601
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Water-soluble carbohydrate compound from the bodies of Herba Cistanches: Isolation and its scavenging effect on free radical in skin. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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602
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Snoeijs MGJ, Hoogland PR, Boonen B, Coffman TM, Peutz-Kootstra CJ, Buurman WA, van Heurn LWE. Thromboxane receptor signalling in renal ischemia reperfusion injury. Free Radic Res 2011; 45:699-706. [PMID: 21449636 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2011.571686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
F(2)-isoprostanes are formed by oxidative modification of arachidonic acid and are the gold standard for detection of oxidative stress in vivo. F(2)-isoprostanes are biologically active compounds that signal through the thromboxane A(2) (TP) receptor; infusion of F(2)-isoprostanes reduces glomerular filtration in the kidney by constricting afferent arterioles. This study investigated whether endogenous F(2)-isoprostanes contribute to the pathogenesis of ischemic acute kidney injury, which is associated with oxidative stress and reduced glomerular filtration. TP receptor knockout mice-that lack F(2)-isoprostanes and thromboxane A(2) signalling-and wild-type control mice underwent 30 min of renal ischemia and 24 h of reperfusion. Kidney dysfunction, histological injury and the number of infiltrated neutrophils were similar between the two mouse strains, whereas TP receptor knockout mice had significantly more apoptotic cells and tissue lipid peroxidation than their wild-type counterparts. F(2)-isoprostanes and thromboxane B(2) were readily detectable in urine collections after surgery. The findings indicate that F(2)-isoprostanes and thromboxane A(2) signalling do not contribute critically to the pathogenesis of ischemic acute kidney injury and more generally provide evidence against a prominent role for F(2)-isoprostanes signalling in exacerbating acute disease states associated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten G J Snoeijs
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands.
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603
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DNA damage induced by endogenous aldehydes: current state of knowledge. Mutat Res 2011; 711:13-27. [PMID: 21419140 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage plays a major role in various pathophysiological conditions including carcinogenesis, aging, inflammation, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. Oxidative stress and cell processes such as lipid peroxidation and glycation induce the formation of highly reactive endogenous aldehydes that react directly with DNA, form aldehyde-derived DNA adducts and lead to DNA damage. In occasion of persistent conditions that influence the formation and accumulation of aldehyde-derived DNA adducts the resulting unrepaired DNA damage causes deregulation of cell homeostasis and thus significantly contributes to disease phenotype. Some of the most highly reactive aldehydes produced endogenously are 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, malondialdehyde, acrolein, crotonaldehyde and methylglyoxal. The mutagenic and carcinogenic effects associated with the elevated levels of these reactive aldehydes, especially, under conditions of stress, are attributed to their capability of causing directly modification of DNA bases or yielding promutagenic exocyclic adducts. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on DNA damage induced by endogenously produced reactive aldehydes in relation to the pathophysiology of human diseases.
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604
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Tyurina YY, Tyurin VA, Kapralova VI, Wasserloos K, Mosher M, Epperly MW, Greenberger JS, Pitt BR, Kagan VE. Oxidative lipidomics of γ-radiation-induced lung injury: mass spectrometric characterization of cardiolipin and phosphatidylserine peroxidation. Radiat Res 2011; 175:610-21. [PMID: 21338246 DOI: 10.1667/rr2297.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative damage plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of γ-radiation-induced lung injury. Endothelium is a preferred target for early radiation-induced damage and apoptosis. Given the newly discovered role of oxidized phospholipids in apoptotic signaling, we performed oxidative lipidomics analysis of phospholipids in irradiated mouse lungs and cultured mouse lung endothelial cells. C57BL/6NHsd female mice were subjected to total-body irradiation (10 Gy, 15 Gy) and euthanized 24 h thereafter. Mouse lung endothelial cells were analyzed 48 h after γ irradiation (15 Gy). We found that radiation-induced apoptosis in vivo and in vitro was accompanied by non-random oxidation of phospholipids. Cardiolipin and phosphatidylserine were the major oxidized phospholipids, while more abundant phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine) remained non-oxidized. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis revealed the formation of cardiolipin and phosphatidylserine oxygenated molecular species in the irradiated lung and cells. Analysis of fatty acids after hydrolysis of cardiolipin and phosphatidylserine by phospholipase A(2) revealed the presence of mono-hydroperoxy and/or mono-hydroxy/mono-epoxy, mono-hydroperoxy/mono-oxo molecular species of linoleic acid. We speculate that cyt c-driven oxidations of cardiolipin and phosphatidylserine associated with the execution of apoptosis in pulmonary endothelial cells are important contributors to endothelium dysfunction in γ-radiation-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Y Tyurina
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Bridgeside Point, 100 Technology Drive, Suite 350, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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605
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Brocker C, Cantore M, Failli P, Vasiliou V. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 7A1 (ALDH7A1) attenuates reactive aldehyde and oxidative stress induced cytotoxicity. Chem Biol Interact 2011; 191:269-77. [PMID: 21338592 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2011.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian aldehyde dehydrogenase 7A1 (ALDH7A1) is homologous to plant ALDH7B1 which protects against various forms of stress such as increased salinity, dehydration and treatment with oxidants or pesticides. Deleterious mutations in human ALDH7A1 are responsible for pyridoxine-dependent and folinic acid-responsive seizures. In previous studies, we have shown that human ALDH7A1 protects against hyperosmotic stress presumably through the generation of betaine, an important cellular osmolyte, formed from betaine aldehyde. Hyperosmotic stress is coupled to an increase in oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation (LPO). In this study, cell viability assays revealed that stable expression of mitochondrial ALDH7A1 in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells provides significant protection against treatment with the LPO-derived aldehydes hexanal and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4HNE) implicating a protective function for the enzyme during oxidative stress. A significant increase in cell survival was also observed in CHO cells expressing either mitochondrial or cytosolic ALDH7A1 treated with increasing concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) or 4HNE, providing further evidence for anti-oxidant activity. In vitro enzyme activity assays indicate that human ALDH7A1 is sensitive to oxidation and that efficiency can be at least partially restored by incubating recombinant protein with the thiol reducing agent β-mercaptoethanol (BME). We also show that after reactivation with BME, recombinant ALDH7A1 is capable of metabolizing the reactive aldehyde 4HNE. In conclusion, ALDH7A1 mechanistically appears to provide cells protection through multiple pathways including the removal of toxic LPO-derived aldehydes in addition to osmolyte generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Brocker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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606
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McGrath CE, Tallman KA, Porter NA, Marnett LJ. Structure-activity analysis of diffusible lipid electrophiles associated with phospholipid peroxidation: 4-hydroxynonenal and 4-oxononenal analogues. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:357-70. [PMID: 21291287 PMCID: PMC3062932 DOI: 10.1021/tx100323m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
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Electrophile-mediated disruption of cell signal-ing is involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases including atherosclerosis and cancer. Diffusible and membrane bound lipid electrophiles are known to modify DNA and protein substrates and modulate cellular pathways including ER stress, antioxidant response, DNA damage, heat shock, and apoptosis. Herein we report on a structure−activity relationship for several electrophilic analogues of 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) and 4-oxononenal (ONE) with regard to toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity. The analogues studied were the oxidation products of HNE and ONE, HNEA/ONEA, the in vivo hydrolysis products of oxidized phosphatidylcholine, COOH-HNE/COOH-ONE, and their methyl esters, COOMe-HNE/ONE. The reactivity of each compound toward N-acetylcysteine was determined and compared to the toxicity toward a human colorectal carcinoma cell line (RKO) and a human monocytic leukemia cell line (THP-1). Further analysis was performed in differentiated THP-1 macrophages to assess changes in macrophage activation and pro-inflammatory signaling in response to each lipid electrophile. HNE/ONE analogues inhibited THP-1 macrophage production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNFα, after lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/IFNγ activation. Inhibition of cytokine production was observed at submicromolar concentrations of several analogues with as little as 30 min of exposure. Phagocytosis of fluorescent beads was also inhibited by lipid electrophile treatment. Lipid electrophiles related to HNE/ONE are both toxic and anti-inflammatory, but the anti-inflammatory effects in human macrophages are observed at nontoxic concentrations. Neither toxicity nor anti-inflammatory activity are strongly correlated to the reactivity of the model nucleophile, N-acetylcysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen E McGrath
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
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607
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Blanco F, Ferreira AM, López GV, Bonilla L, González M, Cerecetto H, Trostchansky A, Rubbo H. 6-Methylnitroarachidonate: a novel esterified nitroalkene that potently inhibits platelet aggregation and exerts cGMP-mediated vascular relaxation. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:411-8. [PMID: 21145389 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Nitro-fatty acids represent endogenously occurring products of oxidant-induced nitration reactions. We have previously synthesized a mixture of four isomers of nitroarachidonic acid, a novel anti-inflammatory signaling mediator. In this study, we synthesized and chemically and biologically characterized for the first time an esterified nitroalkene derived from the nitration of methylarachidonate (AAMet): 6-methylnitroarachidonate (6-AAMetNO(2)). Synthesis was performed by reacting AAMet with sodium nitrite under acidic conditions. Analysis by mass spectrometry (positive-ion ESI-MS) showed an [M+H](+) ion of m/z 364, characteristic of AAMetNO(2). Fragmentation of this ion yielded a daughter ion at m/z 317, corresponding to the neutral loss of the nitro group ([M+H-HNO(2)](+)). Furthermore, IR signal at 1378 cm(-1) and NMR data confirmed the structure of a 6-nitro-positional isomer. This novel esterified nitroalkene was capable of promoting vascular protective actions including: (a) the induction of vasorelaxation via endothelium-independent mechanisms, associated with an increase in smooth muscle cell cGMP levels, and (b) a potent dose-dependent inhibition of human platelet aggregation. We postulate that 6-AAMetNO(2) could be a potential drug for the prevention of vascular and inflammatory diseases, and the presence of the methyl group may increase its pharmacological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Blanco
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Chemistry Sciences, Universidad de República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
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608
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Maciel E, Domingues P, Domingues MRM. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry analysis of long-chain oxidation products of cardiolipin induced by the hydroxyl radical. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:316-326. [PMID: 21192027 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The anionic phospholipid cardiolipin (CL) is found almost exclusively in the inner membrane of mitochondria, playing an important role in energy metabolism. Oxidation of CL has been associated with apoptotic events and various pathologies. In this study, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry coupled with liquid chromatography (LC/ESI-MS) was used to identify tetralinoleoyl-cardiolipin (TLCL) modifications induced by the OH(·) radical generated under Fenton reaction conditions (H(2)O(2) and Fe(2+)). The identified oxidation products of TLCL contained 2, 4, 6 and 8 additional oxygen atoms. These long-chain oxidation products were characterized by LC/ESI-MS/MS as doubly [M-2H](2-) and singly charged [M-H](-) ions. A detailed analysis of the fragmentation pathways of these precursor ions allowed the identification of hydroperoxy derivatives of CL. MS/MS analysis indicated that CL oxidation products with 4, 6 and 8 oxygen atoms have one fatty acyl chain bearing 4 oxygen atoms ([RCOO+4O](-)). Even when the TLCL molecule was oxidized by the addition of eight oxygen atoms, one of the acyl chains remained non-modified and one fatty acyl chain contained three or four oxygen atoms. This led us to conclude that under oxidative conditions by the OH(·) radical, the distribution of oxygens/peroxy groups in the CL molecule is not random, even when CL has the same fatty acyl chains in all the positions. Using mass spectrometry, the oxidation products have been unequivocally assigned, which may be useful for their detection in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete Maciel
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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609
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Pettazzoni P, Pizzimenti S, Toaldo C, Sotomayor P, Tagliavacca L, Liu S, Wang D, Minelli R, Ellis L, Atadja P, Ciamporcero E, Dianzani MU, Barrera G, Pili R. Induction of cell cycle arrest and DNA damage by the HDAC inhibitor panobinostat (LBH589) and the lipid peroxidation end product 4-hydroxynonenal in prostate cancer cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:313-22. [PMID: 21078383 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) are promising antineoplastic agents for the treatment of cancer. Here we report that the lipid peroxidation end product 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) significantly potentiates the anti-tumor effects of the HDAC inhibitor panobinostat (LBH589) in the PC3 prostate cancer cell model. Panobinostat and HNE inhibited proliferation of PC3 cells and the combination of the two agents resulted in a significant combined effect. Cell cycle analysis revealed that both single agents and, to a greater extent, their combined treatment induced G2/M arrest, but cell death occurred in the combined treatment only. Furthermore, HNE and, to a greater extent, the combined treatment induced dephosphorylation of Cdc2 leading to progression into mitosis as confirmed by α-tubulin/DAPI staining and phospho-histone H3 (Ser10) analysis. To evaluate possible induction of DNA damage we utilized the marker phosphorylated histone H2A.X. Results showed that the combination of panobinostat and HNE induced significant DNA damage concomitant with the mitotic arrest. Then, by using androgen receptor (AR)-expressing PC3 cells we observed that the responsiveness to HNE and panobinostat was independent of the expression of functional AR. Taken together, our data suggest that HNE potentiates the antitumoral effect of the HDACI panobinostat in prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piergiorgio Pettazzoni
- Department of Medicine and Experimental Oncology, Section of General Pathology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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610
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Filaire E, Massart A, Rouveix M, Portier H, Rosado F, Durand D. Effects of 6 weeks of n-3 fatty acids and antioxidant mixture on lipid peroxidation at rest and postexercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 111:1829-39. [PMID: 21222131 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1807-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this randomized study was to measure the influence of 6 weeks of LCPUFA (600 mg EPA and 400 mg DHA per day) supplementation alone or in association with 30 mg vitamin E, 60 mg vitamin C and 6 mg β-carotene on resting and exercise-induced lipid peroxidation in judoists (n = 36). Blood samples were collected at rest before (T (1)) and after the supplementation period, in preexercise (T (2)) and postexercise (T (3)) conditions, for analysis of α-tocopherol, retinol, lag phase (Lp) before free radical-induced oxidation, maximum rate of oxidation (R (max)) during the propagating chain reaction, maximum amount of conjugated dienes (CD(max)) accumulated after the propagation phase, and nitric oxide, malondialdehyde and lipoperoxide (POOL) concentrations. Dietary data were collected using a 7-day diet record. There were no significant differences among treatment groups with respect to habitual intakes of energy from fat, carbohydrate, or protein. At T (1), there were no significant differences among treatment groups with respect to lipid peroxidation, lag phase, and levels of α-tocopherol or retinol. The consumption of an n-3 LC PUFA supplement increased oxidative stress at rest and did not attenuate the exercise-induced oxidative stress. The addition of antioxidants did not prevent the formation of oxidation products at rest. On the contrary, it seems that the combination of antioxidants added to the n-3 LCPUFA supplement led to a decrease in, CD(max), R (max), and POOL and MDA concentrations after a judo training session.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Filaire
- Laboratoire CTI Inserm 658, UFRSTAPS, 2 allée du Château, BP 6237, 45062, Orléans Cedex, France.
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611
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Hill S, Hirano K, Shmanai VV, Marbois BN, Vidovic D, Bekish AV, Kay B, Tse V, Fine J, Clarke CF, Shchepinov MS. Isotope-reinforced polyunsaturated fatty acids protect yeast cells from oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:130-8. [PMID: 20955788 PMCID: PMC3014413 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.10.690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The facile abstraction of bis-allylic hydrogens from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is the hallmark chemistry responsible for initiation and propagation of autoxidation reactions. The products of these autoxidation reactions can form cross-links to other membrane components and damage proteins and nucleic acids. We report that PUFAs deuterated at bis-allylic sites are much more resistant to autoxidation reactions, because of the isotope effect. This is shown using coenzyme Q-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae coq mutants with defects in the biosynthesis of coenzyme Q (Q). Q functions in respiratory energy metabolism and also functions as a lipid-soluble antioxidant. Yeast coq mutants incubated in the presence of the PUFA α-linolenic or linoleic acid exhibit 99% loss of colony formation after 4h, demonstrating a profound loss of viability. In contrast, coq mutants treated with monounsaturated oleic acid or with one of the deuterated PUFAs, 11,11-D(2)-linoleic or 11,11,14,14-D(4)-α-linolenic acid, retain viability similar to wild-type yeast. Deuterated PUFAs also confer protection to wild-type yeast subjected to heat stress. These results indicate that isotope-reinforced PUFAs are stabilized compared to standard PUFAs, and they protect coq mutants and wild-type yeast cells against the toxic effects of lipid autoxidation products. These findings suggest new approaches to controlling ROS-inflicted cellular damage and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shauna Hill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Kathleen Hirano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Vadim V. Shmanai
- Institute of Physical Organic Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 13 Surganova Street, 220072 Belarus
| | - Beth N. Marbois
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Dragoslav Vidovic
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Andrei V. Bekish
- Department of Chemistry, Belarussian State University, Minsk 220030 Belarus
| | - Bradley Kay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Vincent Tse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Jonathan Fine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Catherine F. Clarke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Catherine F. Clarke, UCLA Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 607 Charles E. Young Dr. E., Los Angeles CA 90095 Tel (310) 825-0771; Fax (310) 206-5213; ; and Mikhail S. Shchepinov, Retrotope, Inc. 12133 Foothill Lane, Los Altos Hills, CA 94022, USA (650)-917-9256; Fax (650)-917-9255;
| | - Mikhail S. Shchepinov
- Retrotope, Inc. 12133 Foothill Lane, Los Altos Hills, CA 94022, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Catherine F. Clarke, UCLA Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 607 Charles E. Young Dr. E., Los Angeles CA 90095 Tel (310) 825-0771; Fax (310) 206-5213; ; and Mikhail S. Shchepinov, Retrotope, Inc. 12133 Foothill Lane, Los Altos Hills, CA 94022, USA (650)-917-9256; Fax (650)-917-9255;
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612
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Mihaljević B, Tartaro I, Ferreri C, Chatgilialoglu C. Linoleic acid peroxidation vs. isomerization: a biomimetic model of free radical reactivity in the presence of thiols. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:3541-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05083d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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613
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Nikolaidis MG, Kyparos A, Vrabas IS. F2-isoprostane formation, measurement and interpretation: The role of exercise. Prog Lipid Res 2011; 50:89-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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614
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Yoneyama M, Kawada K, Shiba T, Ogita K. Endogenous Nitric Oxide Generation Linked to Ryanodine Receptors Activates Cyclic GMP / Protein Kinase G Pathway for Cell Proliferation of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells Derived From Embryonic Hippocampus. J Pharmacol Sci 2011; 115:182-195. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.10290fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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615
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Liu W, Porter NA, Schneider C, Brash AR, Yin H. Formation of 4-hydroxynonenal from cardiolipin oxidation: Intramolecular peroxyl radical addition and decomposition. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:166-78. [PMID: 21047551 PMCID: PMC3014443 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.10.709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 09/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We report herein that oxidation of a mitochondria-specific phospholipid tetralinoleoyl cardiolipin (L(4)CL) by cytochrome c and H(2)O(2) leads to the formation of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) via a novel chemical mechanism that involves cross-chain peroxyl radical addition and decomposition. As one of the most bioactive lipid electrophiles, 4-HNE possesses diverse biological activities ranging from modulation of multiple signal transduction pathways to the induction of intrinsic apoptosis. However, where and how 4-HNE is formed in vivo are much less understood. Recently a novel chemical mechanism has been proposed that involves intermolecular dimerization of fatty acids by peroxyl bond formation; but the biological relevance of this mechanism is unknown because a majority of the fatty acids are esterified in phospholipids in the cellular membrane. We hypothesize that oxidation of cardiolipins, especially L(4)CL, may lead to the formation of 4-HNE via this novel mechanism. We employed L(4)CL and dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC) as model compounds to test this hypothesis. Indeed, in experiments designed to assess the intramolecular mechanism, more 4-HNE is formed from L(4)CL and DLPC oxidation than 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoylphosphatydylcholine. The key products and intermediates that are consistent with this proposed mechanism of 4-HNE formation have been identified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Identical products from cardiolipin oxidation were identified in vivo in rat liver tissue after carbon tetrachloride treatment. Our studies provide the first evidence in vitro and in vivo for the formation 4-HNE from cardiolipin oxidation via cross-chain peroxyl radical addition and decomposition, which may have implications in apoptosis and other biological activities of 4-HNE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Ned A. Porter
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Claus Schneider
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Alan R. Brash
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Huiyong Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, TN, 37232, USA
- Correspondence: Huiyong Yin, Ph.D., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology, and Chemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 526 RRB, 23rd and Pierce Aves, Nashville, TN 37232-6602. Phone: 615-343-6569; Fax: 615-322-3669,
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616
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Niki E. Do free radicals play causal role in atherosclerosis? Low density lipoprotein oxidation and vitamin E revisited. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2010; 48:3-7. [PMID: 21297905 PMCID: PMC3022060 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.11-007fr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation induced by free radicals has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases. Numerous in vitro and animal studies show that oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein (LDL) is an important initial event of atherosclerosis. Vitamin E and other antioxidants inhibit low density lipoprotein oxidation efficiently in vitro, however, human clinical trials with vitamin E have not yielded positive results. The mixed results for vitamin E effect may be ascribed primarily to the two factors. Firstly low density lipoprotein oxidation proceeds by multiple pathways mediated not only by free radicals but also by other non-radical oxidants and vitamin E is effective only against free radical mediated oxidation. Secondly, in contrast to animal experiments, vitamin E is given at the latter stage where oxidation is no more important. Free radicals must play causal role in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and vitamin E should be effective if given at right time to right subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuo Niki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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617
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Breusing N, Grune T, Andrisic L, Atalay M, Bartosz G, Biasi F, Borovic S, Bravo L, Casals I, Casillas R, Dinischiotu A, Drzewinska J, Faber H, Fauzi NM, Gajewska A, Gambini J, Gradinaru D, Kokkola T, Lojek A, Luczaj W, Margina D, Mascia C, Mateos R, Meinitzer A, Mitjavila MT, Mrakovcic L, Munteanu MC, Podborska M, Poli G, Sicinska P, Skrzydlewska E, Vina J, Wiswedel I, Zarkovic N, Zelzer S, Spickett CM. An inter-laboratory validation of methods of lipid peroxidation measurement in UVA-treated human plasma samples. Free Radic Res 2010; 44:1203-15. [PMID: 20836662 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2010.499907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation products like malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal and F(2)-isoprostanes are widely used as markers of oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo. This study reports the results of a multi-laboratory validation study by COST Action B35 to assess inter-laboratory and intra-laboratory variation in the measurement of lipid peroxidation. Human plasma samples were exposed to UVA irradiation at different doses (0, 15 J, 20 J), encoded and shipped to 15 laboratories, where analyses of malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal and isoprostanes were conducted. The results demonstrate a low within-day-variation and a good correlation of results observed on two different days. However, high coefficients of variation were observed between the laboratories. Malondialdehyde determined by HPLC was found to be the most sensitive and reproducible lipid peroxidation product in plasma upon UVA treatment. It is concluded that measurement of malondialdehyde by HPLC has good analytical validity for inter-laboratory studies on lipid peroxidation in human EDTA-plasma samples, although it is acknowledged that this may not translate to biological validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolle Breusing
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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618
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Abstract
The peroxidation of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and of their hydroperoxy metabolites is a complex process. It is initiated by free oxygen radical-induced abstraction of a hydrogen atom from the lipid molecule followed by a series of nonenzymatic reactions that ultimately generate the reactive aldehyde species 4-hydroxyalkenals. The molecule 4-hydroxy-2E-hexenal (4-HHE) is generated by peroxidation of n-3 PUFAs, such as linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid. The aldehyde product 4-hydroxy-2E-nonenal (4-HNE) is the peroxidation product of n-6 PUFAs, such as arachidonic and linoleic acids and their 15-lipoxygenase metabolites, namely 15-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HpETE) and 13-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HpODE). Another reactive peroxidation product is 4-hydroxy-2E,6Z-dodecadienal (4-HDDE), which is derived from 12-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HpETE), the 12-lipoxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. Hydroxyalkenals, notably 4-HNE, have been implicated in various pathophysiological interactions due to their chemical reactivity and the formation of covalent adducts with macromolecules. The progressive accumulation of these adducts alters normal cell functions that can lead to cell death. The lipophilicity of these aldehydes positively correlates to their chemical reactivity. Nonetheless, at low and noncytotoxic concentrations, these molecules may function as signaling molecules in cells. This has been shown mostly for 4-HNE and to some extent for 4-HHE. The capacity of 4-HDDE to generate such "mixed signals" in cells has received less attention. This review addresses the origin and cellular functions of 4-hydroxyalkernals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Riahi
- Dept. of Pharmacology, The Hebrew Univ. Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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619
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Saito Y, Nishio K, Akazawa YO, Yamanaka K, Miyama A, Yoshida Y, Noguchi N, Niki E. Cytoprotective effects of vitamin E homologues against glutamate-induced cell death in immature primary cortical neuron cultures: Tocopherols and tocotrienols exert similar effects by antioxidant function. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49:1542-9. [PMID: 20736061 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate plays a critical role in pathological cell death within the nervous system. Vitamin E is known to protect cells from glutamate cytotoxicity, either by direct antioxidant action or by indirect nonantioxidant action. Further, α-tocotrienol (α-T3) has been reported to be more effective against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity than α-tocopherol (α-T). To shed more light on the function of vitamin E against glutamate toxicity, the protective effects of eight vitamin E homologues and related compounds, 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl-6-chromanol (PMC) and 2-carboxy-2,5,7,8-pentamethyl-6-chromanol (Trolox), against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity on immature primary cortical neurons were examined using different protocols. Glutamate induced the depletion of glutathione and generation of reactive oxygen species and lipid hydroperoxides, leading to cell death. α-, β-, γ-, and δ-T and -T3; PMC; and Trolox all exerted cytoprotective effects against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity, and a longer preincubation time increased both the cellular content and the cytoprotective effects of T more significantly than those of T3, the effect of preincubation being relatively small for T3 and PMC. The protective effect of Trolox was less potent than that of PMC. The cytoprotective effects of α-T and α-T3 corresponded to their intracellular content. Further, lipid peroxidation products were measured after reduction with triphenylphosphine followed by saponification with potassium hydroxide. It was found that glutamate treatment increased the formation of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, and 8-F(2)-isoprostane 2α, which was suppressed by α-T. This study shows that vitamin E protects cells from glutamate-induced toxicity primarily by direct antioxidant action and that the apparent higher capacity of T3 compared to T is ascribed to the faster uptake of T3 compared to T into the cells. It is suggested that, considering the bioavailability, α-T should be more effective than α-T3 against glutamate toxicity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Saito
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan.
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620
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Circulating oxidative stress status in dromedary camels infested with sarcoptic mange. Vet Res Commun 2010; 35:35-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-010-9450-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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621
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Scibior A, Zaporowska H, Niedźwiecka I. Lipid peroxidation in the kidney of rats treated with V and/or Mg in drinking water. J Appl Toxicol 2010; 30:487-96. [PMID: 20309841 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous and stimulated lipid peroxidation (LPO) after vanadate and magnesium treatment was studied in kidney supernatants obtained from outbred 5-month-old, albino male Wistar rats. The 2-month-old animals daily received: group I (control), deionized water to drink; group II, water solution of sodium metavanadate, NaVO(3) (SMV, 0.125 mg V ml(-1)); group III, water solution of magnesium sulfate, MgSO(4) (MS, 0.06 mg Mg ml(-1)); and group IV, water solution of SMV-MS at the same concentrations as in groups II and III for V and Mg, respectively, over a 12-week period. FeSO(4), NaVO(3) and MgSO(4) were selected as agents that may modify LPO process in in vitro conditions. Spontaneous malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in kidney supernatants increased significantly in the rats in groups II and IV, compared with groups I and III; and they were also significantly higher in all the groups of rats compared with the liver supernatants. The total antioxidant status (TAS) in groups II and IV tended to be higher too. Vanadium concentration in the kidney of the rats in groups II and IV increased, whereas the kidney Mg content in groups II, III and IV decreased, compared with levels in the liver. As the two-way ANOVA indicated, the changes in the basal MDA level, TAS and Mg concentration in the liver of rats at combined V and Mg application only resulted from independent action of V. As far as the in vitro results are concerned, in the supernatants obtained from the rats in groups II and IV, a significant increase in MDA level was demonstrated in the presence of 30 microm of exogenous FeSO(4) as well as 30, 100, 200 and 400 microm NaVO(3) and 100, 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 microm MgSO(4), compared with groups I and III. The 600, 800 and 1000 microm of exogenous MgSO(4) also significantly elevated MDA production in the supernatants obtained from the rats in group III, compared with spontaneously formed MDA in the same supernatants. The three-way ANOVA showed that the changes in LPO induced by in vitro treatment of kidney supernatants with exogenous Fe or V or Mg (600, 800 and 1000 microm) were a consequence of independent action of those metals and they also resulted from the interactions between exogenous Fe (Fe(exog)) and endogenous V (V(end)) and between V(end) and exogenous V (V(exog)). In conclusion, V (as NaVO(3)) consumed by the rats with drinking water at a dose of 12.9 mg V kg(-1) b.w. per 24 h for 12 weeks increased the basal LPO and markedly enhanced TAS in the renal tissue. Its pro-oxidant potential was also found in in vitro conditions. The Mg dose (6 mg Mg kg(-1) b.w. per 24 h) ingested by the rats together with V (12.7 mg V kg(-1) b.w. per 24 h) neither reduced nor intensified the spontaneous LPO, compared with V-only intoxicated animals; however, the stimulating effect of Mg on LPO was revealed in in vitro conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Scibior
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Environmental Protection, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
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622
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Qin S, Rodrigues GA. Differential roles of AMPKα1 and AMPKα2 in regulating 4-HNE-induced RPE cell death and permeability. Exp Eye Res 2010; 91:818-24. [PMID: 21029733 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2010.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 09/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation products such as 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) cause dysfunction and death of retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells, thereby leading to retinal degeneration. The molecular mechanisms underlying their action remain elusive however. In this study, the roles of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in 4-HNE-induced RPE cell dysfunction and viability were addressed. 4-HNE caused RPE cell death and down-regulated basal activity of AMPK as evidenced by decreased Thr(172) phosphorylation of AMPKα. Exposure of RPE cells to the AMPK inhibitor, compound C also led to cell death, indicating that RPE cell death is correlated with 4-HNE modulation of AMPK activity. ARPE19 cells express both AMPKα1 and AMPKα2 with predominant expression of the AMPKα1 isoform. siRNA studies revealed that knockdown of AMPKα1 expression sensitized RPE cells to 4-HNE. Intriguingly, knockdown of AMPKα2 protected RPE cells from 4-HNE injury. Sub-lethal doses of 4-HNE induced an increase in RPE monolayer permeability, as measured by reduction in trans-epithelial resistance (TER). Knockdown of AMPKα2 but not AMPKα1 significantly restored RPE cell barrier function. No further protection was observed by knockdown of both AMPKα1 and AMPKα2. In contrast, knockdown of AMPKα1 and/or AMPKα2 did not reverse the 4-HNE's inhibitory effects on production of IL-8 and MCP-1. These data demonstrate that AMPKα1 and AMPKα2 play distinct roles in regulating 4-HNE effects on RPE function and viability. Therefore, selective modulation of AMPKα activity may benefit patients with retinal degeneration associated with RPE cell atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suofu Qin
- Retinal Disease Research, Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, CA 92612, USA.
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623
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Kozekov ID, Turesky RJ, Alas GR, Harris CM, Harris TM, Rizzo CJ. Formation of deoxyguanosine cross-links from calf thymus DNA treated with acrolein and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:1701-13. [PMID: 20964440 DOI: 10.1021/tx100179g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Acrolein (AC) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) are endogenous bis-electrophiles that arise from the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. AC is also found in high concentrations in cigarette smoke and automobile exhaust. These reactive α,β-unsaturated aldehyde (enal) covalently modify nucleic acids, to form exocyclic adducts, where the three-carbon hydroxypropano unit bridges the N1 and N(2) positions of deoxyguanosine (dG). The bifunctional nature of these enals allows them to undergo reaction with a second nucleophilic group and form DNA cross-links. These cross-linked enal adducts are likely to contribute to the genotoxic effects of both AC and HNE. We have developed a sensitive mass spectrometric method to detect cross-linked adducts of these enals in calf thymus DNA (CT DNA) treated with AC or HNE. The AC and HNE cross-linked adducts were measured by the stable isotope dilution method, employing a linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer and consecutive reaction monitoring at the MS(3) or MS(4) scan stage. The lower limit of quantification of the cross-linked adducts is ∼1 adduct per 10(8) DNA bases, when 50 μg of DNA is assayed. The cross-linked adducts occur at levels that are ∼1-2% of the levels of the monomeric 1,N(2)-dG adducts in CT DNA treated with either enal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan D Kozekov
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1822, USA
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624
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Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to various food(s)/food constituent(s) and protection of cells from premature ageing (ID 1668, 1917, 2515, 2527, 2530, 2575, 2580, 2591, 2620, 3178, 3179, 3180, 3181, 4329, 4415), antioxida. EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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625
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Ronsein GE, de Oliveira MCB, Medeiros MHG, Miyamoto S, Di Mascio P. DNA strand breaks and base modifications induced by cholesterol hydroperoxides. Free Radic Res 2010; 45:266-75. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2010.524215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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626
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Wu J, Teuber K, Eibisch M, Fuchs B, Schiller J. Chlorinated and brominated phosphatidylcholines are generated under the influence of the Fenton reagent at low pH-a MALDI-TOF MS study. Chem Phys Lipids 2010; 164:1-8. [PMID: 20932962 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2010.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipid (phospholipid) oxidation is an increasingly important research topic due to the significant physiological relevance. The Fenton reaction, i.e. the transition metal catalyzed decomposition of H(2)O(2) is frequently used to generate hydroxyl radicals (HO*). Lipids with unsaturated fatty acyl residues are primarily converted by HO* radicals into peroxides. In contrast, chloro- and bromohydrins as well as dihalogenides are formed by the addition of HOCl or HOBr to the olefinic groups of the fatty acyl residues of lipids or under the influence of the enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) from Cl(-) and H(2)O(2). We will show here by using MALDI-TOF MS for product analysis that halogenated products may also be generated in the presence of the Fenton reagent, if either FeCl(2) or FeBr(2) is used. In the presence of FeSO(4), however, peroxides are exclusively generated. It will also be shown that the generation of halogen-containing products is a competing reaction with the cleavage of the double bond under generation of the corresponding aldehyde or carboxylic acid that is favored at prolonged incubation times and at elevated pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqing Wu
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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627
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Dubinina EE, Dadali VA. Role of 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal in cell functions. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2010; 75:1069-87. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297910090014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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628
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Protective effect of simple phenols from extravirgin olive oil against lipid peroxidation in intestinal Caco-2 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:3008-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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629
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Braconi D, Bernardini G, Santucci A. Post-genomics and skin inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010:364823. [PMID: 20886018 PMCID: PMC2945662 DOI: 10.1155/2010/364823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis and psoriasis are two chronic skin inflammatory diseases that have so far received a greater attention within the scientific community through different post-genomic approaches; on the contrary, acne, which is undoubtedly one of the most common skin disorders involving inflammatory processes, seems to be still quite neglected under the post-genomic point of view. In this paper, we will review how post-genomic technologies have provided new fundamental tools for the analysis of these three conditions and we will cast light on their potential in addressing future research challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Braconi
- Dipartimento di Biologia Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Siena, via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia Bernardini
- Dipartimento di Biologia Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Siena, via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Annalisa Santucci
- Dipartimento di Biologia Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Siena, via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
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630
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Zhou Z, Lenk RP, Dellinger A, Wilson SR, Sadler R, Kepley CL. Liposomal formulation of amphiphilic fullerene antioxidants. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:1656-61. [PMID: 20839887 PMCID: PMC2941224 DOI: 10.1021/bc1001664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Novel amphiphilic fullerene[70] derivatives that are rationally designed to intercalate in lipid bilayers are reported, as well as its vesicular formulation with surprisingly high loading capacity up to 65% by weight. The amphiphilic C(70) bisadduct forms uniform and dimensionally stable liposomes with auxiliary natural phospholipids as demonstrated by buoyant density test, particle size distribution, and (31)P NMR. The antioxidant property of fullerenes is retained in the bipolarly functionalized C(70) derivative, amphiphilic liposomal malonylfullerene[70] (ALM), as well as in its liposomal formulations, as shown by both electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies and in vitro reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibition experiments. The liposomally formulated ALM efficiently quenched hydroxyl radicals and superoxide radicals. In addition, the fullerene liposome inhibited radical-induced lipid peroxidation and maintained the integrity of the lipid bilayer structure. This new class of liposomally formulated, amphipathic fullerene compounds represents a novel drug delivery system for fullerenes and provides a promising pathway to treat oxidative stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Zhou
- Luna nanoWorks, a division of Luna Innovations Incorporated, 521 Bridge Street, Danville VA 24541
| | - Robert P. Lenk
- Luna nanoWorks, a division of Luna Innovations Incorporated, 521 Bridge Street, Danville VA 24541
| | - Anthony Dellinger
- Luna nanoWorks, a division of Luna Innovations Incorporated, 521 Bridge Street, Danville VA 24541
| | - Stephen R. Wilson
- Luna nanoWorks, a division of Luna Innovations Incorporated, 521 Bridge Street, Danville VA 24541
| | - Robert Sadler
- Luna nanoWorks, a division of Luna Innovations Incorporated, 521 Bridge Street, Danville VA 24541
| | - Christopher L. Kepley
- Luna nanoWorks, a division of Luna Innovations Incorporated, 521 Bridge Street, Danville VA 24541
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631
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Liu W, Yin H, Akazawa YO, Yoshida Y, Niki E, Porter NA. Ex vivo oxidation in tissue and plasma assays of hydroxyoctadecadienoates: Z,E/E,E stereoisomer ratios. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:986-95. [PMID: 20423158 DOI: 10.1021/tx1000943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The primary products from peroxidation of linoleate in biological tissues and fluids are the hydroperoxy octadecadienoates, and the products normally assayed, after reduction of the hydroperoxides, are the corresponding hydroxy octadecadienoates (HODEs). The HODEs are found in tissues and fluids as a mixture of Z,E and E,E stereoisomers. Two regioisomeric sets of Z,E and E,E stereoisomers are normally observed with substitution at the 9- and 13-positions of the 18-carbon chain. The Z,E/E,E product ratio has proved to be a useful means for assessing the reducing capacity of the medium undergoing peroxidation. The HODE Z,E/E,E product ratios previously reported for tissues such as liver and brain vary from 0.5 to 2.0, and plasma ratios are somewhat higher, between 2.0 and 3.0. The reported literature protocols for HODE assay in tissues involve homogenization, reduction with sodium borohydride in the presence of BHT, and ester hydrolysis with KOH to give the free HODEs. This is followed by either reverse-phase HPLC of the free acid HODEs or by conversion to TMS derivatives and GC-MS. When sodium borohydride is replaced in the protocol by triphenylphosphine, a gentler reducing agent, HODE Z,E/E,E product ratios are much higher, and lower total HODE levels of are found. It is proposed that inclusion of sodium borohydride in the isolation procedures leads to ex vivo reactions that are avoided if triphenylphosphine is used as the reducing agent. Modified protocols for HODE analyses (tissue and plasma methods #2) are described that should be used for assays of tissues and fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
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632
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Colas R, Pruneta-Deloche V, Guichardant M, Luquain-Costaz C, Cugnet-Anceau C, Moret M, Vidal H, Moulin P, Lagarde M, Calzada C. Increased lipid peroxidation in LDL from type-2 diabetic patients. Lipids 2010; 45:723-31. [PMID: 20703822 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-010-3453-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress is associated with type-2 diabetes and related cardiovascular diseases, but oxidative modification of LDL has been partially characterized. Our aim was to compare the lipid and fatty acid composition as well as the redox status of LDL from diabetic patients and healthy subjects. First, to ensure that isolation of LDL by sequential ultracentrifugation did not result in lipid modifications, lipid composition and peroxide content were determined in LDL isolated either by ultracentrifugation or fast-protein liquid chromatography. Both methods resulted in similar concentrations of lipids, fatty acids, hydroxy-octadecadienoic acid (HODE) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Then, LDLs were isolated by ultracentrifugation from eight type-2 diabetic patients and eight control subjects. Compared to control LDL, diabetic LDL contained decreased cholesteryl esters and increased triglyceride concentrations. Ethanolamine plasmalogens decreased by 49%. Proportions of linoleic acid decreased in all lipid classes, while proportions of arachidonic acid increased in cholesteryl esters. Total HODE concentrations increased by 56%, 12- and 15-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid by 161 and 86%, respectively, and MDA levels increased by twofold. alpha-Tocopherol concentrations, expressed relative to triglycerides, were lower in LDL from patients compared to controls, while gamma-tocopherol did not differ. Overall, LDL from type-2 diabetic patients displayed increased oxidative stress. Determination of hydroxylated fatty acids and ethanolamine plasmalogen depletion could be especially relevant in diabetes.
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633
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Inamdar AA, Masurekar P, Bennett JW. Neurotoxicity of fungal volatile organic compounds in Drosophila melanogaster. Toxicol Sci 2010; 117:418-26. [PMID: 20643751 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are found in indoor environment as products of microbial metabolism. In damp indoor environments, fungi are associated with poor air quality. Some epidemiological studies have suggested that microbial VOCs have a negative impact on human health. Our study was designed to provide a reductionist approach toward studying fungal VOC-mediated toxicity using the inexpensive model organism, Drosophila melanogaster, and pure chemical standards of several important fungal VOCs. Low concentrations of the following known fungal VOCs, 0.1% of 1-octen-3-ol and 0.5% of 2-octanone; 2,5 dimethylfuran; 3-octanol; and trans-2-octenal, caused locomotory defects and changes in green fluorescent protein (GFP)- and antigen-labeled dopaminergic neurons in adult D. melanogaster. Locomotory defects could be partially rescued with L-DOPA. Ingestion of the antioxidant, vitamin E, improved the survival span and delayed the VOC-mediated changes in dopaminergic neurons, indicating that the VOC-mediated toxicity was due, in part, to generation of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arati A Inamdar
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA.
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634
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Halliwell B, Lee CYJ. Using isoprostanes as biomarkers of oxidative stress: some rarely considered issues. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 13:145-56. [PMID: 20001743 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of F2-isoprostanes by methods utilizing mass spectrometry is widely regarded as the best currently available biomarker of lipid peroxidation. F2-isoprostanes and their metabolites can be measured accurately in plasma, urine, and other body fluids using mass spectrometric techniques, and detailed protocols have been published in several papers. However, many clinical studies and intervention studies with diets or supplements, have employed single "spot" measurements of F2-isoprostanes on either plasma/serum or urine to estimate "oxidative stress." This review examines the validity of the common assumption that plasma and urinary F2-isoprostane measurements are equivalent. It identifies scenarios where they may not be and where "spot" measurements can be misleading, with examples from the literature. We also discuss the controversial issue of whether and how F2-isoprostane levels in plasma should be standardized against lipids, and, if so, which lipids to use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Halliwell
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore
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635
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Park HY, Rho HS, Kim DH, Kim HK, He QQ, Yeon JH. Modified Rancimat Method for Evaluation of Antioxidative Effect against Skin Lipids. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2010.31.6.1751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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636
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Gibellini L, Pinti M, Nasi M, De Biasi S, Roat E, Bertoncelli L, Cossarizza A. Interfering with ROS Metabolism in Cancer Cells: The Potential Role of Quercetin. Cancers (Basel) 2010; 2:1288-311. [PMID: 24281116 PMCID: PMC3835130 DOI: 10.3390/cancers2021288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A main feature of cancer cells, when compared to normal ones, is a persistent pro-oxidative state that leads to an intrinsic oxidative stress. Cancer cells have higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) than normal cells, and ROS are, in turn, responsible for the maintenance of the cancer phenotype. Persistent ROS stress may induce adaptive stress responses, enabling cancer cells to survive with high levels of ROS and maintain cellular viability. However, excessive ROS levels render cancer cells highly susceptible to quercetin, one of the main dietary flavonoids. Quercetin depletes intracellular glutathione and increases intracellular ROS to a level that can cause cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Gibellini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy.
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637
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Casós K, Zaragozá MC, Zarkovic N, Zarkovic K, Andrisic L, Portero-Otín M, Cacabelos D, Mitjavila MT. A fish oil-rich diet reduces vascular oxidative stress in apoE–/–mice. Free Radic Res 2010; 44:821-9. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2010.485992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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638
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Analytical methods for 3-nitrotyrosine quantification in biological samples: the unique role of tandem mass spectrometry. Amino Acids 2010; 42:45-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0604-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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639
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Martínez-Sánchez G, Pérez-Davison G, Re L, Giuliani A. Ozone As U-Shaped Dose Responses Molecules (Hormetins). Dose Response 2010. [DOI: 10.2203/dose-response.10-0001.martinez-sanchez] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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640
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Martínez-Sánchez G, Pérez-Davison G, Re L, Giuliani A. Ozone as u-shaped dose responses molecules (hormetins). Dose Response 2010; 9:32-49. [PMID: 21431076 DOI: 10.2203/dose-response.10-001.martinez-sanchez] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox environment involves a broad network of pro-oxidant and antioxidant components. Health benefit or damage can be induced as a consequence of an adaptive cellular stress response. A consequence of hormetic amplification is an increase in the homeodynamic space of a living system in terms of an increased defense capacity and a reduced load of damaged macromolecules. Ozone, when used at appropriate doses, promotes the formation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxides allows them to become late and long-lasting messengers. Healthy aging may be achieved by hormesis through mild and periodic, but not severe or chronic, physical and mental challenges, and by the use of nutritional hormesis incorporating mild stress-inducing molecules called hormetins. The paradoxical concept that ozone eventually induces an antioxidant response capable of reversing a chronic oxidative stress is common in the animal and vegetal kingdom; it is already supported by findings of an increased level of antioxidant enzymes during ozone therapy. Those facts can include ozone as a hormetin. The established scientific foundations of hormesis are ready to pave the way for new and effective approaches in redox-related disease research and intervention; ozone therapy can be a good candidate.
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641
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Role of MAP kinases in regulating expression of antioxidants and inflammatory mediators in mouse keratinocytes following exposure to the half mustard, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 245:352-60. [PMID: 20382172 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dermal exposure to sulfur mustard causes inflammation and tissue injury. This is associated with changes in expression of antioxidants and eicosanoids which contribute to oxidative stress and toxicity. In the present studies we analyzed mechanisms regulating expression of these mediators using an in vitro skin construct model in which mouse keratinocytes were grown at an air-liquid interface and exposed directly to 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES), a model sulfur mustard vesicant. CEES (100-1000 microM) was found to cause marked increases in keratinocyte protein carbonyls, a marker of oxidative stress. This was correlated with increases in expression of Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase, catalase, thioredoxin reductase and the glutathione S-transferases, GSTA1-2, GSTP1 and mGST2. CEES also upregulated several enzymes important in the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-2 (mPGES-2), prostaglandin D synthase (PGDS), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), leukotriene A(4) (LTA(4)) hydrolase and leukotriene C(4) (LTC(4)) synthase. CEES readily activated keratinocyte JNK and p38 MAP kinases, signaling pathways which are known to regulate expression of antioxidants, as well as prostaglandin and leukotriene synthases. Inhibition of p38 MAP kinase suppressed CEES-induced expression of GSTA1-2, COX-2, mPGES-2, PGDS, 5-LOX, LTA(4) hydrolase and LTC(4) synthase, while JNK inhibition blocked PGDS and GSTP1. These data indicate that CEES modulates expression of antioxidants and enzymes producing inflammatory mediators by distinct mechanisms. Increases in antioxidants may be an adaptive process to limit tissue damage. Inhibiting the capacity of keratinocytes to generate eicosanoids may be important in limiting inflammation and protecting the skin from vesicant-induced oxidative stress and injury.
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642
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Scibior A, Zaporowska H, Wolińska A, Ostrowski J. Antioxidant enzyme activity and lipid peroxidation in the blood of rats co-treated with vanadium (V(+5)) and chromium (Cr (+3)). Cell Biol Toxicol 2010; 26:509-26. [PMID: 20352315 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-010-9160-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Selected biochemical parameters were studied in the blood of outbred, male Wistar rats which daily received to drink deionized water (Group I, control) or solutions of: sodium metavanadate (SMV; 0.100 mg V/mL)-Group II; chromium chloride (CC; 0.004 mg Cr/mL)-Group III; and SMV-CC (0.100 mg V and 0.004 mg Cr/mL)-Group IV for a 12-week period. The diet and fluid intake, body weight gain, and food efficiency ratio (FER) diminished significantly in the rats of Groups II and IV, compared with Groups I and III. The plasma total antioxidant status (TAS) as well as the MDA and the L: -ascorbic acid level in the erythrocytes (RBCs) remained unchanged in all the groups, whereas the plasma L: -ascorbic acid concentration decreased markedly in Group II, compared with Group III. The activities of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD), catalase (CAT), cellular glutathione peroxidase (cGSH-Px), and glutathione reductase (GR) in RBCs remained unaltered in all the treated rats. However, the activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) in RBCs decreased and increased, respectively, in Groups II, III, and IV, compared with Group I. A vanadium-chromium interaction which affected the GST activity was also found. To summarize, SMV and CC administered separately or in combination in drinking water for 12 weeks did not alter either lipid peroxidation (LPO) or the activities of Cu,Zn-SOD, CAT, cGSH-Px, and GR, which allows a conclusion that both metals in the doses ingested did not reveal their pro-oxidant potential on RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Scibior
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Environmental Protection, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Kraśnicka Ave 102, 20-718, Lublin, Poland.
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643
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Hu D, Pratt DA. Secondary orbital interactions in the propagation steps of lipid peroxidation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:3711-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc00019a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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644
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Abstract
The reader may be eager to examine in which diseases ozonetherapy can be proficiently used and she/he will be amazed by the versatility of this complementary approach (Table 9 1). The fact that the medical applications are numerous exposes the ozonetherapist to medical derision because superficial observers or sarcastic sceptics consider ozonetherapy as the modern panacea. This seems so because ozone, like oxygen, is a molecule able to act simultaneously on several blood components with different functions but, as we shall discuss, ozonetherapy is not a panacea. The ozone messengers ROS and LOPs can act either locally or systemically in practically all cells of an organism. In contrast to the dogma that “ozone is always toxic”, three decades of clinical experience, although mostly acquired in private clinics in millions of patients, have shown that ozone can act as a disinfectant, an oxygen donor, an immunomodulator, a paradoxical inducer of antioxidant enzymes, a metabolic enhancer, an inducer of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and possibly an activator of stem cells with consequent neovascularization and tissue reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velio Bocci
- Department of Physiology, University of Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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645
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Pandey KB, Rizvi SI. Markers of oxidative stress in erythrocytes and plasma during aging in humans. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2010; 3:2-12. [PMID: 20716923 PMCID: PMC2835884 DOI: 10.4161/oxim.3.1.10476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Revised: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aging is an inevitable universal biological process, which can be characterized by a general decline in physiological function with the accumulation of diverse adverse changes and increased probability of death. Among several theories, oxidative stress/free radical theory offers the best mechanistic elucidation of the aging process and other age -related phenomenon. In the present paper , we discuss the aging process and have focused on the importance of some reliable markers of oxidative stress which may be used as biomarkers of the aging process.
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646
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Horie M, Fukuhara A, Saito Y, Yoshida Y, Sato H, Ohi H, Obata M, Mikata Y, Yano S, Niki E. Antioxidant action of sugar-pendant C60 fullerenes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:5902-4. [PMID: 19736008 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Horie
- Health Technology Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
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