201
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Abstract
Sendai virus is eliminated from the respiratory tract of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) -/- BALB/c mice with normal kinetics. The level of virus-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activity in the cell population recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage is unimpaired, the prevalence of interleukin-4 (IL-4)-producing cells is increased, and the titers of virus-specific immunoglobulins IgG1 and IgG2b are higher in the IFN-gamma -/- mice. The emergence of this T-helper 2 response profile in both lymphoid tissue and the pneumonic lung has no obvious deleterious consequences. Virus clearance is slightly delayed following depletion of the CD4+ subset, with the effect being similar in magnitude for IFN-gamma -/- and +/+ mice. However, the generation of CTL precursors (CTLp) is diminished in the IFN-gamma -/- (but not +/+) mice in the absence of concurrent CD4+ T help. Apparently the clonal expansion of the CTLp population can be promoted either by a cytokine (perhaps IL-2) produced by the IFN-gamma -/- CD4+ T cells or by IFN-gamma made by other cell types in the +/+ mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Y Mo
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
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202
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Topham DJ, Tripp RA, Hamilton-Easton AM, Sarawar SR, Doherty PC. Quantitative analysis of the influenza virus-specific CD4+ T cell memory in the absence of B cells and Ig. The Journal of Immunology 1996. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.157.7.2947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The role of B lymphocytes and their Ig product in the development and maintenance of virus-specific CD4+ T cells has been analyzed in mice homozygous for disruption of the Ig mu gene (mu MT). These mice lack mature B220+ B cells and do not secrete Ig, but generate normal CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses and have no difficulty clearing the HKx31 influenza A virus from the infected respiratory tract. Sequential limiting dilution analysis of virus-specific CD4+ T cells established that the frequencies of IL-2-producing T helper cell precursors in the draining lymph nodes and/or spleen from 7 days to 6 mo after infection were essentially similar in mu MT and C57BL/6 (B6) mice. Ag presentation and processing mechanisms involving Ig or B cells are apparently not required to generate virus-specific T helper cell precursors, and Ag-Ig complexes on follicular dendritic cells are not essential for the persistence of virus-specific CD4+ T cell memory. The main difference was that the spleens of the mu MT mice were much smaller than those of the B6 controls, and greater numbers of CD4+ T cells were found consistently in the regional mediastinal lymph nodes. This could be the result of abnormal expression of the lymph node homing receptor (CD62L) on the mu MT CD4+ T cells. However, the profiles of CD62L expression over the long term were comparable for both total and virus-specific CD4+ T cells from the two groups. The diminished role of the mu MT spleen is thus more likely to reflect the absence of germinal centers and/or Ig rather than a disruption of CD62L-mediated T cell trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Topham
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - R A Tripp
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - A M Hamilton-Easton
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - S R Sarawar
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - P C Doherty
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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203
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Topham DJ, Tripp RA, Hamilton-Easton AM, Sarawar SR, Doherty PC. Quantitative analysis of the influenza virus-specific CD4+ T cell memory in the absence of B cells and Ig. J Immunol 1996; 157:2947-52. [PMID: 8816401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The role of B lymphocytes and their Ig product in the development and maintenance of virus-specific CD4+ T cells has been analyzed in mice homozygous for disruption of the Ig mu gene (mu MT). These mice lack mature B220+ B cells and do not secrete Ig, but generate normal CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses and have no difficulty clearing the HKx31 influenza A virus from the infected respiratory tract. Sequential limiting dilution analysis of virus-specific CD4+ T cells established that the frequencies of IL-2-producing T helper cell precursors in the draining lymph nodes and/or spleen from 7 days to 6 mo after infection were essentially similar in mu MT and C57BL/6 (B6) mice. Ag presentation and processing mechanisms involving Ig or B cells are apparently not required to generate virus-specific T helper cell precursors, and Ag-Ig complexes on follicular dendritic cells are not essential for the persistence of virus-specific CD4+ T cell memory. The main difference was that the spleens of the mu MT mice were much smaller than those of the B6 controls, and greater numbers of CD4+ T cells were found consistently in the regional mediastinal lymph nodes. This could be the result of abnormal expression of the lymph node homing receptor (CD62L) on the mu MT CD4+ T cells. However, the profiles of CD62L expression over the long term were comparable for both total and virus-specific CD4+ T cells from the two groups. The diminished role of the mu MT spleen is thus more likely to reflect the absence of germinal centers and/or Ig rather than a disruption of CD62L-mediated T cell trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Topham
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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204
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Thomson SA, Elliott SL, Sherritt MA, Sproat KW, Coupar BE, Scalzo AA, Forbes CA, Ladhams AM, Mo XY, Tripp RA, Doherty PC, Moss DJ, Suhrbier A. Recombinant polyepitope vaccines for the delivery of multiple CD8 cytotoxic T cell epitopes. The Journal of Immunology 1996. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.157.2.822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Development of epitope-based CD8 alpha beta CTL vaccines requires effective strategies for codelivery of large numbers of individual epitopes. We have designed an artificial "polyepitope" protein containing 10 contiguous minimal CTL epitopes, which were restricted by five MHC alleles and derived from five viruses, a parasite, and a tumor model. A recombinant vaccinia virus coding for this protein was capable of inducing MHC-restricted primary CTL responses to all 10 epitopes. Mice immunized with this recombinant vaccinia showed protection against murine cytomegalovirus, Sendai virus, and a tumor model. This simple generic approach to multiepitope delivery should find application in CTL-based vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Thomson
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - S L Elliott
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - M A Sherritt
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - K W Sproat
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - B E Coupar
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - A A Scalzo
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - C A Forbes
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - A M Ladhams
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - X Y Mo
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - R A Tripp
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - P C Doherty
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - D J Moss
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - A Suhrbier
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
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205
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Thomson SA, Elliott SL, Sherritt MA, Sproat KW, Coupar BE, Scalzo AA, Forbes CA, Ladhams AM, Mo XY, Tripp RA, Doherty PC, Moss DJ, Suhrbier A. Recombinant polyepitope vaccines for the delivery of multiple CD8 cytotoxic T cell epitopes. J Immunol 1996; 157:822-6. [PMID: 8752934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Development of epitope-based CD8 alpha beta CTL vaccines requires effective strategies for codelivery of large numbers of individual epitopes. We have designed an artificial "polyepitope" protein containing 10 contiguous minimal CTL epitopes, which were restricted by five MHC alleles and derived from five viruses, a parasite, and a tumor model. A recombinant vaccinia virus coding for this protein was capable of inducing MHC-restricted primary CTL responses to all 10 epitopes. Mice immunized with this recombinant vaccinia showed protection against murine cytomegalovirus, Sendai virus, and a tumor model. This simple generic approach to multiepitope delivery should find application in CTL-based vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Thomson
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
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206
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Thierfelder WE, van Deursen JM, Yamamoto K, Tripp RA, Sarawar SR, Carson RT, Sangster MY, Vignali DA, Doherty PC, Grosveld GC, Ihle JN. Requirement for Stat4 in interleukin-12-mediated responses of natural killer and T cells. Nature 1996; 382:171-4. [PMID: 8700208 DOI: 10.1038/382171a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 862] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) are activated by tyrosine phosphorylation in response to cytokines and mediate many of their functional responses. Stat4 was initially cloned as a result of its homology with Stat1 (refs 4, 5) and is widely expressed, although it is only tyrosine-phosphorylated after stimulation of T cells with interleukin (IL)-12 (refs 6,7). IL-12 is required for the T-cell-independent induction of the cytokine interferon (IFN)-gamma, a key step in the initial suppression of bacterial and parasitic infections. IL-12 is also important for the development of a Th1 response, which is critical for effective host defence against intracellular pathogens. To determine the function of Stat4 and its role in IL-12 signalling, we have produced mice that lack Stat4 by gene targeting. The mice were viable and fertile, with no detectable defects in haematopoiesis. However, all IL-12 functions tested were disrupted, including the induction of IFN-gamma, mitogenesis, enhancement of natural killer cytolytic function and Th1 differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Thierfelder
- Department of Biochemistry, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
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207
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Abstract
Cytokine profiles were determined following intranasal infection of C57BL/6J mice with murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68). Spleen, mediastinal, and cervical lymph node cells from infected mice produced high levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and lower levels of IL-2 and IL-10 following in vitro restimulation. Little or no IL-4 or IL-5 was detected. Cytokine production was generally maximal at 10 days after infection, correlating with viral clearance from the lung, although significant levels were seen as early as 3 days after administration of the virus. In vitro infection of naive splenocytes induced B-cell- dependent secretion of IL-6 and IL-10, whereas IFN-gamma and IL-2 were produced only by cells that had been primed in vivo. Depletion of B lymphocytes from primed splenocyte populations did not, however, abrogate IL-6 and IL-10 production. Highly purified immune T cells made IL-6, IL-10. and IFN-gamma following in vitro restimulation with MHV-68. Thus, IL-6 and IL-10 are components of both the acquired and the innate host response. These cytokines have potential roles in the establishment and maintenance of persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Sarawar
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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208
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Shimoda K, van Deursen J, Sangster MY, Sarawar SR, Carson RT, Tripp RA, Chu C, Quelle FW, Nosaka T, Vignali DA, Doherty PC, Grosveld G, Paul WE, Ihle JN. Lack of IL-4-induced Th2 response and IgE class switching in mice with disrupted Stat6 gene. Nature 1996; 380:630-3. [PMID: 8602264 DOI: 10.1038/380630a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1023] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Signal transducers and activators of transcription (Stats) are activated by tyrosine phosphorylation in response to cytokines, and are thought to mediate many of their functional responses. Stat6 is activated in response to interleukin (IL)-4 and may contribute to various functions including mitogenesis, T-helper cell differentiation and immunoglobulin isotype switching. To evaluate the role of Stat6, we generated Stat6-null mice (Stat6 -/-) by gene disruption in embryonic stem cells. The mice were viable, indicating the lack of a non-redundant function in normal development. Although naive lymphoid cell development was normal, Stat6 -/- mice were deficient in IL-4-mediated functions including Th2 helper T-cell differentiation, expression of cell surface markers, and immunoglobulin class switching to IgE. In contrast, IL-4-mediated proliferation was only partly affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shimoda
- Department of Biochemistry, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105 USA
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209
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Sparer TE, Tripp RA, Dillehay DL, Hermiston TW, Wold WS, Gooding LR. The role of human adenovirus early region 3 proteins (gp19K, 10.4K, 14.5K, and 14.7K) in a murine pneumonia model. J Virol 1996; 70:2431-9. [PMID: 8642671 PMCID: PMC190086 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.4.2431-2439.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Products of human adenovirus (Ad) early region 3 (E3) inhibit both specific (cytotoxic T lymphocytes [CTLs]) and innate (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-alpha]) immune responses in vitro. The E3 gp19K protein prevents CTL recognition of Ad-infected fibroblasts by sequestering major histocompatibility complex class I proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. E3 proteins 10.4K, 14.5K, and 14.7K function to protect infected cells from TNF-alpha cytolysis. To address the in vivo functions of these proteins, Ad mutants that lack the E3 genes encoding these proteins were inoculated intranasally into C57BL/10SnJ (H-2b) mice. Mutants that lack the gp19K gene failed to alter CTL generation or to affect Ad-induced pulmonary infiltrates. Since gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) is capable of overcoming gp19K suppression of CTL lysis in vitro, mice were depleted of IFN-gamma and inoculated with gp19K mutants. Even when IFN-gamma was depleted, gp19K was incapable of altering pulmonary lesions. These resuls are not in accord with the function of gp19K in vitro and suggest that gp19K does not affect immune recognition in vivo during an acute virus infection, yet they do not exclude the possibility that gp19K blocks immune recognition of Ad during a persistent infection. In contrast, when mice were inoculated with Ad mutants that lack the TNF resistance genes (14.7K and either 10.4K or 14.5K), there was a marked increase in alveolar infiltration and no change in the amounts of perivascular/peribronchiolar infiltration compared with wild-type-Ad-induced pathology. These findings demonstrate the importance of TNF susceptibility and TNF by-products for recruiting inflammatory cells into the lungs during Ad infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Sparer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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210
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Doherty
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
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211
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Topham DJ, Tripp RA, Sarawar SR, Sangster MY, Doherty PC. Immune CD4+ T cells promote the clearance of influenza virus from major histocompatibility complex class II -/- respiratory epithelium. J Virol 1996; 70:1288-91. [PMID: 8551597 PMCID: PMC189945 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.2.1288-1291.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The experiments described establish that CD4+ T-cell-dependent effector mechanisms can eliminate an H3N2 influenza A virus from lung cells that are unable to express class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) glycoproteins. Radiation chimeras were made by using CD4+ T cells and bone marrow from CD8-depleted, MHC class II +/+ mice and irradiated (950 rads) MHC class II -/- recipients. The influenza virus-specific CD4+ T-cell responses in these +/+-->-/- mice were not obviously different from those in the +/+-->+/+ controls: the cytokine profiles, the spectra of plasma cells producing the various immunoglobulin isotypes, and the frequencies of virus-specific CD4+ T cells were similar for the two groups. Expression of class II MHC glycoproteins on stimulator cells, B lymphocytes, and monocytes/macrophages is apparently sufficient for CD4+ T cells to terminate influenza virus infection of MHC class II -/- respiratory epithelium. A possible explanation is that the local spread of this lytic virus in the lung is limited by cytokines and/or antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Topham
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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212
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Nosaka T, van Deursen JM, Tripp RA, Thierfelder WE, Witthuhn BA, McMickle AP, Doherty PC, Grosveld GC, Ihle JN. Defective lymphoid development in mice lacking Jak3. Science 1995; 270:800-2. [PMID: 7481769 DOI: 10.1126/science.270.5237.800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 538] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The Janus tyrosine kinases (Jaks) play a central role in signaling through cytokine receptors. Although Jak1, Jak2, and Tyk2 are widely expressed, Jak3 is predominantly expressed in hematopoietic cells and is known to associate only with the common gamma (gamma c) chain of the interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15 receptors. Homozygous mutant mice in which the Jak3 gene had been disrupted were generated by gene targeting. Jak3-deficient mice had profound reductions in thymocytes and severe B cell and T cell lymphopenia similar to severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID), and the residual T cells and B cells were functionally deficient. Thus, Jak3 plays a critical role in gamma c signaling and lymphoid development.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nosaka
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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213
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Tripp RA, Lahti JM, Doherty PC. Laser light suicide of proliferating virus-specific CD8+ T cells in an in vivo response. J Immunol 1995; 155:3719-21. [PMID: 7561074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Virus-specific CD8+ CTL precursor (CTLp) frequencies are a function of rates of clonal expansion and loss, both of which are difficult to assess in vivo. Proliferating T cells incorporate the nucleoside analogue 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU), making them sensitive to light-induced apoptotic cell death (suicide). Mice were infected with an influenza A virus, then given 50 mg of BrdU 24 h before sampling. Exposure of freshly isolated, CD8-labeled T cells to the laser beam of the flow cytometer resulted in the elimination of > 90% of the responding CTLp. The effect was obvious for the regional lymph node from day 6 to day 12 after priming, indicating continued cycling over a 7-day interval. Thus, as CTLp frequencies remain fairly constant from 7 to 30 days after infection, the persistent increase (> 30x) in numbers must be accompanied by a very substantial loss of virus-specific CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Tripp
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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214
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Tripp RA, Lahti JM, Doherty PC. Laser light suicide of proliferating virus-specific CD8+ T cells in an in vivo response. The Journal of Immunology 1995. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.155.8.3719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Virus-specific CD8+ CTL precursor (CTLp) frequencies are a function of rates of clonal expansion and loss, both of which are difficult to assess in vivo. Proliferating T cells incorporate the nucleoside analogue 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU), making them sensitive to light-induced apoptotic cell death (suicide). Mice were infected with an influenza A virus, then given 50 mg of BrdU 24 h before sampling. Exposure of freshly isolated, CD8-labeled T cells to the laser beam of the flow cytometer resulted in the elimination of > 90% of the responding CTLp. The effect was obvious for the regional lymph node from day 6 to day 12 after priming, indicating continued cycling over a 7-day interval. Thus, as CTLp frequencies remain fairly constant from 7 to 30 days after infection, the persistent increase (> 30x) in numbers must be accompanied by a very substantial loss of virus-specific CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Tripp
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - J M Lahti
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - P C Doherty
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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215
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Tripp RA, Sarawar SR, Doherty PC. Characteristics of the influenza virus-specific CD8+ T cell response in mice homozygous for disruption of the H-2lAb gene. The Journal of Immunology 1995. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.155.6.2955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The development of influenza virus-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursors (CTLp) is diminished in H-2b mice that are homozygous (-/-) for disruption of the H-2lAb gene. Virus clearance was not obviously delayed when compared with the congenic H-2lAb (+/+) controls, and evidence of CTL activity was apparent for inflammatory cells recovered from the respiratory tract in both cases. However, the virus-specific CTLp that are normally present in the regional lymph nodes and in the infected lung were evidently being consumed at the peak of the host response to give the terminally differentiated CTL effectors. Even so, any exhaustion of the CTLp pool was apparently transitory with this localized infection as, though the frequencies were consistently lower than those found for the (+/+) controls, CTLp could be detected reproducibly in both lymph nodes and spleen through 14 mo after infection. Analysis of cytokine profiles during the acute response showed a substantial defect in the (-/-) mice, indicating that cytokine production is largely dependent on the influenza-specific CD4+ set.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Tripp
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - S R Sarawar
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - P C Doherty
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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216
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Tripp RA, Sarawar SR, Doherty PC. Characteristics of the influenza virus-specific CD8+ T cell response in mice homozygous for disruption of the H-2lAb gene. J Immunol 1995; 155:2955-9. [PMID: 7673713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The development of influenza virus-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursors (CTLp) is diminished in H-2b mice that are homozygous (-/-) for disruption of the H-2lAb gene. Virus clearance was not obviously delayed when compared with the congenic H-2lAb (+/+) controls, and evidence of CTL activity was apparent for inflammatory cells recovered from the respiratory tract in both cases. However, the virus-specific CTLp that are normally present in the regional lymph nodes and in the infected lung were evidently being consumed at the peak of the host response to give the terminally differentiated CTL effectors. Even so, any exhaustion of the CTLp pool was apparently transitory with this localized infection as, though the frequencies were consistently lower than those found for the (+/+) controls, CTLp could be detected reproducibly in both lymph nodes and spleen through 14 mo after infection. Analysis of cytokine profiles during the acute response showed a substantial defect in the (-/-) mice, indicating that cytokine production is largely dependent on the influenza-specific CD4+ set.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Tripp
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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217
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Tripp RA, Hou S, McMickle A, Houston J, Doherty PC. Recruitment and proliferation of CD8+ T cells in respiratory virus infections. The Journal of Immunology 1995. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.154.11.6013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The dramatic increase in the cellularity of the mediastinal lymph nodes (MLN) of mice infected intranasally (i.n.) with influenza viruses is a consequence of both recruitment and proliferation. As many as 20% of the CD8+ subset in the MLN can be shown to be in S or G2 + M phase at 6 days after i.n. challenge with the HKx31 influenza A virus, the percentage of of cycling cells being approximately five times greater for the activated/memory substantial evidence of apoptosis was found for CD8+ T cells recovered from the MLN and lung, particularly at 5 and 7 days after infection. Less than 1/100 of the proliferating T cells could be shown, by limiting dilution analysis (LDA), to be influenza virus-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursors (CTLp). A single, low dose (20 mg/kg) of the DNA-targeted drug cyclophosphamide (Cy) caused a massive decrease in frequency for the responding CD8+ CTLp, though the mice survived infection with the HKx31 virus and there was no long-term exhaustion of the CTLp pool in the MLN, spleen, or lung. The Cy treatment was also followed by a smaller reduction in the prevalence of memory CTLp (specific for Sendai virus) that were present concurrently in the regional lymph node, indicating that a measure of bystander activation is occurring. The experiments show that respiratory virus infections have no negative impact on established T cell memory, and that there is no phase of transient exhaustion in the acute virus-specific CTLp response in this localized infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Tripp
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - S Hou
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - A McMickle
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - J Houston
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - P C Doherty
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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218
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Tripp RA, Hou S, McMickle A, Houston J, Doherty PC. Recruitment and proliferation of CD8+ T cells in respiratory virus infections. J Immunol 1995; 154:6013-21. [PMID: 7751644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The dramatic increase in the cellularity of the mediastinal lymph nodes (MLN) of mice infected intranasally (i.n.) with influenza viruses is a consequence of both recruitment and proliferation. As many as 20% of the CD8+ subset in the MLN can be shown to be in S or G2 + M phase at 6 days after i.n. challenge with the HKx31 influenza A virus, the percentage of of cycling cells being approximately five times greater for the activated/memory substantial evidence of apoptosis was found for CD8+ T cells recovered from the MLN and lung, particularly at 5 and 7 days after infection. Less than 1/100 of the proliferating T cells could be shown, by limiting dilution analysis (LDA), to be influenza virus-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursors (CTLp). A single, low dose (20 mg/kg) of the DNA-targeted drug cyclophosphamide (Cy) caused a massive decrease in frequency for the responding CD8+ CTLp, though the mice survived infection with the HKx31 virus and there was no long-term exhaustion of the CTLp pool in the MLN, spleen, or lung. The Cy treatment was also followed by a smaller reduction in the prevalence of memory CTLp (specific for Sendai virus) that were present concurrently in the regional lymph node, indicating that a measure of bystander activation is occurring. The experiments show that respiratory virus infections have no negative impact on established T cell memory, and that there is no phase of transient exhaustion in the acute virus-specific CTLp response in this localized infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Tripp
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Tripp RA, Hou S, Doherty PC. Temporal loss of the activated L-selectin-low phenotype for virus-specific CD8+ memory T cells. The Journal of Immunology 1995. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.154.11.5870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Whether the L-selectin-low (L-sel-lo) phenotype of acutely stimulated CD8+ T cells is a permanent characteristic of long-term memory CTL precursors (p) is addressed for mice primed with an influenza A virus or the murine parainfluenza type 1 virus, Sendai virus. In both cases, many of the splenic CD8+ CTLp gradually lose the predominantly L-sel-lo profile associated with recently generated CTLp populations. The influenza-specific CTLp also tend to revert from the activated alpha 4-integrin-high to the resting alpha 4-integrin-low form. The kinetics of the switch back to the "naive" L-sel-hi phenotype differs for the influenza and Sendai virus models, perhaps reflecting events occurring during the acute phases of these responses. The return to being L-sel-hi is not due to irreversible lymphocyte senescence, because restimulation of this set with the inducing virus in vitro causes most of the cells to become L-sel-lo. Also, despite the time-related drift of these particular memory CTLp to the L-sel-hi state, the size of the total pool of L-sel-lo CD8+ T cells increases with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Tripp
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - S Hou
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - P C Doherty
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Tripp RA, Hou S, Doherty PC. Temporal loss of the activated L-selectin-low phenotype for virus-specific CD8+ memory T cells. J Immunol 1995; 154:5870-5. [PMID: 7538535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Whether the L-selectin-low (L-sel-lo) phenotype of acutely stimulated CD8+ T cells is a permanent characteristic of long-term memory CTL precursors (p) is addressed for mice primed with an influenza A virus or the murine parainfluenza type 1 virus, Sendai virus. In both cases, many of the splenic CD8+ CTLp gradually lose the predominantly L-sel-lo profile associated with recently generated CTLp populations. The influenza-specific CTLp also tend to revert from the activated alpha 4-integrin-high to the resting alpha 4-integrin-low form. The kinetics of the switch back to the "naive" L-sel-hi phenotype differs for the influenza and Sendai virus models, perhaps reflecting events occurring during the acute phases of these responses. The return to being L-sel-hi is not due to irreversible lymphocyte senescence, because restimulation of this set with the inducing virus in vitro causes most of the cells to become L-sel-lo. Also, despite the time-related drift of these particular memory CTLp to the L-sel-hi state, the size of the total pool of L-sel-lo CD8+ T cells increases with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Tripp
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Abstract
Recent experiments show that laboratory mice infected once with an influenza A virus or with the murine parainfluenza type 1 virus, called the Sendai virus, have enhanced numbers of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte precursors ( > 20x background) for life. Neither virus persists at the genome level, and the mice are maintained under conditions where there is no possibility of re-infection. These observations are highly relevant to any understanding of CD8+ cell memory and suggest that the clonal burst size associated with the primary challenge is a key determining factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Doherty
- St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38101-0318
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Hermiston TW, Tripp RA, Sparer T, Gooding LR, Wold WS. Deletion mutation analysis of the adenovirus type 2 E3-gp19K protein: identification of sequences within the endoplasmic reticulum lumenal domain that are required for class I antigen binding and protection from adenovirus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Virol 1993; 67:5289-98. [PMID: 8350398 PMCID: PMC237927 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.67.9.5289-5298.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus E3-gp19K is a transmembrane glycoprotein, localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which forms a complex with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigens and retains them in the ER, thereby preventing cytolysis by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). The ER lumenal domain of gp19K, residues 1 to 107, is known to be sufficient for binding to class I antigens; the transmembrane and cytoplasmic ER retention domains are located at residues ca. 108 to 127 and 128 to 142, respectively. To identify more precisely which gp19K regions are involved in binding to class I antigens, we constructed 13 in-frame virus deletion mutants (4 to 12 amino acids deleted) in the ER lumenal domain of gp19K, and we analyzed the ability of the mutant proteins to form a complex with class I antigens, retain them in the ER, and prevent cytolysis by adenovirus-specific CTL. All mutant proteins except one (residues 102 to 107 deleted) were defective for these properties, indicating that the ability of gp19K to bind to class I antigens is highly sensitive to mutation. All mutant proteins were stable and were retained in the ER. Sequence comparisons among adenovirus serotypes reveal that the ER lumenal domain of gp19K consists of a variable region (residues 1 to 76) and a conserved region (residues 77 to 98). We show, using the mutant proteins, that the gp19K-specific monoclonal antibody Tw1.3 recognizes a noncontiguous epitope in the variable region and that disruption of the variable region by deletion destroys the epitope. The monoclonal antibody and class I antigen binding results, together with the serotype sequence comparisons, are consistent with the idea that the ER lumenal domain of gp19K has three subdomains that we have termed the ER lumenal variable domain (residues 1 to ca. 77 to 83), the ER lumenal conserved domain (residues ca. 84 to 98), and the ER lumenal spacer domain (residues 99 to 107). We suggest that the ER lumenal variable domain of gp19K has a specific tertiary structure that is important for binding to the polymorphic alpha 1 and alpha 2 domains of class I heavy (alpha) chains. We suggest that the ER lumenal conserved domain of gp19K may interact with some conserved protein, perhaps the highly conserved alpha 3 domain of class I heavy chains. Finally, the ER lumenal spacer domain may allow the ER lumenal variable and conserved domains to extend out from the ER membrane so that they can interact with class I heavy chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Hermiston
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, Missouri 63104
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Abstract
We examined the effects of acute stress on the immune system and disease resistance of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in laboratory and clinical trials. Immune function, as measured by the ability of lymphocytes from the anterior kidney to generate specific antibody-producing cells (APC) in vitro, was depressed 4 h after stress, when plasma cortisol levels were highest. At the same time, resistance to the fish pathogen, Vibrio anguillarum, was also depressed. Compared with controls, plasma cortisol and APC of stressed fish were unchanged after 24 h, and disease resistance was enhanced as evidenced by higher survival rate and longer mean time to death of mortalities. After 7 days, even though numbers of APC were depressed, plasma cortisol concentration and disease resistance did not differ from controls. This pattern was generally the same, independent of the type of stress applied: i.e. being held out of water in a dipnet for 30 s, manipulation during hatchery operations for 4 h, or transportation for 9 h. These and earlier findings suggest that similar endocrine-immune interactions operate in the mammalian and salmonid systems during acute stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Maule
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331
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Kaattari SL, Irwin MJ, Yui MA, Tripp RA, Parkins JS. Primary in vitro stimulation of antibody production by rainbow trout lymphocytes. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1986; 12:29-38. [PMID: 3765349 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(86)90107-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Trinitrophenylated (TNP) forms of E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) were used to produce antigen specific plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses with rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) splenocytes from unprimed fish in vitro. The culture system that was developed is described and characterized with respect to the kinetics and dose responses for both the haptenated and unhaptenated forms of the carriers. The induction of the PFC response to TNP-LPS was inhibited with TNP-lysine. Exposure to graded levels of gamma-radiation demonstrated a low dose augmentation of the PFC response with both antigens. Antigen addition experiments reveal that both antigens appear to stimulate the same population of antibody-producing B lymphocytes.
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