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Li X, Zhang B, Hu Y, Zhao Y. New Insights Into Gut-Bacteria-Derived Indole and Its Derivatives in Intestinal and Liver Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:769501. [PMID: 34966278 PMCID: PMC8710772 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.769501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between host and microorganism widely affects the immune and metabolic status. Indole and its derivatives are metabolites produced by the metabolism of tryptophan catalyzed by intestinal microorganisms. By activating nuclear receptors, regulating intestinal hormones, and affecting the biological effects of bacteria as signaling molecules, indole and its derivatives maintain intestinal homeostasis and impact liver metabolism and the immune response, which shows good therapeutic prospects. We reviewed recent studies on indole and its derivatives, including related metabolism, the influence of diets and intestinal commensal bacteria, and the targets and mechanisms in pathological conditions, especially progress in therapeutic strategies. New research insights into indoles will facilitate a better understanding of their druggability and application in intestinal and liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Li
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Binbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiyang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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152
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Laskey A, Devenish J, Kang M, Savic M, Chmara J, Dan H, Lin M, Robertson J, Bessonov K, Gurnik S, Liu K, Nash JHE, Topp E, Guan J. Mobility of β-lactam resistance under ampicillin treatment in gut microbiota suffering from pre-disturbance. Microb Genom 2021; 7. [PMID: 34882531 PMCID: PMC8767350 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ingestion of food- or waterborne antibiotic-resistant bacteria may lead to dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the gut microbiota. The gut microbiota often suffers from various disturbances. It is not clear whether and how disturbed microbiota may affect ARG mobility under antibiotic treatments. For proof of concept, in the presence or absence of streptomycin pre-treatment, mice were inoculated orally with a β-lactam-susceptible Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg clinical isolate (recipient) and a β-lactam resistant Escherichia coli O80:H26 isolate (donor) carrying a blaCMY-2 gene on an IncI2 plasmid. Immediately following inoculation, mice were treated with or without ampicillin in drinking water for 7 days. Faeces were sampled, donor, recipient and transconjugant were enumerated, blaCMY-2 abundance was determined by quantitative PCR, faecal microbial community composition was determined by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and cecal samples were observed histologically for evidence of inflammation. In faeces of mice that received streptomycin pre-treatment, the donor abundance remained high, and the abundance of S. Heidelberg transconjugant and the relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae increased significantly during the ampicillin treatment. Co-blooming of the donor, transconjugant and commensal Enterobacteriaceae in the inflamed intestine promoted significantly (P<0.05) higher and possibly wider dissemination of the blaCMY-2 gene in the gut microbiota of mice that received the combination of streptomycin pre-treatment and ampicillin treatment (Str-Amp) compared to the other mice. Following cessation of the ampicillin treatment, faecal shedding of S. Heidelberg transconjugant persisted much longer from mice in the Str-Amp group compared to the other mice. In addition, only mice in the Str-Amp group shed a commensal E. coli O2:H6 transconjugant, which carries three copies of the blaCMY-2 gene, one on the IncI2 plasmid and two on the chromosome. The findings highlight the significance of pre-existing gut microbiota for ARG dissemination and persistence during and following antibiotic treatments of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Laskey
- Ottawa Laboratory-Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - John Devenish
- Ottawa Laboratory-Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mingsong Kang
- Ottawa Laboratory-Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mirjana Savic
- Ottawa Laboratory-Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - John Chmara
- Ottawa Laboratory-Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Hanhong Dan
- Ottawa Laboratory-Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Min Lin
- Ottawa Laboratory-Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - James Robertson
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Kyrylo Bessonov
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Simone Gurnik
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Kira Liu
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - John H E Nash
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Edward Topp
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jiewen Guan
- Ottawa Laboratory-Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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153
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Koszewicz M, Mulak A, Dziadkowiak E, Budrewicz S. Is Fecal Calprotectin an Applicable Biomarker of Gut Immune System Activation in Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy? - A Pilot Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:733070. [PMID: 34867240 PMCID: PMC8636096 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.733070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is a complex autoimmune disease caused by dysregulated response to not fully recognized antigens. Some association between CIDP and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been reported, but the exact pathophysiological links of these disorders are not well understood. Aim of the Study: To evaluate fecal calprotectin as a biomarker of gut inflammation in CIDP patients without IBD. Methods: Fifteen patients with CIDP and 15 healthy controls were included in the study. The CIDP diagnosis was based on the EFNS/PNS criteria. The occurrence of bowel symptoms was assessed based on a questionnaire. The quantitative evaluation of fecal calprotectin level was performed by the ELISA test. Results: The fecal calprotectin level (μg/g) expressed as median along with the lower and upper quartiles [25Q–75Q] was significantly higher in CIDP patients compared to the controls: 26.6 [17.5–109.0] vs 15.6 [7.1–24.1], p = 0.0066. Abnormal fecal calprotectin level (>50 μg/g) was found in 33% of all CIDP patients and in none of the control subjects. The patients with abnormal fecal calprotectin level did not differ from the rest of the study group regarding the neurological status. The most common bowel symptoms reported by CIDP patients included constipation (33%), feeling of incomplete evacuation (33%), bloating (27%), and alternating bowel movement pattern (27%). Conclusion: In one-third of CIDP patients the signs of gut immune system activation have been observed. This finding may be associated with CIDP pathogenesis and induction of autoimmune response as well as concomitant dysautonomia with gastrointestinal symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agata Mulak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Edyta Dziadkowiak
- Department of Neurology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
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154
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Xu X, Zhang J, Chen L, Sun Y, Qing D, Xin X, Yan C. Alhagi pseudalhagi Extract Exerts Protective Effects Against Intestinal Inflammation in Ulcerative Colitis by Affecting TLR 4-Dependent NF-κB Signaling Pathways. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:764602. [PMID: 34803708 PMCID: PMC8600043 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.764602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Alhagi pseudalhagi Desv. Extract (APE) is the major active fraction extracted from the aerial part of Alhagi pseudalhagi Desv. In view of its application in Uyghur medicine, it may be beneficial for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible beneficial effects of APE on UC mice and detect the possible mechanisms underlying these effects. Methods: An acute UC model was established in mice using dextran sulfate sodium. Sixty mice were randomly divided into six groups: normal, UC model, sulfasalazine (200 mg/kg), high-dose APE (APE-H, 2.82 g/kg), middle-dose APE (APE-M, 1.41 g/kg), and low-dose APE (APE-L, 0.70 g/kg) groups. Drugs were administered by gavage for 10 days after the induction of colitis. Serum and colon tissue samples were collected from the mice during the experiment, and survival signs, body weight changes, disease activity index (DAI), colon length, and colon wet weight in mice were determined after the treatment. UC-induced damage, including inflammation and ulceration of colon mucosa, were observed by the naked eye as well as using hematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E) and scanning electron microscopy and scored according to Wallace and Keean’s criteria. We measured the levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 in the serum and colon tissues using ELISA. Additionally, the relative protein levels of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear factor-kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65), phosphorylated NF-κB p65 at Ser536 (p-p65 Ser536), inhibitor kappa B-kinase ß (IK-Kβ), and phosphorylated IK-Kβ (Ser176/180) (p-IK-Kβ) in colonic mucosal epithelial tissues were detected using western blotting. The main functional components of APE were analyzed and confirmed by UPLC-MS/MS. Results: APE treatment repaired the UC-induced colon mucosa injury, reduced the weight loss, attenuated DAI, colon macroscopic damage index, and histological inflammation, and significantly downregulated the levels of inflammatory markers, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, in the serum and colon tissues. Additionally, APE treatment reduced the levels of TLR4 and phosphorylation of p-NF-κB and p-IK-Kβ. The main components of APE are taxifolin, 3,5-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-7-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl) oxan-2-yl] oxychromen-4-one, hyperoside, rutin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, 7,8-dihydroxyflavone, and kaempferide. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, the present study is first to demonstrate that APE exerts a protective effect against intestinal inflammation in UC by affecting TLR4-dependent NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Xu
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry in Arid Regions, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China.,Xinjiang Institute of Chinese Materia Medica and Ethnodrug, Urumqi, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Xinjiang Institute of Chinese Materia Medica and Ethnodrug, Urumqi, China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry in Arid Regions, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China.,Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Xinjiang Institute of Chinese Materia Medica and Ethnodrug, Urumqi, China
| | - Degang Qing
- Xinjiang Institute of Chinese Materia Medica and Ethnodrug, Urumqi, China
| | - Xuelei Xin
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry in Arid Regions, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyan Yan
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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155
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Bortoluzzi C, Lahaye L, Oxford J, Detzler D, Eyng C, Barbieri NL, Santin E, Kogut MH. Protected Organic Acid and Essential Oils for Broilers Raised Under Field Conditions: Intestinal Health Biomarkers and Cecal Microbiota. Front Physiol 2021; 12:722339. [PMID: 34759833 PMCID: PMC8573139 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.722339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of protected organic acids (OA) and essential oils (EO) [P(OA + EO)] on the intestinal health of broiler chickens raised under field conditions. The study was conducted on four commercial farms. Each farm consisted of four barns, two barns under a control diet and two tested barns supplemented with P(OA + EO), totaling 16 barns [8 control and 8 under P(OA + EO)]. The control group was supplemented with antibiotic growth promoters [AGP; Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate (50 g/ton) during starter, grower and finisher 1, and flavomycin (2 g/ton) during finisher 2]. The tested group was supplemented with 636, 636, 454, and 454 g/ton of P(OA + EO) during starter, grower, finisher 1 and 2, respectively. Eighty birds were necropsied (40/treatment; 20/farm; and 5/barn) to collect blood, jejunal tissue, and cecal contents. The data were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) (P < 0.05) or Kruskal-Wallis' test and the frequency of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) genes was analyzed by Chi-Square test (P < 0.05). It was observed that the supplementation of P(OA + EO) reduced (P < 0.05) the histopathology scores, such as the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the epithelium and lamina propria and tended (P = 0.09) to reduce the serum concentration of calprotectin (CALP). The supplementation of P(OA + EO) reduced the serum concentration of IL-12 (P = 0.0001), IL-16 (P = 0.001), and Pentraxin-3 (P = 0.04). Additionally, P(OA + EO) maintained a cecal microbiota similar to birds receiving AGP. The substitution of AGP by P(OA + EO) reduced (P < 0.05) the frequency of four AMR genes, related to gentamicin (three genes), and aminoglycoside (one gene). Overall, the inclusion of P(OA + EO), and removal of AGP, in the diets of commercially raised broiler chickens beneficially changed the phenotype of the jejunum as shown by the lowered ISI scores which characterizes an improved intestinal health. Furthermore, P(OA + EO) significantly reduced the serum concentration of several inflammatory biomarkers, while maintaining the diversity and composition of the cecal microbiota similar to AGP fed chickens and reducing the prevalence of AMR genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Cinthia Eyng
- Department of Animal Science, Western Paraná State University, Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazil
| | - Nicolle Lima Barbieri
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Michael Henry Kogut
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, United States
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156
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Abstract
The intestinal epithelial tight junction (TJ) barrier controls the paracellular permeation of contents from the intestinal lumen into the intestinal tissue and systemic circulation. A defective intestinal TJ barrier has been implicated as an important pathogenic factor in inflammatory diseases of the gut including Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and celiac disease. Previous studies have shown that pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are produced during intestinal inflammation, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ, have important intestinal TJ barrier-modulating actions. Recent studies have shown that the IL-1β-induced increase in intestinal TJ permeability is an important contributing factor of intestinal inflammation. The IL-1β-induced increase in intestinal TJ permeability is mediated by regulatory signaling pathways and activation of nuclear transcription factor nuclear factor-κB, myosin light chain kinase gene activation, and post-transcriptional occludin gene modulation by microRNA and contributes to the intestinal inflammatory process. In this review, the regulatory role of IL-1β on intestinal TJ barrier, the intracellular mechanisms that mediate the IL-1β modulation of intestinal TJ permeability, and the potential therapeutic targeting of the TJ barrier are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren W Kaminsky
- Section of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Rana Al-Sadi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Thomas Y Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
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157
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Wang B, Jin YX, Dong JL, Xiao HW, Zhang SQ, Li Y, Chen ZY, Yang XD, Fan SJ, Cui M. Low-Intensity Exercise Modulates Gut Microbiota to Fight Against Radiation-Induced Gut Toxicity in Mouse Models. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:706755. [PMID: 34746120 PMCID: PMC8566984 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.706755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced gastrointestinal (GI) tract toxicity halts radiotherapy and degrades the prognosis of cancer patients. Physical activity defined as “any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscle that requires energy expenditure” is a beneficial lifestyle modification for health. Here, we investigate whether walking, a low-intensity form of exercise, could alleviate intestinal radiation injury. Short-term (15 days) walking protected against radiation-induced GI tract toxicity in both male and female mice, as judged by longer colons, denser intestinal villi, more goblet cells, and lower expression of inflammation-related genes in the small intestines. High-throughput sequencing and untargeted metabolomics analysis showed that walking restructured the gut microbiota configuration, such as elevated Akkermansia muciniphila, and reprogramed the gut metabolome of irradiated mice. Deletion of gut flora erased the radioprotection of walking, and the abdomen local irradiated recipients who received fecal microbiome from donors with walking treatment exhibited milder intestinal toxicity. Oral gavage of A. muciniphila mitigated the radiation-induced GI tract injury. Importantly, walking did not change the tumor growth after radiotherapy. Together, our findings provide novel insights into walking and underpin that walking is a safe and effective form to protect against GI syndrome of patients with radiotherapy without financial burden in a preclinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu-Xiao Jin
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Changshu No. 2 People's Hospital, Changshu, China
| | - Jia-Li Dong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui-Wen Xiao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Shu-Qin Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Sai-Jun Fan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming Cui
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
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158
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Xie Y, Wen M, Zhao H, Liu G, Chen X, Tian G, Cai J, Jia G. Effect of zinc supplementation on growth performance, intestinal development, and intestinal barrier function in Pekin ducks with lipopolysaccharide challenge. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101462. [PMID: 34731734 PMCID: PMC8567444 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the influence of zinc (Zn) supplementation on growth performance, intestinal development and intestinal barrier function in Pekin ducks. A total of 480, one-day-old male Pekin ducks were divided into 6 groups with 8 replicates: 0 mg/kg Zn, 0 mg/kg Zn +0.5 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 30 mg/kg Zn, 30 mg/kg Zn +0.5 mg/kg LPS, 120 mg/kg Zn, 120 mg/kg Zn +0.5 mg/kg LPS. The duck primary intestinal epithelial cells (DIECs) were divided into 6 groups: D-Zn (Zinc deficiency, treated with 2 µmol/L zinc Chelator TPEN), A-Zn (Adequate Zinc, basal medium), H-Zn (High level of Zn, supplemented with 20 µmol/L Zn), D-Zn + 20 µg/mL LPS, A-Zn + 20 µg/mL LPS, H-Zn + 20 µg/mL LPS. The results were as follows: in vivo, with Zn supplementation of 120 mg/kg reduced LPS-induced decrease of growth performance and intestine damage (P < 0.05), and increased intestinal digestive enzyme activity of Pekin ducks (P < 0.05). In addition, Zn supplementation also attenuated LPS-induced intestinal epithelium permeability (P < 0.05), inhibited LPS-induced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and apoptosis-related genes (P < 0.05), as well as reduced LPS-induced the intestinal stem cells mobilization of Pekin ducks (P < 0.05). In vitro, 20 µmol/L Zn inhibited LPS-induced expression of inflammatory factors and apoptosis-related genes (P < 0.05), promoted the expression of cytoprotection-related genes, and attenuated LPS-induced intestinal epithelium permeability in DIECs (P < 0.05). Mechanistically, 20 µmol/L Zn enhanced tight junction protein markers including CLDN-1, OCLD, and ZO-1 both at protein and mRNA levels (P < 0.05), and also increased the level of phosphorylation of TOR protein (P < 0.05) and activated the TOR signaling pathway. In conclusion, Zn improves growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, and intestinal barrier function of Pekin ducks. Importantly, Zn also reverses LPS-induced intestinal barrier damage via enhancing the expression of tight junction proteins and activating the TOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqin Xie
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Min Wen
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan, 644000, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Guangmang Liu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Gang Tian
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Jingyi Cai
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Gang Jia
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
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Piamsomboon P, Tanpichai P, Wongtavatchai J. Enteritis associated with subclinical infection of Streptococcus iniae in juvenile Asian seabass Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790). J Fish Dis 2021; 44:1879-1882. [PMID: 34499748 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patharapol Piamsomboon
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pornpawit Tanpichai
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Janenuj Wongtavatchai
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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160
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Hanawa Y, Higashiyama M, Kurihara C, Tanemoto R, Ito S, Mizoguchi A, Nishii S, Wada A, Inaba K, Sugihara N, Horiuchi K, Okada Y, Narimatsu K, Komoto S, Tomita K, Hokari R. Acesulfame potassium induces dysbiosis and intestinal injury with enhanced lymphocyte migration to intestinal mucosa. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 36:3140-3148. [PMID: 34368996 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The artificial sweetener acesulfame potassium (ACK) is officially approved as safe for intake and has been used in processed foods. However, ACKs have been reported to induce metabolic syndrome, along with alteration of the gut microbiota in mice. In recent years, studies have suggested that this artificial sweetener promotes myeloperoxidase reactivity in Crohn's disease-like ileitis. We aimed to investigate the effect of ACK on the intestinal mucosa and gut microbiota of normal mice. METHODS Acesulfame potassium was administered to C57BL/6J mice (8 weeks old) via free drinking. Intestinal damage was evaluated histologically, and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL1-β, MAdCAM-1, GLP1R, and GLP2R were determined with quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Immunohistochemistry was performed to examine the expression of MAdCAM-1 in the small intestine. The composition of gut microbiota was assessed using high-throughput sequencing. We performed intravital microscopic observation to examine if ACK altered lymphocyte migration to the intestinal microvessels. RESULTS Acesulfame potassium increased the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, decreased the expression of GLP-1R and GLP-2R, and induced small intestinal injury with an increase in intestinal permeability, and ACK treatment induced microbial changes, but the transfer of feces alone from ACK mice did not reproduce intestinal damage in recipient mice. ACK treatment significantly increased the migration of lymphocytes to intestinal microvessels. CONCLUSION Acesulfame potassium induces dysbiosis and intestinal injury with enhanced lymphocyte migration to intestinal mucosa. Massive use of non-caloric artificial sweeteners may not be as safe as we think.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Hanawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masaaki Higashiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Chie Kurihara
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Rina Tanemoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Suguru Ito
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akinori Mizoguchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shin Nishii
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akinori Wada
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kenichi Inaba
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nao Sugihara
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuki Horiuchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshikiyo Okada
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Narimatsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Komoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kengo Tomita
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ryota Hokari
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
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161
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Schroeder JH, Roberts LB, Meissl K, Lo JW, Hromadová D, Hayes K, Zabinski T, Read E, Moreira Heliodoro C, Reis R, Howard JK, Grencis RK, Neves JF, Strobl B, Lord GM. Sustained Post-Developmental T-Bet Expression Is Critical for the Maintenance of Type One Innate Lymphoid Cells In Vivo. Front Immunol 2021; 12:760198. [PMID: 34795671 PMCID: PMC8594445 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.760198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILC) play a significant role in the intestinal immune response and T-bet+ CD127+ group 1 cells (ILC1) have been linked to the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the functional importance of ILC1 in the context of an intact adaptive immune response has been controversial. In this report we demonstrate that induced depletion of T-bet using a Rosa26-Cre-ERT2 model resulted in the loss of intestinal ILC1, pointing to a post-developmental requirement of T-bet expression for these cells. In contrast, neither colonic lamina propria (cLP) ILC2 nor cLP ILC3 abundance were altered upon induced deletion of T-bet. Mechanistically, we report that STAT1 or STAT4 are not required for intestinal ILC1 development and maintenance. Mice with induced deletion of T-bet and subsequent loss of ILC1 were protected from the induction of severe colitis in vivo. Hence, this study provides support for the clinical development of an IBD treatment based on ILC1 depletion via targeting T-bet or its downstream transcriptional targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Hendrik Schroeder
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luke B. Roberts
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katrin Meissl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jonathan W. Lo
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dominika Hromadová
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kelly Hayes
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Tomasz Zabinski
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Read
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Cell Therapies and Regenerative Medicine PhD Programme, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rita Reis
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jane K. Howard
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard K. Grencis
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Joana F. Neves
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Birgit Strobl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Graham M. Lord
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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162
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Callejas BE, Blyth GAD, Jendzjowsky N, Wang A, Babbar A, Koro K, Wilson RJA, Kelly MM, Cobo ER, McKay DM. Interleukin-4 Programmed Macrophages Suppress Colitis and Do Not Enhance Infectious-Colitis, Inflammation-Associated Colon Cancer or Airway Hypersensitivity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:744738. [PMID: 34691050 PMCID: PMC8527087 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.744738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The murine interleukin-4 treated macrophage (MIL4) exerts anti-inflammatory and pro-healing effects and has been shown to reduce the severity of chemical-induced colitis. Positing M(IL4) transfer as an anti-inflammatory therapy, the possibility of side-effects must be considered. Consequently, bone marrow-derived M(IL4)s were administered via intraperitoneal injection to mice concomitant with Citrobacter rodentium infection (infections colitis), azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulphate (AOM/DSS) treatment [a model of colorectal cancer (CRC)], or ovalbumin sensitization (airway inflammation). The impact of M(IL4) treatment on C. rodentium infectivity, colon histopathology, tumor number and size and tissue-specific inflammation was examined in these models. The anti-colitic effect of the M(IL4)s were confirmed in the di-nitrobenzene sulphonic acid model of colitis and the lumen-to-blood movement of 4kDa FITC-dextran and bacterial translocation to the spleen and liver was also improved by M(IL4) treatment. Analysis of the other models of disease, that represent comorbidities that can occur in human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), revealed that M(IL4) treatment did not exaggerate the severity of any of the conditions. Rather, there was reduction in the size (but not number) of polyps in the colon of AOM/DSS-mice and reduced infectivity and inflammation in C. rodentium-infected mice in M(IL4)-treated mice. Thus, while any new therapy can have unforeseen side effects, our data confirm and extend the anti-colitic capacity of murine M(IL4)s and indicate that systemic delivery of one million M(IL4)s did not exaggerate disease in models of colonic or airways inflammation or colonic tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca E Callejas
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Inflammation Research Network and Host-Parasite Interaction Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Phoebe & Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Graham A D Blyth
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nicholas Jendzjowsky
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Arthur Wang
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Inflammation Research Network and Host-Parasite Interaction Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Phoebe & Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Anshu Babbar
- Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Konstantin Koro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Calvin, Phoebe & Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Richard J A Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Margaret M Kelly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Calvin, Phoebe & Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Eduardo R Cobo
- Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Derek M McKay
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Inflammation Research Network and Host-Parasite Interaction Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Phoebe & Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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163
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Renaud V, Houde VP, Pilon G, Varin TV, Roblet C, Marette A, Boutin Y, Bazinet L. The Concentration of Organic Acids in Cranberry Juice Modulates the Gut Microbiota in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11537. [PMID: 34768966 PMCID: PMC8584276 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A daily consumption of cranberry juice (CJ) is linked to many beneficial health effects due to its richness in polyphenols but could also awake some intestinal discomforts due to its organic acid content and possibly lead to intestinal inflammation. Additionally, the impact of such a juice on the gut microbiota is still unknown. Thus, this study aimed to determine the impacts of a daily consumption of CJ and its successive deacidification on the intestinal inflammation and on the gut microbiota in mice. Four deacidified CJs (DCJs) (deacidification rates of 0, 40, 60, and 80%) were produced by electrodialysis with bipolar membrane (EDBM) and administered to C57BL/6J mice for four weeks, while the diet (CHOW) and the water were ad libitum. Different parameters were measured to determine intestinal inflammation when the gut microbiota was profiled. Treatment with a 0% DCJ did not induce intestinal inflammation but increased the gut microbiota diversity and induced a modulation of its functions in comparison with control (water). The effect of the removal of the organic acid content of CJ on the decrease of intestinal inflammation could not be observed. However, deacidification by EDBM of CJ induced an additional increase, in comparison with a 0% DCJ, in the Lachnospiraceae family which have beneficial effects and functions associated with protection of the intestine: the lower the organic acid content, the more bacteria of the Lachnospiraceae family and functions having a positive impact on the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentine Renaud
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (V.R.); (V.P.H.); (G.P.); (T.V.V.); (A.M.); (Y.B.)
- Laboratoire de Transformation Alimentaire et Procédés ElectroMembranaires (LTAPEM, Laboratory of Food Processing and ElectroMembrane Processes), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Vanessa P. Houde
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (V.R.); (V.P.H.); (G.P.); (T.V.V.); (A.M.); (Y.B.)
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Geneviève Pilon
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (V.R.); (V.P.H.); (G.P.); (T.V.V.); (A.M.); (Y.B.)
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Thibault V. Varin
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (V.R.); (V.P.H.); (G.P.); (T.V.V.); (A.M.); (Y.B.)
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | | | - André Marette
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (V.R.); (V.P.H.); (G.P.); (T.V.V.); (A.M.); (Y.B.)
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Yvan Boutin
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (V.R.); (V.P.H.); (G.P.); (T.V.V.); (A.M.); (Y.B.)
- TransBioTech, Lévis, QC G6V 6Z3, Canada
| | - Laurent Bazinet
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (V.R.); (V.P.H.); (G.P.); (T.V.V.); (A.M.); (Y.B.)
- Laboratoire de Transformation Alimentaire et Procédés ElectroMembranaires (LTAPEM, Laboratory of Food Processing and ElectroMembrane Processes), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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D'Antongiovanni V, Pellegrini C, Antonioli L, Benvenuti L, Di Salvo C, Flori L, Piccarducci R, Daniele S, Martelli A, Calderone V, Martini C, Fornai M. Palmitoylethanolamide Counteracts Enteric Inflammation and Bowel Motor Dysfunctions in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:748021. [PMID: 34658885 PMCID: PMC8511319 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.748021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), an endogenous lipid mediator, is emerging as a promising pharmacological agent in multiple neurodegenerative disorders for its anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. However, its effects on enteric inflammation and colonic dysmotility associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are lacking. This study was designed to investigate the beneficial effect of PEA administration in counteracting the enteric inflammation and relieving the bowel motor dysfunctions in an AD mouse model, SAMP8 mice. In addition, the ability of PEA in modulating the activation of enteric glial cells (EGCs), pivotally involved in the pathophysiology of bowel dysfunctions associated with inflammatory conditions, has also been examined. SAMP8 mice at 4 months of age were treated orally with PEA (5 mg/kg/day) for 2 months. SAMR1 animals were employed as controls. At the end of treatment, parameters dealing with colonic motility, inflammation, barrier integrity and AD protein accumulation were evaluated. The effect of PEA on EGCs was tested in cultured cells treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus β-amyloid 1–42 (Aβ). SAMP8 treated with PEA displayed: 1) an improvement of in vitro colonic motor activity, citrate synthase activity and intestinal epithelial barrier integrity and 2) a decrease in colonic Aβ and α-synuclein (α-syn) accumulation, S100-β expression as well as enteric IL-1β and circulating LPS levels, as compared with untreated SAMP8 mice. In EGCs, treatment with PEA counteracted the increment of S100-β, TLR-4, NF-κB p65 and IL-1β release induced by LPS and Aβ. These results suggest that PEA, under a condition of cognitive decline, prevents the enteric glial hyperactivation, reduces AD protein accumulation and counteracts the onset and progression of colonic inflammatory condition, as well as relieves intestinal motor dysfunctions and improves the intestinal epithelial barrier integrity. Therefore, PEA represents a viable approach for the management of the enteric inflammation and motor contractile abnormalities associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolina Pellegrini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Benvenuti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Clelia Di Salvo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Flori
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Alma Martelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Interdepartmental Research Center "Nutrafood: Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Interdepartmental Research Center "Biology and Pathology of Ageing", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Calderone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Interdepartmental Research Center "Nutrafood: Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Interdepartmental Research Center "Biology and Pathology of Ageing", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Fornai
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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165
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Pang J, Wang S, Wang Z, Wu Y, Zhang X, Pi Y, Han D, Zhang S, Wang J. Xylo-oligosaccharide alleviates Salmonella induced inflammation by stimulating Bifidobacterium animalis and inhibiting Salmonella colonization. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21977. [PMID: 34613640 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100919rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS), which is considered as a potential prebiotic, exhibits multiple beneficial effects on modulation of gut microbiota, strength of intestinal barrier, and inhibition of intestinal inflammation. The objective of this study is to investigate whether XOS protects against Salmonella infection by modulating gut microbiota, enhancing the intestinal barrier, and resisting colonization. C57BL/6 male mice received water supplementation with 5% XOS for 14 days before Salmonella Typhimurium infection. The results showed that XOS suppressed the Salmonella-induced inflammation, but had limited effects on tight junction molecules and mRNA expression of mucus proteins, except for claudin-1 in the colon. Data of 16S rDNA sequencing indicated that XOS modulated gut microbiota composition by significantly stimulating Bifidobacterium animalis (B. animalis), and reducing Salmonella counts. Therefore, the potential protective effects of B. animalis against Salmonella challenge were investigated as well. Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis BB-12 (BB12), which could markedly increase in XOS, was selected to treat mice. Similarly, Salmonella-induced inflammatory reactions were alleviated by BB12 but tight junction molecules and mucin proteins in the colonic tissues were not affected. Administration of BB12 remarkably decreased the copies of Salmonella in cecal digesta post Salmonella infection. Additionally, the decrease concentrations of cecal propionate and total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in Salmonella-infected mice were reversed by BB12 treatment, and propionate performed a strong inhibitory effect on Salmonella growth in vitro. Besides that, BB12 could directly restrict Salmonella proliferation in vitro. Moreover, BB12 reduced the adhesion ability of Salmonella on the Caco-2 cells model. Our results suggest that XOS could be considered as a candidate of functional food to protect against Salmonella infection by stimulating Bifidobacterium, which then resists Salmonella colonization by maintaining the intestinal SCFAs levels and suppressing adhesibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaman Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shilan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Junjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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166
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Wei Z, Cui Y, Tian L, Liu Y, Yu Y, Jin X, Li H, Wang K, Sun Q. Probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum N-1 could prevent ethylene glycol-induced kidney stones by regulating gut microbiota and enhancing intestinal barrier function. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21937. [PMID: 34606628 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100887rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Defective permeability barrier is considered to be an incentive of hyperuricemia, however, the link between them has not been proven. Here, we evaluated the potential preventive effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum N-1 (LPN1) on gut microbiota and intestinal barrier function in rats with hyperoxaluria-induced kidney stones. Male rats were supplied with 1% ethylene glycol (EG) dissolved in drinking water for 4 weeks to develop hyperoxaluria, and some of them were administered with LPN1 for 4 weeks before EG treatment as a preventive intervention. We found that EG not only resulted hyperoxaluria and kidney stone formation, but also promoted the intestinal inflammation, elevated intestinal permeability, and gut microbiota disorders. Supplementation of LPN1 inhibited the renal crystalline deposits through reducing urinary oxalic acid and renal osteopontin and CD44 expression and improved EG-induced intestinal inflammation and barrier function by decreasing the serum LPS and TLR4/NF-κB signaling and up-regulating tight junction Claudin-2 in the colon, as well as increasing the production of short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs) and the abundance of beneficial SCFAs-producing bacteria, mainly from the families of Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae. Probiotic LPN1 could prevent EG-induced hyperoxaluria by regulating gut microbiota and enhancing intestinal barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitao Wei
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaqian Cui
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Yu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Breeding and Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xi Jin
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kunjie Wang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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167
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Goc J, Lv M, Bessman NJ, Flamar AL, Sahota S, Suzuki H, Teng F, Putzel GG, Eberl G, Withers DR, Arthur JC, Shah MA, Sonnenberg GF. Dysregulation of ILC3s unleashes progression and immunotherapy resistance in colon cancer. Cell 2021; 184:5015-5030.e16. [PMID: 34407392 PMCID: PMC8454863 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) regulate immunity and inflammation, yet their role in cancer remains elusive. Here, we identify that colorectal cancer (CRC) manifests with altered ILC3s that are characterized by reduced frequencies, increased plasticity, and an imbalance with T cells. We evaluated the consequences of these changes in mice and determined that a dialog between ILC3s and T cells via major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) is necessary to support colonization with microbiota that subsequently induce type-1 immunity in the intestine and tumor microenvironment. As a result, mice lacking ILC3-specific MHCII develop invasive CRC and resistance to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. Finally, humans with dysregulated intestinal ILC3s harbor microbiota that fail to induce type-1 immunity and immunotherapy responsiveness when transferred to mice. Collectively, these data define a protective role for ILC3s in cancer and indicate that their inherent disruption in CRC drives dysfunctional adaptive immunity, tumor progression, and immunotherapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Goc
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mengze Lv
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas J Bessman
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anne-Laure Flamar
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sheena Sahota
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hiroaki Suzuki
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fei Teng
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gregory G Putzel
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gerard Eberl
- Microenvironment and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - David R Withers
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Janelle C Arthur
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Manish A Shah
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Gastrointestinal Oncology Program, Center for Advanced Digestive Care, Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gregory F Sonnenberg
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
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168
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Wang Z, Cao Y, Zhang K, Guo Z, Liu Y, Zhou P, Liu Z, Lu X. Gold nanoparticles alleviates the lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction. Bioengineered 2021; 12:6472-6483. [PMID: 34523392 PMCID: PMC8806813 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1972782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology is used in the immune response manipulation to treat various human diseases. In the present study, we explored the effects of Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced epithelial barrier dysfunction and inflammatory response of colonic epithelial NCM460 cells. According to the results of cell counting kit-8 and flow cytometry analysis, the viability of NCM460 cells was inhibited, and the apoptosis was increased after LPS treatment, and AuNPs reversed these changes in a dose-dependent way. The permeability was evaluated by detecting the flux of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran and transepithelial electrical resistance. LPS enhanced the permeability and promoted barrier dysfunction of NCM460 cells. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent sorbent assay results revealed that the concentrations of pro-inflammatory factors and nitric oxide were elevated by LPS treatment and decreased by the AuNPs. LPS aggravated the inflammatory response, which was rescued by the AuNPs. Moreover, LPS promoted the activation of the nuclear factor kappa-B and extracellular signal-regulated kinase/c-Jun NH-terminal kinase signaling pathways, which were inhibited by AuNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Lab Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Yijishan Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Yinya Cao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Yijishan Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Kangzhen Zhang
- Lab Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhirui Guo
- Lab Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Lab Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Lab Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengxia Liu
- Lab Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Lu
- Department of Geriatrics, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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169
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Haq S, Grondin JA, Khan WI. Tryptophan-derived serotonin-kynurenine balance in immune activation and intestinal inflammation. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21888. [PMID: 34473368 PMCID: PMC9292703 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100702r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous tryptophan metabolism pathways lead to the production of serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine; 5‐HT), kynurenine, and several downstream metabolites which are involved in a multitude of immunological functions in both health and disease states. Ingested tryptophan is largely shunted to the kynurenine pathway (95%) while only minor portions (1%–2%) are sequestered for 5‐HT production. Though often associated with the functioning of the central nervous system, significant production of 5‐HT, kynurenine and their downstream metabolites takes place within the gut. Accumulating evidence suggests that these metabolites have essential roles in regulating immune cell function, intestinal inflammation, as well as in altering the production and suppression of inflammatory cytokines. In addition, both 5‐HT and kynurenine have a considerable influence on gut microbiota suggesting that these metabolites impact host physiology both directly and indirectly via compositional changes. It is also now evident that complex interactions exist between the two pathways to maintain gut homeostasis. Alterations in 5‐HT and kynurenine are implicated in the pathogenesis of many gastrointestinal dysfunctions, including inflammatory bowel disease. Thus, these pathways present numerous potential therapeutic targets, manipulation of which may aid those suffering from gastrointestinal disorders. This review aims to update both the role of 5‐HT and kynurenine in immune regulation and intestinal inflammation, and analyze the current knowledge of the relationship and interactions between 5‐HT and kynurenine pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Haq
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jensine A Grondin
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Waliul I Khan
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Laboratory Medicine, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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170
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Boucard AS, Thomas M, Lebon W, Polack B, Florent I, Langella P, Bermúdez-Humarán LG. Age and Giardia intestinalis Infection Impact Canine Gut Microbiota. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1862. [PMID: 34576757 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia intestinalis is a flagellated protozoan responsible for giardiosis (also called giardiasis in humans), the most prevalent and widespread parasitic infection in humans and mammals worldwide. The intestinal microbiota is highly diverse and any alteration in its composition may impact on the health of the host. While studies on the mouse model of giardiosis described the role of the gut microbiota in host susceptibility to infection by the parasite, little is known about the gut microbiota during natural infections in dogs and particularly in puppies. In this study, we monitored naturally G. intestinalis-infected puppies for 3 months and quantified cyst excretion every 2 weeks. All puppies remained subclinically infected during the sampling period as confirmed by fecal examination. In parallel, we performed 16S Illumina sequencing of fecal samples from the different time points to assess the impact of G. intestinalis infection on gut microbiota development of the puppies, as well as gut health markers of immunity such as fecal IgA and calprotectin. Sequencing results revealed that the canine fecal microbiota of Giardia-infected puppies becomes more complex and less diverse with increasing age. In addition, significant differences in the structure of the microbiota were observed between puppies with high and low Giardia cyst excretion. Chronic subclinical G. intestinalis infection appears to be associated with some detrimental structural changes in the gut microbiota. G. intestinalis-associated dysbiosis is characterized by an enrichment of facultative anaerobic, mucus-degrading, pro-inflammatory species and opportunistic pathogens, as well as a reduction of Lactobacillus johnsonii at specific time points. Calprotectin levels increased with age, suggesting the establishment of chronic low-grade inflammation in puppies. Further work is needed to demonstrate whether these alterations in the canine gut microbiota could lead to a dysbiosis-related disease, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
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171
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Zhang Z, He F, Yang W, Yang L, Huang S, Mao H, Hou Y, Xiao R. Pu-erh tea extraction alleviates intestinal inflammation in mice with flora disorder by regulating gut microbiota. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:4883-4892. [PMID: 34532000 PMCID: PMC8441289 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pu-erh tea is very popular in Southwestern China and South Asian countries and is now becoming increasingly popular in Europe due to its well-documented beneficial effects on human health. Pu-erh tea aqueous extracts can maintain intestinal homeostasis. However, the mechanism of its beneficial effects on intestinal flora disorder is not clear. In this study, we focused on the effects of ripe Pu-erh tea aqueous extracts on the intestinal microbiota in an intestinal flora disorder mouse model. Physiological indexes and the tissue section staining results showed that feeding Pu-erh tea extract could help mice regain weight and alleviate intestinal inflammation. Further assessment of the intestinal microflora found that Pu-erh tea extract could promote the growth of intestinal probiotics and inhibit pathogenic bacteria, thereby achieving a treatment effect for enteritis. This study provides new evidence for the therapeutic effect of Pu-erh tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Zhang
- College of Food Science and TechnologyYunnan Agriculture UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Fei He
- College of Food Science and TechnologyYunnan Agriculture UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Weixing Yang
- College of Biological Resource and Food EngineeringQujing Normal UniversityQujingChina
| | - Li Yang
- College of Food Science and TechnologyYunnan Agriculture UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Siqi Huang
- College of Food Science and TechnologyYunnan Agriculture UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Hongling Mao
- College of Food Science and TechnologyYunnan Agriculture UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Yan Hou
- College of Food Science and TechnologyYunnan Agriculture UniversityKunmingChina
- College of Longrun Pu‐erh TeaYunnan Agriculture UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Rong Xiao
- College of Food Science and TechnologyYunnan Agriculture UniversityKunmingChina
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172
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Hoek KL, Greer MJ, McClanahan KG, Nazmi A, Piazuelo MB, Singh K, Wilson KT, Olivares-Villagómez D. Granzyme B prevents aberrant IL-17 production and intestinal pathogenicity in CD4(+) T cells. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:1088-99. [PMID: 34183776 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00427-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ T cell activation and differentiation are important events that set the stage for proper immune responses. Many factors are involved in the activation and differentiation of T cells, and these events are tightly controlled to prevent unwanted and/or exacerbated immune responses that may harm the host. It has been well-documented that granzyme B, a potent serine protease involved in cell-mediated cytotoxicity, is readily expressed by certain CD4+ T cells, such as regulatory T cells and CD4+CD8αα+ intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes, both of which display cytotoxicity associated with granzyme B. However, because not all CD4+ T cells expressing granzyme B are cytotoxic, additional roles for this protease in CD4+ T cell biology remain unknown. Here, using a combination of in vivo and in vitro approaches, we report that granzyme B-deficient CD4+ T cells display increased IL-17 production. In the adoptive transfer model of intestinal inflammation, granzyme B-deficient CD4+ T cells triggered a more rapid disease onset than their WT counterparts, and presented a differential transcription profile. Similar results were also observed in granzyme B-deficient mice infected with Citrobacter rodentium. Our results suggest that granzyme B modulates CD4+ T cell differentiation, providing a new perspective into the biology of this enzyme.
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173
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Cherkasova V, Kovalchuk O, Kovalchuk I. Cannabinoids and Endocannabinoid System Changes in Intestinal Inflammation and Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4353. [PMID: 34503163 PMCID: PMC8430689 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the multiple preventive measures and treatment options, colorectal cancer holds a significant place in the world's disease and mortality rates. The development of novel therapy is in critical need, and based on recent experimental data, cannabinoids could become excellent candidates. This review covered known experimental studies regarding the effects of cannabinoids on intestinal inflammation and colorectal cancer. In our opinion, because colorectal cancer is a heterogeneous disease with different genomic landscapes, the choice of cannabinoids for tumor prevention and treatment depends on the type of the disease, its etiology, driver mutations, and the expression levels of cannabinoid receptors. In this review, we describe the molecular changes of the endocannabinoid system in the pathologies of the large intestine, focusing on inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 7X8, Canada;
| | - Igor Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 7X8, Canada;
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174
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Liu Q, Lu W, Tian F, Zhao J, Zhang H, Hong K, Yu L. Akkermansia muciniphila Exerts Strain-Specific Effects on DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:698914. [PMID: 34422681 PMCID: PMC8371549 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.698914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Akkermansia muciniphila is a commensal bacterium of the gut mucus layer. Although both in vitro and in vivo data have shown that A. muciniphila strains exhibit strain-specific modulation of gut functions, its ability to moderate immunity to ulcerative colitis have not been verified. We selected three isolated human A. muciniphila strains (FSDLZ39M14, FSDLZ36M5 and FSDLZ20M4) and the A. muciniphila type strain ATCC BAA-835 to examine the effects of different A. muciniphila strains on dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. All of the A. muciniphila strains were cultured anaerobically in brain heart infusion medium supplemented with 0.25% type II mucin from porcine stomach. To create animal models, colitis was established in C57BL/6 mice which randomly divided into six groups with 10 mice in each group by adding 3% dextran sulfate sodium to drinking water for 7 days. A. muciniphila strains were orally administered to the mice at a dose of 1 × 109 CFU. Only A. muciniphila FSDLZ36M5 exerted significant protection against ulcerative colitis (UC) by increasing the colon length, restoring body weight, decreasing gut permeability and promoting anti-inflammatory cytokine expression. However, the other strains (FSDLZ39M14, ATCC BAA-835 and FSDLZ20M4) failed to provide these effects. Notably, A. muciniphila FSDLZ20M4 showed a tendency to exacerbate inflammation according to several indicators. Gut microbiota sequencing showed that A. muciniphila FSDLZ36M5 supplementation recovered the gut microbiota of mice to a similar state to that of the control group. A comparative genomic analysis demonstrated that the positive effects of A. muciniphila FSDLZ36M5 compared with the FSDLZ20M4 strain may be associated with specific functional genes that are involved in immune defense mechanisms and protein synthesis. Our results verify the efficacy of A. muciniphila in improving UC and provide gene targets for the efficient and rapid screening of A. muciniphila strains with UC-alleviating effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wenwei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Fengwei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi, China
| | - Kan Hong
- Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Leilei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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175
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Bansal M, Alenezi T, Fu Y, Almansour A, Wang H, Gupta A, Liyanage R, Graham DB, Hargis BM, Sun X. Specific Secondary Bile Acids Control Chicken Necrotic Enteritis. Pathogens 2021; 10:1041. [PMID: 34451506 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE), mainly induced by the pathogens of Clostridium perfringens and coccidia, causes huge economic losses with limited intervention options in the poultry industry. This study investigated the role of specific bile acids on NE development. Day-old broiler chicks were assigned to six groups: noninfected, NE, and NE with four bile diets of 0.32% chicken bile, 0.15% commercial ox bile, 0.15% lithocholic acid (LCA), or 0.15% deoxycholic acid (DCA). The birds were infected with Eimeria maxima at day 18 and C. perfringens at day 23 and 24. The infected birds developed clinical NE signs. The NE birds suffered severe ileitis with villus blunting, crypt hyperplasia, epithelial line disintegration, and massive immune cell infiltration, while DCA and LCA prevented the ileitis histopathology. NE induced severe body weight gain (BWG) loss, while only DCA prevented NE-induced BWG loss. Notably, DCA reduced the NE-induced inflammatory response and the colonization and invasion of C. perfringens compared to NE birds. Consistently, NE reduced the total bile acids in the ileal digesta, while dietary DCA and commercial bile restored it. Together, this study showed that DCA and LCA reduced NE histopathology, suggesting that secondary bile acids, but not total bile acid levels, play an essential role in controlling the enteritis.
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176
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Singh VK, Almpani M, Rahme LG. The Role of Common Solvents against Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Induced Pathogenicity in a Murine Burn Site Infection Model. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0023321. [PMID: 34346751 DOI: 10.1128/Spectrum.00233-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and polyethylene glycols (PEGs) are frequently used as potent excipients in pharmaceutical formulations. However, these agents also have an interesting antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory profile that could interfere with the efficacy testing of anti-infective compounds when the latter are solubilized in DMSO or PEGs. Here, we demonstrate the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects of DMSO-PEG400 in a murine Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection model, aiming to draw attention to the appropriate selection of solvents for difficult-to-solubilize anti-infectives. IMPORTANCE Our study demonstrates the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects of the combination of DMSO and PEG400 against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro and in vivo in a murine infection model of heightened intestinal permeability. The aim of this study is to draw attention to the appropriate selection of solvents for difficult-to-solubilize anti-infective compounds, to avoid interference with the assay or system tested. This is an extremely important consideration, since potential antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects of the solvent vehicle are detrimental to research studies on the efficacy of new anti-infective agents, given that the vehicle effect can mask the effect of the tested compounds. Our results can therefore be of great value to the scientific community, as they can guide researchers in the future to avoid this significant pitfall that can cost substantial amounts of money and valuable time during investigations of the effects of novel, difficult-to-solubilize antimicrobial compounds.
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177
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Jacobse J, Li J, Rings EHHM, Samsom JN, Goettel JA. Intestinal Regulatory T Cells as Specialized Tissue-Restricted Immune Cells in Intestinal Immune Homeostasis and Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:716499. [PMID: 34421921 PMCID: PMC8371910 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.716499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are a specialized population of CD4+ T cells that restrict immune activation and are essential to prevent systemic autoimmunity. In the intestine, the major function of Treg cells is to regulate inflammation as shown by a wide array of mechanistic studies in mice. While Treg cells originating from the thymus can home to the intestine, the majority of Treg cells residing in the intestine are induced from FOXP3neg conventional CD4+ T cells to elicit tolerogenic responses to microbiota and food antigens. This process largely takes place in the gut draining lymph nodes via interaction with antigen-presenting cells that convert circulating naïve T cells into Treg cells. Notably, dysregulation of Treg cells leads to a number of chronic inflammatory disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease. Thus, understanding intestinal Treg cell biology in settings of inflammation and homeostasis has the potential to improve therapeutic options for patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Here, the induction, maintenance, trafficking, and function of intestinal Treg cells is reviewed in the context of intestinal inflammation and inflammatory bowel disease. In this review we propose intestinal Treg cells do not compose fixed Treg cell subsets, but rather (like T helper cells), are plastic and can adopt different programs depending on microenvironmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Jacobse
- Department of Pediatrics, Willem-Alexander Children’s Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Edmond H. H. M. Rings
- Department of Pediatrics, Willem-Alexander Children’s Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Erasmus University, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Janneke N. Samsom
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jeremy A. Goettel
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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178
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Micó-Carnero M, Casillas-Ramírez A, Caballeria-Casals A, Rojano-Alfonso C, Sánchez-González A, Peralta C. Role of Dietary Nutritional Treatment on Hepatic and Intestinal Damage in Transplantation with Steatotic and Non-Steatotic Liver Grafts from Brain Dead Donors. Nutrients 2021; 13:2554. [PMID: 34444713 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we investigate whether: (1) the administration of glucose or a lipid emulsion is useful in liver transplantation (LT) using steatotic (induced genetically or nutritionally) or non-steatotic livers from donors after brain death (DBDs); and (2) any such benefits are due to reductions in intestinal damage and consequently to gut microbiota preservation. In recipients from DBDs, we show increased hepatic damage and failure in the maintenance of ATP, glycogen, phospholipid and growth factor (HGF, IGF1 and VEGFA) levels, compared to recipients from non-DBDs. In recipients of non-steatotic grafts from DBDs, the administration of glucose or lipids did not protect against hepatic damage. This was associated with unchanged ATP, glycogen, phospholipid and growth factor levels. However, the administration of lipids in steatotic grafts from DBDs protected against damage and ATP and glycogen drop and increased phospholipid levels. This was associated with increases in growth factors. In all recipients from DBDs, intestinal inflammation and damage (evaluated by LPS, vascular permeability, mucosal damage, TLR4, TNF, IL1, IL-10, MPO, MDA and edema formation) was not shown. In such cases, potential changes in gut microbiota would not be relevant since neither inflammation nor damage was evidenced in the intestine following LT in any of the groups evaluated. In conclusion, lipid treatment is the preferable nutritional support to protect against hepatic damage in steatotic LT from DBDs; the benefits were independent of alterations in the recipient intestine.
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179
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Barreto de Albuquerque J, Mueller C, Gungor B. Tissue-Resident T Cells in Chronic Relapsing-Remitting Intestinal Disorders. Cells 2021; 10:1882. [PMID: 34440651 PMCID: PMC8393248 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells critically contribute to the rapid immunoprotection and efficient immunosurveillance against pathogens, particularly in barrier tissues, but also during anti-tumor responses. However, the involvement of TRM cells also in the induction and exacerbation of immunopathologies, notably in chronically relapsing auto-inflammatory disorders, is becoming increasingly recognized as a critical factor. Thus, TRM cells may also represent an attractive target in the management of chronic (auto-) inflammatory disorders, including multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, celiac disease and inflammatory bowel diseases. In this review, we focus on current concepts of TRM cell biology, particularly in the intestine, and discuss recent findings on their involvement in chronic relapsing-remitting inflammatory disorders. Potential therapeutic strategies to interfere with these TRM cell-mediated immunopathologies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bilgi Gungor
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland;
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180
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Drobny A, Ngo PA, Neurath MF, Zunke F, López-Posadas R. Molecular Communication Between Neuronal Networks and Intestinal Epithelial Cells in Gut Inflammation and Parkinson's Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:655123. [PMID: 34368179 PMCID: PMC8339315 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.655123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, and constipation, are common in Parkinson's disease patients. These clinical signs normally appear years before the diagnosis of the neurodegenerative disease, preceding the occurrence of motor manifestations. Moreover, it is postulated that Parkinson's disease might originate in the gut, due to a response against the intestinal microbiota leading to alterations in alpha-synuclein in the intestinal autonomic nervous system. Transmission of this protein to the central nervous system is mediated potentially via the vagus nerve. Thus, deposition of aggregated alpha-synuclein in the gastrointestinal tract has been suggested as a potential prodromal diagnostic marker for Parkinson's disease. Interestingly, hallmarks of chronic intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease, such as dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability, are also observed in Parkinson's disease patients. Additionally, alpha-synuclein accumulations were detected in the gut of Crohn's disease patients. Despite a solid association between neurodegenerative diseases and gut inflammation, it is not clear whether intestinal alterations represent cause or consequence of neuroinflammation in the central nervous system. In this review, we summarize the bidirectional communication between the brain and the gut in the context of Parkinson's disease and intestinal dysfunction/inflammation as present in inflammatory bowel disease. Further, we focus on the contribution of intestinal epithelium, the communication between intestinal epithelial cells, microbiota, immune and neuronal cells, as well as mechanisms causing alterations of epithelial integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Drobny
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Phuong A Ngo
- Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friederike Zunke
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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181
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Wang D, Shao S, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Wang M. Insight Into Polysaccharides From Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer in Improving Intestinal Inflammation: Modulating Intestinal Microbiota and Autophagy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:683911. [PMID: 34354704 PMCID: PMC8329555 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.683911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (P. ginseng) are the main active component of P. ginseng and exhibit significant intestinal anti-inflammatory activity. However, the therapeutic mechanism of the ginseng polysaccharide is unclear, and this hinders the application for medicine or functional food. In this study, a polysaccharide was isolated from P. ginseng (GP). The primary structure and morphology of the GP were studied by HPLC, FT-IR spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Further, its intestinal anti-inflammatory activity and its mechanism of function were evaluated in experimental systems using DSS-induced rats, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and LPS-stimulated HT-29 cells. Results showed that GP modulated the structure of gut microbiota and restored mTOR-dependent autophagic dysfunction. Consequently, active autophagy suppressed inflammation through the inhibition of NF-κB, oxidative stress, and the release of cytokines. Therefore, our research provides a rationale for future investigations into the relationship between microbiota and autophagy and revealed the therapeutic potential of GP for inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Wang
- College of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Shuai Shao
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yanqiu Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Mingxing Wang
- College of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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182
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Ngo Thi Phuong N, Palmieri V, Adamczyk A, Klopfleisch R, Langhorst J, Hansen W, Westendorf AM, Pastille E. IL-33 Drives Expansion of Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells and Regulatory T Cells and Protects Mice From Severe, Acute Colitis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:669787. [PMID: 34335571 PMCID: PMC8320374 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.669787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The hallmarks of inflammatory bowel disease are mucosal damage and ulceration, which are known to be high-risk conditions for the development of colorectal cancer. Recently, interleukin (IL)-33 and its receptor ST2 have emerged as critical modulators in inflammatory disorders. Even though several studies highlight the IL-33/ST2 pathway as a key factor in colitis, a detailed mode of action remains elusive. Therefore, we investigated the role of IL-33 during intestinal inflammation and its potential as a novel therapeutic target in colitis. Interestingly, the expression of IL-33, but not its receptor ST2, was significantly increased in biopsies from the inflamed colon of IBD patients compared to non-inflamed colonic tissue. Accordingly, in a mouse model of Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS) induced colitis, the secretion of IL-33 significantly accelerated in the colon. Induction of DSS colitis in ST2-/- mice displayed an aggravated colon pathology, which suggested a favorable role of the IL 33/ST2 pathway during colitis. Indeed, injecting rmIL-33 into mice suffering from acute DSS colitis, strongly abrogated epithelial damage, pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, and loss of barrier integrity, while it induced a strong increase of Th2 associated cytokines (IL-13/IL-5) in the colon. This effect was accompanied by the accumulation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in the colon. Depletion of Foxp3+ Tregs during IL-33 treatment in DSS colitis ameliorated the positive effect on the intestinal pathology. Finally, IL-33 expanded ILC2s, which were adoptively transferred to DSS treated mice, significantly reduced colonic inflammation compared to DSS control mice. In summary, our results emphasize that the IL-33/ST2 pathway plays a crucial protective role in colitis by modulating ILC2 and Treg numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhi Ngo Thi Phuong
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Vittoria Palmieri
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Adamczyk
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Robert Klopfleisch
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jost Langhorst
- Department of Internal and Integrative Medicine, Klinikum Bamberg, Chair for Integrative Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Wiebke Hansen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Astrid M. Westendorf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Eva Pastille
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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183
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Sferra R, Pompili S, Cappariello A, Gaudio E, Latella G, Vetuschi A. Prolonged Chronic Consumption of a High Fat with Sucrose Diet Alters the Morphology of the Small Intestine. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147280. [PMID: 34298894 PMCID: PMC8303301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) The high-fat diet (HFD) of western countries has dramatic effect on the health of several organs, including the digestive tract, leading to the accumulation of fats that can also trigger a chronic inflammatory process, such as that which occurs in non-alcohol steatohepatitis. The effects of a HFD on the small intestine, the organ involved in the absorption of this class of nutrients, are still poorly investigated. (2) To address this aspect, we administered a combined HFD with sucrose (HFD w/Suc, fat: 58% Kcal) regimen (18 months) to mice and investigated the morphological and molecular changes that occurred in the wall of proximal tract of the small intestine compared to the intestine of mice fed with a standard diet (SD) (fat: 18% Kcal). (3) We found an accumulation of lipid droplets in the mucosa of HFD w/Suc-fed mice that led to a disarrangement of mucosa architecture. Furthermore, we assessed the expression of several key players involved in lipid metabolism and inflammation, such as perilipin, leptin, leptin receptor, PI3K, p-mTOR, p-Akt, and TNF-α. All these molecules were increased in HFD mice compared to the SD group. We also evaluated anti-inflammatory molecules like adiponectin, adiponectin receptor, and PPAR-γ, and observed their significant reduction in the HFD w/Suc group compared to the control. Our data are in line with the knowledge that improper eating habits present a primary harmful assault on the bowel and the entire body's health. (4) These results represent a promising starting point for future studies, helping to better understand the complex and not fully elucidated spectrum of intestinal alterations induced by the overconsumption of fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Sferra
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (S.P.); (A.C.); (A.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0862-433504
| | - Simona Pompili
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (S.P.); (A.C.); (A.V.)
| | - Alfredo Cappariello
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (S.P.); (A.C.); (A.V.)
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Latella
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy;
| | - Antonella Vetuschi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (S.P.); (A.C.); (A.V.)
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184
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Goswami S, Flores J, Balasubramanian I, Bandyopadhyay S, Joseph I, Bianchi-Smak J, Dhawan P, Mücahit DM, Yu S, Christakos S, Gao N. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 and dietary vitamin D reduce inflammation in mice lacking intestinal epithelial cell Rab11a. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:8148-8159. [PMID: 34192357 PMCID: PMC9161497 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A number of studies have examined the effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2 D3 ) on intestinal inflammation driven by immune cells, while little information is currently available about its impact on inflammation caused by intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) defects. Mice lacking IEC-specific Rab11a a recycling endosome small GTPase resulted in increased epithelial cell production of inflammatory cytokines, notably IL-6 and early onset of enteritis. To determine whether vitamin D supplementation may benefit hosts with epithelial cell-originated mucosal inflammation, we evaluated in vivo effects of injected 1,25(OH)2 D3 or dietary supplement of a high dose of vitamin D on the gut phenotypes of IEC-specific Rab11a knockout mice (Rab11aΔIEC ). 1,25(OH)2 D3 administered at 25 ng, two doses per mouse, by intraperitoneal injection, reduced inflammatory cytokine production in knockout mice compared to vehicle-injected mice. Remarkably, feeding mice with dietary vitamin D supplementation at 20,000 IU/kg spanning fetal and postnatal developmental stages led to improved bodyweights, reduced immune cell infiltration, and decreased inflammatory cytokines. We found that these vitamin D effects were accompanied by decreased NF-κB (p65) in the knockout intestinal epithelia, reduced tissue-resident macrophages, and partial restoration of epithelial morphology. Our study suggests that dietary vitamin D supplementation may prevent and limit intestinal inflammation in hosts with high susceptibility to chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantani Goswami
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Juan Flores
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Iyshwarya Balasubramanian
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sheila Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ivor Joseph
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jared Bianchi-Smak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Puneet Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Derya M Mücahit
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Shiyan Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sylvia Christakos
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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185
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Tamai Y, Iwasa M, Eguchi A, Shigefuku R, Kamada Y, Miyoshi E, Takei Y. Rifaximin ameliorates intestinal inflammation in cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy. JGH Open 2021; 5:827-830. [PMID: 34263080 PMCID: PMC8264230 DOI: 10.1002/jgh3.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Rifaximin (RFX) treatment can attenuate not only hyperammonemia but also Enterococcus faecalis translocation and 10-7G values, suggesting that RFX treatment may improve intestinal inflammation and result in better overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Tamai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Tsu Japan
| | - Motoh Iwasa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Tsu Japan
| | - Akiko Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Tsu Japan
| | - Ryuta Shigefuku
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Tsu Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kamada
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Osaka Japan
| | - Eiji Miyoshi
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Osaka Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Takei
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Tsu Japan
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186
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Chawla M, Mukherjee T, Deka A, Chatterjee B, Sarkar UA, Singh AK, Kedia S, Lum J, Dhillon MK, Banoth B, Biswas SK, Ahuja V, Basak S. An epithelial Nfkb2 pathway exacerbates intestinal inflammation by supplementing latent RelA dimers to the canonical NF-κB module. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2024828118. [PMID: 34155144 PMCID: PMC8237674 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2024828118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant inflammation, such as that associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), is fueled by the inordinate activity of RelA/NF-κB factors. As such, the canonical NF-κB module mediates controlled nuclear activation of RelA dimers from the latent cytoplasmic complexes. What provokes pathological RelA activity in the colitogenic gut remains unclear. The noncanonical NF-κB pathway typically promotes immune organogenesis involving Nfkb2 gene products. Because NF-κB pathways are intertwined, we asked whether noncanonical signaling aggravated inflammatory RelA activity. Our investigation revealed frequent engagement of the noncanonical pathway in human IBD. In a mouse model of experimental colitis, we established that Nfkb2-mediated regulations escalated the RelA-driven proinflammatory gene response in intestinal epithelial cells, exacerbating the infiltration of inflammatory cells and colon pathologies. Our mechanistic studies clarified that cell-autonomous Nfkb2 signaling supplemented latent NF-κB dimers, leading to a hyperactive canonical RelA response in the inflamed colon. In sum, the regulation of latent NF-κB dimers appears to link noncanonical Nfkb2 signaling to RelA-driven inflammatory pathologies and may provide for therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Chawla
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Tapas Mukherjee
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Alvina Deka
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Budhaditya Chatterjee
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Uday Aditya Sarkar
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Amit K Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Science, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Saurabh Kedia
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Science, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Josephine Lum
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138632
| | - Manprit Kaur Dhillon
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138632
| | - Balaji Banoth
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Subhra K Biswas
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138632
| | - Vineet Ahuja
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Science, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Soumen Basak
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India;
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187
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Alhotan RA, Al Sulaiman AR, Alharthi AS, Abudabos AM. Protective influence of betaine on intestinal health by regulating inflammation and improving barrier function in broilers under heat stress. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101337. [PMID: 34329984 PMCID: PMC8335656 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This research was executed to study the impacts of adding betaine (BT) to broiler diets on intestinal inflammatory response and barrier integrity under heat stress (HS). At 21 d of age, 150 male broilers (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to 3 treatment groups: control (CON) group, in which broilers were provided standard finisher feed under thermoneutral condition (22 ± 1°C); HS group and HS + BT group, in which broilers were given the standard feed supplied with 0 and 1,000 mg/kg BT, respectively, under cyclic HS condition (33 ± 1°C for 8 h from 08:00 to 16:00 h and the thermoneutral temperature for the residual hours). Each treatment was replicated ten times with 5 broilers per replicate. The HS group showed an elevation (P < 0.05) in serum corticosterone (CORT) concentration, D-lactate acid (D-LA) content, and diamine oxidase (DAO) activity, mucosal interleukin-1β (IL-1β) level, and expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) gene, and a reduction (P < 0.05) in mucosal interleukin-10 (IL-10) level and secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) content and relative abundance of mRNA for occludin (OCLN), zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), claudin-1 (CLDN1), and claudin-4 (CLDN4). In contrast, broilers in the HS + BT group exhibited a raise (P < 0.05) in mucosal IL-10 level and SIgA content and relative expression of OCLN and ZO-1 genes, and a decline (P < 0.05) in serum CORT concentration and DAO activity, mucosal IL-1β level, and expression of HSP70 mRNA. These results indicate that supplemental BT can ameliorate intestinal injury in heat-challenged broilers by suppressing inflammatory responses and enhancing mucosal barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashed A Alhotan
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali R Al Sulaiman
- National Center for Environmental Technology, Life Science and Environment Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman S Alharthi
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaeldein M Abudabos
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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188
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Dumitrescu L, Marta D, Dănău A, Lefter A, Tulbă D, Cozma L, Manole E, Gherghiceanu M, Ceafalan LC, Popescu BO. Serum and Fecal Markers of Intestinal Inflammation and Intestinal Barrier Permeability Are Elevated in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:689723. [PMID: 34220443 PMCID: PMC8249847 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.689723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by alpha-synuclein misfolding with subsequent intraneuronal amyloid formation and accumulation, low grade neuroinflammatory changes, and selective neurodegeneration. Available evidence suggests that the pathology usually begins in the gut and olfactory mucosa, spreading to the brain via the vagus and olfactory nerves, by a prion-like mechanism. A causal relationship has not been established, but gut dysbiosis is prevalent in PD and may lead to intestinal inflammation and barrier dysfunction. Additionally, epidemiological data indicate a link between inflammatory bowel diseases and PD. Calprotectin and zonulin are markers of intestinal inflammation and barrier permeability, respectively. We evaluated their serum and fecal levels in 22 patients with sporadic PD and 16 unmatched healthy controls. Mean calprotectin was higher in PD, both in serum (14.26 mcg/ml ± 4.50 vs. 5.94 mcg/ml ± 3.80, p = 0.0125) and stool (164.54 mcg/g ± 54.19 vs. 56.19 mcg/g ± 35.88, p = 0.0048). Mean zonulin was also higher in PD serum (26.69 ng/ml ± 3.55 vs. 19.43 ng/ml ± 2.56, p = 0.0046) and stool (100.19 ng/ml ± 28.25 vs. 37.3 ng/ml ± 13.26, p = 0.0012). Calprotectin was above the upper reference limit in 19 PD serums and 6 controls (OR = 10.56, 95% CI = 2.17-51.42, p = 0.0025) and in 20 PD stool samples and 4 controls (OR = 30, 95% CI = 4.75-189.30, p = 0.000045). Increased zonulin was found only in the stool samples of 8 PD patients. Despite the small sample size, our findings are robust, complementing and supporting other recently published results. The relation between serum and fecal calprotectin and zonulin levels and sporadic PD warrants further investigation in larger cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Dumitrescu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology Division at Colentina Clinical Hospital, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Neurology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daciana Marta
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Neurosciences and Experimental Myology, "Victor Babeş", National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adela Dănău
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology Division at Colentina Clinical Hospital, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Neurology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Antonia Lefter
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology Division at Colentina Clinical Hospital, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Neurology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Delia Tulbă
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology Division at Colentina Clinical Hospital, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Neurology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Liviu Cozma
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology Division at Colentina Clinical Hospital, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Neurology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Emilia Manole
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Neurosciences and Experimental Myology, "Victor Babeş", National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.,Pathology Department, Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Gherghiceanu
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Neurosciences and Experimental Myology, "Victor Babeş", National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Laura Cristina Ceafalan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Neurosciences and Experimental Myology, "Victor Babeş", National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bogdan Ovidiu Popescu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology Division at Colentina Clinical Hospital, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Neurology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania.,Laboratory of Cell Biology, Neurosciences and Experimental Myology, "Victor Babeş", National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
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189
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Tan R, Dong H, Chen Z, Jin M, Yin J, Li H, Shi D, Shao Y, Wang H, Chen T, Yang D, Li J. Intestinal Microbiota Mediates High-Fructose and High-Fat Diets to Induce Chronic Intestinal Inflammation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:654074. [PMID: 34222037 PMCID: PMC8242949 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.654074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
An unhealthy diet has been linked to increased incidence of chronic diseases. To investigate the relationship between diet and intestinal inflammation, mice in two experimental groups were fed on a high-fat diet or high-fructose diet, respectively. The result showed that the defecation volume of the experimental groups was significantly reduced compared with that of the control group, and the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6) and IgG in serum were increased significantly. In addition, inflammatory cell infiltration was observed in intestinal tissue, indicating that a high-fructose or high-fat diet can lead to constipation and inflammation. Further analysis showed that the microbial composition of the experimental groups changed significantly, including a decrease of the Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio and increased levels of Bacteroides, Akkermansia, Lactobacillus, and Ruminococcus, which might be associated with inflammation. The results of pro-inflammatory metabolites analysis showed that the levels of arachidonic acid, stearic acid, and indoxylsulfuric acid were significantly increased in the experimental groups, which were related significantly to Bacteroides, Enterococcus, and Akkermansia. Meanwhile, the content of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was significantly decreased, which might cause constipation by reducing intestinal peristalsis. Moreover, transplantation of fecal bacteria from inflammatory mice caused constipation and inflammation in normal mice, which could be relieved by feeding a normal diet. The results of the present study indicated that changes in intestinal microbiota and microbial metabolites may underlie chronic intestinal inflammation and constipation caused by high-fructose and high-fat diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Tan
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Huiwei Dong
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhengshan Chen
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Min Jin
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Yin
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Haibei Li
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Danyang Shi
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yifan Shao
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Huaran Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Tianjiao Chen
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Junwen Li
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
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190
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Shmuel-Galia L, Humphries F, Lei X, Ceglia S, Wilson R, Jiang Z, Ketelut-Carneiro N, Foley SE, Pechhold S, Houghton J, Muneeruddin K, Shaffer SA, McCormick BA, Reboldi A, Ward D, Marshak-Rothstein A, Fitzgerald KA. Dysbiosis exacerbates colitis by promoting ubiquitination and accumulation of the innate immune adaptor STING in myeloid cells. Immunity 2021; 54:1137-1153.e8. [PMID: 34051146 PMCID: PMC8237382 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in the cGAS-STING DNA-sensing pathway affect intestinal homeostasis. We sought to delineate the functional role of STING in intestinal inflammation. Increased STING expression was a feature of intestinal inflammation in mice with colitis and in humans afflicted with inflammatory bowel disease. Mice bearing an allele rendering STING constitutively active exhibited spontaneous colitis and dysbiosis, as well as progressive chronic intestinal inflammation and fibrosis. Bone marrow chimera experiments revealed STING accumulation in intestinal macrophages and monocytes as the initial driver of inflammation. Depletion of Gram-negative bacteria prevented STING accumulation in these cells and alleviated intestinal inflammation. STING accumulation occurred at the protein rather than transcript level, suggesting post-translational stabilization. We found that STING was ubiquitinated in myeloid cells, and this K63-linked ubiquitination could be elicited by bacterial products, including cyclic di-GMP. Our findings suggest a positive feedback loop wherein dysbiosis foments the accumulation of STING in intestinal myeloid cells, driving intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liraz Shmuel-Galia
- Program in Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Fiachra Humphries
- Program in Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Xuqiu Lei
- Program in Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Simona Ceglia
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Ruth Wilson
- Program in Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Zhaozhao Jiang
- Program in Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Natalia Ketelut-Carneiro
- Program in Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Sage E Foley
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Center for Microbiome Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Susanne Pechhold
- Flow Cytometry core facility, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - JeanMarie Houghton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Khaja Muneeruddin
- Department of Biochemistry and molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Mass spectrometry facility, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Scott A Shaffer
- Department of Biochemistry and molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Mass spectrometry facility, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Beth A McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Center for Microbiome Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Andrea Reboldi
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Doyle Ward
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Center for Microbiome Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Ann Marshak-Rothstein
- Program in Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Katherine A Fitzgerald
- Program in Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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191
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Hughes ER, Winter MG, Alves da Silva L, Muramatsu MK, Jimenez AG, Gillis CC, Spiga L, Chanin RB, Santos RL, Zhu W, Winter SE. Reshaping of bacterial molecular hydrogen metabolism contributes to the outgrowth of commensal E. coli during gut inflammation. eLife 2021; 10:e58609. [PMID: 34085924 PMCID: PMC8177889 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition of gut-associated microbial communities changes during intestinal inflammation, including an expansion of Enterobacteriaceae populations. The mechanisms underlying microbiota changes during inflammation are incompletely understood. Here, we analyzed previously published metagenomic datasets with a focus on microbial hydrogen metabolism. The bacterial genomes in the inflamed murine gut and in patients with inflammatory bowel disease contained more genes encoding predicted hydrogen-utilizing hydrogenases compared to communities found under non-inflamed conditions. To validate these findings, we investigated hydrogen metabolism of Escherichia coli, a representative Enterobacteriaceae, in mouse models of colitis. E. coli mutants lacking hydrogenase-1 and hydrogenase-2 displayed decreased fitness during colonization of the inflamed cecum and colon. Utilization of molecular hydrogen was in part dependent on respiration of inflammation-derived electron acceptors. This work highlights the contribution of hydrogenases to alterations of the gut microbiota in the context of non-infectious colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria G Winter
- Department of Microbiology, UT SouthwesternDallasUnited States
| | - Laice Alves da Silva
- Departamento de Clinica e Cirurgia Veterinarias, Escola de Veterinaria, Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteBrazil
| | | | - Angel G Jimenez
- Department of Microbiology, UT SouthwesternDallasUnited States
| | | | - Luisella Spiga
- Department of Microbiology, UT SouthwesternDallasUnited States
| | | | - Renato L Santos
- Departamento de Clinica e Cirurgia Veterinarias, Escola de Veterinaria, Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteBrazil
| | - Wenhan Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, UT SouthwesternDallasUnited States
| | - Sebastian E Winter
- Department of Microbiology, UT SouthwesternDallasUnited States
- Department of Immunology, UT SouthwesternDallasUnited States
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192
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Agista AZ, Rusbana TB, Islam J, Ohsaki Y, Sultana H, Hirakawa R, Watanabe K, Nochi T, Ardiansyah, Budijanto S, Yang SC, Koseki T, Aso H, Komai M, Shirakawa H. Fermented Rice Bran Supplementation Prevents the Development of Intestinal Fibrosis Due to DSS-Induced Inflammation in Mice. Nutrients 2021; 13:1869. [PMID: 34070845 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fermented rice bran (FRB) is known to protect mice intestines against dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced inflammation; however, the restoration of post-colitis intestinal homeostasis using FRB supplementation is currently undocumented. In this study, we observed the effects of dietary FRB supplementation on intestinal restoration and the development of fibrosis after DSS-induced colitis. DSS (1.5%) was introduced in the drinking water of mice for 5 days. Eight mice were sacrificed immediately after the DSS treatment ended. The remaining mice were divided into three groups, comprising the following diets: control, 10% rice bran (RB), and 10% FRB-supplemented. Diet treatment was continued for 2 weeks, after which half the population of mice from each group was sacrificed. The experiment was continued for another 3 weeks before the remaining mice were sacrificed. FRB supplementation could reduce the general observation of colitis and production of intestinal pro-inflammatory cytokines. FRB also increased intestinal mRNA levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine, tight junction, and anti-microbial proteins. Furthermore, FRB supplementation suppressed markers of intestinal fibrosis. This effect might have been achieved via the canonical Smad2/3 activation and the non-canonical pathway of Tgf-β activity. These results suggest that FRB may be an alternative therapeutic agent against inflammation-induced intestinal fibrosis.
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193
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Tang T, Li Y, Wang J, Elzo MA, Shao J, Li Y, Xia S, Fan H, Jia X, Lai S. Untargeted Metabolomics Reveals Intestinal Pathogenesis and Self-Repair in Rabbits Fed an Antibiotic-Free Diet. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1560. [PMID: 34071848 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In recent years, China imposed a total ban on the use of antibiotics in animal husbandry. This caused huge economic losses, one of the main reasons being an increase in the incidence of diseases. In this study, rabbits were used as a model to study the pathogenesis of intestinal diseases in rabbits on an antibiotic-free diet, through non-targeted metabolomics methods. The results showed that 1969 different metabolites were identified. These differential metabolites were involved in five metabolic pathways associated with intestinal inflammation (tryptophan metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, lysine degradation, and bile secretion). In summary, the use of non-antibiotic feed might cause intestinal inflammation in rabbits and activate intestinal repair. Abstract The prohibition of the use of growth-promoting drug additives in feeds was implemented in China in 2020. However, rabbits can experience symptoms of intestinal disease, such as diarrhea and flatulence, when switching from standard normal diets with antibiotics to antibiotic-free diets. The molecular mechanisms related to the occurrence of these diseases as well as associated physiological and metabolic changes in the intestine are unclear. Thus, the objectives of this study were to study the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation using untargeted metabolomics. This was done to identify differential metabolites between a group of antibiotic-free feed Hyplus rabbits (Dia) whose diet was abruptly changed from a standard normal diet with antibiotics to an antibiotic-free diet, and an antibiotic diet group Hyplus rabbits (Con) that was fed a standard normal diet with antibiotics. Morphological damage to the three intestinal tissues was determined through visual microscopic examination of intestinal Dia and Con tissue samples stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE). A total of 1969 different metabolites were identified in the three intestinal tissues from Dia and Con rabbits. The level of 1280 metabolites was significantly higher and the level of 761 metabolites was significantly lower in the Dia than in the Con group. These differential metabolites were involved in five metabolic pathways associated with intestinal inflammation (tryptophan metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, lysine degradation, and bile secretion). Rabbits in the Dia group developed metabolic disorders that affected the intestinal microbiota and changed the permeability of the intestinal tract, thereby triggering intestinal inflammation, affecting feed utilization, reducing production performance, and activating the intestinal tract self-repair mechanism. Thus, the abrupt transition from a diet with antibiotics to an antibiotic-free diet affected the structure and metabolism of the intestinal tract in Hyplus rabbits. Consequently, to avoid these problems, the antibiotic content in a rabbit diet should be changed gradually or alternative antibiotics should be found.
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194
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Orso G, Solovyev MM, Facchiano S, Tyrikova E, Sateriale D, Kashinskaya E, Pagliarulo C, Hoseinifar HS, Simonov E, Varricchio E, Paolucci M, Imperatore R. Chestnut Shell Tannins: Effects on Intestinal Inflammation and Dysbiosis in Zebrafish. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061538. [PMID: 34070355 PMCID: PMC8228309 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary With the increase in global population the production of animal proteins becomes increasingly crucial. Aquaculture is the first animal protein supply industry for human consumption. Intensive farming techniques are employed to increase productivity, but these may cause stressful conditions for fish, resulting in impaired growth and poor health conditions. Intestinal inflammation is one of the most common diseases of fish in intensive farming. Intestinal inflammation is usually accompanied by an alteration of the microbiota or dysbiosis. Inflammation and dysbiosis are so tightly intertwined that inflammation may contribute to or result from dysregulation of gut microbiota. Natural substances of plant origin rich in bioactive molecules or more simply phytochemicals, have been proved to be able to reduce inflammation and improve the general health status in various commercially relevant species. In this study, we evaluated the effect of tannins, a class of polyphenols, the most abundant phytochemicals, on intestinal inflammation and microbiota in zebrafish (Danio rerio), a small freshwater fish become an attractive biomedicine and aquaculture animal model during the last decades. The zebrafish has been employed in a vast array of studies aiming at investigating the essential processes underlying intestinal inflammation and injury due to its conservative gut morphology and functions. In this study, we administered a diet enriched with chestnut shell extract rich in tannins to a zebrafish model of intestinal inflammation. The treatment ameliorated the damaged intestinal morphophysiology and the microbiota asset. Our results sustain that products of natural origin with low environmental impact and low cost, such as tannins, may help to ease some of the critical issues affecting the aquaculture sector. Abstract The aim of the present study was to test the possible ameliorative efficacy of phytochemicals such as tannins on intestinal inflammation and dysbiosis. The effect of a chestnut shell (Castanea sativa) extract (CSE) rich in polyphenols, mainly represented by tannins, on k-carrageenan-induced intestinal inflammation in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) was tested in a feeding trial. Intestinal inflammation was induced by 0.1% k-carrageenan added to the diet for 10 days. CSE was administered for 10 days after k-carrageenan induced inflammation. The intestinal morphology and histopathology, cytokine expression, and microbiota were analyzed. The k-carrageenan treatment led to gut lumen expansion, reduction of intestinal folds, and increase of the goblet cells number, accompanied by the upregulation of pro-inflammatory factors (TNFα, COX2) and alteration in the number and ratio of taxonomic groups of bacteria. CSE counteracted the inflammatory status enhancing the growth of health helpful bacteria (Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas), decreasing the pro-inflammatory factors, and activating the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. In conclusion, CSE acted as a prebiotic on zebrafish gut microbiota, sustaining the use of tannins as food additives to ameliorate the intestinal inflammation. Our results may be relevant for both aquaculture and medical clinic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziella Orso
- Department of Science and Technology (DST), University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy; (G.O.); (S.F.); (D.S.); (C.P.); (E.V.); (R.I.)
| | - Mikhail M. Solovyev
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of RAS, 630091 Novosibirsk, Russia; (M.M.S.); (E.T.); (E.K.)
- Biological Institute, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Serena Facchiano
- Department of Science and Technology (DST), University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy; (G.O.); (S.F.); (D.S.); (C.P.); (E.V.); (R.I.)
| | - Evgeniia Tyrikova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of RAS, 630091 Novosibirsk, Russia; (M.M.S.); (E.T.); (E.K.)
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630091 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Daniela Sateriale
- Department of Science and Technology (DST), University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy; (G.O.); (S.F.); (D.S.); (C.P.); (E.V.); (R.I.)
| | - Elena Kashinskaya
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of RAS, 630091 Novosibirsk, Russia; (M.M.S.); (E.T.); (E.K.)
| | - Caterina Pagliarulo
- Department of Science and Technology (DST), University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy; (G.O.); (S.F.); (D.S.); (C.P.); (E.V.); (R.I.)
| | - Hossein S. Hoseinifar
- Department of Fisheries, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 49138-15739 Gorgan, Iran;
| | - Evgeniy Simonov
- Institute of Environmental and Agricultural Biology (X-BIO), University of Tyumen, 625003 Tyumen, Russia;
| | - Ettore Varricchio
- Department of Science and Technology (DST), University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy; (G.O.); (S.F.); (D.S.); (C.P.); (E.V.); (R.I.)
| | - Marina Paolucci
- Department of Science and Technology (DST), University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy; (G.O.); (S.F.); (D.S.); (C.P.); (E.V.); (R.I.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Roberta Imperatore
- Department of Science and Technology (DST), University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy; (G.O.); (S.F.); (D.S.); (C.P.); (E.V.); (R.I.)
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195
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Fernández-Tomé S, Indiano-Romacho P, Mora-Gutiérrez I, Pérez-Rodríguez L, Ortega Moreno L, Marin AC, Baldán-Martín M, Moreno-Monteagudo JA, Santander C, Chaparro M, Hernández-Ledesma B, Gisbert JP, Bernardo D. Lunasin Peptide is a Modulator of the Immune Response in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2001034. [PMID: 33890400 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202001034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lunasin is a soybean bioactive peptide with a variety of beneficial properties against chronic disorders. However, its effect in human primary intestinal cells remains unknown. Hence, this study aims to characterize its ex vivo biological activity in the human intestinal mucosa. METHODS AND RESULTS Human intestinal biopsies, obtained from healthy controls, are ex vivo conditioned with lunasin both in the presence/absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Peptide maintains its stability during biopsy culture by HPLC-MS/MS analysis. Lunasin is bioactive in the human mucosa, as it induces IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-17A, CCL2, and PGE2/COX-2 gene expression together with an increased expression of tolerogenic IL-10 and TGFβ, while it also downregulates the expression of iNOS and subunit p65 from NF-κB. Indeed, lunasin also abrogates the LPS-induced pro-inflammatory response, downregulating IL-17A, IFNγ, and IL-8 expression, and inducing IL-10 and TGFβ expression. These results are also mirrored in the cell-free culture supernatants at the protein level by Multiplex. Moreover, lunasin further induces a regulatory phenotype and function on human intestinal conventional dendritic cell and macrophage subsets as assessed by flow cytometry. CONCLUSIONS We hereby have characterized lunasin as an immunomodulatory peptide with potential capacity to prevent immune and inflammatory-mediated disorders in the human gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Fernández-Tomé
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo. Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Indiano-Romacho
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM, CEI UAM+CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Mora-Gutiérrez
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo. Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Leticia Pérez-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM, CEI UAM+CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Ortega Moreno
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo. Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia C Marin
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo. Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Baldán-Martín
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo. Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Andrés Moreno-Monteagudo
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo. Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cecilio Santander
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo. Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Chaparro
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo. Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Hernández-Ledesma
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM, CEI UAM+CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier P Gisbert
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo. Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Bernardo
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo. Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
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Rohm TV, Fuchs R, Müller RL, Keller L, Baumann Z, Bosch AJT, Schneider R, Labes D, Langer I, Pilz JB, Niess JH, Delko T, Hruz P, Cavelti-Weder C. Obesity in Humans Is Characterized by Gut Inflammation as Shown by Pro-Inflammatory Intestinal Macrophage Accumulation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:668654. [PMID: 34054838 PMCID: PMC8158297 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.668654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation is a hallmark of obesity and associated with cardiovascular complications. However, it remains unclear where this inflammation starts. As the gut is constantly exposed to food, gut microbiota, and metabolites, we hypothesized that mucosal immunity triggers an innate inflammatory response in obesity. We characterized five distinct macrophage subpopulations (P1-P5) along the gastrointestinal tract and blood monocyte subpopulations (classical, non-classical, intermediate), which replenish intestinal macrophages, in non-obese (BMI<27kg/m2) and obese individuals (BMI>32kg/m2). To elucidate factors that potentially trigger gut inflammation, we correlated these subpopulations with cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle behaviors. In obese individuals, we found higher pro-inflammatory macrophages in the stomach, duodenum, and colon. Intermediate blood monocytes were also increased in obesity, suggesting enhanced recruitment to the gut. We identified unhealthy lifestyle habits as potential triggers of gut and systemic inflammation (i.e., low vegetable intake, high processed meat consumption, sedentary lifestyle). Cardiovascular risk factors other than body weight did not affect the innate immune response. Thus, obesity in humans is characterized by gut inflammation as shown by accumulation of pro-inflammatory intestinal macrophages, potentially via recruited blood monocytes. Understanding gut innate immunity in human obesity might open up new targets for immune-modulatory treatments in metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa V Rohm
- Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine (DBM), University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Regula Fuchs
- Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rahel L Müller
- Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lena Keller
- Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine (DBM), University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zora Baumann
- Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine (DBM), University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Angela J T Bosch
- Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine (DBM), University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Romano Schneider
- Department of Biomedicine (DBM), University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Clarunis, Department of Visceral Surgery, University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Basel, St. Clara Hospital and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Danny Labes
- Department of Biomedicine (DBM), University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Igor Langer
- Department of Visceral Surgery, Lindenhof Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julia B Pilz
- AMB-Arztpraxis MagenDarm Basel, Basel and MagenDarm Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Jan H Niess
- Department of Biomedicine (DBM), University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Clarunis, Department of Visceral Surgery, University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Basel, St. Clara Hospital and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tarik Delko
- Clarunis, Department of Visceral Surgery, University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Basel, St. Clara Hospital and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Petr Hruz
- Department of Biomedicine (DBM), University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Clarunis, Department of Visceral Surgery, University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Basel, St. Clara Hospital and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Cavelti-Weder
- Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine (DBM), University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
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197
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Fleck AK, Hucke S, Teipel F, Eschborn M, Janoschka C, Liebmann M, Wami H, Korn L, Pickert G, Hartwig M, Wirth T, Herold M, Koch K, Falk-Paulsen M, Dobrindt U, Kovac S, Gross CC, Rosenstiel P, Trautmann M, Wiendl H, Schuppan D, Kuhlmann T, Klotz L. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid links reduced intestinal inflammation to amelioration of CNS autoimmunity. Brain 2021; 144:1152-1166. [PMID: 33899089 PMCID: PMC8105041 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A close interaction between gut immune responses and distant organ-specific autoimmunity including the CNS in multiple sclerosis has been established in recent years. This so-called gut–CNS axis can be shaped by dietary factors, either directly or via indirect modulation of the gut microbiome and its metabolites. Here, we report that dietary supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid, a mixture of linoleic acid isomers, ameliorates CNS autoimmunity in a spontaneous mouse model of multiple sclerosis, accompanied by an attenuation of intestinal barrier dysfunction and inflammation as well as an increase in intestinal myeloid-derived suppressor-like cells. Protective effects of dietary supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid were not abrogated upon microbiota eradication, indicating that the microbiome is dispensable for these conjugated linoleic acid-mediated effects. Instead, we observed a range of direct anti-inflammatory effects of conjugated linoleic acid on murine myeloid cells including an enhanced IL10 production and the capacity to suppress T-cell proliferation. Finally, in a human pilot study in patients with multiple sclerosis (n = 15, under first-line disease-modifying treatment), dietary conjugated linoleic acid-supplementation for 6 months significantly enhanced the anti-inflammatory profiles as well as functional signatures of circulating myeloid cells. Together, our results identify conjugated linoleic acid as a potent modulator of the gut–CNS axis by targeting myeloid cells in the intestine, which in turn control encephalitogenic T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Katrin Fleck
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stephanie Hucke
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Flavio Teipel
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Melanie Eschborn
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Claudia Janoschka
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Marie Liebmann
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Haleluya Wami
- Institute for Hygiene, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lisanne Korn
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Geethanjali Pickert
- Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marvin Hartwig
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Timo Wirth
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Herold
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Kathrin Koch
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Maren Falk-Paulsen
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ulrich Dobrindt
- Institute for Hygiene, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stjepana Kovac
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Catharina C Gross
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marcel Trautmann
- Division of Translational Pathology, Gerhard-Domagk-Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Tanja Kuhlmann
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Luisa Klotz
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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198
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Lian H, Jiang K, Tong M, Chen Z, Liu X, Galán JE, Gao X. The Salmonella effector protein SopD targets Rab8 to positively and negatively modulate the inflammatory response. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:658-71. [PMID: 33603205 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-021-00866-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The food-borne bacterial pathogen Salmonella Typhimurium uses a type III protein secretion system to deliver multiple proteins into host cells. These secreted effectors modulate the functions of host cells and activate specific signalling cascades that result in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and intestinal inflammation. Some of the Salmonella-encoded effectors counteract this inflammatory response and help to preserve host homeostasis. Here, we demonstrate that the Salmonella effector protein SopD, which is required for pathogenesis, functions to both activate and inhibit the inflammatory response by targeting the Rab8 GTPase, which is a negative regulator of inflammation. We show that SopD has GTPase-activating protein activity for Rab8 and, therefore, inhibits this GTPase and stimulates inflammation. We also show that SopD activates Rab8 by displacing it from its cognate guanosine dissociation inhibitor, resulting in the stimulation of a signalling cascade that suppresses inflammation. We solved the crystal structure of SopD in association with Rab8 to a resolution of 2.3 Å, which reveals a unique contact interface that underlies these complex interactions. These findings show the remarkable evolution of a bacterial effector protein to exert both agonistic and antagonistic activities towards the same host cellular target to modulate the inflammatory response.
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199
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Tang LP, Li WH, Liu YL, Lun JC, He YM. Heat stress aggravates intestinal inflammation through TLR4-NF-κB signaling pathway in Ma chickens infected with Escherichia coli O157:H7. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101030. [PMID: 33752066 PMCID: PMC8010704 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat stress can decrease poultry performance indices, immune function, and intestinal development, which can reduce birds' innate protective mechanisms and may be more susceptible for pathogens. Ma chickens heat-stressed with 41°C for 12 h and recovered for 7 d had extremely low immunity. In this study, a susceptible chicken model induced by heat stress and then infected with Escherichia coli O157:H7 was established to explore the mechanisms of birds' intestinal immune function changes. Ma chickens in heat stress + E. coli (HS + E. coli) group were stressed at 41°C for 12 h and recovered for 7 d, then chickens in E. coli group and HS + E. coli group were orally administered with 1 mL E. coli O157:H7 (1 × 109 cfu/mL). Chickens were sacrificed at the fourth day after E. coli administration. Results showed that the HS + E. coli group had increased intestinal length and weight, had higher E. coli counts in cecum contents than the E. coli group. Heat stress also enhanced serum diamine oxidase and decreased IgA level in chickens infected by E. coli. Heat stress had protective effects in small intestinal morphology except for duodenum by using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Compared with the E. coli group birds, IL-1β, TNF-α, and caspase-1 protein levels in the duodenum and ileum were significantly increased. Heat stress also can significantly enhance the gene and protein expression of Hsp70, TLR4, and NF-κB in the duodenum and ileum, respectively. The gene expression of Hsp70, TLR4, and NF-κB in the jejunum was not influenced, but the protein expression of Hsp70 and NF-κB was inhibited by heat stress. The results indicated heat stress can amplify the effect of E. coli on intestinal inflammatory injury of Ma chickens through increasing TLR4-NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Ping Tang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Wei-Hao Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Yi-Lei Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Jian-Chi Lun
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Yong-Ming He
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China.
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200
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Cocetta V, Governa P, Borgonetti V, Tinazzi M, Peron G, Catanzaro D, Berretta M, Biagi M, Manetti F, Dall'Acqua S, Montopoli M. Cannabidiol Isolated From Cannabis sativa L. Protects Intestinal Barrier From In Vitro Inflammation and Oxidative Stress. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:641210. [PMID: 33995048 PMCID: PMC8115937 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.641210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The relevance and incidence of intestinal bowel diseases (IBD) have been increasing over the last 50 years and the current therapies are characterized by severe side effects, making essential the development of new strategies that combine efficacy and safety in the management of human IBD. Herbal products are highly considered in research aimed at discovering new approaches for IBD therapy and, among others, Cannabis sativa L. has been traditionally used for centuries as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory remedy also in different gastrointestinal disorders. This study aims to investigate the effects of different C. sativa isolated compounds in an in vitro model of intestinal epithelium. The ability of treatments to modulate markers of intestinal dysfunctions was tested on Caco-2 intestinal cell monolayers. Our results, obtained by evaluation of ROS production, TEER and paracellular permeability measurements and tight junctions evaluation show Cannabidiol as the most promising compound against intestinal inflammatory condition. Cannabidiol is able to inhibit ROS production and restore epithelial permeability during inflammatory and oxidative stress conditions, suggesting its possible application as adjuvant in IBD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Cocetta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Governa
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Vittoria Borgonetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mattia Tinazzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Gregorio Peron
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Daniela Catanzaro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Berretta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Marco Biagi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Manetti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Stefano Dall'Acqua
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Monica Montopoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, VIMM, Padova, Italy
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