JL, Russell LD. Blockage of the rete testis and efferent ductules by ectopic Sertoli and Leydig cells causes infertility in Dax1-deficient male mice. Endocrinology 2001; 142:4486-95. [PMID: 11564714 DOI: 10.1210/endo.142.10.8447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
DAX-1, an X-linked member of the orphan nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors, plays a key role in sex determination and gonadal differentiation. Dax1-deficient male mice are infertile and have small testes despite normal serum levels of T and gonadotropins. Examination of Dax1-deficient testes reveals dilated seminiferous tubules and abnormal parameters of sperm fertilizing capability consistent with a possible obstruction in the testis. To test this hypothesis, we performed a comprehensive evaluation of the male reproductive tract in Dax1-deficient mice. Light and electron microscopic examination revealed the rete testis is blocked by aberrantly located Sertoli cells, creating a tailback of necrosing sperm in the testis. Sertoli cells also obstruct the proximal and middle efferent ductules, and this is accompanied by an overgrowth of the efferent duct epithelium. Seminiferous tubules close to the rete testis contain ectopic Leydig cells, distinct from the hyperplastic Leydig cells present in the interstitial space. The peritubular tissue surrounding these tubules is frequently abnormal, containing relatively undifferentiated myoid cells and no basement membrane between the myoid cells and Sertoli cells. A third of aged (>1-yr-old) Dax1-deficient male mice develop sex cord-stromal tumors, derived from cells of the Sertoli/granulosa cell or Leydig cell lineages. Combined, these observations reveal abnormal differentiation and proliferation of Leydig cells and Sertoli cells in Dax1-deficient male mice, leading to obstruction of the rete testis and infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jeffs
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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40
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Rochette-Egly C, Chambon P. F9 embryocarcinoma cells: a cell autonomous model to study the functional selectivity of RARs and RXRs in retinoid signaling. Histol Histopathol 2001; 16:909-22. [PMID: 11510982 DOI: 10.14670/hh-16.909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mouse F9 embryocarcinoma (EC) cells constitute a well established cell-autonomous model system for investigating retinoid signaling in vitro as, depending on culture conditions, retinoic acid (RA) can induce their differentiation into either primitive, parietal or visceral extraembryonic endoderm-like cells. These RA-induced differentiations are accompanied by decreases in proliferation rates, modifications of expression of subsets of RA-target genes, and induction of apoptosis. To elucidate the roles played by the multiple retinoid receptors (RARs and RXRs) in response to RA treatments, F9 EC cells lacking one or several RARs or RXRs were engineered through homologous recombination. Mutated RARs and/or RXRs were then reexpressed in given RAR or RXR null backgrounds. WT and mutant cells were also treated with different combinations of ligands selective for RXRs and/or for each of the three RAR isotypes. These studies lead to the conclusion that most RA-induced events (e.g. primitive and visceral differentiation, growth arrest, apoptosis and activation of expression of a number of genes) are transduced by RARgamma/RXRalpha heterodimers, whereas some other events (e.g. parietal differentiation) are mediated by RARalpha/RXRalpha. heterodimers. They also demonstrate that both AF-1 and AF-2 activation functions of RARs and RXRs, as well as their phosphorylation, are differentially required in these RA-induced events. In RARgamma/RXRalpha heterodimers, the phosphorylation of RARgamma is necessary for triggering primitive differentiation, while that of RXRalpha is required for growth arrest. On the other hand, phosphorylation of RARalpha is necessary for parietal differentiation. Thus, retinoid receptors are sophisticated signal integrators that transduce not only the effects of their cognate ligands, but also those of ligands that bind to membrane receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Binding Sites
- Carcinoma, Embryonal/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Embryonal/genetics
- Carcinoma, Embryonal/pathology
- Carcinoma, Embryonal/physiopathology
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Division/drug effects
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Genetic Engineering
- Mice
- Models, Biological
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phosphorylation
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/deficiency
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/genetics
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/physiology
- Retinoid X Receptors
- Retinoids/physiology
- Signal Transduction
- Transcription Factors/deficiency
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Tretinoin/pharmacology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rochette-Egly
- Institute of Genetic and Cellular and Molecular Biology, CNRS/INSERM/ULP/College of France, Illkirch.
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Jeffs B, Ito M, Yu RN, Martinson FA, Wang ZJ, Doglio LT, Jameson JL. Sertoli cell-specific rescue of fertility, but not testicular pathology, in Dax1 (Ahch)-deficient male mice. Endocrinology 2001; 142:2481-8. [PMID: 11356697 DOI: 10.1210/endo.142.6.8187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
DAX1 is an orphan member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of transcription factors. Our recent characterization of Dax1 (Ahch)-deficient male mice revealed a primary testicular defect resulting in hypogonadism and sterility. The progressive degeneration of the germinal epithelium, independent of abnormal gonadotropin and testosterone production, suggested an intrinsic loss of Dax1 function in the Sertoli cells. To test this hypothesis, we assessed the effect of Sertoli cell-specific expression of a human DAX1 (AHC) transgene driven using the promoter of the Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS) gene. The MIS-DAX1 transgene partially rescued the mutant phenotype of the Dax1-deficient male mice. Although testicular morphology remained abnormal, fertility was restored to levels matching that of wild-type littermates. Examination of several markers of sperm fertilizing capability revealed significant improvements in MIS-DAX1-rescued mice. Epididymal sperm count and sperm motility were greater in 12-week-old rescued mice than in age-matched Dax1-deficient mice. The ability of sperm to undergo an immediate acrosome reaction was impaired in Dax1-deficient animals, and sperm from Dax1-deficient mice fertilized only 8.2 +/- 6.8% of eggs in vitro, significantly less than rescue (67.8 +/- 19.1%) and wild-type (88.9 +/- 3.9%) sperm. These results indicate that Dax1 expression in Sertoli cells is adequate to overcome crucial thresholds related to sperm production and function. However, the failure to completely rescue the testicular pathology of Dax1-deficient mice suggests that Dax1 expression in other somatic cells is essential for normal testicular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jeffs
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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Makita T, Hernandez-Hoyos G, Chen TH, Wu H, Rothenberg EV, Sucov HM. A developmental transition in definitive erythropoiesis: erythropoietin expression is sequentially regulated by retinoic acid receptors and HNF4. Genes Dev 2001; 15:889-901. [PMID: 11297512 PMCID: PMC312661 DOI: 10.1101/gad.871601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The cytokine erythropoietin (Epo) promotes erythropoietic progenitor cell proliferation and is required for erythropoietic differentiation. We have found that the Epo gene is a direct transcriptional target gene of retinoic acid signaling during early erythropoiesis (prior to embryonic day E12.5) in the fetal liver. Mouse embryos lacking the retinoic acid receptor gene RXR alpha have a morphological and histological phenotype that is comparable with embryos in which the Epo gene itself has been mutated, and flow cytometric analysis indicates that RXR alpha-deficient embryos are deficient in erythroid differentiation. Epo mRNA levels are reduced substantially in the fetal livers of RXR alpha(-/-) embryos at E10.25 and E11.25, and genetic analysis shows that the RXR alpha and Epo genes are coupled in the same pathway. We furthermore show that the Epo gene is retinoic acid inducible in embryos, and that the Epo gene enhancer contains a DR2 sequence that represents a retinoic acid receptor-binding site and a retinoic acid receptor transcriptional response element. However, unlike Epo-deficient embryos that die from anemia, the erythropoietic deficiency in RXR alpha(-/-) embryos is transient; Epo mRNA is expressed at normal levels by E12.5, and erythropoiesis and liver morphology are normal by E14.5. We show that HNF4, like RXR alpha a member of the nuclear receptor family, is abundantly expressed in fetal liver hepatocytes, and is competitive with retinoic acid receptors for occupancy of the Epo gene enhancer DR2 element. We propose that Epo expression is regulated during the E9.5--E11.5 phase of fetal liver erythropoiesis by RXR alpha and retinoic acid, and that expression then becomes dominated by HNF4 activity from E11.5 onward. This transition may be responsible for switching regulation of Epo expression from retinoic acid control to hypoxic control, as is found throughout the remainder of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Makita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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Imai T, Jiang M, Chambon P, Metzger D. Impaired adipogenesis and lipolysis in the mouse upon selective ablation of the retinoid X receptor mediated by a tamoxifen-inducible chimeric Cre recombinase (Cre-ERT2) in adipocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:224-8. [PMID: 11134524 PMCID: PMC14572 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.98.1.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRalpha) is involved in multiple signaling pathways, as a heterodimeric partner of several nuclear receptors. To investigate its function in energy homeostasis, we have selectively ablated the RXRalpha gene in adipocytes of 4-week-old transgenic mice by using the tamoxifen-inducible Cre-ERT2 recombination system. Mice lacking RXRalpha in adipocytes were resistant to dietary and chemically induced obesity and impaired in fasting-induced lipolysis. Our results also indicate that RXRalpha is involved in adipocyte differentiation. Thus, our data demonstrate the feasibility of adipocyte-selective temporally controlled gene engineering and reveal a central role of RXRalpha in adipogenesis, probably as a heterodimeric partner for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Imai
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Université Louis Pasteur, Collège de France, BP 163, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
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Wan YJ, Cai Y, Lungo W, Fu P, Locker J, French S, Sucov HM. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha-mediated pathways are altered in hepatocyte-specific retinoid X receptor alpha-deficient mice. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:28285-90. [PMID: 10866995 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m000934200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoid x receptor alpha (RXRalpha) serves as an active partner of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARalpha). In order to dissect the functional role of RXRalpha and PPARalpha in PPARalpha-mediated pathways, the hepatocyte RXRalpha-deficient mice have been challenged with physiological and pharmacological stresses, fasting and Wy14,643, respectively. The data demonstrate that RXRalpha and PPARalpha deficiency are different in several aspects. At the basal untreated level, RXRalpha deficiency resulted in marked induction of apolipoprotein A-I and C-III (apoA-I and apoC-III) mRNA levels and serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels, which was not found in PPARalpha-null mice. Fasting-induced PPARalpha activation was drastically prevented in the absence of hepatocyte RXRalpha. Wy14,643-mediated pleiotropic effects were also altered due to the absence of hepatocyte RXRalpha. Hepatocyte RXRalpha deficiency did not change the basal acyl-CoA oxidase, medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and malic enzyme mRNA levels. However, the inducibility of those genes by Wy14,643 was markedly reduced in the mutant mouse livers. In contrast, the basal cytochrome P450 4A1, liver fatty acid-binding protein, and apoA-I and apoC-III mRNA levels were significantly altered in the mutant mouse livers, but the regulatory effect of Wy14,643 on expression of those genes remained the same. Wy14,643-induced hepatomegaly was partially inhibited in hepatocyte RXRalpha-deficient mice. Wy14,643-induced hepatocyte peroxisome proliferation was preserved in the absence of hepatocyte RXRalpha. These data suggested that in comparison to PPARalpha, hepatocyte RXRalpha has its unique role in lipid homeostasis and that the effect of RXRalpha, -beta, and -gamma is redundant in certain aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Wan
- Department of Pathology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90509, USA
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46
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Abstract
Dietary deprivation and gene disruption studies clearly demonstrate that biologically active retinoids, such as retinoic acid (RA), are essential for numerous developmental programs. Similar ontogenic processes are also affected by retinoic acid excess, suggesting that the effects of retinoid administration reflect normal retinoid-dependent events. In the mouse, exogenous retinoic acid can induce both anterior (anencephaly, exencephaly) and posterior (spina bifida) neural tube defects depending on the developmental stage of treatment. Retinoic acid receptor gamma (RARgamma) mediates these effects on the caudal neural tube at 8.5 days postcoitum, as RARgamma-/- mice are completely resistant to spina bifida induced by retinoic acid at this stage. We therefore used this null mouse as a model to examine the molecular nature of retinoid-induced caudal neural tube defects by using a panel of informative markers and comparing their expression between retinoic acid-treated wild-type and RARgamma-/- embryos. Our findings indicate that treatment of wild-type embryos led to a rapid and significant decrease in the caudal expression of all mesodermal markers examined (e.g., brachyury, wnt-3a, cdx-4), whereas somite, neuroepithelial, notochord, floorplate, and hindgut markers were unaffected. RARgamma-/- mutants exhibited normal expression patterns for all markers examined, consistent with the notion that mesodermal defects underlie the etiology of retinoid-induced spina bifida. We also found that posterior somitic, but not caudal presomitic, embryonic tissues contained detectable bioactive retinoids, an observation which correlated with the ability of caudal explants to rapidly clear exogenous RA. Interestingly, transcripts encoding mP450RAI, a cytochrome P450, the product of which is believed to catabolize retinoic acid, were abundant in the retinoid-poor region of the caudal embryo. mP450RAI was rapidly induced by retinoic acid treatment in vivo, consistent with previous studies suggesting that it plays a critical role in retinoid signaling. These data suggest that nascent mesoderm is highly sensitive to retinoic acid and that mP450RAI serves to tightly regulate retinoid levels in the caudal embryo. These findings also raise the possibility that RA may play a role in the generation of posterior mesoderm derivatives in part by affecting brachyury expression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers
- Crosses, Genetic
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Embryonic and Fetal Development/drug effects
- Embryonic and Fetal Development/genetics
- Embryonic and Fetal Development/physiology
- Fetal Proteins
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/physiology
- Mesoderm/drug effects
- Mesoderm/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Knockout
- Mixed Function Oxygenases/genetics
- Neural Tube Defects/chemically induced
- Neural Tube Defects/genetics
- Neural Tube Defects/prevention & control
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/deficiency
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/genetics
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/physiology
- Retinoic Acid 4-Hydroxylase
- Retinoids/analysis
- Retinoids/metabolism
- T-Box Domain Proteins
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Tretinoin/pharmacology
- Retinoic Acid Receptor gamma
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Affiliation(s)
- A Iulianella
- Department of Molecular Biology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Chiang MY, Misner D, Kempermann G, Schikorski T, Giguère V, Sucov HM, Gage FH, Stevens CF, Evans RM. An essential role for retinoid receptors RARbeta and RXRgamma in long-term potentiation and depression. Neuron 1998; 21:1353-61. [PMID: 9883728 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80654-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) are the most widely studied forms of synaptic plasticity thought to underlie spatial learning and memory. We report here that RARbeta deficiency in mice virtually eliminates hippocampal CA1 LTP and LTD. It also results in substantial performance deficits in spatial learning and memory tasks. Surprisingly, RXRgamma null mice exhibit a distinct phenotype in which LTD is lost whereas LTP is normal. Thus, while retinoid receptors contribute to both LTP and LTD, they do so in different ways. These findings not only genetically uncouple LTP and LTD but also reveal a novel and unexpected role for vitamin A in higher cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y Chiang
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Abstract
Vertebrate cardiogenesis is a complex process involving multiple, distinct tissue types which interact to form a four-chambered heart. Molecules have been identified whose expression patterns co-segregate with the maturation of the atrial and ventricular muscle cell lineages. It is not currently known what role intrinsic events versus external influences play in cardiac chamber morphogenesis. We developed novel, fluorescent-based, myocardial, cellular transplantation systems in order to study these questions in murine embryos and report the irreversible nature of chamber specification with respect to the downregulation of atrial myosin light chain 2 (MLC-2a) and alpha myosin heavy chain (alpha-MHC). Grafting ventricular cells into the atrial chamber does not result in upregulation of MLC-2a expression in ventricular cells. Additionally, wild-type ventricular muscle cells grafted into the wild-type background appropriately downregulate MLC-2a and alpha-MHC. Finally, grafting of RXRalpha gene-deficient ventricular muscle cells into the ventricular chambers of wild-type embryos does not rescue the persistent expression of MLC-2a, providing further evidence that ventricular chamber maturation is an early event. These studies provide a new approach for the mechanistic dissection of critical signaling events during cardiac chamber growth, maturation and morphogenesis in the mouse, and should find utility with other approaches of cellular transplantation in murine embryos. These experiments document the irreversible nature of the downregulation of atrial markers after the onset of cardiogenesis during ventricular chamber morphogenesis and temporally define the response of cardiac muscle cells to signals regulating chamber specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Gruber
- Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Genetics, and the American Heart Association-Bugher Foundation Center for Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0613, USA
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Abstract
The active derivatives of vitamin A (the retinoids) play important and multiple roles in mammalian development and homeostasis. We have previously shown that specific retinoic acid receptors are expressed in the chorioallantoic placenta of the mouse and that among these, RXRalpha is strongly expressed in the developing labyrinthine zone (Sapin, V., Ward, S. J., Bronner, S., Chambon, P., Dollé, P., Dev. Dyn. 208, 199-210, 1997). Here, we show that mouse fetuses with a targeted disruption of the RXRalpha gene develop defects of the chorioallantoic placenta. Both morphological abnormalities and alterations in the expression of molecular markers were found, mostly confined to the labyrinthine zone of placentas from mid-late gestation mutants. This region exhibited edema, abnormal stasis of maternal blood, and signs of disruption of the endothelial layer of fetal vessels. We also detected a reduction in the number of lipid droplets in the trophoblastic layer and abnormal fibrin deposits in the junctional zone of the mutant placentas. These abnormalities most probably result in an impairment of the functional capacities of exchange between the maternal and fetal circulations in the mutant placentas. Thus, placental defects could represent an extraembryonic cause of lethality for RXRalpha null mutant fetuses, in addition to the previously described embryonic cardiac defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sapin
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP/Collège de France, C.U. de Strasbourg, Illkirch Cedex, 67404, France.
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Widschwendter M, Berger J, Daxenbichler G, Müller-Holzner E, Widschwendter A, Mayr A, Marth C, Zeimet AG. Loss of retinoic acid receptor beta expression in breast cancer and morphologically normal adjacent tissue but not in the normal breast tissue distant from the cancer. Cancer Res 1997; 57:4158-61. [PMID: 9331065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Retinoids and their receptors [retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors] play an important role in maintaining the balance between proliferation and apoptosis. Recently, Deng et al. [Science (Washington DC), 274: 2057-2059, 1996] reported a loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 3p24 in breast cancer specimens and the morphologically normal appearing adjacent tissue. The 3p24 locus includes, among other genes, the region coding for RAR-beta. This study was designed to determine whether there are abnormalities in the expression of retinoid receptors in surgical specimens of patients with breast cancer. In 14 patients, transcripts of nuclear retinoid receptors were detected by in situ hybridization in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens by means of digoxigenin-labeled riboprobes specific for RAR-alpha, -beta and -gamma. We found RAR-alpha expressed in all specimens, whereas RAR-gamma was expressed in 100% of normal breast tissue but in only 11 of 14 tumorous lesions. RAR-beta was found in all cases of normal breast tissue localized distant from the tumor, but in 13 of 14 cases it was completely absent in the tumor and the morphologically normal appearing tissue adjacent to the tumor. One possibility to explain the suppression of RAR-beta is a mutation in the promoter region. Sequencing the DNA extracted from paraffin-embedded tumor tissue of the corresponding breast cancer specimens, we were not able to detect any mutation in the retinoic acid-responsive element. Our results clearly indicate a crucial role of RAR-beta in the carcinogenesis of breast cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Breast/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Estrogens
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/genetics
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/metabolism
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/deficiency
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- M Widschwendter
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Innsbruck, Austria.
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