4401
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Garcia-Arcos I, Hiyama Y, Drosatos K, Bharadwaj KG, Hu Y, Son NH, O'Byrne SM, Chang CL, Deckelbaum RJ, Takahashi M, Westerterp M, Obunike JC, Jiang H, Yagyu H, Blaner WS, Goldberg IJ. Adipose-specific lipoprotein lipase deficiency more profoundly affects brown than white fat biology. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:14046-14058. [PMID: 23542081 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.469270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose fat storage is thought to require uptake of circulating triglyceride (TG)-derived fatty acids via lipoprotein lipase (LpL). To determine how LpL affects the biology of adipose tissue, we created adipose-specific LpL knock-out (ATLO) mice, and we compared them with whole body LpL knock-out mice rescued with muscle LpL expression (MCK/L0) and wild type (WT) mice. ATLO LpL mRNA and activity were reduced, respectively, 75 and 70% in gonadal adipose tissue (GAT), 90 and 80% in subcutaneous tissue, and 84 and 85% in brown adipose tissue (BAT). ATLO mice had increased plasma TG levels associated with reduced chylomicron TG uptake into BAT and lung. ATLO BAT, but not GAT, had altered TG composition. GAT from MCK/L0 was smaller and contained less polyunsaturated fatty acids in TG, although GAT from ATLO was normal unless LpL was overexpressed in muscle. High fat diet feeding led to less adipose in MCK/L0 mice but TG acyl composition in subcutaneous tissue and BAT reverted to that of WT. Therefore, adipocyte LpL in BAT modulates plasma lipoprotein clearance, and the greater metabolic activity of this depot makes its lipid composition more dependent on LpL-mediated uptake. Loss of adipose LpL reduces fat accumulation only if accompanied by greater LpL activity in muscle. These data support the role of LpL as the "gatekeeper" for tissue lipid distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itsaso Garcia-Arcos
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032
| | - Yaeko Hiyama
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032
| | - Konstantinos Drosatos
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032
| | - Kalyani G Bharadwaj
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032
| | - Yunying Hu
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032
| | - Ni Huiping Son
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032
| | - Sheila M O'Byrne
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032
| | - Chuchun L Chang
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032
| | - Richard J Deckelbaum
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032
| | - Manabu Takahashi
- Department of Medicine, Jichii University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Marit Westerterp
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032; Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph C Obunike
- Department of Biological Sciences, New York City College of Technology, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11201
| | - Hongfeng Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032
| | - Hiroaki Yagyu
- Department of Medicine, Jichii University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - William S Blaner
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032
| | - Ira J Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032.
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4402
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Bruce JN, Malone HR. Monocyte-derived cells of the brain and malignant gliomas: translational implications. World Neurosurg 2013; 82:1015-6. [PMID: 23523678 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2013.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey N Bruce
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
| | - Hani R Malone
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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4403
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Namgaladze D, Kemmerer M, von Knethen A, Brüne B. AICAR inhibits PPARγ during monocyte differentiation to attenuate inflammatory responses to atherogenic lipids. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 98:479-87. [PMID: 23531513 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Transcriptional regulation through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is critical for an altered lipid metabolism during monocyte to macrophage differentiation. Here, we investigated how 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside (AICAR), an activator of AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK), affects PPARγ during monocyte differentiation. METHODS AND RESULTS During the differentiation of THP-1 monocytic cells or primary human monocytes to macrophages, we observed that AICAR inhibited the expression of PPARγ target genes, such as fatty acid-binding protein 4 or CD36. This effect was independent of AICAR conversion to AICAR ribotide and AMPK activation. While AICAR increased PPARγ mRNA expression that paralleled differentiation, it inhibited PPARγ protein synthesis without affecting PPARγ protein stability. Monocytes differentiated to macrophages in the presence of AICAR revealed an attenuated uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and reduced oxLDL-triggered c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation. JNK and endoplasmic reticulum stress responses to the saturated fatty acid palmitate were attenuated as well, an effect mimicked by the knockdown of PPARγ. Although PPARγ has been reported to support alternative macrophage activation, AICAR did not inhibit interleukin-4-induced gene expression in differentiating monocytes. CONCLUSION Inhibition of PPARγ-dependent gene expression during monocyte differentiation may contribute to an AICAR-elicited macrophage phenotype characterized by reduced inflammatory responses to modified lipoproteins and saturated fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Namgaladze
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I/ZAFES, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt 60590 Germany
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4404
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Rajamäki K, Nordström T, Nurmi K, Åkerman KEO, Kovanen PT, Öörni K, Eklund KK. Extracellular acidosis is a novel danger signal alerting innate immunity via the NLRP3 inflammasome. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:13410-9. [PMID: 23530046 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.426254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Local acidosis has been demonstrated in ischemic tissues and at inflammatory sites. RESULTS Acidic extracellular pH triggers NLRP3 inflammasome activation and interleukin-1β secretion in human macrophages. CONCLUSION Acidic pH represents a novel danger signal alerting the innate immunity. SIGNIFICANCE Local acidosis may promote inflammation at ischemic and inflammatory sites. Local extracellular acidification has been demonstrated at sites of ischemia and inflammation. IL-1β is one of the key proinflammatory cytokines, and thus, its synthesis and secretion are tightly regulated. The NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat containing family, pyrin domain containing 3) inflammasome complex, assembled in response to microbial components or endogenous danger signals, triggers caspase-1-mediated maturation and secretion of IL-1β. In this study, we explored whether acidic environment is sensed by immune cells as an inflammasome-activating danger signal. Human macrophages were exposed to custom cell culture media at pH 7.5-6.0. Acidic medium triggered pH-dependent secretion of IL-1β and activation of caspase-1 via a mechanism involving potassium efflux from the cells. Acidic extracellular pH caused rapid intracellular acidification, and the IL-1β-inducing effect of acidic medium could be mimicked by acidifying the cytosol with bafilomycin A1, a proton pump inhibitor. Knocking down the mRNA expression of NLRP3 receptor abolished IL-1β secretion at acidic pH. Remarkably, alkaline extracellular pH strongly inhibited the IL-1β response to several known NLRP3 activators, demonstrating bipartite regulatory potential of pH on the activity of this inflammasome. The data suggest that acidic environment represents a novel endogenous danger signal alerting the innate immunity. Low pH may thus contribute to inflammation in acidosis-associated pathologies such as atherosclerosis and post-ischemic inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Rajamäki
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland.
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4405
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Abstract
Macrophages themselves are a heterogeneous mixture of cells which mediate their effects not only through phagocytosis but also through the production of various soluble factors such as cytokines and chemokines. The most important function of macrophages is the defense of the body against pathogen aggressions. However, when recruited within neoplastic tissues, tumor-associated macrophages polarize differently and do not predominantly exert their immune function but rather favor tumor growth and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishikesh C Dandekar
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, M. A. Rangoonwala's College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Azam Campus, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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4406
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Lin S, Hirai S, Goto T, Sakamoto T, Takahashi N, Yano M, Sasaki T, Yu R, Kawada T. Auraptene suppresses inflammatory responses in activated RAW264 macrophages by inhibiting p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:1135-44. [PMID: 23495198 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Inflammation plays a key role in obesity-related pathologies such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Hypertrophied adipocytes trigger the enhancement of macrophage infiltration and the release of various proinflammatory factors in obese adipose tissue. In this study, we examined whether auraptene, a citrus-fruit-derived compound, could suppress the production of inflammatory factors that mediate the interaction between adipocytes and macrophages. METHODS AND RESULTS Experiments using a co-culture system of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW264 macrophages showed that auraptene reduced the production of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-α. In RAW264 macrophages, auraptene also suppressed the inflammation induced by either LPS or the conditioned medium derived from 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In addition, auraptene inhibited the phosphorylation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and suppressed the production of proinflammatory mediators in activated macrophages. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that auraptene exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by suppressing the production of inflammatory factors that mediate the interaction between adipocytes and macrophages, suggesting that auraptene is a valuable food-derived compound with a potential to attenuate chronic inflammation in adipose tissue and to improve obesity-related insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
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4407
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Maradana MR, Thomas R, O'Sullivan BJ. Targeted delivery of curcumin for treating type 2 diabetes. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:1550-6. [PMID: 23495213 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a chronic condition in which cells have reduced insulin signalling, leading to hyperglycemia and long-term complications, including heart, kidney and liver disease. Macrophages activated by dying or stressed cells, induce the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa-B leading to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF and IL-6. These inflammatory macrophages in liver and adipose tissue promote insulin resistance, and medications which reduce inflammation and enhance insulin signalling improve glucose control. Curcumin is an anti-oxidant and nuclear factor kappa-B inhibitor derived from turmeric. A number of studies have shown that dietary curcumin reduces inflammation and delays or prevents obesity-induced insulin resistance and associated complications, including atherosclerosis and immune mediate liver disease. Unfortunately dietary curcumin is poorly absorbed by the digestive system and undergoes glucuronidation and excretion rather than being released into the serum and systemically distributed. This confounds understanding of how dietary curcumin exerts its beneficial effects in type 2 diabetes and associated diseases. New improved methods of delivering curcumin are being developed including nanoparticles and lipid/liposome formulations that increase absorption and bioavailability of curcumin. Development and refinement of these technologies will enable cell-directed targeting of curcumin and improved therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muralidhara Rao Maradana
- Diamantina Institute for Cancer, Immunology and Metabolic Medicine, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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4408
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Abstract
Biologic response modifiers are a novel class of drugs used by sub-specialists to treat immune-mediated conditions such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Also known as 'cytokine inhibitors', they are proteins whose purpose is to block the action of cytokines involved in inflammation. The desired therapeutic effect is to reduce or control inflammation. Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) inhibitors are the prototypes, but newer agents in this class target other cytokines such as interleukin(IL)-6, IL-12, and IL-23, or the proteins that target cytokine receptors on lymphocytes. They typically act by inhibiting the normal inflammatory processes involved in the immune response, particularly for macrophages. These agents are often used in combination with other immunosuppressive drugs such as methotrexate or steroids. The immune-modulating effects can persist days to weeks after discontinuation. Evidence indicates that patients treated with biologic response modifiers are at higher risk of tuberculosis infection and may be at higher risk of fungal or other infections with intracellular pathogens. This practice point offers guidelines on the preventive strategies that should be used in patients who will be or who are taking these immune-modifying agents. Biologic response modifiers are a novel class of drugs used by sub-specialists to treat immune-mediated conditions such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Also known as ‘cytokine inhibitors’, they are proteins whose purpose is to block the action of cytokines involved in inflammation. The desired therapeutic effect is to reduce or control inflammation. Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) inhibitors are the prototypes, but newer agents in this class target other cytokines such as interleukin(IL)-6, IL-12, and IL-23, or the proteins that target cytokine receptors on lymphocytes. They typically act by inhibiting the normal inflammatory processes involved in the immune response, particularly for macrophages. These agents are often used in combination with other immunosuppressive drugs such as methotrexate or steroids. The immune-modulating effects can persist days to weeks after discontinuation. Evidence indicates that patients treated with biologic response modifiers are at higher risk of tuberculosis infection and may be at higher risk of fungal or other infections with intracellular pathogens. This practice point offers guidelines on the preventive strategies that should be used in patients who will be or who are taking these immune-modifying agents.
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4409
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Hasan DM, Chalouhi N, Jabbour P, Magnotta VA, Kung DK, Young WL. Imaging aspirin effect on macrophages in the wall of human cerebral aneurysms using ferumoxytol-enhanced MRI: preliminary results. J Neuroradiol 2013; 40:187-91. [PMID: 23428244 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurad.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Daily intake of aspirin was shown to decrease human cerebral aneurysm rupture by 60%. The feasibility of imaging macrophages in human cerebral aneurysm walls using ferumoxytol-enhanced MRI has been demonstrated. The goal of the present study is to image aspirin effect on macrophages in the wall of human cerebral aneurysm using ferumoxytol-enhanced MRI. MATERIAL AND METHODS Five patients with known intracranial aneurysms underwent baseline imaging using T2(*) gradient-echo and T1 MRI sequences using ferumoxytol-enhanced MRI 72-hour post-ferumoxytol infusion. Patients then received 81 mg aspirin per os daily. After 3 months, imaging studies were repeated and analyzed by co-registration using a histogram and subtraction of follow-up images from baseline. RESULTS In all five patients, after 3 months of treatment with aspirin, the signal intensity corresponding to the uptake of ferumoxytol by macrophages in the aneurysm wall was less intense than in the baseline images. This was confirmed by co-registration of images using histogram and subtraction of follow-up images from baseline. CONCLUSION These preliminary results suggest the feasibility of imaging aspirin effect on macrophages localized in the wall of human cerebral aneurysm using ferumoxytol-enhanced MRI. The findings provide radiographic evidence of decreased inflammation in human cerebral aneurysms with daily intake of aspirin using macrophages as a surrogate marker for inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Hasan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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4410
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Christow H, Lillich M, Sold A, Fahrer J, Barth H. Recombinant streptavidin-C3bot for delivery of proteins into macrophages. Toxicon 2013; 75:144-7. [PMID: 23422352 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrated previously that monocytes and macrophages are target cells for the Rho-modifying Clostridium botulinum C3 ADP-ribosyltransferase. Here, we report the construction, expression and characterization of a recombinant streptavidin-C3 fusion protein which allows for delivery of biotin-labelled molecules into the cytosol of macrophages via enzymatically inactive C3bot1E174Q. The enzyme domain of diphtheria toxin was used as cargo to demonstrate proof of principle. This transport system could represent an attractive tool for experimental monocyte/macrophage pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Christow
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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4411
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Grossman R, Ram Z. Monocyte-derived cells of the brain in malignant gliomas. World Neurosurg 2014; 82:1012-4. [PMID: 23333988 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2013.01.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4412
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Abstract
Histiocytic disorders represent a group of complex pathologies characterized by the accumulation of histiocytes, an old term for tissue-resident macrophages and dendritic cells. Langerhans cell histiocytosis is the most frequent of histiocytosis in humans and has been thought to arise from the abnormal accumulation of epidermal dendritic cells called Langerhans cells. In this chapter, we discuss the origin and differentiation of Langerhans cells and dendritic cells and present accumulated evidence that suggests that Langerhans cell histiocytosis does not result from abnormal Langerhans cell homeostasis but rather is a consequence of misguided differentiation programs of myeloid dendritic cell precursors. We propose reclassification of Langerhans cell histiocytosis, juvenile xanthogranuloma, and Erdheim-Chester disease as inflammatory myeloid neoplasias.
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4413
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Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are a family of peroxidases that maintain thiol homeostasis by catalyzing the reduction of organic hydroperoxides, H2O2, and peroxynitrite. Eukaryotic 2-Cys-Prxs, also referred to as typical Prxs, can be inactivated by oxidation of the catalytic cysteine to sulfinic acid, which may regulate the intracellular messenger function of H2O2. A small redox protein, sulfiredoxin (Srx), has been shown to reduce sulfinylated 2-Cys-Prxs and thus to regenerate active 2-Cys-Prxs. We previously reported that cytokine-induced nitric oxide (NO) intervenes in this pathway by decreasing the level of 2-Cys overoxidation and by upregulating Srx through the activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2). Here, we describe the methods used to monitor the interplay between NO and H2O2 in the regulation of the Prx/Srx system in immunostimulated macrophages, which produce both reactive oxygen species and NO.
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4414
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Kim S, Jang J, Kim H, Choi H, Lee K, Choi IH. The effects of silica nanoparticles in macrophage cells. Immune Netw 2012; 12:296-300. [PMID: 23397001 PMCID: PMC3566426 DOI: 10.4110/in.2012.12.6.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Silica nanoparticles, which are applicable in many industrial fields, have been reported to induce cellular changes such as cytotoxicity in various cells and fibrosis in lungs. Because the immune system is the primary targeting organ reacting to internalized exogenous nanoparticles, we tried to figure out the immunostimulatory effect of silica nanoparticles in macrophages using differently sized silica nanoparticles. Using U937 cells we assessed cytotoxicity by CCK-8 assay, ROS generation by CM-H2DCFDA, intracellular Ca++ levels by staining with Fluo4-AM and IL-8 production by ELISA. At non-toxic concentration, the intracellular Ca++ level has increased immediately after exposure to 15 nm particles, not to larger particles. ROS generation was detected significantly in response to 15 nm particles. However, all three different sizes of silica nanoparticles induced IL-8 production. 15 nm silica nanoparticles are more stimulatory than larger particles in cytotoxicity, intracellular Ca++ increase and ROS generation. But IL-8 production was induced to same levels with 50 or 100 nm particles. Therefore, IL-8 production induced by silica nanoparticles may be dependent on other mechanisms rather than intracellular Ca++ increase and ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungjae Kim
- Department of Microbiology, The Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-752, Korea
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4415
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Mendoza-Aguilar MD, Arce-Paredes P, Aquino-Vega M, Rodríguez-Martínez S, Rojas-Espinosa O. Fate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in peroxidase-loaded resting murine macrophages. Int J Mycobacteriol 2012; 2:3-13. [PMID: 26785781 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmyco.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myeloperoxidase (MPO), in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and a halide represent an efficient microbicidal mechanism of phagocytic cells. MPO is abundant in neutrophils which also respond to infection by producing large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS). MPO, ROS and halide constitute a very toxic antimicrobial system (called the Klebanoff system or KS). Resting mature macrophages do not contain granular MPO and thus are unable to kill pathogenic mycobacteria and some other microorganisms by this system. EXPERIMENTAL Under the hypothesis that transforming macrophages into peroxidase-positive (PO(+)) cells, these cells would be able to kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis, in this study, mature macrophages were loaded with exogenous peroxidase and were tested for their capacity to kill the Mycobacterium in the presence or in the absence of hydrogen peroxide. RESULTS It was found that PO-loaded macrophages eagerly ingest M. tuberculosis, but do not show a significant mycobactericidal activity on this microorganism despite that it is highly susceptible to the Klebanoff system in vitro. Failure of PO-loaded macrophages to kill M. tuberculosis may obey either to an inappropriate location of the exogenous PO in these cells or more likely, to the presence of efficient detoxifying mechanisms in the bacteria. On the contrary, MPO-loaded or unloaded macrophages efficiently killed Listeria monocytogenes. CONCLUSION The lack of granular MPO in mature macrophages, and the predilection of mycobacteria to infect these cells are two situations that favor the development of tuberculosis and related diseases, such as leprosy and Buruli ulcer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melby Dessiré Mendoza-Aguilar
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, D.F., México
| | - Patricia Arce-Paredes
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, D.F., México
| | - Mayda Aquino-Vega
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, D.F., México
| | - Sandra Rodríguez-Martínez
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, D.F., México
| | - Oscar Rojas-Espinosa
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, D.F., México.
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4416
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Wijesundera KK, Juniantito V, Golbar HM, Fujisawa K, Tanaka M, Ichikawa C, Izawa T, Kuwamura M, Yamate J. Expressions of Iba1 and galectin-3 (Gal-3) in thioacetamide (TAA)-induced acute rat liver lesions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 65:799-808. [PMID: 23265716 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1) is associated with membrane ruffling and motility of cells. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a β-galactoside binding animal lectin, and regulates fibrogenesis probably through transforming growth factor-β1. To evaluate macrophage properties, expressions of Iba1 and Gal-3 were investigated, in relation to macrophages expressing CD68 (ED1; reflecting increased phagocytosis) and CD163 (ED2; implying proinflammatory factor productions) in centrilobular lesions induced in rat livers with thioacetamide (TAA; 300 mg/kg body weight, once intraperitoneally). In agreement with expression patterns of CD68(+) and CD163(+) macrophages, cells reacting to Iba1 and Gal-3 were increased in numbers on post-injection (PI) days 1-5, peaking on day 2; thereafter, the positive cells gradually decreased to control levels until PI days 7 and 10. The increased expressions of Iba1 and Gal-3 were confirmed at mRNA levels by the RT-PCR. Double immunofluorescence staining on PI days 2 and 3 demonstrated Iba1 expression in 15-46% of CD68(+) and CD163(+) macrophages, and Gal-3 expression in 65-82% of CD68(+) and CD163(+) macrophages; Gal-3 expression was observed in 84-93% of Iba1(+) cells. Interestingly, Gal-3 was also expressed in a small number of α-smooth muscle actin-positive myofibroblasts in fibrotic lesions developed in injured centrilobular areas. These findings indicate that macrophages with various functions can participate in development of liver lesions and resultant fibrosis. Besides CD68 and CD163, Iba1 and Gal-3 immunohistochemistry for macrophages would be useful to analyze the pathogenesis behind developing hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavindra Kumara Wijesundera
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58, Rinku-ourai-kita, Izumisano City, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
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4417
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Huong PTT, Lee MY, Lee KY, Chang IY, Lee SK, Yoon SP, Lee DC, Jeon YJ. Synergistic Induction of iNOS by IFN-γ and Glycoprotein Isolated from Dioscorea batatas. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol 2012; 16:431-6. [PMID: 23269906 PMCID: PMC3526748 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2012.16.6.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Dioscorea species continue to be used in traditional Chinese medicine, and represent a major source of steroid precursors for conventional medicine. In the previous study, We isolated glycoprotein (GDB) from Dioscorea batatas, characterized, and demonstrated immunostimulating activity in C57BL/6 mice. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism whereby GDB activates macrophages. Macrophages activation by GDB was investigated by analyzing the effects of GDB on nitric oxide (NO) production, iNOS expression, mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation, and transcription factor activation. In the presence of IFN-γ, GDB strongly stimulated macrophages to express iNOS and produce NO. Furthermore, the activation of p38 was synergistically induced by GDB plus IFN-γ , but SB203580 (a p38 inhibitor) inhibited GDB plus IFN-γ-induced p38 activation. This study indicates that GDB is an important activator of macrophages. Furthermore, due to the critical role that macrophage activation plays in innate immune response, the activation effects of GDB on macrophages suggest that GDB may be a useful immunopotentiating agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham Thi Thu Huong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea
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4418
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Monocyte-derived cells of the brain (MDCB) are a diverse group of functional immune cells that are also highly abundant in gliomas. There is growing evidence that MDCB play essential roles in the pathogenesis of gliomas. The aim of this review was to collate and systematize contemporary knowledge about these cells as they relate to glioma progression and antiglioblastoma therapeutic modalities with a view toward improved effectiveness of therapy. METHODS We reviewed relevant studies to construct a summary of different MDCB subpopulations in steady state and in malignant gliomas and discuss their role in the development of malignant gliomas and potential future therapies. RESULTS Current studies suggest that MDCB subsets display different phenotypes and differentiation potentials depending on their milieu in the brain and exposure to tumoral influences. MDCB possess specific and unique functions, including those that are protumoral and those that are antitumoral. CONCLUSIONS Elucidating the role of mononuclear-derived cells associated with gliomas is crucial in designing novel immunotherapy strategies. Much progress is needed to characterize markers to identify cell subsets and their specific regulatory roles. Investigation of MDCB can be clinically relevant. Specific MDCB populations potentially can be used for glioma therapy as a target or as cell vehicles that might deliver cytotoxic substances or processes to the glioma microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiy V Kushchayev
- Neurosurgery Research Laboratory, Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Yevgeniya S Kushchayeva
- Neurosurgery Research Laboratory, Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA; Department of Surgery, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Philip C Wiener
- Neurosurgery Research Laboratory, Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Adrienne C Scheck
- Neuro-oncology Research Laboratory, Division of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Behnam Badie
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Mark C Preul
- Neurosurgery Research Laboratory, Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
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4419
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Shin T, Ahn M, Matsumoto Y. Mechanism of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats: recent insights from macrophages. Anat Cell Biol 2012; 45:141-8. [PMID: 23094201 PMCID: PMC3472139 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2012.45.3.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats is an acute monophasic paralytic central nervous system disease, in which most rats spontaneously recover from paralysis. EAE in Lewis rats is induced by encephalitogenic antigens, including myelin basic protein. EAE is mediated by CD4+ Th1 cells, which secrete pro-inflammatory mediators, and spontaneous recovery is mediated by regulatory T cells. Recently, it was established that classically activated macrophages (M1 phenotype) play an important role in the initiation of EAE, while alternatively activated macrophages (M2 phenotype) contribute to spontaneous recovery from rat EAE. This review will summarize the neuroimmunological aspects of active monophasic EAE, which manifests as neuroinflammation followed by neuroimmunomodulation and/or neuroprotection, with a focus on the role of alternatively activated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taekyun Shin
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Veterinary Medical Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea. ; Functional and Systems Neurobiology, Cajal Institute, Madrid, Spain
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4420
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Abstract
Various T cells and macrophages as well as cytokines are involved in the immunopathogenesis of tuberculosis (TB). A better understanding of immunology of TB can not only lead to the discovery of new immunodiagnostic tools, accelerate and facilitate the assessment of new therapeutic methods, but also find new treatment regimens. In this highlight topic we cover the latest developments in the role of T cells, macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, invariant NK T (iNKT) cells and γδ T cells with TB infection. Histologically, TB displays exudative inflammation, proliferative inflammation and productive inflammation depending on the time course. T cells first recognize antigen within the mycobacterially-infected lung, and then activate, differentiate, but the first T cell activation occurs in the draining lymph nodes of the lung. When protective T cells reach sufficient numbers, they can stop bacterial growth. Except for T cells, neutrophils also participate actively in defense against early-phase TB. NK cells are innate lymphocytes which are a first line of defense against mycobacterial infection. Human NK cells use the NKp46, NCRs and NKG2D receptors to lyse Mycobacterium TB-infected monocytes and alveolar macrophages. NK cells produce not only interferon-γ, but also interleukin (IL)-22, which is induced by IL-15 and DAP-10. iNKT cells show different phenotypes and functions. Many iNKT cells are CD4+, few iNKT cells are CD8+, while an additional fraction of iNKT cells are negative for both CD4 and CD8. γδ T cells represent an early innate defense in antimycobacterial immunity. Studies done in humans and animal models have demonstrated complex patterns of γδ T cell immune responses during chronic TB. Human alveolar macrophages and monocytes can serve as antigen presentation cells for γδ T cells. Furthermore, the predominance of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in TB has been confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Qing Zhang, Isamu Sugawara, Center of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Isamu Sugawara
- Qing Zhang, Isamu Sugawara, Center of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
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4421
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Abstract
There has been increasing interest lately in understanding how natural dietary antioxidants affect chemoprevention, and recently, there has been a merging of information about antioxidants, endogenous and exogenous reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), and inflammation. RONS normally serve the cells as second messengers to regulate many of the intracellular signaling cascades that govern multiple cellular activities. However, when the amount of RONS exceeds the cell’s ability to metabolize/eliminate them, the cell becomes stressed and acquires genetic and epigenetic aberrations and dysregulated intracellular signaling cascades. In addition, there has been a better understanding of the role of tissue inflammation in the carcinogenesis process. Herein we integrate these fields to explain where RONS arise and how natural dietary antioxidants are principally working through refurbishing pathways that use RONS as second messengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Shu Wang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, TBRC, Room C4930 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - Chieh-Ti Kuo
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, TBRC, Room C4930 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - Yi-Wen Huang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, TBRC, Room C4930 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - Gary D. Stoner
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, TBRC, Room C4930 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - John F. Lechner
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, TBRC, Room C4930 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
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4422
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Melino M, Gadd VL, Walker GV, Skoien R, Barrie HD, Jothimani D, Horsfall L, Jones A, Sweet MJ, Thomas GP, Clouston AD, Jonsson JR, Powell EE. Macrophage secretory products induce an inflammatory phenotype in hepatocytes. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:1732-44. [PMID: 22553397 PMCID: PMC3332286 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i15.1732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the influence of macrophages on hepatocyte phenotype and function.
METHODS: Macrophages were differentiated from THP-1 monocytes via phorbol myristate acetate stimulation and the effects of monocyte or macrophage-conditioned medium on HepG2 mRNA and protein expression determined. The in vivo relevance of these findings was confirmed using liver biopsies from 147 patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.
RESULTS: Conditioned media from macrophages, but not monocytes, induced a transient morphological change in hepatocytes associated with upregulation of vimentin (7.8 ± 2.5-fold, P = 0.045) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 (2.6 ± 0.2-fold, P < 0.001) and downregulation of epithelial cadherin (1.7 ± 0.02-fold, P = 0.017) mRNA expression. Microarray analysis revealed significant upregulation of lipocalin-2 (17-fold, P < 0.001) and pathways associated with inflammation, and substantial downregulation of pathways related to hepatocyte function. In patients with chronic HCV, real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry confirmed an increase in lipocalin-2 mRNA (F0 1.0 ± 0.3, F1 2.2 ± 0.2, F2 3.0 ± 9.3, F3/4 4.0 ± 0.8, P = 0.003) and protein expression (F1 1.0 ± 0.5, F2 1.3 ± 0.4, F3/4 3.6 ± 0.4, P = 0.014) with increasing liver injury. High performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis identified elevated levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 in macrophage-conditioned medium, and a chemical inhibitor of MMP-9 attenuated the change in morphology and mRNA expression of TGF-β1 (2.9 ± 0.2 vs 1.04 ± 0.1, P < 0.001) in macrophage-conditioned media treated HepG2 cells. In patients with chronic HCV infection, hepatic mRNA expression of CD163 (F0 1.0 ± 0.2, F1/2 2.8 ± 0.3, F3/4 5.3 ± 1.0, P = 0.001) and MMP-9 (F0 1.0 ± 0.4, F1/2 2.8 ± 0.3, F3/4 4.1 ± 0.8, P = 0.011) was significantly associated with increasing stage of fibrosis.
CONCLUSION: Secreted macrophage products alter the phenotype and function of hepatocytes, with increased expression of inflammatory mediators, suggesting that hepatocytes actively participate in liver injury.
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4423
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Kaushal D, Kansal VK. Dahi containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum improves phagocytic potential of macrophages in aged mice. J Food Sci Technol 2014; 51:1147-53. [PMID: 24876648 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-012-0637-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of Dahi containing potential probiotic bacterial strains on macrophage functions in ageing mice. Probiotic Dahi was prepared by co-culturing Dahi bacteria (Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris and Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis biovar diacetylactis) along with Lactobacillus acidophilus LaVK2 (La-Dahi) or combined L. acidophilus LaVK2 and Bifidobacterium bifidum BbVK3 (LaBb-Dahi) in buffalo milk. The effect of ageing on phagocytic function was evaluated on 4 mo, 12 mo and 16 mo old mice. The effect of probiotic Dahi was evaluated for macrophage functions in ageing mice (12 mo old) fed La-Dahi or LaBb-Dahi supplements for 4 months. The production of extracellular superoxide and H2O2 declined in peritoneal macrophages but enhanced in splenic macrophages, while intracellular superoxide declined in both peritoneal and splenic macrophages with ageing in mice. A decline in phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages was also observed in aged mice. Supplementation of diet with La-Dahi or LaBb-Dahi for 4 months improved production of reactive oxygen species and phagocytic and adherence indices of peritoneal macrophages in aged mice. These results suggest that oral administration of La-Dahi or LaBb-Dahi has potential to improve immune functions in ageing individuals.
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4424
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Malm T, Magga J, Koistinaho J. Animal Models of Alzheimer's Disease: Utilization of Transgenic Alzheimer's Disease Models in Studies of Amyloid Beta Clearance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 1:11-20. [PMID: 23440676 DOI: 10.1007/s13670-011-0004-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glial cells in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have been shown to be capable of clearing or at least restricting the accumulation of toxic amyloid beta (Aβ) deposits. Recently, bone marrow (BM)–derived monocytic cells have been recognized in experimental studies to be superior in their phagocytic properties when compared to their brain endogenous counterparts. In human AD, BM-derived monocytic cells may have deficiencies in their capacity to restrict plaque growth. Therefore, enhancement of phagocytic properties of cells of monocyte origin, both brain endogenous microglia and BM-derived monocytic cells, offers an attractive therapeutic approach to fight off AD. Transgenic mouse models with aberrant Aβ deposition offer a valuable tool for discovery of novel pathways to facilitate cell-mediated Aβ uptake. This article reviews the most recent findings on the phagocytic capacity of cells with monocytic origin in various transgenic AD models and describes the methods to study phagocytic activity of these cells.
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4425
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Yang ZX, Lu CY, Yang B, Xia N, Dou KF. PPK knockout attenuates evasion of immune elimination of Helicobacter pylori by macrophages. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:22-26. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i1.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the impact of knockout of the polyphosphate kinase gene in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) on bacterial evasion of immune elimination by macrophages.
METHODS: A PPK null mutant of H. pylori was constructed by gene homologous recombination. The polyphosphate was extracted from the PPK null mutant and wild type bacteria to compare the amount of polyphosphate by conversion into ATP. PPK null mutant H. pylori or wild type bacteria were co-cultured with murine macrophage cell line Raw 264.1 to compare the bacterial survival in macrophages at 24 h.
RESULTS: A PPK null mutant H. pylori strain was successfully constructed. The amount of polyphosphate in PPK null mutant bacteria was significantly lower than that in wild type bacteria (0.46 nmol Pi/mg Protein ± 0.25 nmol Pi/mg Protein vs 175.33 nmol Pi/mg Protein ± 21.22 nmol Pi/mg Protein, P < 0.01). Compared to wild type H. pylori, the survival rate of PPK null mutant bacteria in macrophages was similar at 2 h but was significantly reduced at 24 h.
CONCLUSION: PPK plays a critical role in synthesizing polyphosphate in H. pylori. PPK knockout in H. pylori significantly impaired their ability to synthesize polyphosphate and to evade immune elimination by macrophages.
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4426
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Tolouei S, Ghaedi K, Khamesipour A, Akbari M, Baghaei M, Hasheminia SJ, Narimani M, Hejazi SH. IL-23 and IL-27 Levels in Macrophages Collected from Peripheral Blood of Patients with Healing Vs Non-Healing Form of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Iran J Parasitol 2012; 7:18-25. [PMID: 23133467 PMCID: PMC3488816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study the level of IL-23 and IL-27 produced by macrophages derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cell culture collected from patients with healing or non-healing form of cutaneous leishmaniasis lesion were compared before and after treatment with live Leishmania to explore whether IL-23 or IL-27 plays any role in healing process of cutaneous lesions induced by L. major. METHODS Twenty patients resident in Isfahan Province, with healing or non-healing form of cutaneous leishmaniasis lesion caused by Leishmania major participated in this study. In vitro productions of IL-23 and IL-27 by peripheral blood derived macrophages, before and after stimulation with live L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) promastigotes were evaluated using ELISA method. Patient with healing form of lesion received no treatment and patient with non-healing form of lesion received at least 2 courses of glucantime. RESULTS The mean production of IL-23 and IL-27 from macrophages of patients with healing form of lesion was significantly higher than patients with non-healing form of lesion. The levels of IL-23 and IL-27 in culture supernatants before and after stimulation in healing form of CL was significantly higher than non- healing form of CL (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION IL-23 and IL-27 might play a role in human leishmaniasis and further studies are needed to understand the role of IL-23 and IL-27 in leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tolouei
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - K Ghaedi
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Royan Institute for Animal Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - A Khamesipour
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Akbari
- School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - M Baghaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University Shahrekord Branch, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - SJ Hasheminia
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - M Narimani
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - SH Hejazi
- Skin Disease and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Corresponding author:Tel: 0098-311-7922427, E-mail:
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4427
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Pekarova M, Lojek A, Martiskova H, Vasicek O, Bino L, Klinke A, Lau D, Kuchta R, Kadlec J, Vrba R, Kubala L. New role for L-arginine in regulation of inducible nitric-oxide-synthase-derived superoxide anion production in raw 264.7 macrophages. ScientificWorldJournal 2011; 11:2443-57. [PMID: 22219714 PMCID: PMC3246759 DOI: 10.1100/2011/321979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary supplementation with L-arginine was shown to improve immune responses in various inflammatory models. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying L-arginine effects on immune cells remain unrecognized. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that a limitation of L-arginine could lead to the uncoupled state of murine macrophage inducible nitric oxide synthase and, therefore, increase inducible nitric-oxide-synthase-derived superoxide anion formation. Importantly, we demonstrated that L-arginine dose- and time dependently potentiated superoxide anion production in bacterial endotoxin-stimulated macrophages, although it did not influence NADPH oxidase expression and activity. Detailed analysis of macrophage activation showed the time dependence between LPS-induced iNOS expression and increased O(2)(∙-) formation. Moreover, downregulation of macrophage iNOS expression, as well as the inhibition of iNOS activity by NOS inhibitors, unveiled an important role of this enzyme in controlling O(2)(∙-) and peroxynitrite formation during macrophage stimulation. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that simultaneous induction of NADPH oxidase, together with the iNOS enzyme, can result in the uncoupled state of iNOS resulting in the production of functionally important levels of O(2)(∙-) soon after macrophage activation with LPS. Moreover, we demonstrated, for the first time that increased concentrations of L-arginine further potentiate iNOS-dependent O(2) (∙-) formation in inflammatory macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Pekarova
- Institute of Biophysics, The Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, Kralovopolska 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic.
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4428
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Altura BM, Carella A, Gebrewold A. HDFx: a novel biologic immunomodulator is therapeutically -effective in hemorrhagic and intestinal-ischemic shock: importance of microcirculatory-immunological interactions and their potential implications for the warfighter and disaster victims. Int J Clin Exp Med 2011; 4:331-340. [PMID: 22140604 PMCID: PMC3228588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we have reported on the discovery of a new, conserved protein (35-40 kD), termed HDFx, that protects rats, guinea-pigs, mice and rabbits against lethal hemorrhage, endotoxins, and traumatic injury when given, systemically, as a pretreatment. HDFx was also found to stimulate several arms of the immune system. The present report demonstrates, for the first time, that HDFx ,when administered post-hemorrhage and post-intestinal ischemia shock -trauma, yields increased survival rates, elevates falling arterial blood pressures, possesses unique actions in the microvasculature, stimulates depressed RES phagocytosis (normally observed in animals and humans during blood loss, sepsis and trauma), and preserves cytokine levels in lymphocytes obtained from animals subjected to hemorrhage and traumatic shock. We believe that HDFx presents a potential brand new therapeutic approach:1)for the injured warfighter on the battlefield, 2)for victims of major disasters, 3)as an adjunct for patients undergoing high -risk surgical procedures commonly found in open-heart surgery, cancers, and in neurosurgeries. Use of HDFx could potentially allow oncologists to decrease chemotherapy dosing, while increasing patient survival chances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burton M Altura
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11203, USA.
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4429
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Brubaker AL, Palmer JL, Kovacs EJ. Age-related Dysregulation of Inflammation and Innate Immunity: Lessons Learned from Rodent Models. Aging Dis 2011; 2:346-360. [PMID: 22396887 PMCID: PMC3295081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In the elderly patient population, it has become increasingly evident that immune dysregulation is a contributing factor to age-related pathologies and their associated morbidity and mortality. In particular, elderly subjects are plagued by poor responses to infectious challenge and immunization and are at heightened risk for the development of autoimmune, neuroinflammatory and tumor-associated pathologies. Rodent models of aging and age-related disorders have been utilized to better describe how innate immune cell dysfunction contributes to these clinical scenarios. As the elderly population continues to increase in size, use of these aging rodent models to study immune dysregulation may translate into increased healthy living years for these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleah L. Brubaker
- The Burn and Shock Trauma Institute, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
- Immunology and Aging Program, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
- Program of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
- Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Jessica L. Palmer
- The Burn and Shock Trauma Institute, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
- Immunology and Aging Program, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Elizabeth J. Kovacs
- The Burn and Shock Trauma Institute, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
- Immunology and Aging Program, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
- Program of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
- Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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4430
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Abstract
Implantation of an embryo occurs during the mid-secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, known as the "implantation window." During this implantation period, there are significant morphologic and functional changes in the endometrium, which is followed by decidualization. Many immune cells, such as dendritic and natural killer (NK) cells, increase in number in this period and early pregnancy. Recent works have revealed that antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and NK cells are involved in vascular remodeling of spiral arteries in the decidua and lack of APCs leads to failure of pregnancy. Paternal and fetal antigens may play a role in the induction of immune tolerance during pregnancy. A balance between effectors (i.e., innate immunity and helper T [Th] 1 and Th17 immunity) and regulators (Th2 cells, regulatory T cells, etc.) is essential for establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. The highly complicated endocrine-immune network works in decidualization of the endometrium and at the fetomaternal interface. We will discuss the role of immune cells in the implantation period and during early pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeong Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Konyang University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
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4431
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Yi CO, Jeon BT, Shin HJ, Jeong EA, Chang KC, Lee JE, Lee DH, Kim HJ, Kang SS, Cho GJ, Choi WS, Roh GS. Resveratrol activates AMPK and suppresses LPS-induced NF-κB-dependent COX-2 activation in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Anat Cell Biol 2011; 44:194-203. [PMID: 22025971 PMCID: PMC3195823 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2011.44.3.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an enzyme involved in energy homeostasis, regulates inflammatory responses, but its precise mechanisms are not fully understood. Recent evidence has shown that resveratrol (RES), an AMPK activator, reduces prostaglandin E2 production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated microglia. Here, we examined the effect of RES on nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) dependent cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 activation in LPS-treated RWA 264.7 macrophages. We found that treatment with RES increased AMPK activation. AMPK and acetyl CoA carboxylase phosphorylation were attenuated in cells treated with LPS+RES, compared to cells treated with LPS alone. RES inhibited tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and TNF receptor 1 in LPS-treated cells. Finally, RES inhibited LPS-induced NF-κB translocation into the nucleus and COX-2 expression. Moreover, the effects of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribose and compound C were consistent with the effects of RES in LPS-treated cells. Taken together, these results suggest that the anti-inflammatory action of RES in RAW 264.7 macrophages is dependent on AMPK activation and is associated with inhibition of the LPS-stimulated NF-κB-dependent COX-2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Ok Yi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
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4432
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Huang Q, Liu CH, Wang C, Hu YG, Qiu LJ, Tang ZG, Wang ST, Lin XS, Wang SJ, Xie F. Temporal expression of scar formation-related factors in obstructive bile duct injury. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:2723-2729. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i26.2723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To observe the temporal expression of scar formation-related factors in obstructive bile duct injury and to explore the effect of timing of surgery on the development of bile duct stricture after repair of obstructive bile duct injury.
METHODS: A canine model of obstructive bile duct injury was developed. HE staining and Masson staining were used to observe the structural changes and collagen proliferation of the bile duct. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the expression of macrophages (MΦ), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1).
RESULTS: In the early stage of bile duct injury (BDL5), mucosal edema and partial rupture of elastic fibers occurred. Prolonged obstruction led to mucosal thinning, continued proliferation of fibroblasts and collagen formation, and irregular fiber arrangement. With the prolongation of injury, the proliferation of collagen fibers was enhanced [28.47 ± 4.06(BDL5) vs 59.92 ± 9.13(BDL30)], and scar-related factors α-SMA, MΦ, and TGF-β1 were highly expressed [MΦ: 0.262 ± 0.031(BDL0) vs 0.409 ± 0.034(BDL5); α-SMA: 0.239 ± 0.035(BDL0) vs 0.387 ± 0.018(BDL5); TGF-β1: 0.245 ± 0.033(BDL0) vs 0.386 ± 0.029(BDL5), all P < 0.05]. With the further lengthening of injury time, the expression of the above factors was not enhanced [MΦ: 0.409 ± 0.034(BDL5) vs 0.422 ± 0.023(BDL30); α-SMA: 0.387 ± 0.018(BDL5) vs 0.358 ± 0.029(BDL30); TGF-β1: 0.386 ± 0.029(BDL5) vs 0.389 ± 0.056(BDL30), all P > 0.05].
CONCLUSION: The duration of bile duct injury has no significant correlation with excessive scar formation of the bile duct wall. The timing of repairing bile duct is not the main factor for the development of anastomotic stricture.
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4433
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Huong PTT, Lee CH, Li MH, Lee MY, Kim JK, Lee SM, Seon JH, Lee DC, Jeon YJ. Characterization and immunopotentiating effects of the glycoprotein isolated from dioscorea batatas. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol 2011; 15:101-6. [PMID: 21660150 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2011.15.2.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 04/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate that glycoprotein isolated from Dioscorea batatas (GDB) has immunostimulatory effects including macrophage activation. Analysis of infiltration of inflammatory cells into peritoneal cavity showed GDB treatment significantly increased the recruitment of macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes into the peritoneal cavity. Treatment of spleen cells isolated from C57BL/6 mice with GDB significantly increased the proliferation of B cells and T cells induced by LPS and ConA, respectively. Treatment with GDB significantly increased the cytolytic capacity of NK cells and macrophages against YAC-1 and B16 cells, respectively. In order to further confirm and investigate the mechanism of GDB on macrophage activation, we analyzed the effects of GDB on the cytokine expression including iNOS, IL-1β, and TNF-α in mouse macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7 cells. RT-PCR and ELISA showed that GDB increased the expression of IL-1β, and TNF-α, whereas iNOS was not induced by GDB. Collectively, this series of experiments indicates that GDB stimulates immune system including macrophage activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham Thi Thu Huong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea
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4434
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Kim KH, Yang CS, Shin AR, Jeon SR, Park JK, Kim HJ, Jo EK. Mycobacterial Heparin-binding Hemagglutinin Antigen Activates Inflammatory Responses through PI3-K/Akt, NF-κB, and MAPK Pathways. Immune Netw 2011; 11:123-33. [PMID: 21637390 PMCID: PMC3100523 DOI: 10.4110/in.2011.11.2.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) heparin binding hemagglutinin (HBHA) is an Ag known to evoke effective host immune responses during tuberculosis infection. However, the molecular basis of the host immune response to HBHA has not been fully characterized. In this study, we examined the molecular mechanisms by which HBHA can induce the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in macrophages. Methods HBHA-induced mRNA and protein levels of proinflammatory cytokines were determined in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) using RT-PCR and ELISA analysis. The roles of intracellular signaling pathways for NF-κB, PI3-K/Akt, and MAPKs were investigated in macrophage proinflammatory responses after stimulation with HBHA. Results HBHA robustly activated the expression of mRNA and protein of both TNF-α and IL-6, and induced phosphorylation of NF-κB, Akt, and MAPKs in BMDMs. Both TNF-α and IL-6 production by HBHA was regulated by the NF-κB, PI3-K, and MAPK pathways. Furthermore, PI3-K activity was required for the HBHA-induced activation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK, but not JNK, pathways. Conclusion These data suggest that mycobacterial HBHA significantly induces proinflammatory responses through crosstalk between the PI3-K and MAPK pathways in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hye Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, Korea
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4435
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Haanwinckel MCS, de Oliveira SL. Production of reactive oxygen (H2O2) and nitrogen (NO) intermediates and tnf-α in mice genetically selected for high (H) and low (L) antibody response and experimentally infected with Leptospira serovar pomona. Braz J Microbiol 2011; 42:729-39. [PMID: 24031688 PMCID: PMC3769827 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220110002000041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the activity of macrophages, and the production of TNF-α and antibodies against experimental infection by Leptospira serovar Pomona in mice genetically selected for High (H) or Low (L) humoral immune response. To evaluate macrophagic activity, peritoneal and splenic lavages were performed for determination of oxygen (H2O2) and nitrogen (NO) intermediates. The production of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) was investigated through bioassays in serum and homogenates of splenic and hepatic cells of control and infected animals, as was as specific antibodies production. The immune response against serovar Pomona in those lines, was characterized by high antibody production, especially in later periods of the infectious process, whereas values of bacterial recovery in culture medium were lower. The production of reactives oxygen and nitrogen intermediate, also helped to eliminate Leptospira Pomona in both lines; H2O2 production an important factor in HIV-A, as well as NO production in LIV-A, especially in later post-inoculation periods. The same was detected for TNF-α. Results suggest that such lines could be an important model to investigate the pathogenesis and the immune response of animals against the several Leptospira serovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Santos Haanwinckel
- Departamento de Microbiologia-Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista , Botucatu, SP , Brasil; ; Departamento de Doenças Tropicais e Diagnóstico por Imagem, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Estadual Paulista , Botucatu, SP , Brasil
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4436
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Ban JY, Kim BS, Kim SC, Kim DH, Chung JH. Microarray Analysis of Gene Expression Profiles in Response to Treatment with Melatonin in Lipopolysaccharide Activated RAW 264.7 Cells. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol 2011; 15:23-9. [PMID: 21461237 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2011.15.1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin, which is the main product of the pineal gland, has well documented antioxidant and immune-modulatory effects. Macrophages produce molecules that are known to play roles in inflammatory responses. We conducted microarray analysis to evaluate the global gene expression profiles in response to treatment with melatonin in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. In addition, eight genes were subjected to real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to confirm the results of the microarray. The cells were treated with LPS or melatonin plus LPS for 24 hr. LPS induced the up-regulation of 1073 genes and the down-regulation of 1144 genes when compared to the control group. Melatonin pretreatment of LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells resulted in the down regulation of 241 genes and up regulation of 164 genes. Interestingly, among genes related to macrophage-mediated immunity, LPS increased the expression of seven genes (Adora2b, Fcgr2b, Cish, Cxcl10, Clec4n, Il1a, and Il1b) and decreased the expression of one gene (Clec4a3). These changes in expression were attenuated by melatonin. Furthermore, the results of real-time PCR were similar to those of the microarray. Taken together, these results suggest that melatonin may have a suppressive effect on LPS-induced expression of genes involved in the regulation of immunity and defense in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Moreover, these results may explain beneficial effects of melatonin in the treatment of various inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Yeon Ban
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Korea
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4437
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Abstract
Scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) is an important member of the scavenger receptor family of integral membrane glycoproteins. This review highlights studies in SR-BI knockout mice, which concern the role of SR-BI in cholesterol and steroid metabolism. SR-BI in hepatocytes is the sole molecule involved in selective uptake of cholesteryl esters from high-density lipoprotein (HDL). SR-BI plays a physiological role in binding and uptake of native apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing lipoproteins by hepatocytes, which identifies SR-BI as a multi-purpose player in lipid uptake from the blood circulation into hepatocytes in mice. In adrenocortical cells, SR-BI mediates the selective uptake of HDL-cholesteryl esters, which is efficiently coupled to the synthesis of glucocorticoids (i.e. corticosterone). SR-BI knockout mice suffer from adrenal glucocorticoid insufficiency, which suggests that functional SR-BI protein is necessary for optimal adrenal steroidogenesis in mice. SR-BI in macrophages plays a dual role in cholesterol metabolism as it is able to take up cholesterol associated with HDL and apoB-containing lipoproteins and can possibly facilitate cholesterol efflux to HDL. Absence of SR-BI is associated with thrombocytopenia and altered thrombosis susceptibility, which suggests a novel role for SR-BI in regulating platelet number and function in mice. Transgenic expression of cholesteryl ester transfer protein in humanized SR-BI knockout mice normalizes hepatic delivery of HDL-cholesteryl esters. However, other pathologies associated with SR-BI deficiency, i.e. increased atherosclerosis susceptibility, adrenal glucocorticoid insufficiency, and impaired platelet function are not normalized, which suggests an important role for SR-BI in cholesterol and steroid metabolism in man. In conclusion, generation of SR-BI knockout mice has significantly contributed to our knowledge of the physiological role of SR-BI. Studies using these mice have identified SR-BI as a multi-purpose player in cholesterol and steroid metabolism because it has distinct roles in reverse cholesterol transport, adrenal steroidogenesis, and platelet function.
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4438
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Li MH, Kothandan G, Cho SJ, Huong PTT, Nan YH, Lee KY, Shin SY, Yea SS, Jeon YJ. Magnolol Inhibits LPS-induced NF-κB/Rel Activation by Blocking p38 Kinase in Murine Macrophages. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol 2010; 14:353-8. [PMID: 21311674 PMCID: PMC3034113 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2010.14.6.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 10/31/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrates the ability of magnolol, a hydroxylated biphenyl compound isolated from Magnolia officinalis, to inhibit LPS-induced expression of iNOS gene and activation of NF-κB/Rel in RAW 264.7 cells. Immunohisto-chemical staining of iNOS and Western blot analysis showed magnolol to inhibit iNOS gene expression. Reporter gene assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that magnolol inhibited NF-κB/Rel transcriptional activation and DNA binding, respectively. Since p38 is important in the regulation of iNOS gene expression, we investigated the possibility that magnolol to target p38 for its anti-inflammatory effects. A molecular modeling study proposed a binding position for magnolol that targets the ATP binding site of p38 kinase (3GC7). Direct interaction of magnolol and p38 was further confirmed by pull down assay using magnolol conjugated to Sepharose 4B beads. The specific p38 inhibitor SB203580 abrogated the LPS-induced NF-κB/Rel activation, whereas the selective MEK-1 inhibitor PD98059 did not affect the NF-κB/Rel. Collectively, the results of the series of experiments indicate that magnolol inhibits iNOS gene expression by blocking NF-κB/Rel and p38 kinase signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Hong Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Kwangju 501-709, Korea
| | - Gugan Kothandan
- Department of Bio-New Drug Development, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Kwangju 501-709, Korea
| | - Seung Joo Cho
- Department of Cellular Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Kwangju 501-709, Korea
| | - Pham Thi Thu Huong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Kwangju 501-709, Korea
| | - Yong Hai Nan
- Department of Cellular Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Kwangju 501-709, Korea
| | - Kun Yeong Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Kwangju 501-709, Korea
| | - Song Yub Shin
- Department of Cellular Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Kwangju 501-709, Korea
| | - Sung Su Yea
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 614-735, Korea
| | - Young Jin Jeon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Kwangju 501-709, Korea
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4439
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Kotoh K, Kato M, Kohjima M, Nakamuta M, Enjoji M. A new treatment strategy for acute liver failure. World J Hepatol 2010; 2:395-400. [PMID: 21173907 PMCID: PMC3004032 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v2.i11.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute liver failure (ALF) is a syndrome defined by coagulopathy and encephalopathy and no effective treatments have been established, except for liver transplantation. However, considering the limited supply of donors, we should endeavor to prevent the progression of this syndrome in its early stage to improve the prognosis of patients with ALF. Recently, several authors have reported that over-activation of intrahepatic macrophages plays an important role in the progression of ALF and we have developed a new treatment method, transcatheter arterial steroid injection therapy (TASIT), to suppress macrophage activation. We have now used TASIT for 5 years and have found that TASIT is effective for patients with over-activation of macrophages in the liver but not for those with lesser activation of macrophages. Therefore, to identify the most appropriate patients for TASIT, we tried to categorize patients with ALF or acute liver injury according to markers for the degree of intrahepatic macrophage activation. This approach was helpful to select the appropriate treatment including liver transplantation. We believe that it is essential to analyze disease progression in each patient before selecting the most appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Kotoh
- Kazuhiro Kotoh, Masaki Kato, Department of Hepatology and Pancreatology, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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4440
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Seil M, El Ouaaliti M, Fontanils U, Etxebarria IG, Pochet S, Dal Moro G, Marino A, Dehaye JP. Ivermectin-dependent release of IL-1beta in response to ATP by peritoneal macrophages from P2X(7)-KO mice. Purinergic Signal 2010; 6:405-16. [PMID: 21437011 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-010-9205-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The response to ATP of peritoneal macrophages from wild-type (WT) and P2X(7)-invalidated (KO) mice was tested. Low concentrations (1-100 μM) of ATP transiently increased the intracellular concentration of calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)) in cells from both mice. The inhibition of the polyphosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C with U73122 inhibited this response especially in WT mice suggesting that the responses coupled to P2Y receptors were potentiated by the expression of P2X(7) receptors. One millimolar ATP provoked a sustained increase in the [Ca(2+)](i) only in WT mice. The response to 10 μM ATP was potentiated and prolonged by ivermectin in both mice. One millimolar ATP increased the influx of extracellular calcium, decreased the intracellular concentration of potassium ([K(+)](i)) and stimulated the secretion of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) only in cells from WT mice. Ten micromolar ATP in combination with 3 μM ivermectin reproduced these responses both in WT and KO mice. The secretion of IL-1β was also increased by nigericin in WT mice and the secretory effect of a combination of ivermectin with ATP in KO mice was suppressed in a medium containing a high concentration of potassium. In WT mice, 150 μM BzATP stimulated the uptake of YOPRO-1. Incubation of macrophages from WT and KO mice with 10 μM ATP resulted in a small increase of YOPRO-1 uptake, which was potentiated by addition of 3 μM ivermectin. The uptake of this dye was unaffected by pannexin-1 blockers. In conclusion, prolonged stimulation of P2X(4) receptors by a combination of low concentrations of ATP plus ivermectin produced a sustained activation of the non-selective cation channel coupled to this receptor. The ensuing variations of the [K(+)](i) triggered the secretion of IL-1β. Pore formation was also triggered by activation of P2X(4) receptors. Higher concentrations of ATP elicited similar responses after binding to P2X(7) receptors. The expression of the P2X(7) receptors was also coupled to a better response to P2Y receptors.
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4441
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Gea-Sorlí S, Closa D. Role of macrophages in the progression of acute pancreatitis. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther 2010; 1:107-11. [PMID: 21577304 PMCID: PMC3091151 DOI: 10.4292/wjgpt.v1.i5.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to pancreatic cells, other inflammatory cell populations contribute to the generation of inflammatory mediators during acute pancreatitis. In particular, macrophages could be activated by mediators released during pancreatitis by a damaged pancreas. It has been reported that peritoneal macrophages, alveolar macrophages and Kupffer cells become activated in different stages of severe acute pancreatitis. However, macrophages display remarkable plasticity and can change their physiology in response to environmental cues. Depending on their microenvironmental stimulation, macrophages could follow different activation pathways resulting in marked phenotypic heterogeneity. This ability has made these cells interesting therapeutical targets and several approaches have been assayed to modulate the progression of inflammatory response secondary to acute pancreatitis. However, despite the recent advances in the modulation of macrophage function in vivo, the therapeutical applications of these strategies require a better understanding of the regulation of gene expression in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Gea-Sorlí
- Sabrina Gea-Sorlí, Daniel Closa, Department of Experimental Pathology, IIBB-CSIC-IDIBAPS-CIBEREHD, Barcelona 08036, Spain
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4442
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Ghaffarifar F, Abdolah Pour M, Sharifi Z, Dalimi Asl A, Al-Kawaz E. The Effect of Vitamin D3 Alone and Mixed With IFN-γ on Tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii (RH Strain) Proliferation and Nitric Oxide (NO) Production in Infected Macrophages of BALB/C Mice. Iran J Parasitol 2010; 5:48-56. [PMID: 22347255 PMCID: PMC3279842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2009] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Toxoplasma gondii is an obligatory interacelullar parasite that infects nucleated cells in its intermediate hosts. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of vitamin D3 on the multiplication of T. gondii in peritoneal macrophage of Balb/c mice and nitric oxide production by macrophages. METHODS According to usage of vitamin D3 (one dose or seven doses) and INFγ in vitro and in vivo, this study was divided into four experiments. In all experiments, the macrophages were collected from peritoneum and cultured in RPMI-1640. Then the supernatants were collected after 24 h and their nitric oxide was measure. After 96 h, the macrophages were collected and stained and the number of tachyzoites was measured. RESULTS The first experiment (the mice were infected with tachyzoites and after 2 h, got one dose vitamin D3 intraperitonealy) showed the best results. The mean of tachyzoites per macrophages was 2.37, and mean±SD of nitric oxide was 187.8±9. DISCUSSION High-level production of nitric oxide may be related to the only one injection of vitamin D3. The injection in long time might suppress the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ghaffarifar
- Department of Parasitology, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Abdolah Pour
- Department of Parasitology, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Z Sharifi
- Organization of Blood Transfusion, Research Center of Virology, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Dalimi Asl
- Department of Parasitology, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran
| | - E Al-Kawaz
- Department of Public Health, College of Medical and Health Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
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4443
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Lopez-Font I, Gea-Sorlí S, de-Madaria E, Gutiérrez LM, Pérez-Mateo M, Closa D. Pancreatic and pulmonary mast cells activation during experimental acute pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:3411-7. [PMID: 20632444 PMCID: PMC2904888 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i27.3411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the activation of pancreatic and pulmonary mast cells and the effect of mast cell inhibition on the activation of peritoneal and alveolar macrophages during acute pancreatitis.
METHODS: Pancreatitis was induced by intraductal infusion of 5% sodium taurodeoxycholate in rats. The mast cell inhibitor cromolyn was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) 30 min before pancreatitis induction. The pancreatic and pulmonary tissue damage was evaluated histologically and mast cells and their state of activation were evaluated. Peritoneal and alveolar macrophages were obtained and the expression of tumor necrosis factor α was determined. Myeloperoxidase activity was measured to evaluate the effect of mast cell inhibition on the progression of the inflammatory process. Finally, the effect of plasma on cultured mast cells or macrophages was evaluated in vitro.
RESULTS: The mast cell stabilizer significantly reduced inflammation in the pancreas and lung and the activation of alveolar macrophages but had no effect on peritoneal macrophages. Mast cell degranulation was observed in the pancreas during pancreatitis but no changes were observed in the lung. Plasma from rats with pancreatitis could activate alveolar macrophages but did not induce degranulation of mast cells in vitro.
CONCLUSION: Pancreatic mast cells play an important role in triggering the local and systemic inflammatory response in the early stages of acute pancreatitis. In contrast, lung mast cells are not directly involved in the inflammatory response related to pancreatic damage.
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4444
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da Silva CS, Michelin MA, Etchebehere RM, Adad SJ, Murta EFC. Local lymphocytes and nitric oxide synthase in the uterine cervical stroma of patients with grade III cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2010; 65:575-81. [PMID: 20613932 PMCID: PMC2898547 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322010000600003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Precancerous and cancerous cells can trigger an immune response that may limit tumor development and can be used as a prognostic marker. The aims of the present study were to quantify the presence of B and T lymphocytes, macrophages and cells expressing inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the cervical stroma of women with grade III cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN III) or in the intratumoral and peritumoral tissue of women with stage I invasive carcinoma. METHODS Cervical tissue specimens were obtained from 60 women (20 each from control tissues, CIN III and invasive carcinomas). The average ages in the control, CIN III and invasive groups were 43.9 (+/- 4.3), 35.5 (+/- 9.5), and 50 (+/- 11.2) years, respectively. The specimens were immunohistochemically labeled with antibodies to identify T lymphocytes (CD3), cytotoxic lymphocytes (CD8), B lymphocytes (CD20), macrophages (CD68) and iNOS. We evaluated the markers in the stroma above the squamocolumnar junction (control), at the intraepithelial lesion (CIN cases), and in the infiltrating tumor. Two independent observers performed the immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, macrophages and iNOS were present more frequently (P<0.05) in the stroma of peritumoral invasive tumors compared to the controls and intratumoral invasive cancer samples. CD3+ and CD20+ lymphocytes were present more frequently in CIN III patients compared to samples from patients with intratumoral invasive cancer (P<0.05). CONCLUSION High numbers of T and B lymphocytes, macrophages and iNOS-expressing cells in the peritumoral stroma of the invasive tumors were observed. Cell migration appeared to be proportional to the progression of the lesion.
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Shin S, Kwon J, Lee S, Kong H, Lee S, Lee CK, Cho K, Ha NJ, Kim K. Immunostimulatory Effects of Cordyceps militaris on Macrophages through the Enhanced Production of Cytokines via the Activation of NF-kappaB. Immune Netw 2010; 10:55-63. [PMID: 20532125 PMCID: PMC2881426 DOI: 10.4110/in.2010.10.2.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cordyceps militaris has been used in traditional medicine to treat numerous diseases and has been reported to possess both antitumor and immunomodulatory activities in vitro and in vivo. However, the pharmacological and biochemical mechanisms of Cordyceps militaris extract (CME) on macrophages have not been clearly elucidated. In the present study, we examined how CME induces the production of proinflammatory cytokines, transcription factor, and the expression of co-stimulatory molecules. Methods We confirmed the mRNA and protein levels of proinflammatory cytokines through RT-PCR and western blot analysis, followed by a FACS analysis for surface molecules. Results CME dose dependently increased the production of NO and proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and PGE2, and it induced the protein levels of iNOS, COX-2, and proinflammatory cytokines in a concentration-dependent manner, as determined by western blot and RT-PCR analysis, respectively. The expression of co-stimulatory molecules such as ICAM-1, B7-1, and B7-2 was also enhanced by CME. Furthermore, the activation of the nuclear transcription factor, NF-κB in macrophages was stimulated by CME. Conclusion Based on these observations, CME increased proinflammatory cytokines through the activation of NF-κB, further suggesting that CME may prove useful as an immune-enhancing agent in the treatment of immunological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seulmee Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 139-742, Korea
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Mandal P, Pritchard MT, Nagy LE. Anti-inflammatory pathways and alcoholic liver disease: Role of an adiponectin/interleukin-10/heme oxygenase-1 pathway. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:1330-6. [PMID: 20238399 PMCID: PMC2842524 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i11.1330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a complex process involving both the parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells in the liver. Enhanced inflammation in the liver during ethanol exposure is an important contributor to injury. Kupffer cells, the resident macrophages in liver, are particularly critical to the onset of ethanol-induced liver injury. Chronic ethanol exposure sensitizes Kupffer cells to activation by lipopolysaccharide via Toll-like receptor 4. This sensitization enhances production of inflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor-α and reactive oxygen species, that contribute to hepatocyte dysfunction, necrosis, apoptosis, and fibrosis. Impaired resolution of the inflammatory process probably also contributes to ALD. The resolution of inflammation is an active, highly coordinated response that can potentially be manipulated via therapeutic interventions to treat chronic inflammatory diseases. Recent studies have identified an adiponectin/interleukin-10/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway that is profoundly effective in dampening the enhanced activation of innate immune responses in primary cultures of Kupffer cells, as well as in an in vivo mouse model of chronic ethanol feeding. Importantly, induction of HO-1 also reduces ethanol-induced hepatocellular apoptosis in this in vivo model. Based on these data, we hypothesize that the development of therapeutic agents to regulate HO-1 and its downstream targets could be useful in enhancing the resolution of inflammation during ALD and preventing progression of early stages of liver injury.
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4447
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Kaler P, Godasi BN, Augenlicht L, Klampfer L. The NF-κB/AKT-dependent Induction of Wnt Signaling in Colon Cancer Cells by Macrophages and IL-1β. Cancer Microenviron 2009; 2:69-80. [PMID: 19779850 PMCID: PMC2787930 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-009-0030-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Progression of colon cancer from microadenoma to macroscopic tumors is coupled to augmentation of canonical Wnt signaling. We recently reported that tumor associated macrophages, through interleukin 1β (IL-1β) dependent phosphorylation of GSK3β, promote Wnt signaling in colon cancer cells, demonstrating that proinflammatory cytokines can enhance TCF4/β-catenin transcriptional activity in tumor cells. Here we investigated the pathway whereby IL-1β inactivates GSK3β and promotes Wnt signaling in colon cancer cells. We showed that normal human monocytes, THP1 macrophages and IL-1 failed to induce Wnt signaling in tumor cells expressing dominant negative IκB (dnIκB), demonstrating that macrophages and IL-1 activate Wnt signaling in a NF-κB-dependent manner. NF-κB activity was required for macrophages and IL-1 to activate PDK1 and AKT in tumor cells and thereby inhibit GSK3β activity. Consistently, dominant negative AKT (dnAKT), or pharmacological inhibition of AKT in tumor cells, prevented macrophage/IL-1 mediated phosphorylation of GSK3β, activation of Wnt signaling, and induction of c-jun and c-myc, confirming that macrophages and IL-1 promote Wnt signaling in an AKT dependent manner. Finally, we showed IL-1 and macrophages failed to promote growth of colon cancer cells with impaired NF-κB or AKT signaling, confirming the requirement for NF-κB and AKT activation for the protumorigenic activity of tumor associated macrophages. Thus, we showed that IL-1 and tumor associated macrophages activate NF-κB-dependent PDK1/AKT signaling in tumor cells, and thereby inactivate GSK3β, enhance Wnt signaling and promote growth of colon cancer cells, establishing a novel molecular link between inflammation and tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kaler
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, 111 E 210 street, Bronx, NY 10467 USA
| | - Bramara N Godasi
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, 111 E 210 street, Bronx, NY 10467 USA
| | - Leonard Augenlicht
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, 111 E 210 street, Bronx, NY 10467 USA
| | - Lidija Klampfer
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, 111 E 210 street, Bronx, NY 10467 USA
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Altura BM, Gebrewold A, Carella A. A novel biologic immunomodulator, HDFx, protects against lethal hemorrhage, endotoxins and traumatic injury: potential relevance to emerging diseases. Int J Clin Exp Med 2009; 2:266-279. [PMID: 19918319 PMCID: PMC2773610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
For more than 125 years, it has been known that the RES, macrophages and the innate immune system play fundamental roles in host defense against pathogenic infections, trauma, hemorrhage, and combined injuries. Some years ago, we and others reported that the RES-macrophage system was intimately connected to resistance to these bodily stressors, among other injuries. We tested the hypothesis that induction of tolerance (either spontaneous, RES-stimulated, or drug-induced) might be associated with production of a yet-to-be-identified biologic host defense factor, which we have termed HDFx. The results presented, herein, demonstrate for the first time that: 1) the MW of this protein, HDFx, is approximately 35-40 KDa , larger than known defensin peptides and much smaller than the larger MW fibronectins and complement products; 2) we describe some of HDFx's physico-chemical characteristics; 3) approximately 80 % of HDFx's plasma biological activity is derived from macrophages; 4) about 15-20 % of its activity is derived from natural killer (NK) cells; 5) polymorphonuclear leukocytes are not a source of HDFx synthesis or release; 6) known stimulants of the RES-macrophage system (i.e., denatured human serum albumin, triolein, and choline chloride) effect phagocytic stimulation of macrophages and protection against endotoxins, trauma, and hemorrhage via synthesis and release of HDFx; 7) adaptation to lethal trauma is dependent on the biological activity of HDFx; and 8) repeated administration of purified HDFx to rats, over several months, does not produce any detectable pathologies. Lastly, the release of cytokines (i.e., IL-2,IL-6,IFN-gamma) from lymphocytes, after hemorrhage and trauma, at least in rodents, appears to be dependent on the available plasma levels of HDFx. Since it is present also in mice, guinea-pigs, and rabbits, we are tempted to speculate that HDFx could prove (if found in humans) to be useful against potential biothreats, new emerging diseases, high -risk surgical procedures, hospital-borne infections, and burn injuries, where the chances for superimposed bacterial infections present great risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burton M. Altura
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical CenterBrooklyn , New York 11203
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Downstate Medical CenterBrooklyn , New York 11203
- The Center for Cardiovascular & Muscle Biology , State University of New York, Downstate Medical CenterBrooklyn , New York 11203
- Bio-Defense Systems, IncRockville Centre 11570
| | - Asefa Gebrewold
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical CenterBrooklyn , New York 11203
| | - Anthony Carella
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical CenterBrooklyn , New York 11203
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Lane SJ, Soh C, Hallsworth MP, Sousa A, Litchfield T, Poston RN, Arm JP, Lee TH. Monocytes and Macrophages in Asthma. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2009; 99:200-203. [PMID: 34167197 DOI: 10.1159/000236248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence implicating the central role of cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. This evidence comes from studies on peripheral blood monocytes. BAL fluid and cells and, more recently, airway immunohistochemistry. Elucidation of the mechanisms of macrophage interactions may eventually lead to novel approaches in anti-asthma therapy.
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Singh RP, Jhamb SS, Singh PP. Effect of morphine on Mycobacterium smegmatis infection in mice and macrophages. Indian J Microbiol 2009; 49:276-82. [PMID: 23100782 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-009-0045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunomodulatory effects of opioids are known in various infections. However, little is known about the effects of opioids in tuberculosis (TB). In the present study, we report the effects of morphine in Mycobacterium smegmatis infection in mice and macrophages. Morphine exerted a dose-dependent suppression of infection in vivo: 50 and 100 mg/kg morphine exerted significant (P<0.05) suppression whereas 5 mg/kg morphine showed no effect. Analogous to the in vivo effects, incubation of M. smegmatis-infected mouse peritoneal macrophages with morphine (100 μM) showed significant reduction in intramacrophage CFU counts. However, morphine did not show any direct antimycobacterial activity in broth dilution assay upto 100 μM concentration. Further, morphine-induced intramacrophage killing of M. smegmatis was abrogated by naloxone and aminoguanidine indicating the involvement of opioid-receptor activation and nitric oxide production in protective effects of morphine. In conclusion, morphine suppressed the progression of experimental TB in both mice and macrophage models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Preet Singh
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Phase-X, S. A. S Nagar, 160 062 India
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