Nanotechnological synergy of mangiferin and curcumin in modulating PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway: a novel front in ovarian cancer precision therapeutics

Background: Ovarian cancer, colloquially termed the "silent killer" among gynecological malignancies, remains elusive due to its often-asymptomatic progression and diagnostic challenges. Central to its pathogenesis is the overactive PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, responsible for various cellular functions, from proliferation to survival. Within this context, the phytochemical compounds mangiferin (derived from Mangifera indica) and curcumin (from Curcuma longa) stand out for their potential modulatory effects. However, their inherent bioavailability challenges necessitate innovative delivery systems to maximize therapeutic benefits. Objective: This study seeks to synergize the merits of nanotechnology with the therapeutic properties of mangiferin and curcumin, aiming to bolster their efficacy against ovarian cancer. Methods: Employing specific nanotechnological principles, we engineered exosomal and liposomal nano-carriers for mangiferin and curcumin, targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Molecular docking techniques mapped the interactions of these phytochemicals with key proteins in the pathway, analyzing their binding efficiencies. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations, spanning 100 nanoseconds, verified these interactions, with additional computational methodologies further validating our findings. The rationale for the 100 nanoseconds time span lies in its sufficiency to observe meaningful protein-ligand interactions and conformational changes. Notably, liposomal technology provided an enhancement in drug delivery by protecting these compounds from degradation, allowing controlled release, and improving cellular uptake. Results: Our computational investigations demonstrated notable binding affinities of mangiferin and curcumin: PI3K at -11.20 kcal/mol, Akt at -15.16 kcal/mol, and mTOR at -10.24 kcal/mol. The adoption of exosome/liposome-mediated delivery significantly amplified the bioavailability and cellular uptake of these nano-formulated compounds, positioning them as potential stalwarts in ovarian cancer intervention. A brief explanation of exosome/liposome-mediated delivery involves the use of these vesicles to encapsulate and transport therapeutic agents directly to the target cells, enhancing drug delivery efficiency and minimizing side effects. Conclusion: Addressing ovarian cancer's intricacies, dominated by the erratic PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling, mandates innovative therapeutic strategies. Our pioneering approach converges nanotechnological liposomal delivery with mangiferin and curcumin's natural efficacies. This confluence, validated by computational insights, heralds a paradigm shift in ovarian cancer treatment. As our findings underscore the collaborative potential of these phytochemicals, it beckons further exploration in translational studies and clinical applications, ensuring the best intersection of nature and technology for therapeutic advantage.

The protective effects of curcumin against cigarette smoke-induced toxicity: A comprehensive review

Cigarette smoking (CS) is a crucial modifiable risk of developing several human diseases and cancers. It causes lung, bladder, breast, and esophageal cancers, respiratory disorders, as well as cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Because of these adverse health effects, continual efforts to decrease the prevalence and toxicity of CS are imperative. Until the past decades, the impacts of natural compounds have been under investigation on the harmful effects of CS. Turmeric (Curcuma longa), a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant that belongs to the Zingiberaceae family, is the main source of curcumin. This review is an attempt to find out the current knowledge on CS's harmful effects and protective potential of curcumin in the pulmonary, liver, brain, gastrointestinal, and testis organs. According to the present review, simultaneous consumption of curcumin and CS can attenuate CS toxicities including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, gastrointestinal toxicity, metabolic diseases, testis injury, and neurotoxicity. Moreover, curcumin suppresses carcinogenesis in the skin, liver, lungs, breast, colon, and stomach. Curcumin mediates these protective effects through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-carcinogenicity properties.

Inhibition of α-glucosidase activity by curcumin loaded on ZnO@rGO nanocarrier for potential treatment of diabetes mellitus

Curcumin (Cur) is an acidic polyphenol with some effects on α-glucosidase (α-Glu), but Cur has disadvantages such as being a weak target, lacking passing the blood-brain barrier and having low bioavailability. To enhance the curative effect of Cur, the hybrid composed of ZnO nanoparticles decorated on rGO was used to load Cur (ZnO@rGO-Cur). The use of the multispectral method and enzyme inhibition kinetics analysis certify the inhibitory effect and interaction mechanism of ZnO@rGO-Cur with α-Glu. The static quenching of α-Glu with both Cur and ZnO@rGO-Cur is primarily driven by hydrogen bond and van der Waals interactions. The conformation-changing ability by binding to the neighbouring phenolic hydroxyl group of Cur increased their ability to alter the secondary structure of α-Glu, resulting in the inhibition of enzyme activity. The inhibition constant (Ki, Cur  > Kis,ZnO@rGO-Cur ) showed that the inhibition effect of ZnO@rGO-Cur on α-Glu was larger than that of Cur. The CCK-8 experiments proved that ZnO@rGO nanocomposites have good biocompatibility. These results suggest that the therapeutic potential of ZnO@rGO-Cur composite is an emerging nanocarrier platform for drug delivery systems for the potential treatment of diabetes mellitus.

Regression of Intermediate-High Risk Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS) With Long-term Use of Curcumin: A Case Report

Patients with intermediate-high risk MGUS are not offered therapeutic options to date and standard of care remains observation with re-evaluations of the patient every 3 to 6 months. Given the persistent risk of progression as well as potential complications experienced by some, and anxiety experienced by most patients, early intervention with non-toxic curcumin, aimed at potentially slowing down or stopping disease progression might be therapeutic. We present here an intermediate-high risk MGUS patient who has been taking curcumin for 16 years and has shown a decrease in disease markers and an increase in uninvolved immunoglobulins, adding to the body of evidence of benefit of curcumin to MGUS patients.

Curcumin, its derivatives, and their nanoformulations: Revolutionizing cancer treatment

Curcumin is a natural compound derived from turmeric and can target malignant tumor molecules involved in cancer propagation. It has potent antioxidant activity, but its effectiveness is limited due to poor absorption and rapid elimination from the body. Various curcumin derivatives have also shown anticancer potential in in-vitro and in-vivo models. Curcumin can target multiple signaling pathways involved in cancer development/progression or induce cancer cell death through apoptosis. In addition, curcumin and its derivatives could also enhance the effectiveness of conventional chemotherapy, radiation therapy and reduce their associated side effects. Lately, nanoparticle-based delivery systems are being developed/explored to overcome the challenges associated with curcumin's delivery, increasing its overall efficacy. The use of an imaging system to track these formulations could also give beneficial information about the bioavailability and distribution of the nano-curcumin complex. In conclusion, curcumin holds significant promise in the fight against cancer, especially in its nanoform, and could provide precise delivery to cancer cells without affecting normal healthy cells.

[The complex effect of polyphenols on the gut microbiota and triggers of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease]

Intestinal dysfunction and microbiome changes are actively discussed in the modern literature as the most important link in the development of neurodegenerative changes in Parkinson's disease. The article discusses the pathogenetic chain «microbiome- intestine-brain», as well as factors that affect the development of intestinal dysbiosis. A promising direction for influencing microflora and inflammatory changes in the intestine is the use of polyphenols, primarily curcumin. The review of experimental, laboratory, clinical research proving the pleiotropic effect of curcumin, including its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective effects, realized both through peripheral and central mechanisms is presented.

Effectiveness of curcumin nanoparticles in rat liver fibrosis caused by thioacetamide

Although curcumin possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cytoprotective qualities, its low absorption limits its medicinal uses. Before examining how curcumin influenced rats' liver fibrosis when thioacetamide (TAA) was produced, the current study employed nanoparticles (NPs) to improve curcumin bioavailability. Sixty mature rats were separated into six groups (Group 1, control; Group 2, curcumin; Group 3, curcumin nanoparticles; Group 4, TAA; Group 5, TAA + curcumin; Group 6, TAA + curcumin NPs). TAA administration caused considerable increases in serum liver enzymes associated with a remarkable depletion in the levels of albumin and total protein relative to the control. In addition, a significant elevation in malonaldehyde (MDA) level with a significant depletion in the antioxidant enzymes activity was detected. Also, TAA had a significant effect on the inflammation markers represented by the elevation in tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) and DNA damage. Administration of curcumin or curcumin NPs in TAA-intoxicated rats significantly (p < .001, p < .0001) alleviates liver injury by correcting antioxidant status, inflammatory markers, and oxidative stress. The results of comparing TAA-intoxicated rats treated with curcumin NPs to TAA-intoxicated rats treated with bulk curcumin revealed that the ameliorative effect of nanocurcumin was stronger. These observations concluded that nanoparticle formulation can increase curcumin bioavailability and solubility, enhancing its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficiency, resulting in greater potential against thioacetamide-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

Natural Activators of Autophagy

Autophagy is the process by which cell contents, such as aggregated proteins, dysfunctional organelles, and cell structures are sequestered by autophagosome and delivered to lysosomes for degradation. As a process that allows the cell to get rid of non-functional components that tend to accumulate with age, autophagy has been associated with many human diseases. In this regard, the search for autophagy activators and the study of their mechanism of action is an important task for treatment of many diseases, as well as for increasing healthy life expectancy. Plants are rich sources of autophagy activators, containing large amounts of polyphenolic compounds in their composition, which can be autophagy activators in their original form, or can be metabolized by the intestinal microbiota to active compounds. This review is devoted to the plant-based autophagy activators with emphasis on the sources of their production, mechanism of action, and application in various diseases. The review also describes companies commercializing natural autophagy activators.

Curcumin Inhibits Bladder Cancer by Inhibiting Invasion via AKT/MMP14 Pathway

BACKGROUND

Bladder cancer is a malignant tumor of the urinary and reproductive tract that seriously threatens human health. It is urgent to develop new drugs for bladder cancer. This study aims to explore whether curcumin could inhibit bladder cancer and the potential mechanism.

METHODS

Firstly, network pharmacology was applied to explore the potential target of curcumin in bladder cancer. Among the potential target of curcumin on bladder cancer, the role of matrix metalloproteinase-14 (MMP14) was further explored by bioinformatic analysis and the expression of MMP14 was confirmed by immunohistochemistry staining. The effect of curcumin on bladder cancer was then studied using the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, clone formation assay, apoptosis assay, and Transwell assay. Finally, AKT, MMP14, E-cadherin and N-cadherin were analyzed by Western blot assay to confirm whether curcumin could inhibit bladder cancer by inhibiting invasion via AKT/MMP14 pathway.

RESULTS

In the present study, we found that the target of curcumin for bladder cancer includes signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), AKT, cyclin A2 (CCNA2), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), E1A binding protein p300 (EP300) and MMP14. MMP14 was highly expressed in bladder cancer than in normal tissues and was associated with a worse prognosis (p < 0.05). Curcumin could inhibit the proliferation and migration of bladder cancer cells (p < 0.05), while promoting cell apoptosis by inhibiting the AKT/MMP14 pathway (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Curcumin could inhibit bladder cancer by inhibiting invasion through the AKT/MMP14 pathway.

Curcumin Suppresses M2 Macrophage-derived Paclitaxel Chemoresistance through Inhibition of PI3K-AKT/STAT3 Signaling

BACKGROUND

Breast cancer is the leading cancer in women worldwide. The development of chemoresistance that leads to recurrence and mortality remains a major concern. M2-type tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), present in the breast tumor microenvironment, secrete various cytokines and growth factors that induce chemoresistance. Curcumin, isolated from Curcuma longa, is known to sensitize cancer cells and increase the efficacy of standard chemotherapeutic agents. However, the effect of curcumin on the chemoresistancegenerating ability of M2 TAMs is not known.

OBJECTIVE

The study aimed to determine whether curcumin could modulate M2 macrophages and suppress their ability to induce resistance to paclitaxel in breast cancer cells.

METHODS

THP-1 cells were differentiated to M2 macrophages using PMA and IL-4/IL-13 in the presence or absence of curcumin in vitro. The effect of the conditioned medium of M2 macrophages on inducing resistance towards paclitaxel in MCF-7 or MDA-MB-231 cells was analyzed by cell proliferation assay, cell cycle analysis, wound healing and transwell migration assays. RT-PCR analysis was used to determine the mRNA expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines in M2 macrophages. The effect of curcumin on TGF-β, pAKT, and pSTAT3 in M2 macrophages was analyzed by western blotting.

RESULTS

Our data revealed that the M2 macrophages polarized in the presence of curcumin lacked the ability to generate chemoresistance to paclitaxel in breast cancer cell lines. Transcriptomic analysis revealed the expression of TGF-β to be highest amongst M2 macrophage-secreted cytokines. We observed that purified recombinant TGF-β generated chemoresistance in breast cancer cells. We found that curcumin treatment abrogated the expression of TGF-β in M2 macrophages and suppressed their ability to induce chemoresistance in breast cancer cells. STITCH analysis showed strong interaction between curcumin and AKT/STAT3 pathway. Mechanistically, curcumin inhibited PI3K/AKT/STAT3 signaling in M2 macrophages. Western blot analysis revealed that M2 TAM CM, but not curcumin-treated macrophage CM, activated COX2/NF-κB in breast cancer cells.

CONCLUSION

Our results showed that curcumin reduced the chemoresistance-generating ability of M2 TAMs. The study has revealed a non-cancer cell-autonomous mechanism by which curcumin partly overcomes the chemoresistance of paclitaxel in breast cancer.

Effect of curcumin on painful symptoms of endometriosis: A triple-blind randomized controlled trial

Endometriosis is one of the most common gynecological disorders. This study aimed to determine the effect of curcumin on painful symptoms of endometriosis and the quality of life in affected women. This randomized controlled trial was conducted on 68 women with endometriosis referred to Shahid Beheshti Infertility Center in Isfahan, Iran, 2022. The participants were allocated to intervention (n = 34) and control (n = 34) groups by the blocked randomization method. Curcumin capsules with a dose of 500 mg were given to the intervention group twice a day for 8 weeks, and the placebo with the same dose was given to the control group. The questionnaires of Endometriosis Health Profile, painful symptoms of endometriosis, and visual analogue scale were used to collect data. Independent t, ANCOVA, and Mann-Whitney U-tests were used to compare the outcomes between the study groups. After the intervention, based on the ANCOVA with the adjusting of the baseline values and Mann-Whitney U-test, there was no statistically significant difference in the amounts of usual pain (p = 0.496) and pain at its worst (p = 0.320), quality of life (p = 0.556), and visual pain (p = 0.845). The results showed that using curcumin does not affect the painful symptoms and quality of life of women with endometriosis. Future clinical trials are needed to investigate and highlight the role of curcumin in endometriosis.

New mode of action of curcumin on prostate cancer cells: Modulation of endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation mechanism and estrogenic signaling

Prostate cancer is leading to cancer-related mortality in numerous men each year worldwide. While there are several treatment options, acquired drug resistance mostly limits the success of treatments. Therefore, there is a need for the development of innovative treatments. Curcumin is one of the bioactive polyphenolic ingredients identified in turmeric and has numerous biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory and anticancer. In the present study, we investigated the effect of curcumin on the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) and estrogenic signaling in prostate cancer cells. The antiproliferative effect of curcumin on human androgen-dependent prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP and VCaP was estimated by WST-1 assay. Morphological alterations were investigated with an inverted microscope. We investigated the effect of curcumin on ERAD and estrogen signaling proteins by immunoblotting assay. To evaluate the impact of curcumin on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein quality-related, the expression level of 32 genes was analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The nuclear translocation of estrogen receptor was examined by nuclear fractionation and immunofluorescence microscopy. We found that curcumin effectively reduced the proliferation rates of LNCaP and VCaP cells. ERAD proteins; Hrd1, gp78, p97/VCP, Ufd1 and Npl4 were strongly induced by curcumin. Also, the steady-state level of polyubiquitin was increased in a dose-dependent manner in both cell lines. Curcumin administration remarkably decreased the protein levels of estrogen receptor-alfa (Erα), whereas estrogen receptor-beta unaffected. Additionally, curcumin strongly restricted the nuclear translocation of Erα. Present data suggest that curcumin may be effectively used in therapeutic approaches associated with the targeting ER protein quality control mechanism and modulation of estrogen signaling in prostate cancer.

Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Water-Soluble Prodrugs of C5-Curcuminoid GO-Y030 Based on Reversible Thia-Michael Reaction

Although curcumin and its analogs exhibit anticancer activity, they are still not used as anticancer drugs because of their water insolubility and extremely poor bioavailability. This study describes the development of water-soluble prodrugs of GO-Y030, a potent antitumor C5-curcuminoid, in an attempt to enhance its bioavailability. These prodrugs release the parent compound via a retro-thia-Michael reaction. To endow sufficient hydrophilicity onto GO-Y030 via a single thia-Michael reaction of an aqueous entity, we used a modified glycoconjugate with a thiol group. The water-solubilizing motif was installed on GO-Y030 by the thia-Michael reaction of propargyl-polyethylene glycol (PEG)-thiol and subsequent click chemistry (CuAAC) reaction with 1-glycosyl azide. Turbidity measurements revealed a significantly improved water solubility of the prodrugs, demonstrating that disaccharide conjugates were completely dissolved in water at 100 µM. Their cytotoxicity was comparable to that of the parent compound GO-Y030, indicating the gradual in situ release of GO-Y030. The release of GO-Y030 from GO-Y199 via the retro-thia-Michael reaction was demonstrated through a degradation study in water. Our retro-thia-Michael reaction-based prodrug system can be used for targeting cancer cells.

Curcumin inhibits colon cancer malignant progression and promotes T cell killing by regulating miR-206 expression

Colon cancer is a great threat to human health. Curcumin, as a traditional Chinese medicine extract with anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory effects, can affect the development of diverse human diseases including cancer. The aim of this research was to probe the mechanism by which curcumin regulates colon cancer progression. Colon cancer cells were processed with graded concentrations of curcumin. The proliferation and apoptosis of the treated cells were determined by MTT, colony formation assay and flow cytometry. Expression of signaling pathway-related proteins and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) was measured by western blotting. The effect of curcumin on tumor cell growth was verified through T cell-mediated killing and ELISA assays. The relationship between target gene expression and the survival rate of colon cancer patients was analyzed by a survival curve. Curcumin treatment restrained proliferation and accelerated apoptosis of colon cancer cells. It elevated miR-206 expression, which in turn affected colon cancer cell function. miR-206 enhanced colon cancer cell apoptosis and inhibited PD-L1 expression; thus, curcumin enhanced the killing effect of T cells on tumor cells by suppressing PD-L1 through inhibiting the JAK/STAT3 pathway. Patients with high expression of miR-206 had better survival rates than those with low expression. Curcumin can regulate miR-206 expression and inhibit the malignant behavior of colon cancer cells and enhance T cell killing through the JAK/STAT3 pathway.

Curcumin alleviates hypertrophic scarring by inhibiting fibroblast activation and regulating tissue inflammation

BACKGROUND

Hypertrophic scar (HS) that can lead to defects in appearance and function is often characterized by uncontrolled fibroblast proliferation and excessive inflammation. Curcumin has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects and to play an anti-fibrotic role by interfering transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)/Smads signaling pathways.

AIM

To study the effect and mechanism of curcumin on HS from the perspective of fibroblast activity and inflammation regulation.

METHODS

Cell proliferation, migration and the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) of TGF-β1-induced human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) treated by curcumin were evaluated using Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine staining, Transwell assay, Western blotting and immunofluorescence, respectively. The expression of TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway-related molecules (TGF-β1, TGFβ-R1/2, p-Smad3, Smad4) was detected by Western blotting. In a rabbit ear model, hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's staining were conducted to assess scar elevation and collagen deposition, and immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the activation of fibroblasts and infiltration of inflammatory cells.

RESULTS

Curcumin inhibited proliferation, migration and α-SMA expression of HDFs in a dose-dependent manner. Curcumin (25 μm mol/L) did not regulate the expression of endogenous TGF-β1, but suppressed Smad3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, leading to lower α-SMA expression. Curcumin also reduced hypertrophic scarring of rabbit ear, accompanied by the inhibited TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway, inflammatory infiltration and M2 macrophage polarization.

CONCLUSION

Curcumin plays an anti-scar role through regulating fibroblast activation and tissue inflammation. Our findings provide scientific reference for the clinical use of curcumin in the treatment of HS.

Curcumin improves the egg quality, antioxidant activity, and intestinal microbiota of quails during the late laying period

This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary curcumin supplementation on laying performance, egg quality, egg metabolites, lipid metabolism, antioxidant activity, and intestinal microbial composition of quails in the late laying period. A total of 960 late-laying quails (240-day-old) were randomly divided into 4 groups of 6 replicates each (n = 40/replicate). The experimental diets of the 4 groups consisted of basal diets supplemented with 0, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg curcumin, respectively. The feeding experiment lasted for 8 wk. The results showed that 200 mg/kg curcumin supplementation decreased mortality and increased eggshell thickness and strength compared with the 0 mg/kg curcumin supplementation during wk 5 to 8. In addition, dietary supplementation of curcumin promoted lipid metabolism, enhanced antioxidant activity, and modified intestinal microbiota structure. In conclusion, dietary supplemented with 200 mg/kg curcumin significantly improved the egg quality of quails in the late laying period, primarily by improving lipid metabolism and selectively regulating the intestinal microbial community.

A highly bioavailable curcumin formulation ameliorates inflammation cytokines and neurotrophic factors in mice with traumatic brain injury

A novel curcumin formulation increases relative absorption by 46 times (CurcuWIN®) of the total curcuminoids over the unformulated standard curcumin form. However, the exact mechanisms by which curcumin demonstrates its neuroprotective effects are not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the impact of a novel formulation of curcumin on the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a main component of the glial scar and growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43), a signaling molecule in traumatic brain injury (TBI). Mice (adult, male, C57BL/6j) were randomly divided into three groups as follows: TBI group (TBI-induced mice); TBI + CUR group (TBI mice were injected i.p. curcumin just after TBI); TBI+ CurcuWIN® group (TBI mice were injected i.p. CurcuWIN® just after TBI). Brain injury was induced using a cold injury model. Injured brain tissue was stained with Cresyl violet to evaluate infarct volume and brain swelling, analyzed, and measured using ImageJ by Bethesda (MD, USA). Western blot analysis was performed to determine the protein levels related to injury. While standard curcumin significantly reduced brain injury, CurcuWIN® showed an even greater reduction associated with reductions in glial activation, NF-κB, and the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6. Additionally, both standard curcumin and CurcuWIN® led to increased BDNF, GAP-43, ICAM-1, and Nrf2 expression. Notably, CurcuWIN® enhanced their expression more than standard curcumin. This data suggests that highly bioavailable curcumin formulation has a beneficial effect on the traumatic brain in mice.

Oxalate nephropathy and chronic turmeric supplementation: a case report

We present a case of a 69-year-old man who presented for routine check-up and was incidentally found to have kidney failure with an initially unrevealing history and bland urinary sediment. He was diagnosed with oxalate nephropathy in the setting of chronic turmeric supplementation and chronic antibiotic therapy with associated diarrhea. Our case provides several key insights into oxalate nephropathy. First, the diagnosis requires a high index of clinical suspicion. It is uncommonly suspected clinically unless there is an obvious clue in the history such as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass or ethylene glycol poisoning. Diagnosis can be confirmed by histopathologic findings and corroborated by serum levels of oxalate and 24-hour urinary excretion. Second, the diagnosis can often be missed by the pathologist because of the characteristics of the crystals unless the renal pathologist has made it a rule to examine routinely all H&E sections under polarized light. This must be done on H&E, as the other stains dissolve the crystals. Third, one oxalate crystal in a routine needle biopsy is considered pathologic and potentially contributing to the AKI or to the CKD in an important way. Fourth, secondary oxalosis can be largely mitigated or prevented in many cases, especially iatrogenic cases. This can come through the surgeon or the gastroenterologist providing proper instructions to patients on an oxalate-restricted diet or other specific dietary measures. Lastly, this case highlights the success that results from cooperation and communication between the pathologist and the treating physician.

Pharmacophore & QSAR Guided Design, Synthesis, Pharmacokinetics and In vitro Evaluation of Curcumin Analogs for Anticancer Activity

BACKGROUND

As a part of our discovery of plant-based lead molecules, we provide a helpful tool, which helps in identification, designing, optimising, structural modifications, and prediction of curcumin, to discover novel analogs with enhanced bioavailability, pharmacologically safe, and anticancer potential.

METHODS

QSAR (Quantitative structure-activity relationship) and pharmacophore mapping models were developed and further used to design, synthesize, pharmacokinetics, and in vitro evaluation of curcumin analogs for anticancer activity.

RESULTS

The QSAR model yielded a high activity-descriptors relationship accuracy (r2) of 84%, a high activity prediction accuracy (rcv2) of 81%, and external set prediction accuracy of 89%. The QSAR study indicates that the five chemical descriptors were significantly correlated with anticancer activity. The important pharmacophore features identified were a hydrogen bond acceptor, a hydrophobic centre, and a negative ionizable centre. The model's predictive ability was evaluated against a set of chemically synthesized curcumin analogs. Among the tested compounds, nine curcumin analogs were found with IC50 values of 0.10 to 1.86 μg/mL. The active analogs were assessed for pharmacokinetics compliance. EGFR was identified as a potential target of synthesized active curcumin analogs through docking studies.

CONCLUSION

Integrating in silico design, QSAR-driven virtual screening, chemical synthesis, and experimental in vitro evaluation may lead to the early discovery of novel and promising anticancer compounds from natural sources. The developed QSAR model and common pharmacophore generation were used as a designing and predictive tool to develop novel curcumin analogs. This study may help optimize the therapeutic relationships of studied compounds for further drug development and their potential safety concerns. This study may guide compound selection and designing novel active chemical scaffolds or new combinatorial libraries of the curcumin series.

Mechanism of Curcumin Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammatory Body and Improving Atherosclerotic Endothelial Cell Injury

BACKGROUND

Curcumin is a kind of natural hydrophobic polyphenol isolated from the stem of the Curcuma plant. To investigate regulatory curcumin effect on atherosclerotic endothelial cell injury.

METHODS

30 male ApoE-/- mice were selected and divided into the control group, model group, and curcumin group (n = 10). The curcumin group was treated with curcumin by gavage. Body weight, atherosclerotic plaque area, plaque cap thickness, blood lipid levels, total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) content, nitric oxide (NO) content, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) content and circulating endothelial cell number of mice in each group were detected. Western blot detected NACHT, LRR, and receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) and Asc-type amino acid transporter protein 1 (ASC) protein level in mice. Human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) were cultured to establish an atherosclerotic endothelial cell injury model in vivo. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) detected the cell viability of each group.

RESULTS

Body weight, atherosclerotic plaque area, plaque cap thickness, TC, TG, and LDL-C content of blood lipid levels of the curcumin group were obviously reduced as compared with the model group (p < 0.05), the content of NO and the number of circulating endothelial cells in curcumin group were obviously decreased (p < 0.05). The cell viability of the curcumin group was obviously higher than that of the model group (p < 0.05). The NO content of the curcumin group was lower than the model group (p < 0.05). The content of IL-1β and TNF-α in the curcumin group was obviously lower than in the model group (p < 0.05). Compared with the model group, the expression of receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) and ASC protein in the curcumin group was decreased obviously (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Curcumin improves endothelial cell injury in atherosclerosis by inhibiting the expression of NLRP3 inflammatory bodies.

Curcumin affects apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells through ATF6-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the main cause of cancer-associated death. Herein, we treated SW620 and HT-29 CRC cells with different curcumin concentrations, followed by treatment with the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) curcumin/endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) inhibitor 4-phenyl butyric acid (4-PBA)/activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) interference plasmid (si-ATF6). We detected cell proliferation/apoptosis, ATF6 cellular localization/nuclear translocation, ion concentration, ATF6 protein/apoptotic protein (Bax/Bcl-2/Cleaved Caspase-3) levels, and ERS-related proteins (glucose-regulated protein 78 [Grp78]/C/EBP homologous protein [CHOP]). We discovered inhibited cell proliferation/growth, enhanced cell apoptosis/(Bax/Bcl-2) ratio/Cleaved Caspase-3 levels/Ca2+ concentration in the cytoplasm/ERS-related protein (Grp78/CHOP) levels, and activated ERS following treatment with IC50 curcumin. 4-PBA partially reversed the inhibitory effect of curcumin on SW620 cells by restraining ERS. Curcumin stimulated ATF6 expression and its nuclear translocation to activate ERS. ATF6 silencing partly annulled the inhibitory effect of curcumin on SW620 cells. Our study explored the molecular mechanism of curcumin affecting CRC cell apoptosis through ATF6.

Development and Characterization of Novel Chitosan-Coated Curcumin Nanophytosomes for Treating Drug-Resistant Malaria

This study aimed at enhancing the efficacy of curcumin (CR) by formulating and coating it with chitosan. In silico molecular docking studies revealed that CR exhibited almost similar and low binding energies when compared to artemisinin, indicating high stability at the target site. It can be confirmed that CR is effective in treating and reducing Plasmodium falciparum parasites. Fourier transform infrared studies confirmed that there was a shift and disappearance of some drug peaks in the formulation which revealed complexation with phospholipids. The F2EXT3-developed formulation exhibited greater solubility (24.31 ± 3.47 μg/mL) when compared to pure CR (7.99 ± 1.95 μg/mL). Proton nuclear magnetic resonance studies confirmed the formation of Curcumin-phospholipid hydrogen bonding in F2EXT3. The in vitro drug release studies revealed that the developed formulation F2EXT3 exhibited better drug release at 71.98% at 48 h; this might be due to the effective entrapment efficiency of the drug inside the phospholipid, presence of polyethylene glycol 4000 and chitosan further assisted in sustained release of the drug. Scanning electron microscopy studies revealed that optimized F2EXT3 CR nanophytosomes were nearly spherical with narrow size distribution and smooth surface. The zeta potential of the F2EXT3 showed -3.5 mV. Stability studies revealed that the formulation remained stable even after 6 months. It was observed from the hemin assay that CR and F2EXT3 exhibited (50 μg/mL curcumin) exhibited IC50 values of 47 ± 2.45 and 22 ± 1.58 μM, respectively. Further in vivo antimalarial activity on resistant and sensitive strains needs to be performed to evaluate the efficacy of the developed formulation.

Electrospun Core-Sheath Nanofibers with a Cellulose Acetate Coating for the Synergistic Release of Zinc Ion and Drugs

Precisely modulating the synergistic release behavior of multiple bioactive substances has emerged as a formidable challenge in recent years. In this work, we successfully prepared core-sheath nanofibers, where a thin cellulose acetate (CA) coating enrobed the core. Curcumin (Cur) was encapsulated in the core layer as a model drug, while zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were loaded on the sheath layer. The prepared fiber exhibited a straight cylindrical morphology containing nanoparticles, and the distinct core-sheath nanostructure was demonstrated through transmission electron microscopy (TEM). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) were conducted to study the physical state and compatibility among CA, Cur, and ZnO. Drug release data indicated that core-sheath nanofibers were able to decelerate the rate of drug release, and the thickness of the sheath layer increased in the presence of ZnO particles. Most remarkably, these core-sheath nanofibers exhibited the remarkable ability to sustain the release of drugs and zinc ion (Zn2+), the two-day synergistically release behavior leading to a significant increase in cell proliferation. This material preparation strategy for the synergistic and controlled release of two bioactive substances is instructive for the exploration of innovative and versatile drug delivery systems.

A Review on the Efficacy of Plant-derived Bio-active Compounds Curcumin and Aged Garlic Extract in Modulating Cancer and Age-related Diseases

Aging is a process characterized by accumulating degenerative changes resulting in the death of an organism. Aging is mediated by various pathways that are directly linked to the individual's lifespan and are shunted for many age-related diseases. Many strategies for alleviating age-related diseases have been studied, which can target cells and molecules. Modern drugs such as Metformin, Rapamycin, and other drugs are used to reduce the effects of age-related diseases. Despite their beneficial activity, they possess some side effects which can limit their applications, mainly in older adults. Natural phytochemicals which have anti-aging activities have been studied by many researchers from a broader aspect and suggested that plant-based compounds can be a possible, direct, and practical way to treat age-related diseases which has enormous anti-aging activity. Also, studies indicated that the synergistic action of phytochemicals might enhance the biological effect rather than the individual or summative effects of natural compounds. Curcumin has an antioxidant property and is an effective scavenger of reactive oxygen species. Curcumin also has a beneficial role in many age-related diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular disease, neurological disorder, and cancer. Aged garlic extracts are also another bioactive component that has high antioxidant properties. Many studies demonstrated aged garlic extract, which has high antioxidant properties, could play a significant role in anti-aging and age-related diseases. The synergistic effect of these compounds can decrease the requirement of doses of a single drug, thus reducing its side effects caused by increased concentration of the single drug.

Curcumin protects against lamotrigine-induced chronic ovarian and uterine toxicity in rats by regulating PPAR-γ and ROS production

Lamotrigine (LTG) is an antiepileptic drug with possible adverse effects on the female reproductive system. Curcumin was declared to improve ovarian performance. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify ovulatory dysfunction (OD) associated with LTG and the role of curcumin in ameliorating this dysfunction. Adult female Wister albino rats were assigned into four groups: negative control (received saline), positive control (received curcumin only), LTG, and LTG with curcumin groups. Drugs were administered for 90 days. The hormonal profile, including testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone, in addition to the lipid profile and glycemic analysis, were tested. Oxidative stress biomarkers analysis in the ovaries and uterus and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) gene expression were also included. Histopathological examination of ovarian and uterine tissues and immunohistochemical studies were also performed. Curcumin could improve the OD related to chronic LTG intake. That was proved by the normalization of the hormonal profile, glycemic control, lipidemic status, oxidative stress markers, and PPAR-γ gene expression. The histopathological and immunohistochemical examination of ovarian and uterine tissues revealed an improvement after curcumin administration. The results describe an obvious deterioration in ovarian performance with LTG through the effect on lipidemic status, PPAR-γ gene, and creating an oxidative stress condition in the ovaries of chronic users, with a prominent improvement with curcumin addition to the treatment protocol.

Curcumin-ZnO conjugated nanoparticles confer neuroprotection against ketamine-induced neurotoxicity

BACKGROUND

Nanotechnology and its application to manipulate herbal compounds to design new neuroprotective agents to manage neurotoxicity has recently increased. Cur-ZnO conjugated nanoparticles were synthesized and used in an experimental model of ketamine-induced neurotoxicity.

METHODS

Cur-ZnO conjugated nanoparticles were chemically characterized, and the average crystalline size was determined. Forty-nine adult mice were divided into seven groups of seven animals each. Normal saline was given to control mice (group 1). Ketamine (25 mg/kg) was given to a second group. A third group of mice was given ketamine (25 mg/kg) in combination with curcumin (40 mg/kg), while mice in groups 4, 5, and 6 received ketamine (25 mg/kg) plus Cur-ZnO nanoparticles (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg). Group 7 received only ZnO (5 mg/kg). All doses were ip for 14 days. Hippocampal mitochondrial quadruple complex enzymes, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptotic characteristics were assessed.

RESULTS

Cur-ZnO nanoparticles and curcumin decreased lipid peroxidation, GSSG content, IL-1β, TNF-α, and Bax levels while increasing GSH and antioxidant enzymes like GPx, GR, and SOD while increasing Bcl-2 level and mitochondrial quadruple complex enzymes in ketamine treatment groups.

CONCLUSION

The neuroprotective properties of Cur-ZnO nanoparticles were efficient in preventing ketamine-induced neurotoxicity in the mouse brain. The nanoparticle form of curcumin (Cur-ZnO) required lower doses to produce neuroprotective effects against ketamine-induced toxicity than conventional curcumin.

Effect of resveratrol and curcumin and the potential synergism on hypertension: A mini-review of human and animal model studies

Resveratrol (RES) and curcumin (CUR) are two of the most extensively studied bioactive compounds in cardiovascular research from the past until today. These compounds have effectively lowered blood pressure by downregulating the renin-angiotensin system, exerting antioxidant effects, and exhibiting antiproliferative activities on blood vessels. This study aims to summarize the results of human and animal studies investigating the effects of CUR, RES, and their combination on hypertension and the molecular mechanisms involved. The published trials' results are controversial regarding blood pressure reduction with different doses of RES and CUR, highlighting the need to address this issue.

Curcumin Enhances the Anti-Cancer Efficacy of CDK4/6 Inhibitors in Prostate Cancer

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to investigate the potential of combining cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors with curcumin (Cur), a natural compound known for its anti-aging properties, to enhance the anti-cancer efficacy in prostate cancer (PCa).

METHODS

The cell viability was determined by cell counting kit-8 assay, colony forming assay and cell invasion. The cell cycle and mRNA levels of p16 (cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A, CDKN2A), p21 (cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A, CDKN1A) and Rb (RB transcriptional corepressor) were detected by flow cytometry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. SA-β-gal staining and interleukin 6 (IL6) mRNA levels were used to evaluate cell aging. Western blot was used to detect mechanistic targets of rapamycin (mTOR) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathways. Moreover, Sphere formation assay and mRNA levels of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) 1A1, CD44 and Nanog were used to determine cell stemness.

RESULTS

The combination of LY2835219 (LY, CDK4/6 inhibitor) and Cur exhibited a synergistic inhibitory effect on PCa cell proliferation (p < 0.01) and invasion (p < 0.01) and Rb gene expression (p < 0.05), as well as a synergistic promotive effect on p61 expression (p < 0.01), p21 expression (p < 0.01) and cell cycle G1 arrest in PCa cells (p < 0.05) compared with LY or Cur alone. LY and LY + Cur increased the SA-β-gal-stained cells (p < 0.01). mTOR (p < 0.01) and STAT3 pathway (p < 0.01) were decreased by LY + Cur (p < 0.01). Furthermore, LY + Cur conditioned medium (CM) inhibited cell stemness by decreasing cell spheres (p < 0.05), ALDH1A1 (p < 0.01), CD44 (p < 0.01) and Nanog (p < 0.01) compared with LY CM.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings of this study suggested that the combination of CDK4/6 inhibitor and curcumin may have clinical implications for the treatment of PCa.

melanogaster

Recent reports indicated that the phytochemical curcumin possesses iron-chelating activity. Here, by employing the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, we conducted feeding studies supplementing curcumin or, as a control, the iron chelator bathophenanthroline (BPA). First, the absorption and further metabolization of dietary curcuminoids were proved by metabolomics analyses. Next, we found that 0.2% dietary curcumin, similar to BPA, lowered the iron but also the cobalt content, and to a lesser extent affected the manganese and zinc status. Supplementation during larval stages was required and sufficient for both compounds to elicit these alterations in adult animals. However, curcumin-induced retarded larval development was not attributable to the changed trace metal status. In addition, a reduction in the iron content of up to 70% by curcumin or BPA supplementation did not reduce heme-dependent catalase activity and tolerance toward H2 O2 in D. melanogaster. Moreover, polyamines were not influenced by curcumin treatment and decreased iron levels. This was confirmed for selected organs from 0.2% curcumin-treated mice, except for the spleen. Here, elevated spermidine level and concomitant upregulation of genes involved in polyamine production were associated with a putatively anemia-derived increased spleen mass. Our data underline that the metal-chelating property of curcumin needs to be considered in feeding studies.

Apoptosis antagonizing transcription factor-mediated liver damage and inflammation to cancer: Therapeutic intervention by curcumin in experimental metabolic dysfunction associated steatohepatitis-hepatocellular carcinoma

In tandem with the expanding obesity pandemic, the prevalence of metabolic dysfunction associated steatohepatitis (MASH, formerly known as NASH)- driven hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is predicted to rise globally, creating a significant need for therapeutic interventions. We previously identified the upregulation of apoptosis antagonizing transcription factor (AATF), which is implicated in facilitating the progression from MASH to HCC. The objective of this study was to examine whether the intervention of curcumin could alleviate AATF-mediated MASH, inhibit tumor growth, and elucidate the underlying mechanism. A preclinical murine model mimicking human MASH-HCC was employed, subjecting mice to either a chow diet normal water (CDNW) or western diet sugar water (WDSW) along with very low dose of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 - 0.2 μL/g, weekly). Mice receiving curcumin (CUR) alongside WDSW/CCl4 exhibited significant improvements, including reduced liver enzymes, dyslipidemia, steatosis, inflammation, and hepatocellular ballooning. Curcumin treatment also suppressed hepatic expression of inflammatory, fibrogenic, and oncogenic markers. Of note, there was a significant reduction in the expression of AATF upon curcumin treatment in WDSW/CCl4 mice and human HCC cells. In contrast, curcumin upregulated Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) in MASH liver and HCC cells, which is known to downregulate sp1 (specificity protein-1) expression. Thus, curcumin treatment effectively inhibited the progression of MASH to HCC by downregulating the expression of AATF via the KLF4-Sp1 signaling pathway. These preclinical findings establish a novel molecular connection between curcumin and AATF in reducing hepatocarcinogenesis, and provide a strong rationale for the development of curcumin as a viable treatment for MASH-HCC in humans.

Exploring the Mechanism of Activation of CFTR by Curcuminoids: An Ensemble Docking Study

Curcumin, a major constituent of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), has beneficial effects against several diseases. In cystic fibrosis (CF), this compound improves patients' symptoms by recovering the activity of a number of mutants of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Despite holding promise in the treatment of CF, the curcumin binding site in CFTR and the molecular mechanism of activation of this channel are still unknown. The results of this study, based on docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, allow us to propose that curcumin binds the closed ATP-free CFTR near the nucleotide-binding domain 1 (NBD1)/ICl1/ICl4 interface. The bound ligand, once approached by the nucleotide-binding domain 2 (NBD2) during transient channel opening, lays at a multiple interdomain cross point. Thereafter, curcumin can bridge NBD1 and NBD2, and also ICL1/ICL4 and ICL2/ICL3, finally tightening the same interdomain interactions that normally uphold the open conformation in the wild-type ATP-bound CFTR. The proposed binding site is compatible with biochemical observations made in previous CFTR-curcumin interaction studies. These findings provide a framework for the design of novel drugs that activate CFTR mutants characterized by defects in ATP binding and/or NBD dimerization or even lacking NBD2.

Influence of the Oil Structuring System on Lipid Hydrolysis and Bioaccessibility of Healthy Fatty Acids and Curcumin

Oleogels (OG) and gelled emulsions (GE) were elaborated with a mixture of olive and chia oils (80:20 ratio) without and with the incorporation of the health-related compound curcumin. These were studied to evaluate the influence of the oil structuring system on the lipid hydrolysis and bioaccessibility of three healthy fatty acids (FA) (palmitic, oleic, and α-linolenic acids) and of curcumin, compared to the oil mixture (bulk oil, BO). The oil structuring system influenced the firmness and texture, and the presence of curcumin significantly altered the color parameters. GE showed higher lipid digestibility, with a greater proportion of absorbable fraction (higher content of free FA and monoacylglycerides) than OG, which behaved similarly to BO. The presence of curcumin affected the degree of lipolysis, reducing lipid digestibility in OG and increasing it in GE. As for FA bioaccessibility, although GE presented higher percentages overall, curcumin significantly increased and decreased FA bioaccessibility in OG and GE, respectively. The oil structuring system also influenced the bioaccessibility of curcumin, which was higher in GE. Therefore, when selecting an oil structuring system, their physicochemical properties, the degree of lipid hydrolysis, and the bioaccessibility of both curcumin and the FA studied should all be considered.

Effects of Curcumin on the Egg Quality and Hepatic Lipid Metabolism of Laying Hens

Curcumin, the major active compound of turmeric, has shown potential benefits for poultry health and production in various studies. However, its specific role in enhancing the egg quality and liver health of laying hens, as well as its underlying mechanisms, have yet to be determined. Here, a total of 600 Su Qin No.1 Laying hens, aged 55 weeks and with similar laying rates, were randomly placed into five groups, with 10 replicates of 12 hens each. Curcumin doses of 0, 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg were added to the basal diet to form the experimental groups. After an 8-week feeding period, no significant changes were observed in the production performance of laying hens due to curcumin supplementation. However, additional tests revealed that a 200 mg/kg curcumin supplementation improved albumen height, yolk color, Haugh unit, and eggshell thickness, while reducing the thin albumen's weight and proportion. This was accompanied by a significant down-regulation of the mRNA expression level of the Prolactin Receptor (Prlr) in the oviduct magnum. Furthermore, the number of hepatic lipid droplets and the hepatic triglyceride (TG) content, as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly reduced, indicating improved hepatic lipid metabolism and oxidative status. This was accompanied by a significant reduction in the expressions of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 gene (Srebp-1), fatty acid synthase gene (Fasn), as well as fatty acid synthase (FASN), which are closely related to fatty acid synthesis in the liver. Overall, these findings suggest that curcumin supplementation at a dosage of 200 mg/kg could lead to significant improvements in egg quality and hepatic lipid metabolism.

Nutritional Supplements for Skin Health-A Review of What Should Be Chosen and Why

Supplementation of micronutrients is considered to be crucial in the reinforcement of the skin's barrier. In this paper, 14 nutritional compounds commonly used in food or pharmaceutic industries were analyzed in terms of influencing skin conditions. The major objective of this paper was to provide a narrative review of the available literature regarding several chosen compounds that are currently widely recommended as supplements that aim to maintain proper and healthy skin conditions. We conducted a review of the literature from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science until September 2023 without any other restrictions regarding the year of the publication. Ultimately, we reviewed 238 articles, including them in this review. Each of the reviewed compounds, including vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, curcumin, chlorella, Omega-3, biotin,Ppolypodium leucotomos, Simmondsia chinesis, gamma oryzanol, olive leaf extract, spirulina, and astaxanthin, was observed to present some possible effects with promising benefits for a skin condition, i.e., photoprotective radiation. Adding them to the diet or daily routine might have a positive influence on some skin inflammatory diseases such as atopic dermatitis or psoriasis. Further, UV radiation protection facilitated by some supplements and their impact on human cells might be helpful during chemotherapy or in preventing melanoma development. Further research is needed because of the lack of clear consensus regarding the doses of the described compounds that could provide desirable effects on the skin.

Therapeutic Potential of Curcumin, a Bioactive Compound of Turmeric, in Prevention of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes through the Modulation of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

This study evaluates the anti-diabetic potential and underlying mechanisms of curcumin in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats. The rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal control, negative control (diabetic group), diabetic group receiving glibenclamide (positive control group), and curcumin plus STZ (treatment group). The anti-diabetic activities of curcumin were examined at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight through physiological, biochemical, and histopathological analysis. Compared to the normal control group rats, elevated levels of glucose, creatinine, urea, triglycerides (TG), and total cholesterol (TC) and low levels of insulin were found in the negative control rats. Curcumin treatment showed a significant decrease in these parameters and an increase in insulin level as compared to negative control rats. In negative control rats, a reduced level of antioxidant enzymes and an increased level of lipid peroxidation and inflammatory marker levels were noticed. Oral administration of curcumin significantly ameliorated such changes. From histopathological findings, it was noted that diabetic rats showed changes in the kidney tissue architecture, including the infiltration of inflammatory cells, congestion, and fibrosis, while oral administration of curcumin significantly reduced these changes. Expression of IL-6 and TNF-α protein was high in diabetic rats as compared to the curcumin treatment groups. Hence, based on biochemical and histopathological findings, this study delivers a scientific suggestion that curcumin could be a suitable remedy in the management of diabetes mellitus.

Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms of Curcumin and Its Metabolites in White Adipose Tissue and Cultured Adipocytes

The plant-derived polyphenol curcumin alleviates the inflammatory and metabolic effects of obesity, in part, by reducing adipose tissue inflammation. We hypothesized that the benefits of curcumin supplementation on diet-induced obesity and systemic inflammation in mice occur through downregulation of white adipose tissue (WAT) inflammation. The hypothesis was tested in adipose tissue from high-fat diet-induced obese mice supplemented with or without curcumin and in 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with or without curcumin. Male B6 mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD, 45% kcal fat) with or without 0.4% (w/w) curcumin supplementation (HFC). Metabolic changes in these mice have been previously reported. Here, we determined the serum levels of the curcumin metabolites tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) and curcumin-O-glucuronide (COG) using mass spectrometry. Moreover, we determined interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels and proteomic changes in LPS-stimulated 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with or without curcumin by using immunoassays and mass spectrometry, respectively, to gain further insight into any altered processes. We detected both curcumin metabolites, THC and COG, in serum samples from the curcumin-fed mice. Both curcumin and its metabolites reduced LPS-induced adipocyte IL-6 secretion and mRNA levels. Proteomic analyses indicated that curcumin upregulated EIF2 and mTOR signaling pathways. Overall, curcumin exerted anti-inflammatory effects in adipocytes, in part by reducing IL-6, and these effects may be linked to the upregulation of the mTOR signaling pathway, warranting additional mechanistic studies on the effects of curcumin and its metabolites on metabolic health.

Photodynamic Action of Curcumin and Methylene Blue against Bacteria and SARS-CoV-2-A Review

Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) has occurred for more than four years, and the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing COVID-19 is a strain of coronavirus, which presents high rates of morbidity around the world. Up to the present date, there are no therapeutics that can avert this form of illness, and photodynamic therapy (PDT) may be an alternative approach against SARS-CoV-2. Curcumin and methylene blue have been approved and used in clinical practices as a photosensitizer in PDT for a long time with their anti-viral properties and for disinfection through photo-inactivated SARS-CoV-2. Previously, curcumin and methylene blue with antibacterial properties have been used against Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa).

METHODS

To conduct a literature review, nine electronic databases were researched, such as WanFang Data, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, Springer Link, SciFinder, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), without any regard to language constraints. In vitro and in vivo studies were included that evaluated the effect of PDT mediated via curcumin or methylene blue to combat bacteria and SARS-CoV-2. All eligible studies were analyzed and summarized in this review.

RESULTS

Curcumin and methylene blue inhibited the replication of SARS-CoV-2. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated during the treatment of PDT with curcumin and methylene blue to prevent the attachment of SARS-CoV-2 on the ACE2 receptor and damage to the nucleic acids either DNA or RNA. It also modulates pro-inflammatory cytokines and attenuates the clotting effects of the host response.

CONCLUSION

The photodynamic action of curcumin and methylene blue provides a possible approach against bacteria and SARS-CoV-2 infection because they act as non-toxic photosensitizers in PDT with an antibacterial effect, anti-viral properties, and disinfection functions.

Metabolomics and Transcriptomics Analyses of Curcumin Alleviation of Ochratoxin A-Induced Hepatotoxicity

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the mycotoxins that poses a serious threat to human and animal health. Curcumin (CUR) is a major bioactive component of turmeric that provides multiple health benefits. CUR can reduce the toxicities induced by mycotoxins, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. To explore the effects of CUR on OTA toxicity and identify the key regulators and metabolites involved in the biological processes, we performed metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses of livers from OTA-exposed mice. We found that CUR can alleviate the toxic effects of OTA on body growth and liver functions. In addition, CUR supplementation significantly affects the expressions of 1584 genes and 97 metabolites. Integrated analyses of transcriptomic and metabolomic data showed that the pathways including Arachidonic acid metabolism, Purine metabolism, and Cholesterol metabolism were significantly enriched. Pantothenic acid (PA) was identified as a key metabolite, the exogenous supplementation of which was observed to significantly alleviate the OTA-induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species and cell apoptosis. Further mechanistical analyses revealed that PA can downregulate the expression level of proapoptotic protein BAX, enhance the expression level of apoptosis inhibitory protein BCL2, and decrease the level of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (pERK1/2). This study demonstrated that CUR can alleviate the adverse effects of OTA by influencing the transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles of livers, which may contribute to the application of CUR in food and feed products for the prevention of OTA toxicity.

Toxicity Evaluation and Controlled-Release of Curcumin-Loaded Amphiphilic Poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone Nanoparticles: In Vitro and In Vivo Models

Curcumin attracts huge attention because of its biological properties: it is antiproliferative, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and so on. However, its usage has been limited by poor water solubility and low bioavailability. Herein, to solve these problems, we developed curcumin-loaded nanoparticles based on end-capped amphiphilic poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone). Nanoparticles were obtained using the solvent evaporation method and were characterized by dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering, transmission electron (TEM) and atomic force (AFM) microscopy. The average particle size was 200 nm, and the ζ-potential was -4 mV. Curcumin-release studies showed that nanoparticles are stable in aqueous solutions. An in vitro release study showed prolonged action in gastric, intestinal and colonic fluids, consistently, and in PBS. In vitro studies on epidermoid carcinoma and human embryonic kidney cells showed that the cells absorbed more curcumin in nanoparticles compared to free curcumin. Nanoparticles are safe for healthy cells and show high cytotoxicity for glioblastoma cells in cytotoxicity studies in vitro. The median lethal dose was determined in an acute toxicity assay on zebrafish and was 23 μM. Overall, the curcumin-loaded nanoparticles seem promising for cancer treatment.

Enhancing Transdermal Delivery of Curcumin-Based Ionic Liquid Liposomes for Application in Psoriasis

To improve the permeation of curcumin, we prepared curcumin-based ionic liquid (Cur-Bet-IL) (IL formed using curcumin succinic anhydride and betaine) from curcumin by combining theoretical calculation and experimental research and then prepared curcumin-based ionic liquid liposome (Cur-Bet-IL-Lip). The Cur-Bet-IL-Lip has good stability (stored for 10 days without significant changes) and biocompatibility, which encompasses not only the properties of curcumin but also the characteristics of ionic liquids and liposomes. Cur-Bet-IL-Lip can penetrate the stratum corneum and deliver curcumin to the epidermis and dermis of the skin, and the cumulative permeability of curcumin after 24 h was 49%. Compared to Cur-Bet-IL, Cur-Bet-IL-Lip has a good uptake ability on human immortalized keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells (1.87-fold), which can reduce the expression of TNF-α (1.59-fold), IL-1β (1.19-fold), IL-17A (1.53-fold), IL-17F (1.18-fold), and IL-22 (1.49-fold) in HaCaT cells and then increase the expression of collagen-I (1.14-fold). Therefore, Cur-Bet-IL-Lip has guiding significance in improving the solubility and permeation of insoluble drugs, which also provides a potential value for the clinical application of curcumin.

The effects of curcumin on hepatic T2*MRI and liver enzymes in patients with β-thalassemia major: a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial

Background: Curcumin present in turmeric has been considered due to its cancer-preventive features, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial with a reasonable sample size and longer intervention period was conducted to investigate how oral curcumin affected cardiac and hepatic T2*MRI and liver enzymes in patients with β-thalassemia major. Method: This clinical trial study was conducted on 171 patients over 5 years old. The subjects were randomly divided into a curcumin-treatment group and a placebo group to receive either curcumin capsules twice daily or placebo for 6 months. Patients were examined once a month for 6 months to receive capsules and measure the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), direct and total bilirubin, ferritin and cardiac and hepatic T2*MRI. Result: There was a significant decrease in levels of AST, ALT, ALP, and bilirubin (direct and total) in the curcumin group compared with the placebo group by the end of the study (p < 0.05). The levels of serum ferritin remained unchanged in both groups at the end of the follow-up period (p > 0.05). No significant differences were observed between the curcumin and placebo groups at baseline values or at the end of the study of cardiac and hepatic T2*MRI and serum magnesium. Conclusion: Administration of curcumin has some beneficial effects on liver function by reducing liver enzymes in patients with beta-thalassemia major.

Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Loaded with Curcumin

Curcumin is a highly promising substance for treating burns, owing to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and wound-healing properties. However, its therapeutic use is restricted due to its hydrophobic nature and low bioavailability. This study was conducted to address these limitations; it developed and tested two types of lipid nanocarriers, namely nanoemulsions (NE-CUR) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC-CUR) loaded with curcumin, and aimed to identify the most suitable nanocarrier for skin burn treatment. The study evaluated various parameters, including physicochemical characteristics, stability, encapsulation efficiency, release, skin permeation, retention, cell viability, and antimicrobial activity. The results showed that both nanocarriers showed adequate size (~200 nm), polydispersity index (~0.25), and zeta potential (~>-20 mV). They also showed good encapsulation efficiency (>90%) and remained stable for 120 days at different temperatures. In the release test, NE-CUR and NCL-CUR released 57.14% and 51.64% of curcumin, respectively, in 72 h. NE-CUR demonstrated better cutaneous permeation/retention in intact or scalded skin epidermis and dermis than NLC-CUR. The cell viability test showed no toxicity after treatment with NE-CUR and NLC-CUR up to 125 μg/mL. Regarding microbial activity assays, free curcumin has activity against P. aeruginosa, reducing bacterial growth by 75% in 3 h. NE-CUR inhibited bacterial growth by 65% after 24 h, and the association with gentamicin had favorable results, while NLC-CUR showed a lower inhibition. The results demonstrated that NE-CUR is probably the most promising nanocarrier for treating burns.

Biological Potential and Bioaccessibility of Encapsulated Curcumin into Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide Modified Cellulose Nanocrystals

Curcumin is a natural phenolic compound with important biological functions. Despite its demonstrated efficacy in vitro, curcumin biological activities in vivo are dependent on its bioaccessibility and bioavailability, which have been highlighted as a crucial challenge. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-modified cellulose nanocrystals (CNC-CTAB) have been shown to be effective in curcumin encapsulation, as they have the potential to enhance biological outcomes. This study evaluated the biological effects of curcumin encapsulated within CNC-CTAB structures, namely its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, as well as the release profile under digestion conditions and intestinal permeability. Encapsulated curcumin demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, effectively reducing reactive oxygen species and cytokine production by intestinal cells. The delivery system exhibited antimicrobial properties against Campylobacter jejuni bacteria, further suggesting its potential in mitigating intestinal inflammation. The system showed the ability to protect curcumin from degradation and facilitate its interaction with the intestinal epithelium, highlighting the potential of CNC-CTAB as carrier to enhance curcumin intestinal biological functions.

Corrigendum: Targeting thymidylate synthase enhances the chemosensitivity of triple-negative breast cancer towards 5-FU-based combinatorial therapy

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.656804.].

Psilocybin and Eugenol Reduce Inflammation in Human 3D EpiIntestinal Tissue

Inflammation plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), by contributing to tissue damage and exacerbating the immune response. The investigation of serotonin receptor 2A (5-HT2A) ligands and transient receptor potential (TRP) channel ligands is of significant interest due to their potential to modulate key inflammatory pathways, mitigate the pathological effects of inflammation, and offer new avenues for therapeutic interventions in IBD. This study investigates the anti-inflammatory effects of 5-HT2A ligands, including psilocybin, 4-AcO-DMT, and ketanserin, in combination with TRP channel ligands, including capsaicin, curcumin, and eugenol, on the inflammatory response induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ in human 3D EpiIntestinal tissue. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to assess the expression of pro-inflammatory markers TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and GM-CSF. Our results show that psilocybin, 4-AcO-DMT, and eugenol significantly reduce TNF-α and IFN-γ levels, while capsaicin and curcumin decrease these markers to a lesser extent. Psilocybin effectively lowers IL-6 and IL-8 levels, but curcumin, capsaicin, and 4-AcO-DMT have limited effects on these markers. In addition, psilocybin can significantly decrease MCP-1 and GM-CSF levels. While ketanserin lowers IL-6 and GM-CSF levels, there are no effects seen on TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-8, or MCP-1. Although synergistic effects between 5-HT2A and TRP channel ligands are minimal in this study, the results provide further evidence of the anti-inflammatory effects of psilocybin and eugenol. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms of action and the feasibility of using these compounds as anti-inflammatory therapies for conditions like IBD.

Therapeutic effects of curcumin on constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome is associated with modulating gut microbiota and neurotransmitters

Introduction

Constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-C) is a functional bowel disease that affects 10-20% of the population worldwide. Curcumin (CUR) is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat IBS, but its mechanism of action needs further investigation.

Methods

In this study, we used mosapride (MOS) as a positive control to evaluate the changes in gut microbiota in IBS-C rat models after treatment with CUR or MOS by analyzing 16S rDNA variation. In addition, we used enzyme immunoassay kits and immunohistochemical analysis to investigate whether CUR or MOS influenced serotonin (5-HT), substance P (SP), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) levels in the serum and colon of IBS-C rats.

Results

The study showed that rats supplemented with CUR showed significantly increased fecal weight, fecal water content, small intestine transit rate and significantly decreased serum levels of 5-HT, VIP and SP compared to the IBS group (p < 0.05). In addition, treatment with CUR changed the relative abundance of Blautia, Sutterella, Acetanaerobacterium and Ruminococcus2 in the gut microbiota.

Discussion

This study showed that the efficacy of CUR on IBS-C was possibly by modulating the microbiota and lowering the serum levels of HT, SP, and VIP.

Enhancement of Curcumin's Anti-Psoriatic Efficacy via Formulation into Tea Tree Oil-Based Emulgel

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by the hyperproliferation and aberrant differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes. It is a debilitating condition that can cause significant physical and emotional distress. Natural anti-psoriatic agents have been investigated as alternatives to conventional allopathic medications, as they have notable limitations and drawbacks. Curcumin and tea tree oil are cost-efficient and effective anti-inflammatory medicines with less adverse effects compared to synthetic psoriasis medications. Our research endeavors to harness the therapeutic potential of these natural compounds by developing an herbal anti-psoriatic topical drug delivery system. This novel method uses curcumin and tea tree oil to create a bi-phasic emulgel drug delivery system. Formulations F1 (gel) and F2 (emulgel) have high drug content percentages of 84.2% and 96.7%, respectively. The emulgel showed better spreadability for cutaneous applications, with a viscosity of 92,200 ± 943 cp compared to the gel's 56,200 ± 1725 cp. The emulgel released 94.48% of the drugs, compared to 87.58% for the gel. These formulations conform to the zero-order and Higuchi models, and their stability over a three-month period is crucial. In vivo, the emulgel healed psoriasis symptoms faster than the usual gel. The gathered results confirmed the emulgel's potential as a drug delivery method, emphasizing the complementary benefits of tea tree oil and curcumin as an effective new therapy for psoriasis.

Jacalin-Curcumin Complex Sensitizes the Breast Cancer MDA-MB-231 Cell Line

Protein-drug interactions are crucial for understanding drug delivery and cell functions. Jacalin is a suitable molecule for such targeting, as it specifically recognizes the tumor-associated Thomsen-Friedenreich (TF) antigen that is expressed on the glycosylated proteins in cancer cells. The present paper describes the interaction of curcumin and jacalin, a possible carrier molecule for the delivery of antitumor drugs due to its ability to recognize tumor cells. Our results have shown that both steady-state fluorescence and fluorescent labelling of jacalin are two reliable methods to determine jacalin-curcumin interactions. The affinity of jacalin for curcumin is consistently within the micromolar range (using fluorescence and microscale thermophoresis) showing high-affinity binding of the complex. In vitro experiments on triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells indicated inhibition of cell growth after treating with the jacalin-curcumin complex for 48 h. The cell survival fraction was significantly reduced to 50% after combined treatment. In this paper, we report for the first time about the jacalin-curcumin interaction. We quantified this unique biomolecular interaction and gathered additional information on the binding event. We observed that the jacalin-curcumin complex inhibits the proliferation of the triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells.

Molecular Mechanisms of Curcumin in the Pathogenesis of Metabolic Dysfunction Associated Steatotic Liver Disease

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a multifactorial condition characterized by insulin resistance, oxidative stress, chronic low-grade inflammation, and sometimes fibrosis. To date, no effective pharmacological therapy has been approved for the treatment of metabolic-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), the progressive form of MASLD. Recently, numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have described the efficacy of nutraceutical compounds in the diet has been tested. Among them, curcumin is the most widely used polyphenol in the diet showing potent anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic activities. This review aims to summarize the most important basic studies (in vitro and animal models studies), describing the molecular mechanisms by which curcumin acts in the context of MASLD, providing the rationale for its effective translational use in humans.

Turmeric Powder Counteracts Oxidative Stress and Reduces AFB1 Content in the Liver of Broilers Exposed to the EU Maximum Levels of the Mycotoxin

The most frequent adverse effects of AFB1 in chicken are low performance, the depression of the immune system, and a reduced quality of both eggs and meat, leading to economic losses. Since oxidative stress plays a major role in AFB1 toxicity, natural products are increasingly being used as an alternative to mineral binders to tackle AFB1 toxicosis in farm animals. In this study, an in vivo trial was performed by exposing broilers for 10 days to AFB1 at dietary concentrations approaching the maximum limits set by the EU (0.02 mg/kg feed) in the presence or absence of turmeric powder (TP) (included in the feed at 400 mg/kg). The aims were to evaluate (i) the effects of AFB1 on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant parameters, histology, and the expression of drug transporters and biotransformation enzymes in the liver; (ii) the hepatic accumulation of AFB1 and its main metabolites (assessed using an in-house-validated HPLC-FLD method); (iii) the possible modulation of the above parameters elicited by TP. Broilers exposed to AFB1 alone displayed a significant increase in lipid peroxidation in the liver, which was completely reverted by the concomitant administration of TP. Although no changes in glutathione levels and antioxidant enzyme activities were detected in any treatment group, AFB1 significantly upregulated and downregulated the mRNA expression of CYP2A6 and Nrf2, respectively. TP counteracted such negative effects and increased the hepatic gene expression of selected antioxidant enzymes (i.e., CAT and SOD2) and drug transporters (i.e., ABCG2), which were further enhanced in combination with AFB1. Moreover, both AFB1 and TP increased the mRNA levels of ABCC2 and ABCG2 in the duodenum. The latter changes might be implicated in the decrease in hepatic AFB1 to undetectable levels ( Collapse

Key Words

• aflatoxin B1
• chicken
• curcumin
• drug transporters
• drug-metabolizing enzymes
• liver
• oxidative stress
• turmeric powder

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MESH Headings

• Animals
• Antioxidants/pharmacology
• Antioxidants/metabolism
• Chickens/metabolism
• Curcuma/metabolism
• Powders/metabolism
• Powders/pharmacology
• Mycotoxins/metabolism
• Aflatoxin B1/metabolism
• Liver
• Oxidative Stress
• RNA, Messenger/metabolism

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Grants

• 678781 European Union

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Affiliation(s)

Neenu Amminikutty Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (N.A.); (V.S.); (W.J.); (P.B.); (M.T.C.); (E.C.); (A.S.); (F.G.)
Veronica Spalenza Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (N.A.); (V.S.); (W.J.); (P.B.); (M.T.C.); (E.C.); (A.S.); (F.G.)
Watanya Jarriyawattanachaikul Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (N.A.); (V.S.); (W.J.); (P.B.); (M.T.C.); (E.C.); (A.S.); (F.G.)
Paola Badino Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (N.A.); (V.S.); (W.J.); (P.B.); (M.T.C.); (E.C.); (A.S.); (F.G.)
Maria Teresa Capucchio Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (N.A.); (V.S.); (W.J.); (P.B.); (M.T.C.); (E.C.); (A.S.); (F.G.)
Elena Colombino Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (N.A.); (V.S.); (W.J.); (P.B.); (M.T.C.); (E.C.); (A.S.); (F.G.)
Achille Schiavone Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (N.A.); (V.S.); (W.J.); (P.B.); (M.T.C.); (E.C.); (A.S.); (F.G.)
Donato Greco Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Italian National Research Council, 70126 Bari, Italy; (D.G.); (V.D.); (G.A.)
Vito D’Ascanio Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Italian National Research Council, 70126 Bari, Italy; (D.G.); (V.D.); (G.A.)
Giuseppina Avantaggiato Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Italian National Research Council, 70126 Bari, Italy; (D.G.); (V.D.); (G.A.)
Sihem Dabbou Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy;
Carlo Nebbia Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (N.A.); (V.S.); (W.J.); (P.B.); (M.T.C.); (E.C.); (A.S.); (F.G.)
Flavia Girolami Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (N.A.); (V.S.); (W.J.); (P.B.); (M.T.C.); (E.C.); (A.S.); (F.G.)

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