201
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Gong C, Huang J, Feng C, Wang G, Tabil L, Wang D. Effects and mechanism of ball milling on torrefaction of pine sawdust. Bioresour Technol 2016; 214:242-247. [PMID: 27136611 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The effects and mechanism of ball milling on the torrefaction process were studied. Ball- and hammer-milled (screen size 1mm) pine sawdust samples were torrefied at three temperatures (230, 260, and 290°C) and two durations (30 and 60min) to investigate into their torrefaction behavior and physicochemical properties. The results showed that, under identical torrefaction conditions, torrefied ball-milled pine sawdust had a higher carbon content and fixed carbon, and lower hydrogen and oxygen contents than torrefied hammer-milled pine sawdust. Torrefied ball-milled pine sawdust produced lower mass and energy yields, but higher heating values than torrefied hammer-milled pine sawdust. Ball milling destroyed the crystalline structure of cellulose and thus reduced the thermal stability of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin, causing them to degrade at relatively lower temperatures. In conclusion, biomass pretreated with a combination of ball milling and torrefaction has the potential to produce an alternative fuel to coal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Gong
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jing Huang
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chen Feng
- Beijing Aerospace Propulsion Institute, Beijing 100076, China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Lope Tabil
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - Decheng Wang
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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202
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Han W, Huang J, Zhao H, Li Y. Continuous biohydrogen production from waste bread by anaerobic sludge. Bioresour Technol 2016; 212:1-5. [PMID: 27065225 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, continuous biohydrogen production from waste bread by anaerobic sludge was performed. The waste bread was first hydrolyzed by the crude enzymes which were generated by Aspergillus awamori and Aspergillus oryzae via solid-state fermentation. It was observed that 49.78g/L glucose and 284.12mg/L free amino nitrogen could be produced with waste bread mass ratio of 15% (w/v). The waste bread hydrolysate was then used for biohydrogen production by anaerobic sludge in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). The optimal hydrogen production rate of 7.4L/(Ld) was achieved at chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 6000mg/L. According to the results obtained from this study, 1g waste bread could generate 0.332g glucose which could be further utilized to produce 109.5mL hydrogen. This is the first study which reports continuous biohydrogen production from waste bread by anaerobic sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Han
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jingang Huang
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Hongting Zhao
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yongfeng Li
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150060, China.
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203
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Corneli E, Dragoni F, Adessi A, De Philippis R, Bonari E, Ragaglini G. Energy conversion of biomass crops and agroindustrial residues by combined biohydrogen/biomethane system and anaerobic digestion. Bioresour Technol 2016; 211:509-518. [PMID: 27038259 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.03.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of ensiled giant reed, ensiled maize, ensiled olive pomace, wheat bran for combined systems (CS: dark fermentation+anaerobic digestion (AD)) producing hydrogen-rich biogas (biohythane), tested in batch under basic operational conditions (mesophilic temperatures, no pH control). Substrates were also analyzed under a single stage AD batch test, in order to investigate the effects of DF on estimated energy recovery (ER) in combined systems. In CS, maize and wheat bran exhibited the highest hydrogen potential (13.8 and 18.9NLkgVS(-1)) and wheat bran the highest methane potential (243.5NLkgVS(-1)). In one-stage AD, giant reed, maize and wheat bran showed the highest methane production (239.5, 267.3 and 260.0NLkgVS(-1)). Butyrate/acetate ratio properly described the dark fermentation, correlating with hydrogen production (r=0.92). Wheat bran proved to be a promising residue for CS in terms of hydrogen/methane potential and ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Corneli
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Federico Dragoni
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Adessi
- Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (ICCOM), CNR, Florence, Italy
| | - Roberto De Philippis
- Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (ICCOM), CNR, Florence, Italy; Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Enrico Bonari
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy; CRIBE - Centro di Ricerche Interuniversitario Biomasse da Energia, Via Vecchia Livornese 748, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giorgio Ragaglini
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy; CRIBE - Centro di Ricerche Interuniversitario Biomasse da Energia, Via Vecchia Livornese 748, 56122 Pisa, Italy
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204
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Yang Z, Guo R, Shi X, He S, Wang L, Dai M, Qiu Y, Dang X. Bioaugmentation of Hydrogenispora ethanolica LX-B affects hydrogen production through altering indigenous bacterial community structure. Bioresour Technol 2016; 211:319-326. [PMID: 27023388 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.03.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bioaugmentation can facilitate hydrogen production from complex organic substrates, but it still is unknown how indigenous microbial communities respond to the added bacteria. Here, using a Hydrogenispora ethanolica LX-B (named as LX-B) bioaugmentation experiments, the distribution of metabolites and the responses of indigenous bacterial communities were investigated via batch cultivation (BC) and repeated batch cultivation (RBC). In BC the LX-B/sludge ratio of 0.12 achieved substantial high hydrogen yield, which was over twice that of control. In RBC one-time bioaugmentation and repeated batch bioaugmentation of LX-B resulted in the hydrogen yield that was average 1.2-fold and 0.8-fold higher than that in control, respectively. This improved hydrogen production performance mainly benefited from a shift in composition of the indigenous bacterial community caused by LX-B bioaugmentation. The findings represented an important step in understanding the relationship between bioaugmentation, a shift in bacterial communities, and altered bioreactor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiman Yang
- Shandong Industrial Engineering Laboratory of Biogas Production & Utilization, Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266101, PR China
| | - Rongbo Guo
- Shandong Industrial Engineering Laboratory of Biogas Production & Utilization, Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266101, PR China.
| | - Xiaoshuang Shi
- Shandong Industrial Engineering Laboratory of Biogas Production & Utilization, Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266101, PR China
| | - Shuai He
- Shandong Industrial Engineering Laboratory of Biogas Production & Utilization, Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266101, PR China
| | - Lin Wang
- Shandong Industrial Engineering Laboratory of Biogas Production & Utilization, Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266101, PR China
| | - Meng Dai
- Shandong Industrial Engineering Laboratory of Biogas Production & Utilization, Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266101, PR China
| | - Yanling Qiu
- Shandong Industrial Engineering Laboratory of Biogas Production & Utilization, Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266101, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao Dang
- Shandong Industrial Engineering Laboratory of Biogas Production & Utilization, Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266101, PR China
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205
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Cheng HH, Whang LM, Chung MC, Chan KC. Biological hydrogen and methane production from bagasse bioethanol fermentation residues using a two-stage bioprocess. Bioresour Technol 2016; 210:49-55. [PMID: 26774443 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.12.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the recovery of H2 and CH4 from bagasse bioethanol fermentation residues (bagasse BEFR) using a two-stage bioprocess. In the hydrogen fermentation bioreactor (HFB), carbohydrate removal efficiency was maintained at 82-93% and the highest hydrogen yield was 8.24mL/gCOD at volumetric loading rate (VLR) of 80kgCOD/m(3)/day. The results indicated a positive correlation between hydrogen yield and butyrate-to-acetate ratio, which might be due to the mechanisms of lactate/acetate utilization for hydrogen production and acetogenesis occurring in the HFB. Remaining volatile fatty acids and alcohols in the HFB effluent were further utilized for methane production in methane fermentation bioreactor (MFB), in which the highest methane yield of 345.2mL/gCOD was attained at VLR of 2.5kgCOD/m(3)/day. Overall, the two-stage bioprocess achieved a maximum COD removal of 81% from bagasse BEFR, and converted 0.3% and 72.8% of COD in the forms of H2 and CH4, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Hsuan Cheng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University (NCKU), No. 1, University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Ming Whang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University (NCKU), No. 1, University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Sustainable Environment Research Laboratory (SERL), National Cheng Kung University (NCKU), No. 1, University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Energy Technology and Strategy (RCETS), National Cheng Kung University (NCKU), No. 1, University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
| | - Man-Chien Chung
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University (NCKU), No. 1, University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Chi Chan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University (NCKU), No. 1, University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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206
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McCollom TM, Donaldson C. Generation of Hydrogen and Methane during Experimental Low-Temperature Reaction of Ultramafic Rocks with Water. Astrobiology 2016; 16:389-406. [PMID: 27267306 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2015.1382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Serpentinization of ultramafic rocks is widely recognized as a source of molecular hydrogen (H2) and methane (CH4) to support microbial activity, but the extent and rates of formation of these compounds in low-temperature, near-surface environments are poorly understood. Laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the production of H2 and CH4 during low-temperature reaction of water with ultramafic rocks and minerals. Experiments were performed by heating olivine or harzburgite with aqueous solutions at 90°C for up to 213 days in glass bottles sealed with butyl rubber stoppers. Although H2 and CH4 increased steadily throughout the experiments, the levels were very similar to those found in mineral-free controls, indicating that the rubber stoppers were the predominant source of these compounds. Levels of H2 above background were observed only during the first few days of reaction of harzburgite when CO2 was added to the headspace, with no detectable production of H2 or CH4 above background during further heating of the harzburgite or in experiments with other mineral reactants. Consequently, our results indicate that production of H2 and CH4 during low-temperature alteration of ultramafic rocks may be much more limited than some recent experimental studies have suggested. We also found no evidence to support a recent report suggesting that spinels in ultramafic rocks may stimulate H2 production. While secondary silicates were observed to precipitate during the experiments, formation of these deposits was dominated by Si released by dissolution of the glass bottles, and reaction of the primary silicate minerals appeared to be very limited. While use of glass bottles and rubber stoppers has become commonplace in experiments intended to study processes that occur during serpentinization of ultramafic rocks at low temperatures, the high levels of H2, CH4, and SiO2 released during heating indicate that these reactor materials are unsuitable for this purpose. KEY WORDS Serpentinization-Hydrogen generation-Abiotic methane synthesis. Astrobiology 16, 389-406.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M McCollom
- CU Center for Astrobiology and Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado
| | - Christopher Donaldson
- CU Center for Astrobiology and Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado
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207
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Vakalis S, Sotiropoulos A, Moustakas K, Malamis D, Baratieri M. Utilisation of biomass gasification by-products for onsite energy production. Waste Manag Res 2016; 34:564-571. [PMID: 27118736 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x16643178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Small scale biomass gasification is a sector with growth and increasing applications owing to the environmental goals of the European Union and the incentivised policies of most European countries. This study addresses two aspects, which are at the centre of attention concerning the operation and development of small scale gasifiers; reuse of waste and increase of energy efficiency. Several authors have denoted that the low electrical efficiency of these systems is the main barrier for further commercial development. In addition, gasification has several by-products that have no further use and are discarded as waste. In the framework of this manuscript, a secondary reactor is introduced and modelled. The main operating principle is the utilisation of char and flue gases for further energy production. These by-products are reformed into secondary producer gas by means of a secondary reactor. In addition, a set of heat exchangers capture the waste heat and optimise the process. This case study is modelled in a MATLAB-Cantera environment. The model is non-stoichiometric and applies the Gibbs minimisation principle. The simulations show that some of the thermal energy is depleted during the process owing to the preheating of flue gases. Nonetheless, the addition of a secondary reactor results in an increase of the electrical power production efficiency and the combined heat and power (CHP) efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vakalis
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - A Sotiropoulos
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - K Moustakas
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - D Malamis
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - M Baratieri
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
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208
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Shi XY, Pu T, He YQ, Lu H, Niu HW, Xia DS. [Spatial Distribution of Stable Isotope from the Lakes in Typical Temperate Glacier Region]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2016; 37:1685-1691. [PMID: 27506020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We focused mainly on the spatial variation and influencing factors of hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes between water samples collected at the surface and different depths in the Lashi Lake in August, 2014. Hydrological supply characteristics of the lake in typical temperate glacier region were discussed. The results showed that the values of δ¹⁸O and δD in the Lashi Lake ranged from -12.98 per thousand to -8.16 per thousand with the mean of -9.75 per thousand and from -99.42 per thousand to -73.78 per thousand with the mean of -82.23 per thousand, respectively. There was a reversed spatial variation between δ¹⁸O and d. Relatively low values of δ¹⁸O with high values of d were found at the edge of the lake where the rivers drained into. Meanwhile, the values of d in the vertical profile varied little with depth, suggesting that the waters mixed sufficiently in the vertical direction. The d values increased at first and then decreased from east to west at different layers, but both increase and decrease exhibited different velocities, which were related to the river distribution, the locality of the lake and environmental conditions etc. River water and atmospheric precipitation were the main recharge sources of the Lashi Lake, and the melt-water of snow and ice might also be the supply resource. The δ¹⁸O values of lake water in glacier region decreased along the elevation (except for Lashi Lake), generally, this phenomenon was called "altitude effect". Moreover, high isotopic values of the lake water from non-glacier region were due to the evaporation effect.
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209
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Zeng RC, Cui LY, Jiang K, Liu R, Zhao BD, Zheng YF. In Vitro Corrosion and Cytocompatibility of a Microarc Oxidation Coating and Poly(L-lactic acid) Composite Coating on Mg-1Li-1Ca Alloy for Orthopedic Implants. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:10014-10028. [PMID: 27022831 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Manipulating the degradation rate of biomedical magnesium alloys poses a challenge. The characteristics of a microarc oxidation (MAO), prepared in phytic acid, and poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) composite coating, fabricated on a novel Mg-1Li-1Ca alloy, were studied through field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPMA), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The corrosion behaviors of the samples were evaluated via hydrogen evolution, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in Hanks' solution. The results indicated that the MAO/PLLA composite coatings significantly enhanced the corrosion resistance of the Mg-1Li-1Ca alloy. MTT and ALP assays using MC3T3 osteoblasts indicated that the MAO/PLLA coatings greatly improved the cytocompatibility, and the morphology of the cells cultured on different samples exhibited good adhesion. Hemolysis tests showed that the composite coatings endowed the Mg-1Li-1Ca alloys with a low hemolysis ratio. The increased solution pH resulting from the corrosion of magnesium could be tailored by the degradation of PLLA. The degradation mechanism of the composite coatings was discussed. The MAO/PLLA composite coating may be appropriate for applications on degradable Mg-based orthopedic implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Chang Zeng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266590, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-founded by Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Lan-yue Cui
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266590, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-founded by Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Ke Jiang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266590, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-founded by Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University , Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Bao-Dong Zhao
- Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University , Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Yu-Feng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex Systems and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
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210
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Ghimire A, Sposito F, Frunzo L, Trably E, Escudié R, Pirozzi F, Lens PNL, Esposito G. Effects of operational parameters on dark fermentative hydrogen production from biodegradable complex waste biomass. Waste Manag 2016; 50:55-64. [PMID: 26876775 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to investigate the effect of the initial pH, combination of food to microorganism ratio (F/M) and initial pH, substrate pre-treatment and different inoculum sources on the dark fermentative biohydrogen (H2) yields. Three model complex waste biomasses (food waste, olive mill wastewater (OMWW) and rice straw) were used to assess the effect of the aforementioned parameters. The effect of the initial pH between 4.5 and 7.0 was investigated in batch tests carried out with food waste. The highest H2 yields were shown at initial pH 4.5 (60.6 ± 9.0 mL H2/g VS) and pH 5.0 (50.7 ± 0.8 mL H2/g VS). Furthermore, tests carried out with F/M ratios of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 at initial pH 5.0 and 6.5 revealed that a lower F/M ratio (0.5 and 1.0) favored the H2 production at an initial pH 5.0 compared to pH 6.5. Alkaline pre-treatment of raw rice straw using 4% and 8% NaOH at 55°C for 24h, increased the H2 yield by 26 and 57-fold, respectively. In the dark fermentation of OMWW, the H2 yield was doubled when heat-shock pre-treated activated sludge was used as inoculum in comparison to anaerobic sludge. Overall, this study shows that the application of different operating parameters to maximize the H2 yields strongly depends on the biodegradability of the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Ghimire
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, via Di Biasio 43, 03043 Cassino, FR, Italy; Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, via Claudio 21, 80125 Naples, Italy.
| | - Fabio Sposito
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, via Claudio 21, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Frunzo
- Department of Mathematics and Applications Renato Caccioppoli, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia, Monte S. Angelo, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Eric Trably
- INRA, UR0050 Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l'Environnement, Avenue des Etangs, F-11100 Narbonne, France
| | - Renaud Escudié
- INRA, UR0050 Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l'Environnement, Avenue des Etangs, F-11100 Narbonne, France
| | - Francesco Pirozzi
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, via Claudio 21, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Piet N L Lens
- UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Esposito
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, via Di Biasio 43, 03043 Cassino, FR, Italy
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211
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Ino K, Konno U, Kouduka M, Hirota A, Togo YS, Fukuda A, Komatsu D, Tsunogai U, Tanabe AS, Yamamoto S, Iwatsuki T, Mizuno T, Ito K, Suzuki Y. Deep microbial life in high-quality granitic groundwater from geochemically and geographically distinct underground boreholes. Environ Microbiol Rep 2016; 8:285-294. [PMID: 26743638 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Deep granitic aquifer is one of the largest, but least understood, microbial habitats. To avoid contamination from the surface biosphere, underground drilling was conducted for 300 m deep granitic rocks at the Mizunami underground research laboratory (URL), Japan. Slightly alkaline groundwater was characterized by low concentrations of dissolved organic matter and sulfate and the presence of > 100 nM H2 . The initial biomass was the highest (∼10(5) cells ml(-1) ) with the dominance of Hydrogenophaga spp., whereas the phylum Nitrospirae became predominant after 3 years with decreasing biomass (∼10(4) cells ml(-1) ). One week incubation of groundwater microbes after 3 years with (13) C-labelled bicarbonate and 1% H2 and subsequent single-cell imaging with nanometer-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry demonstrated that microbial cells were metabolically active. Pyrosequencing of microbial communities in groundwater retrieved at 3-4 years after drilling at the Mizunami URL and at 14 and 25 years after the drilling at the Grimsel Test Site, Switzerland, revealed the occurrence of common Nitrospirae lineages at the geographically distinct sites. As the close relatives of the Nitrospirae lineages were exclusively detected from deep groundwaters and terrestrial hot springs, it suggests that these bacteria are indigenous and potentially adapted to the deep terrestrial subsurface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Ino
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Uta Konno
- Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8567, Japan
| | - Mariko Kouduka
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Akinari Hirota
- Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8567, Japan
| | - Yoko S Togo
- Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8567, Japan
| | - Akari Fukuda
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 1-64 Yamanouchi, Akiyo-cho, Mizunami, Gifu, 509-6132, Japan
| | - Daisuke Komatsu
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Urumu Tsunogai
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Akihumi S Tanabe
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Teruki Iwatsuki
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 1-64 Yamanouchi, Akiyo-cho, Mizunami, Gifu, 509-6132, Japan
| | - Takashi Mizuno
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 1-64 Yamanouchi, Akiyo-cho, Mizunami, Gifu, 509-6132, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Ito
- Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8567, Japan
| | - Yohey Suzuki
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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212
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Xie YL, Zhang XP, Yao TC, Huang H. [Monitoring and Analysis of Stable Isotopes of the Near Surface Water Vapor in Changsha]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2016; 37:475-481. [PMID: 27363133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Based on the monitored atmospheric water vapor stable isotopes and observed meteorological elements at Changsha during the period from November 12, 2014 to April 13, 2015, the variations of water vapor stable isotopes and the relationships between isotope ratios and temperature, absolute humidity, precipitation amount were analyzed in this paper. The results indicated that: (1) Seasonal variations of delta18O and 82H in atmospheric water vapor at Changsha were remarkable, with high values in winter. delta18O and delta2H in atmospheric water vapor were positively correlated with absolute humidity in winter. There were some fluctuations of the delta18O and delta2H in atmospheric water vapor, especially when the precipitation events occurred. Precipitation events had a significant effect on the variations of delta18O and delta2H in atmospheric water vapor, and low values were often accompanied with precipitation events; (2) Diurnal Variations of delta18O and delta2H in atmospheric water vapor had a close correlation with the atmospheric water vapor content, whereas the absolute humidity was mainly controlled by the strength of the local evapotranspiration and atmospheric turbulence. The "precipitation amount effect" was observed during the process of a single precipitation event; (3) Values of delta18O and delta2H in atmospheric water vapor were always lower than those of precipitation in Changsha, but he variation trends were completely consistent, the average difference values were 8.6% per hundred and 66.82% per hundred, respectively; (4) The meteoric vapor line (MVL) in cold months was delta2H =7.18 delta18O + 10.58, the slope and intercept of MVL were always lower than those of MWL, and the slope and intercept of MVL in spring were significantly higher than those of winter.
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213
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Farghaly A, Tawfik A, Danial A. Inoculation of paperboard mill sludge versus mixed culture bacteria for hydrogen production from paperboard mill wastewater. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:3834-3846. [PMID: 26498965 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5652-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A comparative evaluation of paperboard mill sludge (PMS) versus mixed culture bacteria (MCB) as inoculum for hydrogen production from paperboard mill wastewater (PMW) was investigated. The experiments were conducted at different initial cultivation pHs, inoculums to substrate ratios (ISRs gVS/gCOD), and hydraulic retention times (HRTs). The peak hydrogen yield (HY) of 5.29 ± 0.16 and 1.22 ± 0.11 mmol/gCODinitial was occurred at pH = 5 for MCB and PMS, respectively. At pH of 5, the HY and COD removal achieved the highest values of 2.26 ± 0.14 mmol/gCODinitial and 86 ± 1.6% at ISR = 6 for MCB, and 2.38 ± 0.25 mmol/gCODinitial and 60.4 ± 2.5% at ISRs = 3 for PMS. The maximum hydrogen production rate was 93.75 ± 8.9 mmol/day at HRT = 9.6 h from continuous upflow anaerobic reactor inoculated with MCB. Meanwhile, the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene fragments indicated a dominance of a novel hydrogen-producing bacterium of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia for PMS microbial community. On the other hand, Escherichia fergusonii and Enterobacter hormaechei were the predominant species for MCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Farghaly
- Environmental Engineering Department, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST), P.O. Box 179, New Borg El Arab City, Postal Code 21934, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed Tawfik
- Environmental Engineering Department, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST), P.O. Box 179, New Borg El Arab City, Postal Code 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amal Danial
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516, Assiut, Egypt
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214
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Shi H, Mahinpey N, Aqsha A, Silbermann R. Characterization, thermochemical conversion studies, and heating value modeling of municipal solid waste. Waste Manag 2016; 48:34-47. [PMID: 26445363 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A study was carried out to examine the characteristics of municipal solid waste (MSW) from the City of Red Deer, Alberta, Canada. Experiments were performed for determining the moisture content, proximate and ultimate compositions, heating value of fourteen wastes in different categories. Their thermal weight loss behaviors under pyrolysis/torrefaction conditions were also investigated in a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). An empirical model was developed for the high heating value (HHV) estimation of MSW. A total of 193 experimental data were collected from this study and those in the literature, of which 161 data were used for model derivation; and, 32 additional data were used for model validation. The model was developed using multiple regression analysis and a stepwise regression method: HHV (MJ/kg)=0.350C+1.01H-0.0826O, which is expressed in terms of weight percentages on a dry basis of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O). The validation results suggest that this model was effective in producing accurate outputs that were close to the experimental values. In addition, it had the lowest error level in comparison with seven other models from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghong Shi
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary T2N 1N4, AB, Canada.
| | - Nader Mahinpey
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary T2N 1N4, AB, Canada.
| | - Aqsha Aqsha
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary T2N 1N4, AB, Canada.
| | - Rico Silbermann
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary T2N 1N4, AB, Canada.
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215
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Liu ZS, Lin CL, Chang TJ, Weng WC. Waste-gasification efficiency of a two-stage fluidized-bed gasification system. Waste Manag 2016; 48:250-256. [PMID: 26698684 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study employed a two-stage fluidized-bed gasifier as a gasification reactor and two additives (CaO and activated carbon) as the Stage-II bed material to investigate the effects of the operating temperature (700°C, 800°C, and 900°C) on the syngas composition, total gas yield, and gas-heating value during simulated waste gasification. The results showed that when the operating temperature increased from 700 to 900°C, the molar percentage of H2 in the syngas produced by the two-stage gasification process increased from 19.4 to 29.7mol% and that the total gas yield and gas-heating value also increased. When CaO was used as the additive, the molar percentage of CO2 in the syngas decreased, and the molar percentage of H2 increased. When activated carbon was used, the molar percentage of CH4 in the syngas increased, and the total gas yield and gas-heating value increased. Overall, CaO had better effects on the production of H2, whereas activated carbon clearly enhanced the total gas yield and gas-heating value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Shu Liu
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chiou-Liang Lin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan.
| | - Tsung-Jen Chang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
| | - Wang-Chang Weng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
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216
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Zhu L, Zhang L, Fan J, Jiang P, Li L. MSW to synthetic natural gas: System modeling and thermodynamics assessment. Waste Manag 2016; 48:257-264. [PMID: 26525970 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To achieve environmental-friendly and energy-efficiency synthetic natural gas (SNG) production routing from municipal solid waste (MSW), a MSW-to-SNG process is unprecedentedly presented in this work, of which the designed configuration is developed and simulated with the aid of Aspen Plus. In addition, sensitivity analyses on major operation parameters, such as equivalence volume ratio (ER), steam-to-MSW mass ratio (S/M) and methanation pressure, are performed with the discussion of process efficiencies and SNG quality. In parallel, the comparison analysis is considered by adopting various MSW material. In this work, the composition of SNG mainly consists of 87.7% CH4, 2.9% CO2, 2.3% H2 and 7.1% N2. And lower heating value (LHV) together with Wobbe index of SNG are separately 31.66MJ/Nm(3) and 45.90MJ/Nm(3). Moreover, the wood-to-SNG, MSW-to-SNG and coal-to-SNG processes are carried out to demonstrate the superiority of the MSW-to-SNG process. The results reveal that the MSW-to-SNG process is a promising option to dispose MSW environmentally, meanwhile converting MSW to the valuable SNG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Gas Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, PR China.
| | - Le Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Gas Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, PR China
| | - Junming Fan
- Key Laboratory of Gas Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, PR China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Gas Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, PR China
| | - Luling Li
- Key Laboratory of Gas Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, PR China
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217
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Gupta A, Willis SA, Stait-Gardner T, Moghaddam MJ, Price WS. Fast determination of the (1)H relaxivities of MRI contrast agents. Magn Reson Chem 2016; 54:58-61. [PMID: 26289250 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Gupta
- Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group, School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
- CSIRO, Manufacturing Flagship, PO BOX 52, North Ryde, NSW, 1670, Australia
| | - Scott A Willis
- Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group, School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Timothy Stait-Gardner
- Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group, School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Minoo J Moghaddam
- CSIRO, Manufacturing Flagship, PO BOX 52, North Ryde, NSW, 1670, Australia
| | - William S Price
- Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group, School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
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218
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Fernández YB, Green K, Schuler K, Soares A, Vale P, Alibardi L, Cartmell E. Biological carbon dioxide utilisation in food waste anaerobic digesters. Water Res 2015; 87:467-75. [PMID: 26143589 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) enrichment of anaerobic digesters (AD) was previously identified as a potential on-site carbon revalorisation strategy. This study addresses the lack of studies investigating this concept in up-scaled units and the need to understand the mechanisms of exogenous CO2 utilisation. Two pilot-scale ADs treating food waste were monitored for 225 days, with the test unit being periodically injected with CO2 using a bubble column. The test AD maintained a CH4 production rate of 0.56 ± 0.13 m(3) CH4·(kg VS(fed) d)(-1) and a CH4 concentration in biogas of 68% even when dissolved CO2 levels were increased by a 3 fold over the control unit. An additional uptake of 0.55 kg of exogenous CO2 was achieved in the test AD during the trial period. A 2.5 fold increase in hydrogen (H2) concentration was observed and attributed to CO2 dissolution and to an alteration of the acidogenesis and acetogenesis pathways. A hypothesis for conversion of exogenous CO2 has been proposed, which requires validation by microbial community analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K Green
- Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - K Schuler
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, 11 Allée de Beaulieu, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7, France
| | - A Soares
- Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - P Vale
- Severn Trent Water, 2 St John's Street, Coventry, CV1 2LZ, UK
| | - L Alibardi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - E Cartmell
- Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK.
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219
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Toumi J, Miladi B, Farhat A, Nouira S, Hamdi M, Gtari M, Bouallagui H. Microbial ecology overview during anaerobic codigestion of dairy wastewater and cattle manure and use in agriculture of obtained bio-fertilisers. Bioresour Technol 2015; 198:141-149. [PMID: 26386416 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The anaerobic co-digestion of dairy wastewater (DW) and cattle manure (CM) was examined and associated with microbial community's structures using Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE). The highest volatile solids (VS) reduction yield of 88.6% and biogas production of 0.87 L/g VS removed were obtained for the C/N ratio of 24.7 at hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 20 days. The bacterial DGGE profile showed significant abundance of Uncultured Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Synergistetes bacterium. The Syntrophomonas strains were discovered in dependent association to H2-using bacteria such as Methanospirillum sp., Methanosphaera sp. and Methanobacterium formicicum. These syntrophic associations are essential in anaerobic digesters allow them to keep low hydrogen partial pressure. However, high concentrations of VFA produced from dairy wastes acidification allow the growth of Methanosarcina species. The application of the stabilised anaerobic effluent on the agriculture soil showed significant beneficial effects on the forage corn and tomato plants growth and crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihen Toumi
- UR-Biodiversity and Biology of Populations, FST, University of Elmanar, Tunis, Tunisia; LR-Microbial Ecology and Technology, INSAT, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Baligh Miladi
- LR-Microbial Ecology and Technology, INSAT, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amel Farhat
- LR-Microbial Ecology and Technology, INSAT, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Said Nouira
- UR-Biodiversity and Biology of Populations, FST, University of Elmanar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Moktar Hamdi
- LR-Microbial Ecology and Technology, INSAT, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Maher Gtari
- Laboratoire Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Hassib Bouallagui
- LR-Microbial Ecology and Technology, INSAT, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia.
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220
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Santos CM, Dweck J, Viotto RS, Rosa AH, de Morais LC. Application of orange peel waste in the production of solid biofuels and biosorbents. Bioresour Technol 2015; 196:469-479. [PMID: 26280099 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.07.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to study the potential use of pyrolyzed orange peels as solid biofuels and biosorption of heavy metals. The dry biomass and the biofuel showed moderate levels of carbon (44-62%), high levels of oxygen (30-47%), lower levels of hydrogen (3-6%), nitrogen (1-2.6%), sulfur (0.4-0.8%) and ash with a maximum of 7.8%. The activation energy was calculated using Kissinger method, involving a 3 step process: volatilization of water, biomass degradation and volatilization of the degradation products. The calorific value obtained was 19.3MJ/kg. The studies of metal biosorption based on the Langmuir model obtained the best possible data fits. The results obtained in this work indicated that the potential use of waste orange peel as a biosorbent and as a solid biofuel are feasible, this product could be used in industrial processes, favoring the world economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Monteiro Santos
- Department of Environmental Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP) "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Avenue Três de Março, 511, Alto da Boa Vista, 18087-180 Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jo Dweck
- School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Bloco E of CT, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 212949-900, Brazil
| | - Renata Silva Viotto
- Department of Environmental Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP) "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Avenue Três de Março, 511, Alto da Boa Vista, 18087-180 Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Henrique Rosa
- Department of Environmental Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP) "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Avenue Três de Março, 511, Alto da Boa Vista, 18087-180 Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro Cardoso de Morais
- Department of Environmental Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP) "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Avenue Três de Março, 511, Alto da Boa Vista, 18087-180 Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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221
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Chen W, Rosser EW, Matsunaga T, Pacheco A, Akaike T, Xian M. The Development of Fluorescent Probes for Visualizing Intracellular Hydrogen Polysulfides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:13961-5. [PMID: 26381762 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201506887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous hydrogen polysulfides (H2Sn; n>1) have been recognized as important regulators in sulfur-related redox biology. H2Sn can activate tumor suppressors, ion channels, and transcription factors with higher potency than H2S. Although H2Sn are drawing increasing attention, their exact mechanisms of action are still poorly understood. A major hurdle in this field is the lack of reliable and convenient methods for H2Sn detection. Herein we report a H2Sn-mediated benzodithiolone formation under mild conditions. This method takes advantage of the unique dual reactivity of H2Sn as both a nucleophile and an electrophile. Based on this reaction, three fluorescent probes (PSP-1, PSP-2, and PSP-3) were synthesized and evaluated. Among the probes prepared, PSP-3 showed a desirable off/on fluorescence response to H2Sn and high specificity. The probe was successfully applied in visualizing intracellular H2Sn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 (USA)
| | - Ethan W Rosser
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 (USA)
| | - Tetsuro Matsunaga
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575 (Japan)
| | - Armando Pacheco
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 (USA)
| | - Takaaki Akaike
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575 (Japan)
| | - Ming Xian
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 (USA).
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222
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Hobson KA, Blight LK, Arcese P. Human-Induced Long-Term Shifts in Gull Diet from Marine to Terrestrial Sources in North America's Coastal Pacific: More Evidence from More Isotopes (δ2H, δ34S). Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:10834-10840. [PMID: 26302356 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of naturally occurring stable isotopes in tissues of seabirds and their prey are a powerful tool for investigating long-term changes in marine foodwebs. Recent isotopic (δ(15)N, δ(13)C) evidence from feathers of Glaucous-winged Gulls (Larus glaucescens) has shown that over the last 150 years, this species shifted from a midtrophic marine diet to one including lower trophic marine prey and/or more terrestrial or freshwater foods. However, long-term isotopic patterns of δ(15)N and δ(13)C cannot distinguish between the relative importance of lower trophic-level marine foods and terrestrial sources. We examined 48 feather stable-hydrogen (δ(2)H) and -sulfur (δ(34)S) isotope values from this same 150-year feather set and found additional isotopic evidence supporting the hypothesis that gulls shifted to terrestrial and/or freshwater prey. Mean feather δ(2)H and δ(34)S values (± SD) declined from the earliest period (1860-1915; n = 12) from -2.5 ± 21.4 ‰ and 18.9 ± 2.7 ‰, respectively, to -35.5 ± 15.5 ‰ and 14.8 ± 2.4 ‰, respectively, for the period 1980-2009 (n = 12). We estimated a shift of ∼ 30% increase in dependence on terrestrial/freshwater sources. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that gulls increased terrestrial food inputs in response to declining forage fish availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Hobson
- Environment Canada , 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Louise K Blight
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Procellaria Research & Consulting , 944 Dunsmuir Road, Victoria, British Columbia V9A 5C3, Canada
| | - Peter Arcese
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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223
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Ooms KJ, Vega AJ, Polenova T, Cannella M, Marcolongo M. Double and zero quantum filtered (2)H NMR analysis of D2O in intervertebral disc tissue. J Magn Reson 2015; 258:6-11. [PMID: 26150377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of double and zero quantum filtered (2)H NMR spectra obtained from D2O perfused in the nucleus pulposus of human intervertebral disc tissue samples is reported. Fitting the spectra with a three-site model allows for residual quadrupolar couplings and T2 relaxation times to be measured. The analysis reveals changes in both the couplings and relaxation times as the tissue begins to show signs of degradation. The full analysis demonstrates that information about tissue hydration, water collagen interactions, and sample heterogeneity can be obtained and used to better understand the biochemical differences between healthy and degraded tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher J Ooms
- Department of Chemistry, The King's University, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Alexander J Vega
- Brown Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Tatyana Polenova
- Brown Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Marco Cannella
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michele Marcolongo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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224
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Chen J, Fan X, Jiang B, Mu L, Yao P, Yin H, Song X. Pyrolysis of oil-plant wastes in a TGA and a fixed-bed reactor: Thermochemical behaviors, kinetics, and products characterization. Bioresour Technol 2015; 192:592-602. [PMID: 26093253 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.05.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolysis characteristics of four distinct oil-plant wastes were investigated using TGA and fixed-bed reactor coupled with GC. TGA experiments showed that the pyrolysis behaviors were related to biomass species and heating rates. As the heating rate increased, TG and DTG curves shifted to the higher temperatures, and the comprehensive devolatilization index obviously increased. The remaining chars from TGA experiments were higher than those obtained from the fixed-bed experiments. The crack of tars at high temperatures enhanced the formation of non-condensable gases. During the pyrolysis, C-O and CO2 were the major gases. Chars FTIR showed that the functional groups of O-H, C-H(n), C=O, C-O, and C-C gradually disappeared from 400 °C on. The kinetic parameters were calculated by Coats-Redfern approach. The results manifested that the most appropriate pyrolysis mechanisms were the order reaction models. The existence of kinetic compensation effect was evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbiao Chen
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiaotian Fan
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lin Mu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116023, China; School of Energy and Power Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Pikai Yao
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hongchao Yin
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Xigeng Song
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
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225
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Dawson KS, Osburn MR, Sessions AL, Orphan VJ. Metabolic associations with archaea drive shifts in hydrogen isotope fractionation in sulfate-reducing bacterial lipids in cocultures and methane seeps. Geobiology 2015; 13:462-77. [PMID: 25923659 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Correlation between hydrogen isotope fractionation in fatty acids and carbon metabolism in pure cultures of bacteria indicates the potential of biomarker D/H analysis as a tool for diagnosing carbon substrate usage in environmental samples. However, most environments, in particular anaerobic habitats, are built from metabolic networks of micro-organisms rather than a single organism. The effect of these networks on D/H of lipids has not been explored and may complicate the interpretation of these analyses. Syntrophy represents an extreme example of metabolic interdependence. Here, we analyzed the effect of metabolic interactions on the D/H biosignatures of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) using both laboratory maintained cocultures of the methanogen Methanosarcina acetivorans and the SRB Desulfococcus multivorans in addition to environmental samples harboring uncultured syntrophic consortia of anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea (ANME) and sulfate-reducing Deltaproteobacteria (SRB) recovered from deep-sea methane seeps. Consistent with previously reported trends, we observed a ~80‰ range in hydrogen isotope fractionation (ε(lipid-water)) for D. multivorans grown under different carbon assimilation conditions, with more D-enriched values associated with heterotrophic growth. In contrast, for cocultures of D. multivorans with M. acetivorans, we observed a reduced range of ε(lipid-water) values (~36‰) across substrates with shifts of up to 61‰ compared to monocultures. Sediment cores from methane seep settings in Hydrate Ridge (offshore Oregon, USA) showed similar D-enrichment in diagnostic SRB fatty acids coinciding with peaks in ANME/SRB consortia concentration suggesting that metabolic associations are connected to the observed shifts in ε(lipid-water) values.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Dawson
- Division of Geological and Planetary Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Penn State Astrobiology Research Center, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - M R Osburn
- Division of Geological and Planetary Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - A L Sessions
- Division of Geological and Planetary Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - V J Orphan
- Division of Geological and Planetary Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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226
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Pawłowska K, Umławska W, Iwańczak B. Prevalence of Lactose Malabsorption and Lactose Intolerance in Pediatric Patients with Selected Gastrointestinal Diseases. ADV CLIN EXP MED 2015; 24:863-71. [PMID: 26768639 DOI: 10.17219/acem/26337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactase is an enzyme involved in the hydrolysis of lactose. Deficiency of the enzyme (hypolactasia) may be determined genetically or arise secondarily to disease of small intestine. Under this condition, lactose enters the colon where it is fermented by intestinal microflora and turns to gases and short-chain fatty acids, causing gastrointestinal symptoms known as lactose intolerance (LI). OBJECTIVES To investigate the incidence of lactose malabsorption (LM), LI and the coexistence of these two conditions in children with upper gastrointestinal tract diseases (UGTD), malabsorption syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID). MATERIAL AND METHODS Hydrogen breath test (HBT) was conducted in 387 pediatric patients in years 2010-2013. Two hundred thirty two children with gastrointestinal tract diseases were selected and assigned to groups - UGTD, malabsorption syndrome, IBD or FGID. For each group the frequency of LM, frequency and severity of LI and the frequency of their co-occurrence were calculated. RESULTS Lactose malabsorption was observed in 37.08% of patients with gastrointestinal diseases. Positive HBT result was the most common in children with malabsorption syndrome (52.50%) and less common in UGTD (30.85%), especially in ulcer disease (23.53%). Symptoms after lactose ingestion affected 36.64% of the subjects, and were more specific to lactose malabsorbers than to lactose absorbers (72.10% vs. 15.75%). The higher frequency of LI was noted in children with FGID, especially in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) (65.22%). The lowest incidence of symptoms was obtained in children with UGTD, especially in those with ulcer disease (27.44%). The incidence of LM with LI was noted in 27.16% of all patients and was the highest in IBS (47.83%) and the lowest in ulcer disease (15.78%). CONCLUSIONS Lactose malabsorption is a common problem in children with gastrointestinal diseases, especially in children with bowel diseases. Lactose intolerance is related to LM, but does not affect all malabsorbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Pawłowska
- 2nd Chair and Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
| | | | - Barbara Iwańczak
- 2nd Chair and Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
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227
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Hristov AN, Oh J, Giallongo F, Frederick TW, Harper MT, Weeks HL, Branco AF, Moate PJ, Deighton MH, Williams SRO, Kindermann M, Duval S. An inhibitor persistently decreased enteric methane emission from dairy cows with no negative effect on milk production. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:10663-8. [PMID: 26229078 PMCID: PMC4553761 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1504124112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A quarter of all anthropogenic methane emissions in the United States are from enteric fermentation, primarily from ruminant livestock. This study was undertaken to test the effect of a methane inhibitor, 3-nitrooxypropanol (3NOP), on enteric methane emission in lactating Holstein cows. An experiment was conducted using 48 cows in a randomized block design with a 2-wk covariate period and a 12-wk data collection period. Feed intake, milk production, and fiber digestibility were not affected by the inhibitor. Milk protein and lactose yields were increased by 3NOP. Rumen methane emission was linearly decreased by 3NOP, averaging about 30% lower than the control. Methane emission per unit of feed dry matter intake or per unit of energy-corrected milk were also about 30% less for the 3NOP-treated cows. On average, the body weight gain of 3NOP-treated cows was 80% greater than control cows during the 12-wk experiment. The experiment demonstrated that the methane inhibitor 3NOP, applied at 40 to 80 mg/kg feed dry matter, decreased methane emissions from high-producing dairy cows by 30% and increased body weight gain without negatively affecting feed intake or milk production and composition. The inhibitory effect persisted over 12 wk of treatment, thus offering an effective methane mitigation practice for the livestock industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802;
| | - Joonpyo Oh
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Fabio Giallongo
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Tyler W Frederick
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Michael T Harper
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Holley L Weeks
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Antonio F Branco
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, PR 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Peter J Moate
- Agriculture Research Division, Department of Economic Development Jobs Transport and Resources, Ellinbank Centre, Ellinbank 3821, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew H Deighton
- Agriculture Research Division, Department of Economic Development Jobs Transport and Resources, Ellinbank Centre, Ellinbank 3821, Victoria, Australia
| | - S Richard O Williams
- Agriculture Research Division, Department of Economic Development Jobs Transport and Resources, Ellinbank Centre, Ellinbank 3821, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maik Kindermann
- Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM Nutritional Products, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
| | - Stephane Duval
- Research Centre for Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM Nutritional Products France, Saint Louis Cedex 68305, France
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228
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Faghihi V, Meijer HAJ, Gröning M. A thoroughly validated spreadsheet for calculating isotopic abundances (2H, 17O, 18O) for mixtures of waters with different isotopic compositions. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2015; 29:1351-1356. [PMID: 26147474 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Oxygen and hydrogen stable isotopes are widely used tracers for studies on naturally occurring and laboratory mixtures of isotopically different waters. Although the mixing calculations are straightforward to perform, there are ample possibilities to make mistakes, especially when dealing with a large number of mixed fluids. To facilitate isotope mixing calculations and to avoid computational mistakes, a flexible tool to carry out these calculations is in demand. METHODS We developed, in three independent efforts, spreadsheets to carry out the mixing calculations for a combination of waters with different isotopic compositions using the isotope mass balance equation. We validated our calculations by comparison of the results of the three spreadsheets for a large number of test calculations. For all the cases, we obtained identical results down to the 12(th) to 14(th) significant digit. RESULTS We present a user-friendly, thoroughly validated spreadsheet for calculating (2) H, (17) O and (18) O stable isotopic abundances and respective isotope delta values for mixtures of waters with arbitrary isotopic compositions. The spreadsheet allows the mixing of up to 10 different waters, of which up to five can be specified using their isotopic abundances and up to five others using their isotope delta values. The spreadsheet is implemented in Microsoft Excel and is freely available from our research groups' websites. CONCLUSIONS The present tool will be applicable in the production and characterization of singly and doubly labeled water (DLW) mother solutions, the analysis of isotope dilution measurements, the deduction of unknown isotope values of constituents for mixtures of natural waters, and many other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Faghihi
- Center for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H A J Meijer
- Center for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Gröning
- Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Seibersdorf, Austria
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229
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Zhu JJ, Chen H, Gong GL. [Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopic Compositions of Precipitation and Its Water Vapor Sources in Eastern Qaidam Basin]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2015; 36:2784-2790. [PMID: 26592004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes can be used as a tracer to analyze water vapor sources of atmospheric precipitation. We choose Golmud and Delingha as our study areas, Golmud locates in the south of Qaidam basin, and Delingha locates in the northeast. Based on the analysis of monthly change of hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of precipitation during June to September of 2010, and the relationship between deltaD and delta18O in precipitation, we investigated the water vapor sources of precipitation in eastern Qaidam basin. The results show that: (1) meteoric water line between June to September in Golmud is: deltaD = 7.840 delta18O - 4.566 (R2 = 0.918, P < 0.001), and in Delingha is: deltaD = 7.833 delta18O + 8.606 (R2 = 0.986, P < 0.001). The slopes and intercepts of meteoric water line between June to September in both Golmud and Delingha are lower than the global average, and the intercept in Golmud is only -4.566, which indicates the extremely arid climate condition. (2) the delta18O content of precipitation is much higher in Golmud in early July, it shows the enrichment of some heavier isotopes. However, the delta18O content of precipitation becomes lower from late July to early September, especially for the late September. The 8180 content of precipitation in Delingha is higher in June to August than that in late September. (3) the water vapor sources of precipitation in Golmud and Delingha are different, Golmud area is the northern border of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau where the southwest monsoon can reach, and the southwest monsoon brings water vapors of precipitation, but the water vapors of precipitation in Delingha are mainly from local evaporation.
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230
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Bonk F, Bastidas-Oyanedel JR, Schmidt JE. Converting the organic fraction of solid waste from the city of Abu Dhabi to valuable products via dark fermentation--Economic and energy assessment. Waste Manag 2015; 40:82-91. [PMID: 25840736 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Landfilling the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) leads to greenhouse gas emissions and loss of valuable resources. Sustainable and cost efficient solutions need to be developed to solve this problem. This study evaluates the feasibility of using dark fermentation (DF) to convert the OFMSW to volatile fatty acids (VFAs), fertilizer and H2. The VFAs in the DF effluent can be used directly as substrate for subsequent bioprocesses or purified from the effluent for industrial use. DF of the OFMSW in Abu Dhabi will be economically sustainable once VFA purification can be accomplished on large scale for less than 15USD/m(3)(effluent). With a VFA minimum selling price of 330 USD/tCOD, DF provides a competitive carbon source to sugar. Furthermore, DF is likely to use less energy than conventional processes that produce VFAs, fertilizer and H2. This makes DF of OFMSW a promising waste treatment technology and biorefinery platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Bonk
- Institute Center for Energy (iEnergy), Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 54224, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Juan-Rodrigo Bastidas-Oyanedel
- Institute Center for Energy (iEnergy), Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 54224, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Jens Ejbye Schmidt
- Institute Center for Energy (iEnergy), Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 54224, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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231
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Nair S, Geilmann H, Coplen TB, Qi H, Gehre M, Schimmelmann A, Brand WA. Isotopic disproportionation during hydrogen isotopic analysis of nitrogen-bearing organic compounds. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2015; 29:878-884. [PMID: 26377016 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE High-precision hydrogen isotope ratio analysis of nitrogen-bearing organic materials using high-temperature conversion (HTC) techniques has proven troublesome in the past. Formation of reaction products other than molecular hydrogen (H(2)) has been suspected as a possible cause of incomplete H(2) yield and hydrogen isotopic fractionation. METHODS The classical HTC reactor setup and a modified version including elemental chromium, both operated at temperatures in excess of 1400 °C, have been compared using a selection of nitrogen-bearing organic compounds, including caffeine. A focus of the experiments was to avoid or suppress hydrogen cyanide (HCN) formation and to reach quantitative H(2) yields. The technique also was optimized to provide acceptable sample throughput. RESULTS The classical HTC reaction of a number of selected compounds exhibited H(2) yields from 60 to 90 %. Yields close to 100 % were measured for the experiments with the chromium-enhanced reactor. The δ(2)H values also were substantially different between the two types of experiments. For the majority of the compounds studied, a highly significant relationship was observed between the amount of missing H(2) and the number of nitrogen atoms in the molecules, suggesting the pyrolytic formation of HCN as a byproduct. A similar linear relationship was found between the amount of missing H(2) and the observed hydrogen isotopic result, reflecting isotopic fractionation. CONCLUSIONS The classical HTC technique to produce H(2) from organic materials using high temperatures in the presence of glassy carbon is not suitable for nitrogen-bearing compounds. Adding chromium to the reaction zone improves the yield to 100 % in most cases. The initial formation of HCN is accompanied by a strong hydrogen isotope effect, with the observed hydrogen isotope results on H(2) being substantially shifted to more negative δ(2)H values. The reaction can be understood as an initial disproportionation leading to H(2) and HCN with the HCN-hydrogen systematically enriched in (2)H by more than 50 ‰. In the reaction of HCN with chromium, H(2) and chromium-containing solid residues are formed quantitatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreejesh Nair
- Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | | | | | - Haiping Qi
- U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, USA
| | - Matthias Gehre
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Willi A Brand
- Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
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232
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Abstract
Gasification is a thermochemical pathway used to convert carbonaceous feedstock into syngas (CO and H2) in a deprived oxygen environment. The process can accommodate conventional feedstock such as coal, discarded waste including plastics, rubber, and mixed waste owing to the high reactor temperature (1000 °C-1600 °C). Pyrolysis is another conversion pathway, yet it is more selective to the feedstock owing to the low process temperature (350 °C-550 °C). Discarded tyres can be subjected to pyrolysis, however, the yield involves the formation of intermediate radicals additional to unconverted char. Gasification, however, owing to the higher temperature and shorter residence time, is more opted to follow quasi-equilibrium and being predictive. In this work, tyre crumbs are subjected to two levels of gasification modelling, i.e. equilibrium zero dimension and reactive multi-dimensional flow. The objective is to investigate the effect of the amount of oxidising agent on the conversion of tyre granules and syngas composition in a small 20 kW cylindrical gasifier. Initially the chemical compositions of several tyre samples are measured following the ASTM procedures for proximate and ultimate analysis as well as the heating value. The measured data are used to carry out equilibrium-based and reactive flow gasification. The result shows that both models are reasonably predictive averaging 50% gasification efficiency, the devolatilisation is less sensitive than the char conversion to the equivalence ratio as devolatilisation is always complete. In view of the high attained efficiency, it is suggested that the investigated tyre gasification system is economically viable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isam Janajreh
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering Department, Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Syed Shabbar Raza
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering Department, Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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233
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Konn C, Charlou JL, Holm NG, Mousis O. The production of methane, hydrogen, and organic compounds in ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal vents of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Astrobiology 2015; 15:381-99. [PMID: 25984920 PMCID: PMC4442600 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2014.1198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Both hydrogen and methane are consistently discharged in large quantities in hydrothermal fluids issued from ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal fields discovered along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Considering the vast number of these fields discovered or inferred, hydrothermal fluxes represent a significant input of H2 and CH4 to the ocean. Although there are lines of evidence of their abiogenic formation from stable C and H isotope results, laboratory experiments, and thermodynamic data, neither their origin nor the reaction pathways generating these gases have been fully constrained yet. Organic compounds detected in the fluids may also be derived from abiotic reactions. Although thermodynamics are favorable and extensive experimental work has been done on Fischer-Tropsch-type reactions, for instance, nothing is clear yet about their origin and formation mechanism from actual data. Since chemolithotrophic microbial communities commonly colonize hydrothermal vents, biogenic and thermogenic processes are likely to contribute to the production of H2, CH4, and other organic compounds. There seems to be a consensus toward a mixed origin (both sources and processes) that is consistent with the ambiguous nature of the isotopic data. But the question that remains is, to what proportions? More systematic experiments as well as integrated geochemical approaches are needed to disentangle hydrothermal geochemistry. This understanding is of prime importance considering the implications of hydrothermal H2, CH4, and organic compounds for the ocean global budget, global cycles, and the origin of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Konn
- 1Ifremer, Unité Géosciences Marine, Laboratoire de Géochime et Métallogénie, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - J L Charlou
- 1Ifremer, Unité Géosciences Marine, Laboratoire de Géochime et Métallogénie, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - N G Holm
- 2Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - O Mousis
- 3Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LAM (Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille) UMR 7326, Marseille, France
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234
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Adomako D, Gibrilla A, Maloszewski P, Ganyaglo SY, Rai SP. Tracing stable isotopes (δ²H and δ¹⁸O) from meteoric water to groundwater in the Densu River basin of Ghana. Environ Monit Assess 2015; 187:264. [PMID: 25893763 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4498-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study represents the first attempt to study soil water δ(18)O profiles in Ghana using a mechanical auger. In this paper, the characteristics of δ(18)O and δ(2)H in rain water, surface water, soil water and groundwater have been used to understand the transformation mechanism of rain water to groundwater. Rain waters were sampled in Koforidua and Accra. Surface water and groundwater were sampled from the Densu River and selected boreholes in the basin, respectively. Soil waters were taken from three typical sites, namely, Potroase (POT), Teacher Mante (TM) and Ayikai Doblo (AD) in the northern, middle and southern zone from 0.00- to 6-m depth. The soil water was extracted using vacuum distillation method. The distribution of the stable isotopes of rain water is influenced by rainfall amount with minimal temperature effect. In general, the soil water is of meteoric origin undergoing fractionation-controlled evaporation. In the middle zone, the soil water shows some evidence of recharge from enriched source. The three profiles show similar trend of enriched values in the upper depths with gradual depletions of δ(18)O with depth. The POT profile showed relatively more depleted values suggesting a fast infiltration. In all the three profiles, soil waters below 3 m were found to contribute to groundwater recharge with piston flow as the dominant mechanism. The study also revealed that there is a significant contribution of enrich source to the groundwater system leading to the dilution of the infiltrating water by the large aquifer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dickson Adomako
- Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Research Centre, National Nuclear Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Box LG 80, Kwabenya-Accra, Ghana
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235
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Moreno R, Fierro J, Fernández C, Cuetos MJ, Gómez X. Biohydrogen production from lactose: influence of substrate and nitrogen concentration. Environ Technol 2015; 36:2401-9. [PMID: 25799253 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1032365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen produced from renewable sources may be considered the energy vector of the future. However, reducing process costs is imperative in order to achieve this goal. In the present research, the effect of nitrogen (N), initial pH and substrate content for starting up the dark fermentative process was studied using the response surface methodology. Anaerobic digested dried sludge (biosolid pellets) was used as the inoculum. Synthetic wastewater was used as the substrate in batch reactors. A decrease in H2 production was observed with the increase in N and lactose concentrations. This drop was considerably greater when the concentration of lactose was at its lower level. Although the increase in lactose concentration results in a lower H2 production, the effect of N on the response is attenuated at higher levels of lactose. On the other hand, the effect of initial pH on the fermentation system was not significant. The evaluation on the process under semi-continuous conditions was performed using anaerobic sequencing batch reactors (ASBRs). The process was evaluated at different C/N ratios using synthetic wastewater. Results showed higher hydrogen yields with the gradual decrease in nitrogen content. The addition of cheese whey to the ASBR resulted in a H2 production rate of 0.18 L H2 L(-1) d(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Moreno
- a Chemical and Environmental-Bioprocess Engineering Group , Natural Resources Institute (IRENA), University of Leon , Avda. de Portugal 41, Leon 24009 , Spain
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236
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Bombach P, Nägele N, Rosell M, Richnow HH, Fischer A. Evaluation of ethyl tert-butyl ether biodegradation in a contaminated aquifer by compound-specific isotope analysis and in situ microcosms. J Hazard Mater 2015; 286:100-106. [PMID: 25559863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) is an upcoming groundwater pollutant in Europe whose environmental fate has been less investigated, thus far. In the present study, we investigated the in situ biodegradation of ETBE in a fuel-contaminated aquifer using compound-specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA), and in situ microcosms in combination with total lipid fatty acid (TLFA)-stable isotope probing (SIP). In a first field investigation, CSIA revealed insignificant carbon isotope fractionation, but low hydrogen isotope fractionation of up to +14‰ along the prevailing anoxic ETBE plume suggesting biodegradation of ETBE. Ten months later, oxygen injection was conducted to enhance the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons (PH) at the field site. Within the framework of this remediation measure, in situ microcosms loaded with [(13)C6]-ETBE (BACTRAP(®)s) were exposed for 119 days in selected groundwater wells to assess the biodegradation of ETBE by TLFA-SIP under the following conditions: (i) ETBE as main contaminant; (ii) ETBE as main contaminant subjected to oxygen injection; (iii) ETBE plus other PH; (iv) ETBE plus other PH subjected to oxygen injection. Under all conditions investigated, significant (13)C-incorporation into microbial total lipid fatty acids extracted from the in situ microcosms was found, providing clear evidence of ETBE biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Bombach
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany; Isodetect GmbH Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5b, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Norbert Nägele
- Kuvier the Biotech Company S.L., Ctra. N-I, p.k. 234-P.E. INBISA 23ª, E-09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Mònica Rosell
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany; Grup de Mineralogia Aplicada i Medi Ambient, Departament de Cristal·lografia, Mineralogia i Dipòsits Minerals, Facultat de Geologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), C/Martí i Franquès s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hans H Richnow
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anko Fischer
- Isodetect GmbH Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5b, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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237
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Katoch A, Choi SW, Kim HW, Kim SS. Highly sensitive and selective H2 sensing by ZnO nanofibers and the underlying sensing mechanism. J Hazard Mater 2015; 286:229-235. [PMID: 25590816 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report, and propose a mechanism for, the exceptional hydrogen gas (H2) sensing ability of ZnO nanofibers. In comparison to SnO2 nanofibers, ZnO nanofibers show outstanding H2 gas response and unmistakable H2 selectivity. Different from the reducing gas effect observed in SnO2 nanofibers, a semiconductor-to-metal transition that occurs in the presence of H2 gas molecules is responsible for the exceptional response and selectivity of ZnO nanofibers to H2. Notably, the presence of nanograins within nanofibers further intensifies the resistance modulation observed due to this transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Katoch
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Woo Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoun Woo Kim
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Sub Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Republic of Korea.
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238
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Gardner WP, Hammond G, Lichtner P. High performance simulation of environmental tracers in heterogeneous domains. Ground Water 2015; 53 Suppl 1:71-80. [PMID: 24372403 DOI: 10.1111/gwat.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we use PFLOTRAN, a highly scalable, parallel, flow, and reactive transport code to simulate the concentrations of 3H, 3He, CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, SF6, 39Ar, and the mean groundwater age in heterogeneous fields on grids with an excess of 10 million nodes. We utilize this computational platform to simulate the concentration of multiple tracers in high-resolution, heterogeneous 2D and 3D domains, and calculate tracer-derived ages. Tracer-derived ages show systematic biases toward younger ages when the groundwater age distribution contains water older than the maximum tracer age. The deviation of the tracer-derived age distribution from the true groundwater age distribution increases with increasing heterogeneity of the system. However, the effect of heterogeneity is diminished as the mean travel time gets closer to the tracer age limit. Age distributions in 3D domains differ significantly from 2D domains. 3D simulations show decreased mean age, and less variance in age distribution for identical heterogeneity statistics. High-performance computing allows for investigation of tracer and groundwater age systematics in high-resolution domains, providing a platform for understanding and utilizing environmental tracer and groundwater age information in heterogeneous 3D systems.
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239
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Fernandez-Lopez M, Puig-Gamero M, Lopez-Gonzalez D, Avalos-Ramirez A, Valverde J, Sanchez-Silva L. Life cycle assessment of swine and dairy manure: pyrolysis and combustion processes. Bioresour Technol 2015; 182:184-192. [PMID: 25698410 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.01.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The valorization of three different manure samples via pyrolysis and combustion processes was evaluated. Dairy manure (sample Pre) was biologically pretreated by anaerobic digestion (sample Dig R) whereas swine manure (sample SW) was pretreated by a biodrying process. Thermal behavior of manure samples were studied by means of thermogravimetric analysis coupled with mass spectrometry (TGA-MS). These processes could be divided into four general stages: dehydration, devolatilization, char transformation (oxidation for combustion) and inorganic matter decomposition. The main differences observed among the samples were attributed to their different composition and pretreatment. The economic feasibility, energetic and environmental impacts of pyrolysis and combustion technologies for dairy samples were carried out by means of life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. Four different scenarios were analyzed. The economic feasibility of the pyrolysis process was demonstrated, being sample Dig R the best environmental option. However, the combustion of sample Pre was the best energetic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fernandez-Lopez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M Puig-Gamero
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - D Lopez-Gonzalez
- CNRS, IRCELYON, Institut de recherches sur la catalyse et l'environnement de Lyon, France
| | | | - J Valverde
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - L Sanchez-Silva
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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240
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McCallum JL, Cook PG, Simmons CT. Limitations of the use of environmental tracers to infer groundwater age. Ground Water 2015; 53 Suppl 1:56-70. [PMID: 25040356 DOI: 10.1111/gwat.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Apparent ages obtained from the measured concentrations of environmental tracers have the potential to inform recharge rates, flow rates, and assist in the calibration of groundwater models. A number of studies have investigated sources of error in the relationships between the apparent ages, and the age assumed by models to relate this quantity to an aquifer property (e.g., recharge). These studies have also provided a number of techniques for correcting the known biases of apparent ages. In this paper, we review some of the concepts of age bias. We then demonstrate this bias through the use on four numerical examples, and assess the accuracy of correction methods in overcoming this bias. We examine this for CFCs, SF6, 3H/3He, 39Ar, and 14C. We demonstrate that in our four simple steady-state aquifer examples, bias occurs for a wide range of environmental tracers and flow configurations. When applying correction methods, we found that the values obtained are limited by the model assumptions. Models accounting for exchange with aquitards represent whole mobile zones and not discrete well screens. Mean transit times (comparable to mean ages) obtained from lumped parameter models deviate from actual values as the assumed distribution varies from the actual distribution. Methods that use multiple tracer ages are limited to ranges where both tracers report apparent ages. Our findings suggest that the incorporation of environmental tracer data into the understanding of groundwater systems requires approaches such as the direct use of concentrations, or the simulation of full age distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L McCallum
- National Centre for Groundwater Research and Training, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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241
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Holder PW, Frew R, Van Hale R. The Geographic Origin of an Intercepted Biosecurity Pest Beetle Assigned Using Hydrogen Stable Isotopes. J Econ Entomol 2015; 108:834-837. [PMID: 26470196 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tou097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Arhopalus ferus (Mulsant) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is a forest pest that does not occur in Australia. In February 2010, the container ship Tatiana Schulte, en route from New Zealand, was refused permission to enter Australia following the discovery of numerous A. ferus aboard. The place where the infestation occurred was unknown, representing an uncontrolled biosecurity-risk pathway. Hydrogen isotope analysis of the beetles' wings showed that the infestation most likely originated from Auckland, New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Holder
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Ellesmere Junction Rd., Canterbury 7647, New Zealand. Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - Russell Frew
- Department of Chemistry, Otago University, Union Place West, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand. Present address: Food and Environmental Protection Laboratory, IAEA/FAO, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Robert Van Hale
- Department of Chemistry, Otago University, Union Place West, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
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242
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Jin XG, Zhang MJ, Wang SJ, Zhu XF, Dong L, Ren ZG, Chen FL. [Effect of Below-cloud Secondary Evaporation in Precipitations over the Loess Plateau Based on the Stable Isotopes of Hydrogen and Oxygen]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2015; 36:1241-1248. [PMID: 26164896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Based on stable isotopes in 409 precipitation samples provided by GNIP and meteorological records at the eight stations in Loess Plateau from January 1985 to December 2004, as well as the trajectory model of HYSPLIT 4.9, the spatial and temporal variations of d-excess and Δ18O were analyzed. The spatial distribution of secondary evaporation rate and the impact of meteorological factors on below-cloud secondary evaporation were also discussed. The result showed that: (1) During summer and winter monsoon periods, Δ18O showed an uptrend variation and d-excess showed a downtrend variation from south to north in Loess Plateau. From east to west, Δ180 showed an uptrend variation only in summer monsoon period and a downtrend variation in winter monsoon period. The value of d-excess also showed a downtrend variation. Amplitude of variation Δ18O and d-excess could indicate the routes of monsoon. (2) Secondary evaporation existed on an annual basis, and it was relatively significant during the summer monsoon period, with ranges from 1.51% to 5.88% and an average rate of 3.87%. While winter monsoon became lower, the rates ranged from 1.06% to 5.46%, and the average rate dropped to 3.03%. Monsoon had larger influence on secondary evaporation in margin area of the plateau, while the influence on the central stations was little. (3) Temperature had the highest contribution to secondary evaporation, followed by precipitation amount and water vapor pressure, and relative humidity had a small contribution. Moreover, the influence of wind speed and altitude on secondary evaporation was weak.
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243
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Mao Y, Dong L, Dong Y, Liu W, Chang J, Yang S, Lv Z, Fan P. Fast co-pyrolysis of biomass and lignite in a micro fluidized bed reactor analyzer. Bioresour Technol 2015; 181:155-162. [PMID: 25647026 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The co-pyrolysis characteristic of biomass and lignite were investigated in a Micro Fluidized Bed Reaction Analyzer under isothermal condition. The synergetic effect was evaluated by comparing the experimental gas yields and distributions with the calculated values, and iso-conversional method was used to calculate the kinetic parameters of formation of each gas component. The results showed that synergetic effect was manifested in co-pyrolysis. For the range of conversion investigated, the activation energies for H2, CH4, CO and CO2 were 72.90 kJ/mol, 43.90 kJ/mol, 18.51 kJ/mol and 13.44 kJ/mol, respectively; the reactions for CH4 and CO2 conformed to 2 order chemical reaction model, and for H2 and CO conformed to 1.5 order chemical reaction model; the pre-exponential factors for CH4, CO2, H2 and CO were 249.0 S(-1), 5.290 S(-1), 237.4 S(-1) and 2.693 S(-1), respectively. The discrepancy of the kinetic parameters implied that there were different pathways for forming the different gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yebing Mao
- Key Laboratory of High-efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, PR China
| | - Lei Dong
- Shandong Baichuan Tongchuan Energy Co. Ltd., Jinan 250101, PR China
| | - Yuping Dong
- Key Laboratory of High-efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, PR China.
| | - Wenping Liu
- Key Laboratory of High-efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, PR China
| | - Jiafu Chang
- Shandong Baichuan Tongchuan Energy Co. Ltd., Jinan 250101, PR China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Key Laboratory of High-efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, PR China
| | - Zhaochuan Lv
- Key Laboratory of High-efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, PR China
| | - Pengfei Fan
- Key Laboratory of High-efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, PR China
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244
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Abstract
As calculated from data archived in the IAEA-WMO Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation programme, the amount-weighted local meteoric water line for the Pacific coast of central Panama is: δ(2)H = 7.63(±0.08) × δ(18)O + 6.51(±0.49). Amount-weighted mean isotopic values were regressed against the sea surface temperature (SST) fields of the adjacent tropical oceans. A negative correlation of precipitation isotope composition with Caribbean SSTs is observed only for the early wet season (May-June), whilst the mid-summer dry period is characterized by positive correlation with eastern Pacific SSTs, similar to the late wet season (October-November). The negative response of May-June rainfall isotopic composition to Caribbean SSTs is explained by a SST-mediated change in stratiform rain fraction from organized convective systems proximal to the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). The positive correlation for the rest of the wet season, when the organized convective zone of ITCZ and its attached stratiform belt are distant from the Pacific coast of Panama, is interpreted as simple evaporative temperature effect on isotopic fractionation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Kern
- a Institute for Geological and Geochemical Research, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Russell S Harmon
- b USACE Engineer Research & Development Center International Research Office , Ruislip , UK
- c Department of Marine, Earth, & Atmospheric Sciences , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , NC , USA
| | - István Fórizs
- a Institute for Geological and Geochemical Research, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Budapest , Hungary
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245
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Munksgaard NC, Zwart C, Kurita N, Bass A, Nott J, Bird MI. Stable isotope anatomy of tropical cyclone Ita, North-Eastern Australia, April 2014. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119728. [PMID: 25742628 PMCID: PMC4351091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The isotope signatures registered in speleothems during tropical cyclones (TC) provides information about the frequency and intensity of past TCs but the precise relationship between isotopic composition and the meteorology of TCs remain uncertain. Here we present continuous δ18O and δ2H data in rainfall and water vapour, as well as in discrete rainfall samples, during the passage of TC Ita and relate the evolution in isotopic compositions to local and synoptic scale meteorological observations. High-resolution data revealed a close relationship between isotopic compositions and cyclonic features such as spiral rainbands, periods of stratiform rainfall and the arrival of subtropical and tropical air masses with changing oceanic and continental moisture sources. The isotopic compositions in discrete rainfall samples were remarkably constant along the ~450 km overland path of the cyclone when taking into account the direction and distance to the eye of the cyclone at each sampling time. Near simultaneous variations in δ18O and δ2H values in rainfall and vapour and a near-equilibrium rainfall-vapour isotope fractionation indicates strong isotopic exchange between rainfall and surface inflow of vapour during the approach of the cyclone. In contrast, after the passage of spiral rainbands close to the eye of the cyclone, different moisture sources for rainfall and vapour are reflected in diverging d-excess values. High-resolution isotope studies of modern TCs refine the interpretation of stable isotope signatures found in speleothems and other paleo archives and should aim to further investigate the influence of cyclone intensity and longevity on the isotopic composition of associated rainfall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels C. Munksgaard
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science, Technology and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Costijn Zwart
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science, Technology and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Naoyuki Kurita
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Adrian Bass
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science, Technology and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jon Nott
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science, Technology and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael I. Bird
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science, Technology and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
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246
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Sheu YT, Chen SC, Chien CC, Chen CC, Kao CM. Application of a long-lasting colloidal substrate with pH and hydrogen sulfide control capabilities to remediate TCE-contaminated groundwater. J Hazard Mater 2015; 284:222-232. [PMID: 25463237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A long-lasting emulsified colloidal substrate (LECS) was developed for continuous carbon and nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) release to remediate trichloroethylene (TCE)-contaminated groundwater under reductive dechlorinating conditions. The developed LECS contained nZVI, vegetable oil, surfactants (Simple Green™ and lecithin), molasses, lactate, and minerals. An emulsification study was performed to evaluate the globule droplet size and stability of LECS. The results show that a stable oil-in-water emulsion with uniformly small droplets (0.7 μm) was produced, which could continuously release the primary substrates. The emulsified solution could serve as the dispensing agent, and nZVI particles (with diameter 100-200 nm) were distributed in the emulsion evenly without aggregation. Microcosm results showed that the LECS caused a rapid increase in the total organic carbon concentration (up to 488 mg/L), and reductive dechlorination of TCE was significantly enhanced. Up to 99% of TCE (with initial concentration of 7.4 mg/L) was removed after 130 days of operation. Acidification was prevented by the production of hydroxide ion by the oxidation of nZVI. The formation of iron sulfide reduced the odor from produced hydrogen sulfide. Microbial analyses reveal that dechlorinating bacteria existed in soils, which might contribute to TCE dechlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y T Sheu
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - S C Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
| | - C C Chien
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
| | - C C Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - C M Kao
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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247
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Chowdhury P, Gomaa H, Ray AK. Sacrificial hydrogen generation from aqueous triethanolamine with Eosin Y-sensitized Pt/TiO2 photocatalyst in UV, visible and solar light irradiation. Chemosphere 2015; 121:54-61. [PMID: 25441927 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we have studied Eosin Y-sensitized sacrificial hydrogen generation with triethanolamine as electron donor in UV, visible, and solar light irradiation. Aeroxide TiO2 was loaded with platinum metal via solar photo-deposition method to reduce the electron hole recombination process. Photocatalytic sacrificial hydrogen generation was influenced by several factors such as platinum loading (wt%) on TiO2, solution pH, Eosin Y to Pt/TiO2 mass ratio, triethanolamine concentration, and light (UV, visible and solar) intensities. Detailed reaction mechanisms in visible and solar light irradiation were established. Oxidation of triethanolamine and formaldehyde formation was correlated with hydrogen generation in both visible and solar lights. Hydrogen generation kinetics followed a Langmuir-type isotherm with reaction rate constant and adsorption constant of 6.77×10(-6) mol min(-1) and 14.45 M(-1), respectively. Sacrificial hydrogen generation and charge recombination processes were studied as a function of light intensities. Apparent quantum yields (QYs) were compared for UV, visible, and solar light at four different light intensities. Highest QYs were attained at lower light intensity because of trivial charge recombination. At 30 mW cm(-2) we achieved QYs of 10.82%, 12.23% and 11.33% in UV, visible and solar light respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Chowdhury
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Hassan Gomaa
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Ajay K Ray
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada.
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248
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Lin YH, Chen YC, Chu H. The mechanism of coal gas desulfurization by iron oxide sorbents. Chemosphere 2015; 121:62-67. [PMID: 25434261 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to understand the roles of hydrogen and carbon monoxide during the desulfurization process in a coal gasification system that H2S of the syngas was removed by Fe2O3/SiO2 sorbents. The Fe2O3/SiO2 sorbents were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation. Through the breakthrough experiments and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses, the overall desulfurization mechanism of the Fe2O3/SiO2 sorbents was proposed in this study. The results show that the major reaction route is that Fe2O3 reacts with H2S to form FeS, and the existence of CO and H2 in the simulated gas significantly affects equilibrium concentrations of H2S and COS. The formation of COS occurs when the feeding gas is blended with CO and H2S, or CO2 and H2S. The pathways in the formation of products from the desulfurization process by the reaction of Fe2O3 with H2S have been successfully established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsing Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chiao Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Hsin Chu
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Research Center for Energy Technology and Strategy, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
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249
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Luan T, Fang SX, Zhou LX, Wang HY, Zhang G. [Gas chromatography with a Pulsed discharge helium ionization detector for measurement of molecular hydrogen(H2) in the atmosphere]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2015; 36:34-39. [PMID: 25898644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A high precision GC system with a pulsed discharge helium ionization detector was set up based on the commercial Agilent 7890A gas chromatography. The gas is identified by retention time and the concentration is calculated through the peak height. Detection limit of the system is about 1 x 10(-9) (mole fraction, the same as below). The standard deviation of 140 continuous injections with a standard cylinder( concentration is roughly 600 x 10(-9)) is better than 0.3 x 10(-9). Between 409.30 x 10(-9) and 867.74 x 10(-9) molecular hydrogen mole fractions and peak height have good linear response. By using two standards to quantify the air sample, the precision meets the background molecular hydrogen compatibility goal within the World Meteorological Organization/Global Atmosphere Watch (WMO/GAW) program. Atmospheric molecular hydrogen concentration at Guangzhou urban area was preliminarily measured by this method from January to November 2013. The results show that the atmospheric molecular hydrogen mole fraction varies from 450 x 10(-9) to 700 x 10(-9) during the observation period, with the lowest value at 14:00 (Beijing time, the same as below) and the peak value at 20:00. The seasonal variation of atmospheric hydrogen at Guangzhou area was similar with that of the same latitude stations in northern hemisphere.
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250
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Marushko YV, Iovitsa TV. [THERAPY OF TRANSIENT LACTASE INSUFFICIENCY OF CHILDREN IN PECTORAL AGE]. Lik Sprava 2015:141-142. [PMID: 26118050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Thus, we have discovered that the children of the first half-year of life have different degrees of severity of transient lactase insufficiency basing on the results of hydrogen respiratory test. It was set that the starting dose of enzyme lactase must depend on the degree of severity of displays of transient lactase insufficiency, taking into account the indexes of hydrogen respiratory test.
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