Engineering adeno-associated virus 2 vectors for targeted gene delivery to atherosclerotic lesions

Targeted delivery of biological agents to atherosclerotic plaques may provide a novel treatment and/or useful tool for imaging of atherosclerosis in vivo. However, there are no known viral vectors that possess the desired tropism. Two plaque-targeting peptides, CAPGPSKSC (CAP) and CNHRYMQMC (CNH) were inserted into the capsid of adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) to assess vector retargeting. AAV2-CNH produced significantly higher levels of transduction than unmodified AAV2 in human, murine and rat endothelial cells, whereas transduction of nontarget HeLa cells was unaltered. Transduction studies and surface plasmon resonance suggest that AAV2-CNH uses membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase as a surface receptor. AAV2-CAP only produced higher levels of transduction in rat endothelial cells, possibly because the virus was found to be affected by proteasomal degradation. In vivo substantially higher levels of both peptide-modified AAV2 vectors was detected in the brachiocephalic artery (site of advanced atherosclerotic plaques) and aorta, whereas reduced levels were detected in all other organs examined. These results suggest that in the AAV2 platform the peptides are exposed on the capsid surface in a way that enables efficient receptor binding and so creates effective atherosclerotic plaque targeted vectors.

Gadolinium is not the only trigger for nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: insights from two cases and review of the recent literature

Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) is an emerging fibrosing disease with serious consequences in patients with acute and chronic kidney disease including solid organ and renal transplant recipients. It has recently been linked to gadolinium exposure. Almost all recently reported cases of NSF were found to be preceded by gadolinium administration, which led the FDA to issue a warning against the use of gadolinium in patients with moderate-to-severe reduction in the glomerular filtration rate. We report two organ transplant recipients who developed NSF and in whom extensive record review failed to document any prior gadolinium exposure. We then critically review the recently published literature linking NSF and gadolinium and we propose other possible triggers. We conclude that gadolinium is not the only trigger for NSF, and that the search for other triggers should be sought. We believe that this information is an important addition to the NSF literature, such that the definitive etiology and pathogenesis of NSF can be researched.

Progression of the mental health nurse practitioner role in Australia

The guiding principle of health care is to serve the needs of the public. Healthcare services are therefore required to be increasingly flexible and open to new approaches to meet changing demands. They must also adjust and expand as new challenges are presented. Public awareness of mental health issues and the current demands placed on health services for access to affordable and appropriate mental health care have never been so great. The introduction of nurse practitioners (NPs) in Australia is a proud and long-anticipated moment for the discipline of nursing. However, a major challenge for the introduction of NPs in Australia will be to reassure medical colleagues, allied health professionals and the public that NPs are able to deliver high-quality primary care. This paper elaborates on the progress of the mental health NP role in Australia. Attention is centred on the characteristics the mental health NP role, the maintenance of professional competency to practise at an advanced clinical level, and the prospects and potential significance of NPs for mental health nursing practice. The nurse-led clinic, implemented through the process of consultation and systematic evaluation, is identified as an avenue for the extension of mental health NP practice in the delivery of autonomous primary care.

Influenza vaccination coverage among children aged 6-23 months - six immunization information system sentinel sites, United States, 2005-06 influenza season

Beginning with the 2004-05 influenza season, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended that all children aged 6-23 months receive influenza vaccinations annually. Other children recommended to receive influenza vaccinations include those aged 6 months-18 years who have certain high-risk medical conditions, those on chronic aspirin therapy, those who are household contacts of persons at high risk for influenza complications, and, since 2006, all children aged 24-59 months. Previously unvaccinated children aged <9 years need 2 doses administered at least 1 month apart to be considered fully vaccinated. This report assesses influenza vaccination coverage among children aged 6-23 months during the 2005-06 influenza season by using data from six immunization information system (IIS) sentinel sites. The findings demonstrate that vaccination coverage with 1 or more doses varied widely (range: 6.6% to 60.4%) among sites, with coverage increasing from the preceding influenza season in four of the six sites. However, <23% of children in five of the sites were fully vaccinated, underscoring the need for increased measures to improve the proportion of children who are fully vaccinated.

Genotoxic effect of copper on salivary gland polytene chromosomes of Chironomus riparius Meigen 1804 (Diptera, Chironomidae)

The genotoxic action of copper (Cu) on the polytene chromosomes of Chironomus riparius was investigated by analysing structural and functional chromosome aberrations of fourth instars larvae hatched from eggs subject to acute (48 h) exposure with three environmentally relevant concentrations of aqueous Cu (0.005, 0.01, 0.05 mg/l). A dose dependent relationship was observed between Cu concentration and frequency of chromosomal aberrations. A significantly higher frequency of functional alterations, specifically decondensed centromeres and telomeres, and reduction in activity of Balbiani rings, was observed in treated material compared to control. A comparison of breakpoints resulting from treatment with chromium and lead from earlier studies with those Cu-induced identified a series of chromosomal weak points particularly vulnerable to trace metals. We also show that the appearance of structural and functional chromosome aberrations are more sensitive indicators of acute Cu toxicity in chironomid larvae than changes in external morphology.

Saccades in presymptomatic and early stages of Huntington disease

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate quantitative measures of eye movements as possible biomarkers in prediagnostic and early stages of Huntington disease (HD).

METHODS

The study sample (n = 215) included individuals both at risk and recently diagnosed with HD. All participants completed a uniform clinical evaluation which included administration of the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS) by a movement disorder neurologist and molecular testing to determine HD gene status. A high resolution, video-based eye tracking system was employed to quantify measures of eye movement (error rates, latencies, SD of latencies, velocities, and accuracies) during a computerized battery of saccadic and steady fixation tasks.

RESULTS

Prediagnostic HD gene carriers and individuals with early HD demonstrated three types of significant abnormalities while performing memory guided and anti-saccade tasks: increased error rate, increased saccade latency, and increased variability of saccade latency. The eye movement abnormalities increased with advancing motor signs of HD.

CONCLUSIONS

Abnormalities in eye movement measures are a sensitive biomarker in the prediagnostic and early stages of Huntington disease (HD). These measures may be more sensitive to prediagnostic changes in HD than the currently employed neurologic motor assessment.

One woman's journey is a journey we all may share

In recent years, there has been a growing awareness of the need to take account of the patient's own experience of illness. Although this is to be welcomed, it is also important to hear the stories of those most affected by the patient's illness, their partners, their families, their communities and those who care for them. 'On being both professional and human: one woman's journey' provides a powerful example of how narrative may assist clinicians to learn about communication, care, presence and the effect of illness and death on those left behind.

Effect of Construction on Mechanical Behavior of Fabric Reinforced Rubber

Fabrics coated with rubber have wide applications in fields such as medical substrates, protective clothing, and flexible membranes for civil structures, airbags, geotextiles and industrial fabrics. As the market for coated fabrics expands to applications with more complex geometries and loading conditions, a competitive edge can be gained by optimizing the selection of fabric substrate and coating materials. This work includes a detailed experimental study of the effect of various parameters such as weave pattern, yarn size, and coating thickness on rubber coated fabric mechanical response. Nine types of woven PET fabrics were fabricated, consisting of the same warp yarn size and count, but different fill yarns (220, 500, and 1000 denier) and weave patterns (plain weave, 4-harness satin weave, and 8-harness satin weave). The fabrics were coated with neoprene latex using a dip-coating process. The coating penetration was much greater for the two-ply warp yarns than the fill yarns. Both coated and uncoated fabrics were tested. Shear tests and microscopy were used to understand the interaction between the fabric structure and the rubber coating. Results suggest that the shear behavior of the rubber-coated fabric is dominated by the rubber at low shear angles and by the fabric at higher shear angles. These results improve our ability to predict and prevent undesirable behaviors such as wrinkling, distortion and tear.

Safety and immunogenicity of New Zealand strain meningococcal serogroup B OMV vaccine in healthy adults: Beginning of epidemic control

As the first step towards control of a strain specific epidemic of meningococcal disease in New Zealand (NZ), this study, an observer-blind, randomised controlled trial in 75 healthy adults, evaluated safety and immunogenicity of two different dosages of a meningococcal group B vaccine administered in a three dose regime. The "tailor-made" outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccine (candidate vaccine) developed using a New Zealand meningococcal group B strain (B:4:P1.7b,4) was well tolerated with no vaccine related serious adverse events. Similar local and systemic reactions were observed in those receiving the New Zealand candidate vaccine and the control parent Norwegian vaccine (MenBvac). A four-fold rise in serum bactericidal antibodies (SBAb) against the vaccine strain 4-6 weeks after the third vaccination was achieved in 100% of New Zealand candidate vaccine 2,519 microg participants and in 87% of 50 microg participants. The safety and immunogenicity profile observed in this study of healthy adults enabled studies in children to be initiated using 25 microg dosage.

A new radiological classification for ameloblastoma based on analysis of 19 cases

OBJECTIVE

To describe ameloblastoma of the jawbone in young Jamaicans, with special emphasis on radiological findings, and to introduce a radiological classification which could assist in the categorization of these cases according to their biological behaviour and hence their subsequent surgical and medical management.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

The series comprised all the 18 cases of ameloblastoma of the jaw seen in patients under the age of 20 years in the two major hospitals in Jamaica with an oral and maxillofacial surgery department from 1980 to 1995. Radiological and histological diagnosis was confirmed in all. A case of maxillary ameloblastoma in a 13-year old girl seen in the year 2000 was also included in this study. This last case had special attributes.

RESULTS

All 19 patients had primary lesions of ameloblastoma. The mean age was 16.1 years with a mode of 18 years and a range of 13 to 19 years. The male to female ratio was 1.1:1. Eighteen cases were seen in the mandible and one case in the maxilla. Of these, 42% were unilocular and 58% were multilocular radiologically. Thirty-two per cent of cases had unerupted teeth associated with the lesions and 32% had root resorption. Based on our new radiological classification, the most predominant radiological type was IIb2 with root resorption (42%). There was no radiological type classically simulating dentigerous cyst (Ia2).

CONCLUSION

Ameloblastoma in young Jamaicans presented more in the adolescent period and are predominantly unicystic and rare in the maxilla. A new classification for ameloblastoma based solely on radiological presentation is adopted.

Perfluorochemicals: Potential sources of and migration from food packaging

Perfluorochemicals are widely used in the manufacturing and processing of a vast array of consumer goods, including electrical wiring, clothing, household and automotive products. Furthermore, relatively small quantities of perfluorochemicals are also used in the manufacturing of food-contact substances that represent potential sources of oral exposure to these chemicals. The most recognizable products to consumers are the uses of perfluorochemicals in non-stick coatings (polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)) for cookware and also their use in paper coatings for oil and moisture resistance. Recent epidemiology studies have demonstrated the presence of two particular perfluorochemicals, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in human serum at very low part per billion levels. These perfluorochemicals are biopersistent and are the subject of numerous studies investigating the many possible sources of human exposure. Among the various uses of these two chemicals, PFOS is a residual impurity in some paper coatings used for food contact and PFOA is a processing aid in the manufacture of PTFE used for many purposes including non-stick cookware. Little information is available on the types of perfluorochemicals that have the potential to migrate from perfluoro coatings into food. One obstacle to studying migration is the difficulty in measuring perfluorochemicals by routine conventional analytical techniques such as GC/MS or LC-UV. Many perfluorochemicals used in food-contact substances are not detectable by these conventional methods. As liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) develops into a routine analytical technique, potential migrants from perfluoro coatings can be more easily characterized. In this paper, data will be presented on the types of perfluoro chemicals that are used in food packaging and cookware. Additionally, research will be presented on the migration or potential for migration of these chemicals into foods or food simulating liquids. Results from migration tests show mg kg(-1) amounts of perfluoro paper additives/coatings transfer to food oil. Analysis of PTFE cookware shows residual amounts of PFOA in the low microg kg(-1) range. PFOA is present in microwave popcorn bag paper at amounts as high as 300 microg kg(-1).

Epidermal growth factor receptor: its role in Drosophila eye differentiation and cell survival

The Drosophila epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), functioning through the Ras/Raf/MAPK pathway, promotes cell proliferation and differentiation. Recent work has demonstrated that EGFR functions via the same Ras/Raf/MAPK pathway to promote cell survival. This review summarizes the role of EGFR in differentiation and survival during Drosophila eye development.

Predictors of major bleeding in acute coronary syndromes: the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE)

AIMS

There have been no large observational studies attempting to identify predictors of major bleeding in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), particularly from a multinational perspective. The objective of our study was thus to develop a prediction rule for the identification of patients with ACS at higher risk of major bleeding.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Data from 24045 patients from the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) were analysed. Factors associated with major bleeding were identified using logistic regression analysis. Predictive models were developed for the overall patient population and for subgroups of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and unstable angina. The overall incidence of major bleeding was 3.9% (4.8% in patients with STEMI, 4.7% in patients with NSTEMI and 2.3% in patients with unstable angina). Advanced age, female sex, history of bleeding, and renal insufficiency were independently associated with a higher risk of bleeding (P<0.01). The association remained after adjustment for hospital therapies and performance of invasive procedures. After adjustment for a variety of potential confounders, major bleeding was significantly associated with an increased risk of hospital death (adjusted odds ratio 1.64, 95% confidence interval 1.18, 2.28).

CONCLUSIONS

In routine clinical practice, major bleeding is a relatively frequent non-cardiac complication of contemporary therapy for ACS and it is associated with a poor hospital prognosis. Simple baseline demographic and clinical characteristics identify patients at increased risk of major bleeding.

Fatal human rabies caused by European bat Lyssavirus type 2a infection in Scotland

We wish to report the first recorded case of indigenous human rabies caused by a bat bite in the United Kingdom in 100 years. This instructive case report highlights a number of key lessons: first, bites from insectivorous bats indiginous to the United Kingdom can cause rabies in humans; second, rabies immunization is essential for bat-handlers, and postexposure treatment for rabies is essential for patients bitten by bats; third, patients able to give a history who present with acute flaccid paralysis and/or presumptive viral encephalitis should be asked if they have been bitten by bats, irrespective of travel history, or this history should be obtained from family or friends; fourth, antemortem diagnosis of bat rabies (EBLV type 2a infection) in humans is possible using RT-PCR.

Histological, immunohistochemical and morphometric changes in lung tissue in juvenile mice experimentally exposed to Stachybotrys chartarum spores

Stachybotrys chartarum is an important toxigenic fungus often associated with chronically wet cellulose-based building materials. The purpose of this study was to evaluate some histological, immunohistochemical and morphometric changes in mouse lung tissues exposed intratracheally to either 50 microl of 1.4 x 10(6) S. chartarum spores (< or = 35 ng toxin/kg BW), isosatratoxin-F (35 ng/kg BW), 50 microl of 1.4 x 10(6) Cladosporium cladosporioides spores, or 50 microl saline. Exposure of lung tissues to S. chartarum or C. cladosporioides spores resulted in granuloma formation at the sites of spore impaction. Some of the lung tissues impacted by S. chartarum spores also showed erythrocyte accumulation in the alveolar air space, dilated capillaries engorged with erythrocytes, and hemosiderin accumulation at spore impaction sites, which were features not noted in the C. cladosporioides-spore treated animals. Immunohistochemistry revealed reduced collagen IV distribution in lung granulomas in S. chartarum-treated animals especially at 48 and 72 hr post-exposure compared to that in lungs of mice with C. cladosporioides-spore induced granulomas. Quantitative analysis of pooled S. chartarum and C. cladosporioides spore impacted lungs revealed significant depression (P < 0.05) of alveolar air space from 71.4 +/- 6.1% in untreated animals to 56.04 +/- 6.1% in the S. chartarum- and 60.24 +/- 5.5% in the C. cladosporioides-spore treated animals. It also revealed that alveolus air space in S. chartarum treated animals declined significantly from 63.74 +/- 3.1% at 12 hr post-exposure to 42.94 +/- 7.9% at 72 hr post-exposure and was increased to 54.84 +/- 5.2% at 96 hr post-exposure. Alveolus air space in C. cladosporioides treated animals also decreased significantly from 64.84 +/- 7.1% at 12 hr exposure to 54.94 +/- 5.4% at 48 hr post-exposure and was increased to 64.64 +/- 10.1% at 96 hr post-exposure. It also revealed significant (P < 0.05) alveolar accumulation of erythrocytes from 1.24 +/- 1.4% in the untreated animals to 3.44 +/- 1.5% in the pooled S. chartarum spore treated animals. Erythrocyte abundance in S. chartarum treated animals increased significantly (P < 0.001) from 2.14 +/- 1.7% at 12 hr post-exposure to 5.54 +/- 1.5% at 72 hr and 4.94 +/- 1.4% at 96 hr post-exposure. These results further reveal that exposure to S. chartarum spores elicit tissue responses in vivo significantly different from those associated with exposure to pure trichothecene toxin and to spores of a non-toxigenic fungus.

The hidden side of nursing: why caring for patients with malignant malodorous wounds is so difficult

OBJECTIVE

This cross-sectional qualitative study used semi-structured telephone interviews with palliative care nurses working in urban and rural settings in Australia to explore their experiences of dealing with patients with malignant, often malodorous, wounds.

METHOD

This paper was the second phase of a research project examining the care of patients with malignant wounds. Of 71 palliative care nurses in New South Wales invited to participate, 26 took part, 17 of them working in community positions. The data from the telephone interviews were transcribed and analysed, using content analysis, and coded for themes relating to the nurses' experiences of caring for this patient group.

RESULTS

Nurses working in this setting strove to do the best for patients and their families under circumstances that are emotionally and physically difficult. Some of them suffered personal distress as a consequence. Patient isolation and altered body image are significant challenges for these nurses.

CONCLUSION

The nature of the work these nurses do, in particular the fact that they are dealing with cancers, tends to push them into literal and practical silence. But the researchers question whether this is always the best option. They ask if hiding feelings could be bad for nurses and patients alike. In qualitative research it is not appropriate to generalize the results, although lessons can be learnt from the experience of this group.

Enhancing the effectiveness of tobacco package warning labels: a social psychological perspective

OBJECTIVE

To outline social psychological principles that could influence the psychosocial and behavioural effects of tobacco warning labels, and to inform the development of more effective tobacco warning labels.

DATA SOURCES

PsycInfo and Medline literature searches and expert guided selection of principles and theories in social psychology and of tobacco warning labels, including articles, books, and reports.

CONCLUSIONS

Tobacco warning labels represent a potentially effective method of influencing attitudes and behaviours. This review describes social psychological principles that could be used to guide the creation of more effective warning labels. The potential value of incorporating warning labels into a broader public health education campaign is discussed, and directions for future research are suggested.

Renal cell carcinoma and occupational exposure to chemicals in Canada

This study assesses the effect of occupational exposure to specific chemicals on the risk of renal cell carcinoma in Canada. Mailed questionnaires were used to obtain data on 1279 (691 male and 588 female) newly diagnosed, histologically confirmed renal cell carcinoma cases and 5370 population controls in eight Canadian provinces, between 1994 and 1997. Data were collected on socio-economic status, smoking habit, alcohol use, diet, residential and occupational histories, and years of exposure to any of 17 chemicals. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were derived using unconditional logistic regression. The study found an increased risk of renal cell carcinoma in males only, which was associated with occupational exposure to benzene; benzidine; coal tar, soot, pitch, creosote or asphalt; herbicides; mineral, cutting or lubricating oil; mustard gas; pesticides; and vinyl chloride. Compared with no exposure to the specific chemical, the adjusted ORs were 1.8 (95% CI = 1.2-2.6), 2.1 (1.3-3.6), 1.4 (1.1-1.8), 1.6 (1.3-2.0), 1.3 (1.1-1.7), 4.6 (1.7-12.5), 1.8 (1.4-2.3) and 2.0 (1.2-3.3), respectively; an elevated risk was also associated with exposure to cadmium salts and isopropyl oil. The risk of renal cell carcinoma increased with duration of exposure to benzene, benzidine, cadmium, herbicides and vinyl chloride. Very few females were exposed to specific chemicals in this study; further research is needed to clarify the association between occupational exposure to chemicals and renal cell carcinoma in females.

Thermodynamic and kinetic characterization of the dissociation and assembly of quadruplex nucleic acids

The dissociation and assembly of quadruplex DNA structures (and a few quadruplex RNAs) have been characterized at several levels of rigor, ranging from gross descriptions of factors that govern each process, to semiquantitative comparisons of the relative abilities of these factors to induce stabilization or destabilization, to quantitative studies of binding energies (thermodynamics), transformational rates (kinetics), and analysis of their transition-state energies and mechanisms. This survey classifies these factors, describes the trends and focuses on their interdependencies. Quadruplex assembly is induced most efficiently by added K(+) and elevating the strand concentration; however, Na(+), NH(4)(+), Sr(2+), and Pb(2+) are also very effective stabilizers. Quadruplex dissociation is typically accomplished by thermal denaturation, "melting"; however, when the quadruplex and monovalent cation concentrations are low enough, or the temperature is sufficiently high, several divalent cations, e.g., Ca(2+), Co(2+), Mn(2+), Zn(2+), Ni(2+) and Mg(2+) can induce dissociation. Stabilization also depends on the type of structure adopted by the strand (or strands) in question. Variants include intramolecular, two- and four-stranded quadruplexes. Other important variables include strand sequence, the size of intervening loops and pH, especially when cytosines are present, base methylation, and the replacement of backbone phosphates with phosphorothioates. Competitive equilibria can also modulate the formation of quadruplex DNAs. For example, reactions leading to Watson-Crick (WC) duplex and hairpin DNAs, triplex DNAs, and even other types of quadruplexes can compete with quadruplex association reactions for strands. Others include nonprotein catalysts, small molecules such as aromatic dyes, metalloporphyrins, and carbohydrates (osmolytes). Other nucleic acid strands have been found to drive quadruplex formation. To help reinforce the implications of each piece of information, each functional conclusion drawn from each cited piece of thermodynamic or kinetic data has been summarized briefly in a standardized table entry.

Active and passive smoking and the risk of stomach cancer, by subsite, in Canada

This study assessed the influence of active and passive smoking on the risk of stomach cancer by subsite. Mailed questionnaires were used to obtain information on 1171 newly diagnosed histologically confirmed stomach cancer cases and 2207 population controls between 1994 and 1997 in eight Canadian provinces. Data were collected on socio-economic status, lifestyle and passive smoking status. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were derived by logistic regression. Compared with those who had never smoked, there was strongly increased risk for ex- and current smokers among subjects with cardial stomach cancer. For men with cardial cancer, the adjusted ORs were 1.9 (95% CI 1.2-3.0) and 2.6 (95% CI 1.6-4.3) for ex-smokers and current smokers, respectively, with a similar pattern among women. Among men, the adjusted ORs were lower for subsites of stomach cancer other than cardia. These findings suggest that active and passive smoking may play an important role in the development of cardial stomach cancer.

Microanatomical changes in alveolar type II cells in juvenile mice intratracheally exposed to Stachybotrys chartarum spores and toxin

Stachybotrys chartarum is an important environmental fungus. We have shown recently that alveolar type II cells are sensitive to exposure to Stachybotrys chartarum spores and to the trichothecene, isosatratoxin-F, both in vitro and in vivo, in a juvenile mouse model. This sensitivity is manifest as significant changes in the composition and normal metabolic processing of pulmonary surfactant. This study evaluated the effects of a single intratracheal exposure of S. chartarum spores and toxin on ultrastructure and dimensions of alveolar type II cells from juvenile mice. This was to determine whether there are concurrent morphological and dimensional changes in the alveolar type II cell that reflect the metabolic alterations in pulmonary surfactant that we observed in the treated mice. Marked ultrastructural changes were associated with alveolar type II cells in both S. chartarum and isosatratoxin-F treated animals compared to untreated, saline, and Cladosporium cladosporioides spore treated animals. These ultrastructural changes included condensed mitochondria with separated cristae, scattered chromatin and poorly defined nucleolus, cytoplasmic rarefaction, and distended lamellar bodies with irregularly arranged lamellae. Point count stereological analysis revealed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in lamellar body volume density in S. chartarum and isosatratoxin-treated animals after 48 h exposure. Mitochondria volume density was significantly lower in the isosatratoxin-F (48 h exposure) and S. chartarum treated (24 and 48 h exposure) animals compared to those in the other treatment groups. These results reveal that exposure to S. chartarum spores and toxin elicit cellular responses in vivo differently from those associated with exposure to spores of a nontoxigenic mold species. They also indicate that accumulation of newly secreted pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space of S. chartarum and isosatratoxin-F treated animals might be a consequence of cellular trauma resulting in lamellar body volume density changes leading to increased release of pulmonary surfactant into the alveolar space.

Identification of a novel retina-specific gene located in a subtelomeric region with polymorphic distribution among multiple human chromosomes

The human retina is comprised of a large number of cell types with highly specialized functions that depend on the action of countless genes, many of which are exclusively expressed in the retina. We have isolated a novel retinal gene, termed F379. The transcript was initially identified as a cluster of ESTs derived predominantly from retinal cDNA libraries and its retinal transcription confirmed by Northern blot and RT-PCR. Screening of retinal cDNA libraries yielded four clones that were assembled into a 1188 bp consensus sequence. The putative open reading frame includes an unusual configuration of Alu and MIR repeats and encodes a putative 85 aa peptide with no significant homology to any known protein sequence outside of the Alu and MIR elements. Comparison with genomic sequence determined that F379 consists of three exons and maps to multiple locations throughout the genome, a finding confirmed by PCR screening of a somatic cell hybrid mapping panel. F379 appears to be contained within a region of subtelomeric DNA that is duplicated in a polymorphic distribution to multiple chromosomes. Comparison of interchromosomal sequence variation with the sequences of expressed transcripts suggests that the gene is transcribed in the human retina from at least four different chromosomes.

Sex determination in the androdioecious plant Datisca glomerata and its dioecious sister species D. cannabina

Datisca glomerata is an androdioecious plant species containing male and hermaphroditic individuals. Molecular markers and crossing data suggest that, in both D. glomerata and its dioecious sister species D. cannabina, sex is determined by a single nuclear locus, at which maleness is dominant. Supporting this conclusion, an amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) is heterozygous in males and homozygous recessive in hermaphrodites in three populations of the androdioecious species. Additionally, hermaphrodite x male crosses produced 1:1 sex ratios, while hermaphrodite x hermaphrodite crosses produced almost entirely hermaphroditic offspring. No perfectly sex-linked marker was found in the dioecious species, but all markers associated with sex mapped to a single linkage group and were heterozygous in the male parent. There was no sex-ratio heterogeneity among crosses within D. cannabina collections, but males from one collection produced highly biased sex ratios (94% females), suggesting that there may be sex-linked meiotic drive or a cytoplasmic sex-ratio factor. Interspecific crosses produced only male and female offspring, but no hermaphrodites, suggesting that hermaphroditism is recessive to femaleness. This comparative approach suggests that the hermaphrodite form arose in a dioecious population from a recessive mutation that allowed females to produce pollen.

The neuron-specific RNA-binding protein ELAV regulates neuroglian alternative splicing in neurons and binds directly to its pre-mRNA

Drosophila melanogaster neural-specific protein, ELAV, has been shown to regulate the neural-specific splicing of three genes: neuroglian (nrg), erect wing, and armadillo. Alternative splicing of the nrg transcript involves alternative inclusion of a 3'-terminal exon. Here, using a minigene reporter, we show that the nrg alternatively spliced intron (nASI) has all the determinants required to recreate proper neural-specific RNA processing seen with the endogenous nrg transcript, including regulation by ELAV. An in vitro UV cross-linking assay revealed that ELAV from nuclear extracts cross-links to four distinct sites along the 3200 nucleotide long nASI; one EXS is positioned at the polypyrimidine tract of the default 3' splice site. ELAV cross-linking sites (EXSs) have in common long tracts of (U)-rich sequence rather than a precise consensus; moreover, each tract has at least two 8/10U elements; their importance is validated by mutant transgene reporter analysis. Further, we propose criteria for ELAV target sequence recognition based on the four EXSs, sites within the nASI that are (U) rich but do not cross-link with ELAV, and predicted EXSs from a phylogenetic comparison with Drosophila virilis nASI. These results suggest that ELAV regulates nrg alternative splicing by direct interaction with the nASI.

Evaluation of the G protein coupled receptor-75 (GPR75) in age related macular degeneration

BACKGROUND

A long term project was initiated to identify and to characterise genes that are expressed exclusively or preferentially in the retina as candidates for a genetic susceptibility to age related macular degeneration (AMD). A transcript represented by a cluster of five human expressed sequence tags (ESTs) derived exclusively from retinal cDNA libraries was identified.

METHODS

Northern blot and RT-PCR analyses confirmed preferential retinal expression of the gene, which encodes a G protein coupled receptor, GPR75. Following isolation of the full length cDNA and determination of the genomic organisation, the coding sequence of GPR75 was screened for mutations in 535 AMD patients and 252 controls from Germany, the United States, and Italy. Employed methods included single stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis, denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC), and direct sequencing.

RESULTS

Nine different sequence variations were identified in patients and control individuals. Three of these (-30A>C, 150G>A, and 346G>A) likely represent polymorphic variants. Each of six alterations (-4G>A, N78K, P99L, S108T, T135P, and Q234X) were found once in single AMD patients and were considered variants that could affect the protein function and potentially cause retinal pathology.

CONCLUSION

The presence of six potential pathogenic variants in a cohort of 535 AMD patients alone does not provide statistically significant evidence for the association of sequence variation in GPR75 with genetic predisposition to AMD. However, a possible connection between the variants and age related retinal pathology cannot be discarded. Functional studies are needed to clarify the role of GPR75 in retinal physiology.

Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of analogues of the antitumor agent, 2-(4-[(7-chloro-2-quinoxalinyl)oxy]phenoxy)propionic acid (XK469)

2-(4-[(7-Chloro-2-quinoxalinyl)oxy]phenoxy)propionic acid (XK469) is among the most highly and broadly active antitumor agents to have been evaluated in our laboratories and is currently scheduled to enter clinical trials in 2001. The mechanism or mechanisms of action of XK469 remain to be elaborated. Accordingly, an effort was initiated to establish a pharmacophore hypothesis to delineate the requirements of the active site, via a comprehensive program of synthesis of analogues of XK469 and evaluation of the effects of structural modification(s) on solid tumor activity. The strategy formulated chose to dissect the two-dimensional parent structure into three regions-I, ring A of quinoxaline; II, the hydroquinone connector linkage; and III, the lactic acid moiety-to determine the resultant in vitro and in vivo effects of chemical alterations in each region. Neither the A-ring unsubstituted nor the B-ring 3-chloro-regioisomer of XK469 showed antitumor activity. The modulating antitumor effect(s) of substituents of differing electronegativities, located at the several sites comprising the A-ring of region I, were next ascertained. Thus, a halogen substituent, located at the 7-position of a 2-(4-[(2-quinoxalinyl)oxy]phenoxy)propionic acid, generated the most highly and broadly active antitumor agents. A methyl, methoxy, or an azido substituent at this site generated a much less active structure, whereas 5-, 6-, 8-chloro-, 6-, 7-nitro, and 7-amino derivatives all proved to be essentially inactive. When the connector linkage (region II) of 1 was changed from that of a hydroquinone to either a resorcinol or a catechol derivative, all antitumor activity was lost. Of the carboxylic acid derivatives of XK469 (region III), i.e., CONH2, CONHCH3, CON(CH3)2, CONHOH, CONHNH2, CN, or CN4H (tetrazole), only the monomethyl- and N,N-dimethylamides proved to be active.

Stories about breast cancer in Australian women's magazines: information sources for risk, early detection and treatment

Sixty articles in five Australian women's magazines were analyzed for journalistic qualities, metaphors, narrative features and accuracy of clinical facts related to risk, early detection and treatment of breast cancer. The stories were features, news features or soft news stories. The stories reflected the 'good news' editorial style of women's magazines. A dominant theme in the stories was that early detection of breast cancer is crucial and equals survival. While there were few inaccuracies in the stories, there was little detail of treatment modalities, an emphasis on lifestyle as a risk factor and a prevailing message that a genetic history of breast cancer means you will get it. A major implication of the findings is that nurses, who provide information to women, must be aware of the goals of journalists and the educational power of narrative logic of stories in women's magazines.

L- and M-cone-driven electroretinograms in Stargardt's macular dystrophy-fundus flavimaculatus

PURPOSE

To study the dynamics of the long (L)- and middle (M)-wavelength-sensitive cone-driven pathways and their interactions in patients with Stargardt's macular dystrophy-fundus flavimaculatus (SMD-FF) and to correlate them with other clinical parameters and individual genotypes.

METHODS

Forty-seven patients with SMD-FF participated in the study. In addition to standard 30-Hz flicker electroretinograms (30-Hz fERG), ERG responses were measured to stimuli that modulated exclusively the L or the M cones (L/M cones) or the two simultaneously. Blood samples were screened for mutations in the 50 exons of the ABCA4 gene.

RESULTS

Patients with SMD-FF did not show a decrease in the mean L/M-cone-driven ERG sensitivity, but there was a significant increase in the interindividual variability. The mean L-/M-cone weighting ratio was normal. However, the L-cone-driven ERG was significantly phase delayed, whereas the M-cone-driven ERG was significantly phase advanced. These phase changes were significantly correlated with disease duration. The amplitude and implicit time of the standard 30-Hz fERG both correlated significantly with the L/M-cone-driven ERG sensitivity and with the phase difference between the L/M-cone-driven ERGs, indicating the complex origin of the standard 30-Hz fERG. Probable disease-associated mutations in the ABCA4 gene were found in 40 of 45 patients, suggesting that they form a genetically fairly uniform SMD-FF study group. There was no correlation between the genotype and the L/M-cone-driven ERGS:

CONCLUSIONS

The changes in L/M-cone-driven ERG sensitivity and phase possibly represent two independent disease processes. The phase changes are similar to those found in patients with retinitis pigmentosa and possibly are a general feature of retinal dystrophies.

Malignant wound management: what dressings do nurses use?

This paper reports on the findings from the first part of a three-phase project that aimed to identify nursing strategies used in the management of malignant wounds. The difficulties relating to the management of these wounds and the significant physical and psychological impact on patients are described. A quantitative postal survey aiming to identify the types of dressing used in the care of malignant wounds was sent to specialist nurses working in oncology and palliative care in New South Wales, Australia. Additional qualitative data showed that the major issues were coping with odour and meeting the financial costs of the dressing products. The long list of products compiled for this research demonstrates the complexities nurses face when selecting dressings for the management of malignant wounds. Furthermore, there are no clear recommendations to guide nursing practice. This study provides a framework for subsequent phases of the project and will hopefully lead to the development of guidelines for best practice in malignant wound management.

EFEMP1 is not associated with sporadic early onset drusen

The early onset of multiple drusen in the posterior pole of the retina is characteristic of a group of macular dystrophies often referred to as dominant or radial drusen. At least two forms, Doyne honeycomb retinal dystrophy (DHRD) and Malattia Leventinese (MLVT), are associated with a single missense mutation (R345W) in the gene encoding the EGF-containing fibulin-like extracellular matrix protein-1 (EFEMP1) and are now thought to represent a single entity. Here, we present a further evaluation of the role of EFEMP1 in the pathogenesis of sporadic forms of early onset drusen. We analyzed all coding exons of the EFEMP1 gene by SSCP analysis in 14 unrelated individuals with early onset of multiple drusen and no apparent family history of the disease. In this patient group, we did not detect the R345W mutation or any other disease-associated mutation. Three different polymorphisms and two intragenic polymorphic repeats were present in similar frequencies in the patients and control individuals. We conclude that EFEMP1 is unlikely to be involved in the disease in this patient group. This suggests that mutations in a different as yet unknown gene or genes may lead to the early onset drusen phenotype.

Simultaneous interdisciplinary counseling in German breast/ovarian cancer families: first experiences with patient perceptions, surveillance behavior and acceptance of genetic testing

As part of a multicenter study supported by the German Mildred Scheel foundation we have established an interdisciplinary counseling setting for members of breast and/or ovarian cancer families. We offer simultaneous counseling by a team consisting of a geneticist, a gynecologist and a psycho-oncologist. Here we describe our counseling protocol and our first short-term experience with this interdisciplinary approach. Preliminary data on patient perceptions and behaviors in the context of DNA testing are reported. Overall, our counseling approach was perceived as beneficial both by the counselors and the consultants. A marked overestimation of the risk to develop breast and/or ovarian cancer was noted in the group of unaffected individuals from medium to low risk breast cancer families in contrast to an appropriate risk perception in members from high risk families. All participants shared many of the same expectations about genetic testing and counseling and appeared to base their decision-making about testing on the risk classification given by the genetic counselor. The reported participation in gynecological cancer prevention programs was high in all families at risk, but was less sufficient in unaffected as compared to affected persons. Although current data on BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation analyses render testing in medium to low risk individuals questionable, our findings emphasize the importance of genetic counseling and education in all risk categories of breast and/or ovarian cancer families.

Evaluation of DHPLC in the analysis of hemophilia A

The manifestation of hemophilia A, a common hereditary bleeding disorder in humans, is caused by abnormalities in the factor VIII (FVIII) gene. A wide range of different mutations has been identified and provides the genetic basis for the extensive variability observed in the clinical phenotype. The knowledge of a specific mutation is of great interest as this may facilitate genetic counseling and prediction of the risk of anti-FVIII antibody development, the most serious complication in hemophilia A treatment to date. Due to its considerable size (7.2 kb of the coding sequence, represented by 26 exons), mutation detection in this gene represents a challenge that is only partially met by conventional screening methods such as denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) or single stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP). These techniques are time consuming, require specific expertise and are limited to detection rates of 70-85%. In contrast, the recently introduced denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (dHPLC) offers a promising new method for a fast and sensitive analysis of PCR-amplified DNA fragments. To test the applicability of dHPLC in the molecular diagnosis of hemophilia A, we first assessed a cohort of 156 patients with previously identified mutations in the FVIII gene. Applying empirically determined exon-specific melting profiles, a total of 150 mutations (96.2%) were readily detected. Five mutations (3.2%) could be identified after temperatures were optimized for the specific nucleotide change. One mutation (0.6%) failed to produce a detectable heteroduplex signal. In a second series, we analyzed 27 hemophiliacs in whom the mutation was not identified after extensive DGGE and chemical mismatch cleavage (CMC) analysis. In 19 of these patients (70.4%), dHPLC facilitated the detection of the disease-associated nucleotide alterations. From these findings we conclude that the dHPLC technology is a highly sensitive method well suited to the molecular analysis of hemophilia A.

Establishing an evidence base for the specialist breast nurse: A model for Australian breast cancer care

The unmet needs of women with breast cancer have been extensively documented. In the United Kingdom, theintroduction of the specialist breast nurse (SBN) role has been one strategy to improve the psychological wellbeing ofwomen. This paper describes a SBN model of care and clinical pathway for Australian treatment settings, developedfrom systematic reviews of research and clinical practice guidelines for the treatment and psychosocial care of womenwith breast cancer. The model acknowledges the SBN as an integral member of the multi-disciplinary team with akey role to meet the emotional and informational needs of women diagnosed with breast cancer from the time ofdiagnosis through to follow up after treatment.Key words: breast cancer, specialist breast nurse, evidence-based, clinical practice guidelines, clinical pathway,psychosocial support

Pediatric core needle biopsy: strengths and limitations in evaluation of masses

Needle core biopsies (NCB) are widely used in adults but are less often used for the evaluation of pediatric tumors. To determine the diagnostic utility of NCB for pediatric tumors, we performed a retrospective analysis. Fifty NCB of masses from 1992 to 1998, subsequent pathologic specimens, and medical records were reviewed. All patients were less than 21 years of age. Of the NCB 78% (39/50) were diagnostic of a neoplasm, 8% (4/50) were nondiagnostic in cases where a tumor was subsequently diagnosed, and 14% (7/50) revealed inflammatory or reactive lesions, with no subsequent diagnosis of a neoplasm according to medical record review. In cases in which a neoplasm was present, NCB was diagnostic in 91% (39/43). For cases in which there was a previous diagnosis of a tumor, 100% (9/9) of NCB were diagnostic of a recurrence or metastasis. In cases of NCB for primary tumor diagnosis, 88% (30/34) were diagnostic. The most common problems encountered were related to specimen adequacy, such as insufficient tissue, crush artifact, and tumor necrosis. Tumor diagnoses were as follows: primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET)/Ewing sarcoma (12), malignant lymphoma/Hodgkin's disease (8), rhabdomyosarcoma (4), germ cell tumor (3), Wilms' tumor (3), neuroblastoma (1), sarcoma, not otherwise specified (4), and other neoplasms (8). There were no complications of the procedure. NCB of pediatric tumors is an effective diagnostic tool and can be used to obtain diagnostic material quickly and safely. NCB was diagnostic in 90% of cases in this series. When NCB provide sufficient material for immunohistochemical, cytogenetic, flow cytometric, and other ancillary studies, the diagnostic efficacy is enhanced. The major limitations in this series were related to sampling problems and specimen adequacy for comprehensive pathologic evaluation.

Fracture strength of In-Ceram all-ceramic bridges in relation to cervical shape and try-in procedure. An in-vitro study

Investigations were performed on the strength of dental porcelain depending on whether it was exposed to saliva before or after the final firing. Forty porcelain specimens were fabricated and subjected to different treatments. A three-point flexural test was performed. In a second study investigations were performed to compare how the cervical shape of the preparation influenced the fracture strength of fixed partial dentures made of glass-infiltrated aluminium oxide. It was concluded that short-term exposure to saliva could have a negative effect on the strength of porcelain and that all-ceramic bridges luted with non-adhesive luting techniques should be supported by abutments with shoulder preparations.

Validity and responsiveness of the 6 minute walk test for people with fibromyalgia

OBJECTIVE

To determine the concurrent validity and responsiveness of the 6 minute walk test (6-MWT) as a measure of cardiorespiratory fitness in people with fibromyalgia.

METHODS

Subjects completed the 6-MWT, a Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), and a peak oxygen consumption (pVO2) exercise test before (n = 28) and after (n = 20) a 12 week exercise program.

RESULTS

The correlations between 6-MWT distance and pVO2 before (r = 0.328) and after (r = 0.420) the exercise program were not significant. Significant correlations were obtained between 6-MWT distance and FIQ total (r = -0.494, p < 0.01) and physical impairment (r = -0.403, p < 0.05) scores. Fifteen of 28 subjects completed the exercise program, with significant (p < 0.05) changes in 6-MWT distance (+78 m), pVO2 (+1.8 ml/kg/min), and FIQ total score (-9.9). The change in 6-MWT distance was correlated significantly (p < 0.05) with change in FIQ total score but no change in pVO2.

CONCLUSION

The 6-MWT was not a valid predictor of cardiorespiratory fitness. However, it was sensitive to change and was also significantly related to FIQ total score.

Molecular mechanisms of cell death and phagocytosis in Drosophila

The genetic tools available in Drosophila have facilitated our understanding of how apoptosis is regulated and executed in the context of the developing organism. All embryonic apoptosis is initiated by the activity of three genes, rpr, grim and hid. Each of these genes is independently regulated, allowing developmental apoptosis to be finely controlled. These initiators in turn activate the core apoptotic machinery, including the caspases. Drosophila counterparts to other conserved components of the apoptotic machinery have been recently identified, and we discuss how these may be integrated into the process of normal developmentally regulated cell death. We also outline the role that phagocytosis plays in the final stages of apoptosis and consider the molecular mechanisms guiding the elimination of apoptotic corpses.

How do patients perceive support from nurses?

Patients found support in the clinical friendship of nurses. The nurses instilled a sense of normality into their activities, creating a supportive atmosphere. Patients expressed a need for reciprocity in their relationship with the nurses. This relationship should be balanced and sustainable.