51
|
Fu G, Sivaprakasam P, Dale OR, Manly SP, Cutler SJ, Doerksen RJ. Pharmacophore Modeling, Ensemble Docking, Virtual Screening, and Biological Evaluation on Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β. Mol Inform 2014; 33:610-26. [PMID: 27486080 DOI: 10.1002/minf.201400044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a multifunctional serine/threonine protein kinase which is engaged in a variety of signaling pathways, regulating a wide range of cellular processes. GSK-3β, also known as tau protein kinase I (TPK-I), is one of the most important kinases implicated in the hyperphosphorylation of tau that leads to neurodegenerative diseases. Hence, GSK-3β has emerged as an important therapeutic target. To identify compounds that are structurally novel and diverse compared to previously reported ATP-competitive GSK-3β inhibitors, we performed virtual screening by implementing a mixed ligand/structure-based approach, which included pharmacophore modeling, diversity analysis, and ensemble docking. The sensitivities of different docking protocols to induced-fit effects were explored. An enrichment study was employed to verify the robustness of ensemble docking, using 13 X-ray structures of GSK-3β, compared to individual docking in terms of retrieving active compounds from a decoy dataset. A total of 24 structurally diverse compounds obtained from the virtual screening underwent biological validation. The bioassay results showed that 15 out of the 24 hit compounds are indeed GSK-3β inhibitors, and among them, one compound exhibiting sub-micromolar inhibitory activity is a reasonable starting point for further optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Fu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677
| | - Prasanna Sivaprakasam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677
| | - Olivia R Dale
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677
| | - Susan P Manly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677. Faser Hall 419, University, MS 38677, USA phone: (662)-915-5880
| | - Stephen J Cutler
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677.,National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677. Faser Hall 419, University, MS 38677, USA phone: (662)-915-5880
| | - Robert J Doerksen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677. .,National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677. Faser Hall 419, University, MS 38677, USA phone: (662)-915-5880.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Gao X, He Y, Gao LM, Feng J, Xie Y, Liu X, Liu L. Ser9-phosphorylated GSK3β induced by 14-3-3ζ actively antagonizes cell apoptosis in a NF-κB dependent manner. Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 92:349-56. [PMID: 25138042 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2014-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of glycogen synthase kinase beta (GSK3β) is mainly regulated by its Ser9 phosphorylation. It has been believed for a long time that Ser9 phosphorylation regulates the functions of GSK3β through inhibition of its kinase activity. In this study, we have confirmed the interaction of Ser9-phosphorylated GSK3β with 14-3-3ζ by using GST pull-down assays. We show that 14-3-3ζ enhances Ser9 phosphorylation of GSK3β by PKC. Surprisingly, using a NF-κB luciferase reporter system, we find that Ser9-phosphorylation of GSK3β promoted by 14-3-3ζ is critical for the activation of NF-κB pathway, which may thwart the pro-apoptotic activity of GSK3β. Inhibition of either NF-κB or GSK3β significantly abolishes the anti-apoptotic effect of 14-3-3ζ and Ser9-phosphorylated GSK3β, suggesting that Ser9-phosphorylated GSK3β actively antagonizes cell apoptosis in a NF-κB dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuejuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Stamos JL, Chu MLH, Enos MD, Shah N, Weis WI. Structural basis of GSK-3 inhibition by N-terminal phosphorylation and by the Wnt receptor LRP6. eLife 2014; 3:e01998. [PMID: 24642411 PMCID: PMC3953950 DOI: 10.7554/elife.01998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a key regulator of many cellular signaling pathways. Unlike most kinases, GSK-3 is controlled by inhibition rather than by specific activation. In the insulin and several other signaling pathways, phosphorylation of a serine present in a conserved sequence near the amino terminus of GSK-3 generates an auto-inhibitory peptide. In contrast, Wnt/β-catenin signal transduction requires phosphorylation of Ser/Pro rich sequences present in the Wnt co-receptors LRP5/6, and these motifs inhibit GSK-3 activity. We present crystal structures of GSK-3 bound to its phosphorylated N-terminus and to two of the phosphorylated LRP6 motifs. A conserved loop unique to GSK-3 undergoes a dramatic conformational change that clamps the bound pseudo-substrate peptides, and reveals the mechanism of primed substrate recognition. The structures rationalize target sequence preferences and suggest avenues for the design of inhibitors selective for a subset of pathways regulated by GSK-3. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01998.001.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Stamos
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
54
|
Wang H, Kumar A, Lamont RJ, Scott DA. GSK3β and the control of infectious bacterial diseases. Trends Microbiol 2014; 22:208-17. [PMID: 24618402 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) has been shown to be a crucial mediator of the intensity and direction of the innate immune system response to bacterial stimuli. This review focuses on: (i) the central role of GSK3β in the regulation of pathogen-induced inflammatory responses through the regulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production, (ii) the extensive ongoing efforts to exploit GSK3β for its therapeutic potential in the control of infectious diseases, and (iii) the increasing evidence that specific pathogens target GSK3β-related pathways for immune evasion. A better understanding of complex bacteria-GSK3β interactions is likely to lead to more effective anti-inflammatory interventions and novel targets to circumvent pathogen colonization and survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huizhi Wang
- Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Akhilesh Kumar
- Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Richard J Lamont
- Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - David A Scott
- Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Axin directs the amplification and differentiation of intermediate progenitors in the developing cerebral cortex. Neuron 2013; 79:665-79. [PMID: 23972596 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The expansion of the mammalian cerebral cortex is safeguarded by a concerted balance between amplification and neuronal differentiation of intermediate progenitors (IPs). Nonetheless, the molecular controls governing these processes remain unclear. We found that the scaffold protein Axin is a critical regulator that determines the IP population size and ultimately the number of neurons during neurogenesis in the developing cerebral cortex. The increase of the IP pool is mediated by the interaction between Axin and GSK-3 in the cytoplasmic compartments of the progenitors. Importantly, as development proceeds, Axin becomes enriched in the nucleus to trigger neuronal differentiation via β-catenin activation. The nuclear localization of Axin and hence the switch of IPs from proliferative to differentiative status are strictly controlled by the Cdk5-dependent phosphorylation of Axin at Thr485. Our results demonstrate an important Axin-dependent regulatory mechanism in neurogenesis, providing potential insights into the evolutionary expansion of the cerebral cortex. VIDEO ABSTRACT
Collapse
|
56
|
McCubrey JA, Davis NM, Abrams SL, Montalto G, Cervello M, Basecke J, Libra M, Nicoletti F, Cocco L, Martelli AM, Steelman LS. Diverse roles of GSK-3: tumor promoter-tumor suppressor, target in cancer therapy. Adv Biol Regul 2013; 54:176-96. [PMID: 24169510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
| | - Nicole M Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Stephen L Abrams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Giuseppe Montalto
- Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare "Alberto Monroy", Palermo, Italy
| | - Melchiorre Cervello
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare "Alberto Monroy", Palermo, Italy
| | - Jorg Basecke
- Department of Medicine, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Sanct-Josef-Hospital Cloppenburg, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cloppenburg, Germany
| | - Massimo Libra
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Lucio Cocco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto M Martelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council-IOR, Bologna, Italy
| | - Linda S Steelman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Walte A, Rüben K, Birner-Gruenberger R, Preisinger C, Bamberg-Lemper S, Hilz N, Bracher F, Becker W. Mechanism of dual specificity kinase activity of DYRK1A. FEBS J 2013; 280:4495-511. [PMID: 23809146 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The function of many protein kinases is controlled by the phosphorylation of a critical tyrosine residue in the activation loop. Dual specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinases (DYRKs) autophosphorylate on this tyrosine residue but phosphorylate substrates on aliphatic amino acids. This study addresses the mechanism of dual specificity kinase activity in DYRK1A and related kinases. Tyrosine autophosphorylation of DYRK1A occurred rapidly during in vitro translation and did not depend on the non-catalytic domains or other proteins. Expression in bacteria as well as in mammalian cells revealed that tyrosine kinase activity of DYRK1A is not restricted to the co-translational autophosphorylation in the activation loop. Moreover, mature DYRK1A was still capable of tyrosine autophosphorylation. Point mutants of DYRK1A and DYRK2 lacking the activation loop tyrosine showed enhanced tyrosine kinase activity. A series of structurally diverse DYRK1A inhibitors was used to pharmacologically distinguish different conformational states of the catalytic domain that are hypothesized to account for the dual specificity kinase activity. All tested compounds inhibited substrate phosphorylation with higher potency than autophosphorylation but none of the tested inhibitors differentially inhibited threonine and tyrosine kinase activity. Finally, the related cyclin-dependent kinase-like kinases (CLKs), which lack the activation loop tyrosine, autophosphorylated on tyrosine both in vitro and in living cells. We propose a model of DYRK autoactivation in which tyrosine autophosphorylation in the activation loop stabilizes a conformation of the catalytic domain with enhanced serine/threonine kinase activity without disabling tyrosine phosphorylation. The mechanism of dual specificity kinase activity probably applies to related serine/threonine kinases that depend on tyrosine autophosphorylation for maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Walte
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
Inhibition of GSK 3β activity is associated with excessive EZH2 expression and enhanced tumour invasion in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68614. [PMID: 23874688 PMCID: PMC3715493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) has been shown to contribute to tumour development and/or progression. However, the signalling pathway underlying the regulation of EZH2 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remains unclear. Since EZH2 contains the putative Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) phosphorylation motif ADHWDSKNVSCKNC (591) and may act as a possible substrate of GSK-3β, it is possible that inactivation of GSK3β may lead to excessive EZH2 expression in NPC. Method We first examined the expression of EZH2 and phosphorylated GSK3β (p-GSK3β) by immunohistochemical staining in NPC samples. Then, we evaluated the interaction of GSK3β and EZH2 using immunoprecipitation and immune blot. Moreover, we determined the effect of inhibition of GSK3β activity on EZH2 expression and tumor invasiveness in NPC cell lines in vitro. Finally, we evaluated the invasive properties of NPC cells after knocking down EZH2 expression with EZH2 siRNA. Results We found that expression of EZH2 correlated with phosphorylated GSK3β (p-GSK3β) at Ser 9 (an inactivated form of GSK3β) in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) samples. We also provided evidence that GSK3β is able to interact with EZH2 using immunoprecipitation and immune blot. Furthermore, we found that inhibition of GSK3β activity can lead to upregulation of EZH2 in NPC cell lines in vitro, with enhanced local invasiveness. By knocking down EZH2 expression with EZH2 siRNA, we found that these invasive properties were EZH2 dependent. Conclusion Our findings indicate that GSK3β inactivation may account for EZH2 overexpression and subsequent tumour progression, and this mechanism might be a potential target for NPC therapy.
Collapse
|
59
|
Nijholt DAT, Nölle A, van Haastert ES, Edelijn H, Toonen RF, Hoozemans JJM, Scheper W. Unfolded protein response activates glycogen synthase kinase-3 via selective lysosomal degradation. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:1759-71. [PMID: 23415837 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a stress response that is activated upon disturbed homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum. In Alzheimer's disease, as well as in other tauopathies, the UPR is activated in neurons that contain early tau pathology. A recent genome-wide association study identified genetic variation in a UPR transducer as a risk factor for tauopathy, supporting a functional connection between UPR activation and tau pathology. Here we show that UPR activation increases the activity of the major tau kinase glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3 in vitro via a selective removal of inactive GSK-3 phosphorylated at Ser(21/9). We demonstrate that this is mediated by the autophagy/lysosomal pathway. In brain tissue from patients with different tauopathies, lysosomal accumulations of pSer(21/9) GSK-3 are found in neurons with markers for UPR activation. Our data indicate that UPR activation increases the activity of GSK-3 by a novel mechanism, the lysosomal degradation of the inactive pSer(21/9) GSK-3. This may provide a functional explanation for the close association between UPR activation and early tau pathology in neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana A T Nijholt
- Department of Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
60
|
Oruganty K, Kannan N. Design principles underpinning the regulatory diversity of protein kinases. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012; 367:2529-39. [PMID: 22889905 PMCID: PMC3415841 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation in eukaryotes is carried out by a large and diverse family of protein kinases, which display remarkable diversity and complexity in their modes of regulation. The complex modes of regulation have evolved as a consequence of natural selection operating on protein kinase sequences for billions of years. Here we describe how quantitative comparisons of protein kinase sequences from diverse organisms, in particular prokaryotes, have contributed to our understanding of the structural organization and evolution of allosteric regulation in the protein kinase domain. An emerging view from these studies is that regulatory diversity and complexity in the protein kinase domain evolved in a ‘modular’ fashion through elaboration of an ancient core component, which existed before the emergence of eukaryotes. The core component provided the conformational flexibility required for ATP binding and phosphoryl transfer in prokaryotic kinases, but evolved into a highly regulatable domain in eukaryotes through the addition of exaggerated structural features that facilitated tight allosteric control. Family and group-specific features are built upon the core component in eukaryotes to provide additional layers of control. We propose that ‘modularity’ and ‘conformational flexibility’ are key evolvable traits of the protein kinase domain that contributed to its extensive regulatory diversity and complexity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishnadev Oruganty
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
61
|
Small-Molecule Inhibitors of GSK-3: Structural Insights and Their Application to Alzheimer's Disease Models. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 2012:381029. [PMID: 22888461 PMCID: PMC3408674 DOI: 10.1155/2012/381029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The world health organization (WHO) estimated that 18 million people are struck by Alzheimer's disease (AD). The USA, France, Germany, and other countries launched major programmes targeting the identification of risk factors, the improvement of caretaking, and fundamental research aiming to postpone the onset of AD. The glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) is implicated in multiple cellular processes and has been linked to the pathogenesis of several diseases including diabetes mellitus, cancer, and AD. Inhibition of GSK-3 leads to neuroprotective effects, decreased β-amyloid production, and a reduction in tau hyperphosphorylation, which are all associated with AD. Various classes of small molecule GSK-3 inhibitors have been published in patents and original publications. Herein, we present a comprehensive summary of small molecules reported to interact with GSK-3. We illustrate the interactions of the inhibitors with the active site. Furthermore, we refer to the biological characterisation in terms of activity and selectivity for GSK-3, elucidate in vivo studies and pre-/clinical trials.
Collapse
|
62
|
Wang L, Zuo B, Xu D, Ren Z, Zhang H, Li X, Lei M, Xiong Y. Alternative splicing of the porcine glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) gene with differential expression patterns and regulatory functions. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40250. [PMID: 22792253 PMCID: PMC3391277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3α and GSK3β) are serine/threonine kinases involved in numerous cellular processes and diverse diseases including mood disorders, Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, and cancer. However, in pigs, the information on GSK3 is very limited. Identification and characterization of pig GSK3 are not only important for pig genetic improvement, but also contribute to the understanding and development of porcine models for human disease prevention and treatment. Methodology Five different isoforms of GSK3β were identified in porcine different tissues, in which three isoforms are novel. These isoforms had differential expression patterns in the fetal and adult of the porcine different tissues. The mRNA expression level of GSK3β isoforms was differentially regulated during the course of the insulin treatment, suggesting that different GSK3β isoforms may have different roles in insulin signaling pathway. Moreover, GSK3β5 had a different role on regulating the glycogen synthase activity, phosphorylation and the expression of porcine GYS1 and GYS2 gene compared to other GSK3β isoforms. Conclusions We are the first to report five different isoforms of GSK3β identified from the porcine different tissues. Splice variants of GSK3β exhibit differential activity towards glycogen synthase. These results provide new insight into roles of the GSK3β on regulating glycogen metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Wang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (LW); (YX)
| | - Bo Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dequan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zuqing Ren
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongping Zhang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuewei Li
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Minggang Lei
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanzhu Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (LW); (YX)
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
GSK-3β: A Bifunctional Role in Cell Death Pathways. Int J Cell Biol 2012; 2012:930710. [PMID: 22675363 PMCID: PMC3364548 DOI: 10.1155/2012/930710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β) was originally named for its ability to phosphorylate glycogen synthase and regulate glucose metabolism, this multifunctional kinase is presently known to be a key regulator of a wide range of cellular functions. GSK-3β is involved in modulating a variety of functions including cell signaling, growth metabolism, and various transcription factors that determine the survival or death of the organism. Secondary to the role of GSK-3β in various diseases including Alzheimer's disease, inflammation, diabetes, and cancer, small molecule inhibitors of GSK-3β are gaining significant attention. This paper is primarily focused on addressing the bifunctional or conflicting roles of GSK-3β in both the promotion of cell survival and of apoptosis. GSK-3β has emerged as an important molecular target for drug development.
Collapse
|
64
|
Ma S, Liu S, Huang Q, Xie B, Lai B, Wang C, Song B, Li M. Site-specific phosphorylation protects glycogen synthase kinase-3β from calpain-mediated truncation of its N and C termini. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:22521-32. [PMID: 22496446 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.321349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), a key regulator of neuronal apoptosis, is inhibited by the phosphorylation of Ser-9/Ser-389 and was recently shown to be cleaved by calpain at the N terminus, leading to its subsequent activation. In this study calpain was found to cleave GSK-3β not only at the N terminus but also at the C terminus, and cleavage sites were identified at residues Thr-38-Thr-39 and Ile-384-Gln-385. Furthermore, the cleavage of GSK-3β occurred in tandem with Ser-9 dephosphorylation during cerebellar granule neuron apoptosis. Increasing Ser-9 phosphorylation of GSK-3β by inhibiting phosphatase 1/2A or pretreating with purified active Akt inhibited calpain-mediated cleavage of GSK-3β at both N and C termini, whereas non-phosphorylatable mutant GSK-3β S9A facilitated its cleavage. In contrast, Ser-389 phosphorylation selectively inhibited the cleavage of GSK-3β at the C terminus but not the N terminus. Calpain-mediated cleavage resulted in three truncated products, all of which contained an intact kinase domain: ΔN-GSK-3β (amino acids 39-420), ΔC-GSK-3β (amino acids 1-384), and ΔN/ΔC-GSK-3β (amino acids 39-384). All three truncated products showed increased kinase and pro-apoptotic activity, with ΔN/ΔC-GSK-3β being the most active form. This observation suggests that the GSK-3β C terminus acts as an autoinhibitory domain similar to the N terminus. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that calpain-mediated cleavage activates GSK-3β by removing its N- and C-terminal autoinhibitory domains and that Ser-9 phosphorylation inhibits the cleavage of GSK-3β at both termini. In contrast, Ser-389 phosphorylation inhibits only C-terminal cleavage but not N-terminal cleavage. These findings also identify a mechanism by which site-specific phosphorylation and calpain-mediated cleavage operate in concert to regulate GSK-3β activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Proteomics Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Abstract
Glycogen is a branched polymer of glucose that acts as a store of energy in times of nutritional sufficiency for utilization in times of need. Its metabolism has been the subject of extensive investigation and much is known about its regulation by hormones such as insulin, glucagon and adrenaline (epinephrine). There has been debate over the relative importance of allosteric compared with covalent control of the key biosynthetic enzyme, glycogen synthase, as well as the relative importance of glucose entry into cells compared with glycogen synthase regulation in determining glycogen accumulation. Significant new developments in eukaryotic glycogen metabolism over the last decade or so include: (i) three-dimensional structures of the biosynthetic enzymes glycogenin and glycogen synthase, with associated implications for mechanism and control; (ii) analyses of several genetically engineered mice with altered glycogen metabolism that shed light on the mechanism of control; (iii) greater appreciation of the spatial aspects of glycogen metabolism, including more focus on the lysosomal degradation of glycogen; and (iv) glycogen phosphorylation and advances in the study of Lafora disease, which is emerging as a glycogen storage disease.
Collapse
|
66
|
5-Aryl-4-carboxamide-1,3-oxazoles: Potent and selective GSK-3 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:1989-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
67
|
Kaidanovich-Beilin O, Woodgett JR. GSK-3: Functional Insights from Cell Biology and Animal Models. Front Mol Neurosci 2011; 4:40. [PMID: 22110425 PMCID: PMC3217193 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2011.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a widely expressed and highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinase encoded in mammals by two genes that generate two related proteins: GSK-3α and GSK-3β. GSK-3 is active in cells under resting conditions and is primarily regulated through inhibition or diversion of its activity. While GSK-3 is one of the few protein kinases that can be inactivated by phosphorylation, the mechanisms of GSK-3 regulation are more varied and not fully understood. Precise control appears to be achieved by a combination of phosphorylation, localization, and sequestration by a number of GSK-3-binding proteins. GSK-3 lies downstream of several major signaling pathways including the phosphatidylinositol 3′ kinase pathway, the Wnt pathway, Hedgehog signaling and Notch. Specific pools of GSK-3, which differ in intracellular localization, binding partner affinity, and relative amount are differentially sensitized to several distinct signaling pathways and these sequestration mechanisms contribute to pathway insulation and signal specificity. Dysregulation of signaling pathways involving GSK-3 is associated with the pathogenesis of numerous neurological and psychiatric disorders and there are data suggesting GSK-3 isoform-selective roles in several of these. Here, we review the current knowledge of GSK-3 regulation and targets and discuss the various animal models that have been employed to dissect the functions of GSK-3 in brain development and function through the use of conventional or conditional knockout mice as well as transgenic mice. These studies have revealed fundamental roles for these protein kinases in memory, behavior, and neuronal fate determination and provide insights into possible therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
|
68
|
Effect of double mutations K214/A–E215/Q of FRATide on GSK3β: insights from molecular dynamics simulation and normal mode analysis. Amino Acids 2011; 43:267-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1070-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
69
|
Gentile G, Bernasconi G, Pozzan A, Merlo G, Marzorati P, Bamborough P, Bax B, Bridges A, Brough C, Carter P, Cutler G, Neu M, Takada M. Identification of 2-(4-pyridyl)thienopyridinones as GSK-3β inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:4823-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
70
|
Saeki K, Machida M, Kinoshita Y, Takasawa R, Tanuma SI. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β2 has lower phosphorylation activity to tau than glycogen synthase kinase-3β1. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 34:146-9. [PMID: 21212533 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is a serine/threonine kinase that phosphorylate protein substrates involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD), such as microtubule-associated protein tau and amyloid precursor protein (APP). GSK-3β consists of two splice variants; the major short form (GSK-3β1) distributes in many organs and the minor long form (GSK-3β2), whose structural difference is the insert of only 13 amino acid residues to the C-terminal side of the catalytic site of GSK-3β1, is present in central nervous system. However, the physiological significances of the two variants are unclear. Here we examined whether the phosphorylation activities of two variants to tau and APP are different in cells. We found that GSK-3β2 has lower phosphorylation activity to tau at AD-relevant epitope (Ser396) than GSK-3β1 in cells, whereas the two variants exhibit equivalent levels of phosphorylation activities to APP. Recombinant GSK-3β2 has also lower phosphorylation activity to tau than GSK-3β1 in vitro, although the phosphorylation activities of the two variants to a synthetic peptide substrate pGS-2 are comparable. Furthermore, the deletion of the C-terminal tail (CT) of GSK-3β2 resulted in considerable reduction of tau phosphorylation activity as compared with GSK-3β1, suggesting that the lower phosphorylation activity of GSK-3β2 to tau is attributed to weak interaction with tau through its unique higher-order structure of CT constructed by the 13 amino acids insertion. Such information may provide a clue for understanding of the physiological significance of the two splice variants of GSK-3β and a new insight into the regulation of tau phosphorylation in central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Saeki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278–8510, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
71
|
Lu SY, Jiang YJ, Zou JW, Wu TX. Molecular modeling and molecular dynamics simulation studies of the GSK3β/ATP/substrate complex: understanding the unique P+4 primed phosphorylation specificity for GSK3β substrates. J Chem Inf Model 2011; 51:1025-36. [PMID: 21495724 DOI: 10.1021/ci100493j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Substrate specificity of protein kinases is of fundamental importance for the integrity and fidelity of signaling pathways. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) has a unique substrate specificity that prefers phosphorylation of its substrates at the P+4 serine before it can further phosphorylate the substrate at the P0 serine in the canonical motif SXXXS(p), where S(p) is the primed phosphorylation site. The detailed phosphorylation mechanism, however, is not clearly understood. In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) model of the ternary complex of GSK3β, ATP, and the phosphorylated glycogen synthase (pGS), termed GSK3β/ATP/pGS, is constructed using a hierarchical approach and by integrating molecular modeling and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Based on the 3D model, the substrate primed phosphorylation mechanism is investigated via two 12 ns comparative MD simulations of the GSK3β/ATP/pGS and GSK3β/ATP/GS systems, which differ in the phosphate group bound to the P+4 serine of GS. In agreement with structural analysis, computed binding free energies reveal that the binding of pGS to GSK3β is favored in the prephosphorylated state compared with the GS native state. More importantly, comparison with the system simulated without primed phosphorylation in the GSK3β/ATP/GS complex shows that for an optimal phosphorylation reaction to occur, the pGS priming phosphate in the GSK3β/ATP/pGS system optimizes the proper orientation of the GSK3β N- and C-terminal domains and clamps the P0 serine of pGS in the appropriate configuration for interaction with the ATP γ-phosphate within the catalytic groove.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Yong Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Ojo KK, Arakaki TL, Napuli AJ, Inampudi KK, Keyloun KR, Zhang L, Hol WG, Verlinde CL, Merritt EA, Van Voorhis WC. Structure determination of glycogen synthase kinase-3 from Leishmania major and comparative inhibitor structure-activity relationships with Trypanosoma brucei GSK-3. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2011; 176:98-108. [PMID: 21195115 PMCID: PMC3045540 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2010.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a drug target under intense investigation in pharmaceutical companies and constitutes an attractive piggyback target for eukaryotic pathogens. Two different GSKs are found in trypanosomatids, one about 150 residues shorter than the other. GSK-3 short (GeneDB: Tb927.10.13780) has previously been validated genetically as a drug target in Trypanosoma brucei by RNAi induced growth retardation; and chemically by correlation between enzyme and in vitro growth inhibition. Here, we report investigation of the equivalent GSK-3 short enzymes of L. major (LmjF18.0270) and L. infantum (LinJ18_V3.0270, identical in amino acid sequences to LdonGSK-3 short) and a crystal structure of LmajGSK-3 short at 2 Å resolution. The inhibitor structure-activity relationships (SARs) of L. major and L. infantum are virtually identical, suggesting that inhibitors could be useful for both cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. Leishmania spp. GSK-3 short has different inhibitor SARs than TbruGSK-3 short, which can be explained mostly by two variant residues in the ATP-binding pocket. Indeed, mutating these residues in the ATP-binding site of LmajGSK-3 short to the TbruGSK-3 short equivalents results in a mutant LmajGSK-3 short enzyme with SAR more similar to that of TbruGSK-3 short. The differences between human GSK-3β (HsGSK-3β) and LmajGSK-3 short SAR suggest that compounds which selectively inhibit LmajGSK-3 short may be found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kayode K. Ojo
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington
| | - Tracy L. Arakaki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington
- Medical Structural Genomics of Pathogenic Protozoa Consortium (www.msgpp.org)
| | - Alberto J. Napuli
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington
- Medical Structural Genomics of Pathogenic Protozoa Consortium (www.msgpp.org)
| | - Krishna K. Inampudi
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington
- Seattle BioMed, Seattle, WA
| | - Katelyn R. Keyloun
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington
- Medical Structural Genomics of Pathogenic Protozoa Consortium (www.msgpp.org)
| | - Wim G.J. Hol
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington
- Medical Structural Genomics of Pathogenic Protozoa Consortium (www.msgpp.org)
| | - Christophe L.M.J. Verlinde
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington
- Medical Structural Genomics of Pathogenic Protozoa Consortium (www.msgpp.org)
| | - Ethan A. Merritt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington
- Medical Structural Genomics of Pathogenic Protozoa Consortium (www.msgpp.org)
| | - Wesley C. Van Voorhis
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington
- Medical Structural Genomics of Pathogenic Protozoa Consortium (www.msgpp.org)
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Shah DA, Kwon SJ, Bale SS, Banerjee A, Dordick JS, Kane RS. Regulation of stem cell signaling by nanoparticle-mediated intracellular protein delivery. Biomaterials 2011; 32:3210-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
74
|
Lu S, Jiang Y, Lv J, Zou J, Wu T. Mechanism of kinase inactivation and nonbinding of FRATide to GSK3β due to K85M mutation: molecular dynamics simulation and normal mode analysis. Biopolymers 2011; 95:669-81. [PMID: 21442609 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
As a serine/threonine protein kinase, glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) is an essential component of several cellular processes, including insulin, growth factor, and Wnt signaling. The conserved K85 is important to GSK3β activity and FRATide binding. To elucidate the mechanisms concerning kinase inactivation and nonbinding of FRATide to GSK3β, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, molecular mechanics generalized Born/surface area (MM_GBSA) calculation, and normal mode analysis (NMA) were performed on both the wild-type (WT) and the K85M mutation of the GSK3β-FRATide complex. The results revealed that the periodic open-closed conformational change of the G loop, together with the compact conformation of the RD pocket, was disturbed in the K85M mutant, in contrast to those in the WT. This in turn caused inhibition of GSK3β. Specifically, the correct folding pattern of GSK3β was disrupted in the K85M mutant, resulting in the loss of two key hydrogen bonds between K214 of FRATide and E290 and K292 of GSK3β, respectively. Furthermore, MM_GBSA calculations indicated that the K85M mutation could lead to a less energy-favorable GSK3β-FRATide complex. In addition, NMA demonstrated that the "rocking" of the N- and C-terminal domains of GSK3β, which coordinates the mutual movement of both lobes, inducing the opening and closing of the active site of GSK3β, which may assist the entry of ATP into the ATP binding site and the release of the ADP product. Strikingly, this phenomenon was not clearly observed in the K85M mutation. This study provides a structural basis for the effect of the K85M mutation on the GSK3β-FRATide complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyong Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
75
|
|
76
|
Tang XN, Lo CW, Chuang YC, Chen CT, Sun YC, Hong YR, Yang CN. Prediction of the binding mode between GSK3β and a peptide derived from GSKIP using molecular dynamics simulation. Biopolymers 2011; 95:461-71. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.21603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
77
|
Fiedler M, Mendoza-Topaz C, Rutherford TJ, Mieszczanek J, Bienz M. Dishevelled interacts with the DIX domain polymerization interface of Axin to interfere with its function in down-regulating β-catenin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:1937-42. [PMID: 21245303 PMCID: PMC3033301 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1017063108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signaling controls numerous steps in normal animal development and can also cause cancer if inappropriately activated. In the absence of Wnt, β-catenin is targeted continuously for proteasomal degradation by the Axin destruction complex, whose activity is blocked upon Wnt stimulation by Dishevelled, which recruits Axin to the plasma membrane and assembles it into a signalosome. This key event during Wnt signal transduction depends on dynamic head-to-tail polymerization by the DIX domain of Dishevelled. Here, we use rescue assays in Drosophila tissues and functional assays in human cells to show that polymerization-blocking mutations in the DIX domain of Axin disable its effector function in down-regulating Armadillo/β-catenin and its response to Dishevelled during Wnt signaling. Intriguingly, NMR spectroscopy revealed that the purified DIX domains of the two proteins interact with each other directly through their polymerization interfaces, whereby the same residues mediate both homo- and heterotypic interactions. This result implies that Dishevelled has the potential to act as a "natural" dominant-negative, binding to the polymerization interface of Axin's DIX domain to interfere with its self-assembly, thereby blocking its effector function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Fiedler
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Carolina Mendoza-Topaz
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor J. Rutherford
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Juliusz Mieszczanek
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Mariann Bienz
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Buch I, Fishelovitch D, London N, Raveh B, Wolfson HJ, Nussinov R. Allosteric regulation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β: a theoretical study. Biochemistry 2010; 49:10890-901. [PMID: 21105670 PMCID: PMC3005830 DOI: 10.1021/bi100822q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) is a serine-threonine kinase belonging to the CMGC family that plays a key role in many biological processes, such as glucose metabolism, cell cycle regulation, and proliferation. Like most protein kinases, GSK-3β is regulated via multiple pathways and sites. We performed all-atom molecular dynamics simulations on the unphosphorylated and phosphorylated unbound GSK-3β and the phosphorylated GSK-3β bound to a peptide substrate, its product, and a derived inhibitor. We found that GSK-3β autophosphorylation at residue Tyr(216) results in widening of the catalytic groove, thereby facilitating substrate access. In addition, we studied the interactions of the phosphorylated GSK-3β with a substrate and peptide inhibitor located at the active site and observed higher affinity of the inhibitor to the kinase. Furthermore, we detected a potential remote binding site which was previously identified in other kinases. In agreement with experiments we observed that binding of specific peptides at this remote site leads to stabilization of the activation loop located in the active site. We speculate that this stabilization could enhance the catalytic activity of the kinase. We point to this remote site as being structurally conserved and suggest that the allosteric phenomenon observed here may occur in the protein kinase superfamily.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Idit Buch
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
Rabiller M, Getlik M, Klüter S, Richters A, Tückmantel S, Simard JR, Rauh D. Proteus in the world of proteins: conformational changes in protein kinases. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2010; 343:193-206. [PMID: 20336692 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201000028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The 512 protein kinases encoded by the human genome are a prime example of nature's ability to create diversity by introducing variations to a highly conserved theme. The activity of each kinase domain is controlled by layers of regulatory mechanisms involving different combinations of post-translational modifications, intramolecular contacts, and intermolecular interactions. Ultimately, they all achieve their effect by favoring particular conformations that promote or prevent the kinase domain from catalyzing protein phosphorylation. The central role of kinases in various diseases has encouraged extensive investigations of their biological function and three-dimensional structures, yielding a more detailed understanding of the mechanisms that regulate protein kinase activity by conformational changes. In the present review, we discuss these regulatory mechanisms and show how conformational changes can be exploited for the design of specific inhibitors that lock protein kinases in inactive conformations. In addition, we highlight recent developments to monitor ligand-induced structural changes in protein kinases and for screening and identifying inhibitors that stabilize enzymatically incompetent kinase conformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Rabiller
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 15, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
80
|
Ko R, Jang HD, Lee SY. GSK3beta Inhibitor Peptide Protects Mice from LPS-induced Endotoxin Shock. Immune Netw 2010; 10:99-103. [PMID: 20631880 PMCID: PMC2902676 DOI: 10.4110/in.2010.10.3.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) is a ubiquitous serine/threonine kinase that is regulated by serine phosphorylation at 9. Recent studies have reported the beneficial effects of a number of the pharmacological GSK3β inhibitors in rodent models of septic shock. Since most of the GSK3β inhibitors are targeted at the ATP-binding site, which is highly conserved among diverse protein kinases, the development of novel non-ATP competitive GSK3β inhibitors is needed. Methods Based on the unique phosphorylation motif of GSK3β, we designed and generated a novel class of GSK3β inhibitor (GSK3i) peptides. In addition, we investigated the effects of a GSK3i peptide on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated cytokine production and septic shock. Mice were intraperitoneally injected with GSK3i peptide and monitored over a 7-day period for survival. Results We first demonstrate its effects on LPS-stimulated pro-inflammatory cytokine production including interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-12p40. LPS-induced IL-6 and IL-12p40 production in macrophages was suppressed when macrophages were treated with the GSKi peptide. Administration of the GSK3i peptide potently suppressed LPS-mediated endotoxin shock. Conclusion Collectively, we present a rational strategy for the development of a therapeutic GSK3i peptide. This peptide may serve as a novel template for the design of non-ATP competitive GSK3 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryeojin Ko
- Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Cell Signaling & Drug Discovery Research, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
Mishra R. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta: can it be a target for oral cancer. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:144. [PMID: 20537194 PMCID: PMC2906469 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite progress in treatment approaches for oral cancer, there has been only modest improvement in patient outcomes in the past three decades. The frequent treatment failure is due to the failure to control tumor recurrence and metastasis. These failures suggest that new targets should be identified to reverse oral epithelial dysplastic lesions. Recent developments suggest an active role of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3 β) in various human cancers either as a tumor suppressor or as a tumor promoter. GSK3β is a Ser/Thr protein kinase, and there is emerging evidence that it is a tumor suppressor in oral cancer. The evidence suggests a link between key players in oral cancer that control transcription, accelerated cell cycle progression, activation of invasion/metastasis and anti-apoptosis, and regulation of these factors by GSK3β. Moreover, the major upstream kinases of GSK3β and their oncogenic activation by several etiological agents of oral cancer support this hypothesis. In spite of all this evidence, a detailed analysis of the role of GSK3β in oral cancer and of its therapeutic potential has yet to be conducted by the scientific community. The focus of this review is to discuss the multitude of roles of GSK3β, its possible role in controlling different oncogenic events and how it can be targeted in oral cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajakishore Mishra
- Dept, of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Bldg 102, Maywood, IL-60153, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Yousafzai FK, Al-Kaff N, Moore G. Structural and functional relationship between the Ph1 locus protein 5B2 in wheat and CDK2 in mammals. Funct Integr Genomics 2010; 10:157-66. [PMID: 20422243 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-010-0170-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Ph1 locus in hexaploid wheat is responsible for restricting chromosome pairing at meiosis to true homologues by suppressing homoeologous pairing. Based on detailed modelling studies and predicted ability to form complexes with cyclin-A and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor such as p27, Triticum aestivum-5B2 (( Ta ) 5B2) is suggested to be a wheat analogue of human CDK2 enzyme. A blast analysis of the protein data bank using the amino acid sequence of the protein expressed by the 5B2 copy of the cdk-like cluster of genes at the Ph1 locus (( Ta ) 5B2) identified humans CDK2 as a top hit. In this analysis, the canonical cyclin binding motif PSTAIRE of CDK2 is replaced by a novel DARTLRE motif and Thr160 residue, phosphorylation of which is required for positive regulation of CDK2, is replaced by a tyrosine (Tyr174) in ( Ta ) 5B2. Despite these differences, detailed analyses show that all residues known to be important for cyclin binding are either fully conserved or whenever there is alteration in ( Ta ) 5B2, a corresponding but comparable alteration is also observed in plant cyclins notably cyclin-A of Arabidopsis thaliana. Moreover, the Thr160/Tyr174 substitution is also accommodated by suitable alterations in the 3D space around Tyr174 and the 3D model of ( Ta ) 5B2 predicts Tyr174 to play the same role as Thr160 plays in CDK2.
Collapse
|
83
|
Peng J, Kudrimoti S, Prasanna S, Odde S, Doerksen RJ, Pennaka HK, Choo YM, Rao KV, Tekwani BL, Madgula V, Khan SI, Wang B, Mayer AMS, Jacob MR, Tu LC, Gertsch J, Hamann MT. Structure-activity relationship and mechanism of action studies of manzamine analogues for the control of neuroinflammation and cerebral infections. J Med Chem 2010; 53:61-76. [PMID: 20017491 DOI: 10.1021/jm900672t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Structure-activity relationship studies were carried out by chemical modification of manzamine A (1), 8-hydroxymanzamine A (2), manzamine F (14), and ircinal isolated from the sponge Acanthostrongylophora. The derived analogues were evaluated for antimalarial, antimicrobial, and antineuroinflammatory activities. Several modified products exhibited potent and improved in vitro antineuroinflammatory, antimicrobial, and antimalarial activity. 1 showed improved activity against malaria compared to chloroquine in both multi- and single-dose in vivo experiments. The significant antimalarial potential was revealed by a 100% cure rate of malaria in mice with one administration of 100 mg/kg of 1. The potent antineuroinflammatory activity of the manzamines will provide great benefit for the prevention and treatment of cerebral infections (e.g., Cryptococcus and Plasmodium). In addition, 1 was shown to permeate across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in an in vitro model using a MDR-MDCK monolayer. Docking studies support that 2 binds to the ATP-noncompetitive pocket of glycogen synthesis kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta), which is a putative target of manzamines. On the basis of the results presented here, it will be possible to initiate rational drug design efforts around this natural product scaffold for the treatment of several different diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangnan Peng
- Department of Pharmacognosy, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi 38677, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
Involvement of the residues of GSKIP, AxinGID, and FRATtide in their binding with GSK3β to unravel a novel C-terminal scaffold-binding region. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 339:23-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0366-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
85
|
Kim KH, Gaisina I, Gallier F, Holzle D, Blond SY, Mesecar A, Kozikowski AP. Use of molecular modeling, docking, and 3D-QSAR studies for the determination of the binding mode of benzofuran-3-yl-(indol-3-yl)maleimides as GSK-3beta inhibitors. J Mol Model 2009; 15:1463-79. [PMID: 19440740 PMCID: PMC2955516 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-009-0498-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Molecular modeling and docking studies along with three-dimensional quantitative structure relationships (3D-QSAR) studies have been used to determine the correct binding mode of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK-3beta) inhibitors. The approaches of comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity index analysis (CoMSIA) are used for the 3D-QSAR of 51 substituted benzofuran-3-yl-(indol-3-yl)maleimides as GSK-3beta inhibitors. Two binding modes of the inhibitors to the binding site of GSK-3beta are investigated. The binding mode 1 yielded better 3D-QSAR correlations using both CoMFA and CoMSIA methodologies. The three-component CoMFA model from the steric and electrostatic fields for the experimentally determined pIC(50) values has the following statistics: R(2)(cv) = 0.386 nd SE(cv) = 0.854 for the cross-validation, and R(2) = 0.811 and SE = 0.474 for the fitted correlation. F (3,47) = 67.034, and probability of R(2) = 0 (3,47) = 0.000. The binding mode suggested by the results of this study is consistent with the preliminary results of X-ray crystal structures of inhibitor-bound GSK-3beta. The 3D-QSAR models were used for the estimation of the inhibitory potency of two additional compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hwan Kim
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60612, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
86
|
Wood-Kaczmar A, Kraus M, Ishiguro K, Philpott KL, Gordon-Weeks PR. An alternatively spliced form of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta is targeted to growing neurites and growth cones. Mol Cell Neurosci 2009; 42:184-94. [PMID: 19607922 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) is expressed in two, alternatively spliced, isoforms: a short form (GSK-3beta1) and a long form containing a 13 amino acid insert in the catalytic domain (GSK-3beta2). We examined the expression of these isoforms in the rat using specific antibodies and found that GSK-3beta2, in contrast to GSK-3beta1, is only expressed in the nervous system. The highest levels of GSK-3beta2 are found in the developing nervous system but expression persists into adulthood. In the adult central nervous system the highest expression of GSK-3beta2 occurs in regions with a high proportion of white matter, suggesting that GSK-3beta2 is expressed in axons. Consistent with this finding, sub-cellular fractionation of neonatal rat brain showed that GSK-3beta2 is present in fractions enriched in neurites and growth cones. Furthermore, we found that when we separated neuronal cell bodies from neurites by culturing embryonic cortical neurons in neurite outgrowth inserts, GSK-3beta2 was present in both compartments. Finally, a rabbit polyclonal antibody raised to the 13 amino acid insert of GSK-3beta2 (anti-8A) that specifically recognises GSK-3beta2, labels the cell body, including the nucleus, neurites and growth cones of embryonic neurons in culture. To compare functionally the two isoforms, we performed in vitro kinase assays. These showed that GSK-3beta1 is more efficient at phosphorylating the microtubule-associated protein MAP1B than GSK-3beta2, consistent with previous findings with the microtubule-associated protein tau. However, when co-expressed with MAP1B in COS-7 cells, both GSK-3beta isoforms equally efficiently phosphorylated MAP1B and had a similar influence on the regulation of microtubule dynamics by MAP1B in these cells. We conclude that the alternatively spliced isoform of GSK-3beta, GSK-3beta2, is neuron-specific and has overlapping activities with GSK-3beta1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison Wood-Kaczmar
- The MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, New Hunts House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
87
|
Zhang N, Jiang Y, Zou J, Yu Q, Zhao W. Structural basis for the complete loss of GSK3beta catalytic activity due to R96 mutation investigated by molecular dynamics study. Proteins 2009; 75:671-81. [PMID: 19003984 DOI: 10.1002/prot.22279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Many Ser/Thr protein kinases, to be fully activated, are obligated to introduce a phospho-Ser/Thr in their activation loop. Presently, the similarity of activation loop between two crystal complexes, i.e. glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta)-AMPNP and GSK3beta-sulfate ion complex, indicates that the activation segment of GSK3beta is preformed requiring neither a phosphorylation event nor conformational changes. GSK3beta, when participated in glycogen synthesis and Wnt signaling pathways, possesses a unique feature with the preference of such substrate with a priming phosphate. Experimental mutagenesis proved that the residue arginine at amino acid 96 mutations to lysine (R96K) or alanine (R96A) selectively abolish activity on the substrates involved in glycogen synthesis signaling pathway. Based on two solved crystal structures, wild type (WT) and two mutants (R96K and R96A) GSK3beta-ATP-phospho-Serine (pSer) complexes were modeled. Molecular dynamics simulations and energy analysis were employed to investigate the effect of pSer involvement on the GSK3beta structure in WT, and the mechanisms of GSK3beta deactivation due to R96K and R96A mutations. The results indicate that the introduction of pSer to WT GSK3beta generates a slight lobe closure on GSK3beta without any remarkable changes, which may illuminate the experimental conclusion, whereas the conformations of GSK3beta and ATP undergo significant changes in two mutants. As to GSK3beta, the affected positions distribute over activation loop, alpha-helix, and glycine-rich loop. Based on coupling among the mentioned positions, the allosteric mechanisms for distorted ATP were proposed. Energy decomposition on the residues of activation loop identified the important residues Arg96 and Arg180 in anchoring the phosphate group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Design and Nutrition Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
88
|
van Amerongen R, Nawijn MC, Lambooij JP, Proost N, Jonkers J, Berns A. Frat oncoproteins act at the crossroad of canonical and noncanonical Wnt-signaling pathways. Oncogene 2009; 29:93-104. [PMID: 19802005 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Wnt-signal transduction is critical for development and tissue homeostasis in a wide range of animal species and is frequently deregulated in human cancers. Members of the Frat/GBP family of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (Gsk3b)-binding oncoproteins are recognized as potent activators of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in vertebrates. Here, we reveal a novel, Gsk3b-independent function of Frat converging on the activation of JNK and AP-1. Both these have been used as readouts for the noncanonical Frizzled/PCP pathway, which controls polarized cell movements and the establishment of tissue polarity. We find that Frat synergizes with Diversin, the mammalian homolog of the Drosophila PCP protein diego, in the activation of JNK/AP-1 signaling. Importantly, Frat mutants deficient for binding to Gsk3b retain oncogenic activity in vivo, suggesting that Wnt/beta-catenin-independent events contribute to Frat-induced malignant transformation. The observed activities of Frat are reminiscent of the dual function of Dishevelled in the Wnt/beta-catenin and Frizzled/PCP pathways and suggest that Frat may also function to bridge canonical and noncanonical Wnt pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R van Amerongen
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
89
|
Chioua M, Samadi A, Soriano E, Lozach O, Meijer L, Marco-Contelles J. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 3,6-diamino-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine derivatives as protein kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:4566-9. [PMID: 19615897 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.06.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and biological evaluation of a number of differently substituted 3,6-diamino-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine derivatives are reported. From the inhibition results on a selection of disease-relevant protein kinases [IC(50) (microM) DYRK1A=11; CDK5=0.41; GSK-3=1.5] we have observed that 3,6-diamino-4-phenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-5-carbonitrile (4) constitutes a potential new and simple lead compound in the search of drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mourad Chioua
- Laboratorio de Radicales Libres y Química Computacional (IQOG, CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
90
|
Turunen O, Seelke R, Macosko J. In silico evidence for functional specialization after genome duplication in yeast. FEMS Yeast Res 2009; 9:16-31. [PMID: 19133069 PMCID: PMC2704937 DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2008.00451.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A fairly recent whole-genome duplication (WGD) event in yeast enables the effects of gene duplication and subsequent functional divergence to be characterized. We examined 15 ohnolog pairs (i.e. paralogs from a WGD) out of c. 500 Saccharomyces cerevisiae ohnolog pairs that have persisted over an estimated 100 million years of evolution. These 15 pairs were chosen for their high levels of asymmetry, i.e. within the pair, one ohnolog had evolved much faster than the other. Sequence comparisons of the 15 pairs revealed that the faster evolving duplicated genes typically appear to have experienced partially--but not fully--relaxed negative selection as evidenced by an average nonsynonymous/synonymous substitution ratio (dN/dS(avg)=0.44) that is higher than the slow-evolving genes' ratio (dN/dS(avg)=0.14) but still <1. Increased number of insertions and deletions in the fast-evolving genes also indicated loosened structural constraints. Sequence and structural comparisons indicated that a subset of these pairs had significant differences in their catalytically important residues and active or cofactor-binding sites. A literature survey revealed that several of the fast-evolving genes have gained a specialized function. Our results indicate that subfunctionalization and even neofunctionalization has occurred along with degenerative evolution, in which unneeded functions were destroyed by mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ossi Turunen
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
GSK3 beta N-terminus binding to p53 promotes its acetylation. Mol Cancer 2009; 8:14. [PMID: 19265551 PMCID: PMC2660897 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-8-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence in human cancers of mutations in p53 exemplifies its crucial role as a tumor suppressor transcription factor. Previous studies have shown that the constitutively active serine/threonine kinase glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) associates with the C-terminal basic domain of p53 and regulates its actions. In this study we identified the GSK3β N-terminal amino acids 78–92 as necessary for its association with p53. Inhibitors of GSK3 impaired the acetylation of p53 at Lys373 and Lys382 near the GSK3β binding region in p53, indicating that GSK3β facilitates p53 acetylation. We also found that acetylation of p53 reduced its association with GSK3β, as well as with GSK3α. These results indicate that the N-terminal region of GSK3β binds p53, this association promotes the acetylation of p53, and subsequently acetylated p53 dissociates from GSK3.
Collapse
|
92
|
Expression and activity of glycogen synthase kinase during vitellogenesis and embryogenesis of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Vet Parasitol 2009; 161:261-9. [PMID: 19285806 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) is classically described as a key enzyme involved in glycogen metabolism in mammals. GSK-3 belongs to a highly conserved family of serine/threonine protein kinases, whose members are involved in hormonal regulation, nuclear signaling, and cell fate determination in higher eukaryotes. We have cloned and characterized the RmGSK-3 gene from Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus tick embryos. DNA and protein sequence analysis depicted high similarity to the corresponding enzyme, from both vertebrate and invertebrate animals. In addition, the mRNA transcription profile identified during embryogenesis was analyzed. We observed that the RmGSK-3 mRNA rapidly decreases from the 1st to 3rd day of development, and increases from the 3rd to 15th day. After the 15th day of development, we observed a near 50% reduction in RmGSK-3 mRNA transcription in comparison to the 1st day. We detected the GSK-3beta isoform in egg homogenates throughout embryogenesis using Western blot analysis. RmGSK-3 mRNA was present in fat body, midgut and ovary from partially and fully engorged adult female ticks. The highest mRNA level was observed in ovaries from both developmental stages and in first-day eggs. Furthermore, RmGSK-3 activity correlated with glycogen content variation. Finally, kinase activity in egg homogenates was inhibited by the specific inhibitor, SB-216763. These data suggest that RmGSK-3beta may be involved in glycogen metabolism regulation during R. microplus embryogenesis.
Collapse
|
93
|
Kirkland LO, McInnes C. Non-ATP competitive protein kinase inhibitors as anti-tumor therapeutics. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 77:1561-71. [PMID: 19167366 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Revised: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alternative approaches for inhibitor development in targeting sites other than the ATP cleft are increasingly being pursued in the search for new therapeutics based on inhibition of protein kinases. While recently approved kinase inhibitor drugs offer benefit in cancer treatment, further advances are required to affect tumor selective cell killing, avoid off-target related toxicities and improve survival rates. Protein-protein interactions involved in kinase regulation and substrate recognition as well as exploiting allosteric pockets, offer the potential for selectivity and avoid decreased efficacy as a result of competition with high intracellular ATP concentrations. We discuss several preliminary examples where regulatory and substrate binding sites present potential druggable interfaces. These include the cell cycle targets which are the cyclin-dependent and polo-like kinases among several others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay O Kirkland
- Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Coker Life Science 109, 715 Sumter St, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
94
|
Kannoji A, Phukan S, Sudher Babu V, Balaji VN. GSK3beta: a master switch and a promising target. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2009; 12:1443-55. [PMID: 18851699 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.12.11.1443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3beta) is a multifunctional serine/threonine kinase, which plays a major role in various signaling pathways. More than two decades after its discovery, various pharmaceutical companies are focusing on this protein as a target of interest for various therapeutic conditions. OBJECTIVE To discuss the major developments in the area of GSK3beta as a therapeutic target globally and its role in disease physiology and give an overview of the classes of compounds designed for its inhibition. RESULTS Data generated by various workers has helped the pharmaceutical players to put GSK3beta in their portfolio. Since it is involved in various pathways of disease physiologies, understanding of the full spectrum of the role of GSK3beta in relation to its structure and function is necessary to put successful modulators into clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Kannoji
- Jubilant Biosys Ltd, Structure Directed Molecular Design, #96, Industrial Suburb, 2nd Stage, Yeshwantpur, Bangalore 560 022, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
95
|
Cortese MS, Uversky VN, Dunker AK. Intrinsic disorder in scaffold proteins: getting more from less. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 98:85-106. [PMID: 18619997 PMCID: PMC2671330 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2008.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Regulation, recognition and cell signaling involve the coordinated actions of many players. Signaling scaffolds, with their ability to bring together proteins belonging to common and/or interlinked pathways, play crucial roles in orchestrating numerous events by coordinating specific interactions among signaling proteins. This review examines the roles of intrinsic disorder (ID) in signaling scaffold protein function. Several well-characterized scaffold proteins with structurally and functionally characterized ID regions are used here to illustrate the importance of ID for scaffolding function. These examples include scaffolds that are mostly disordered, only partially disordered or those in which the ID resides in a scaffold partner. Specific scaffolds discussed include RNase, voltage-activated potassium channels, axin, BRCA1, GSK-3beta, p53, Ste5, titin, Fus3, BRCA1, MAP2, D-AKAP2 and AKAP250. Among the mechanisms discussed are: molecular recognition features, fly-casting, ease of encounter complex formation, structural isolation of partners, modulation of interactions between bound partners, masking of intramolecular interaction sites, maximized interaction surface per residue, toleration of high evolutionary rates, binding site overlap, allosteric modification, palindromic binding, reduced constraints for alternative splicing, efficient regulation via posttranslational modification, efficient regulation via rapid degradation, protection of normally solvent-exposed sites, enhancing the plasticity of interaction and molecular crowding. We conclude that ID can enhance scaffold function by a diverse array of mechanisms. In other words, scaffold proteins utilize several ID-facilitated mechanisms to enhance function, and by doing so, get more functionality from less structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc S. Cortese
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
- Institute for Intrinsically Disordered Protein Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - A. Keith Dunker
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Ibrahim MA, Shilabin AG, Prasanna S, Jacob M, Khan SI, Doerksen RJ, Hamann MT. 2-N-Methyl modifications and SAR studies of manzamine A. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:6702-6. [PMID: 18595720 PMCID: PMC2547340 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.05.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Revised: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Quaternary carbolinium salts have been reported to show improved antimalarial activity and reduced cytotoxicity as compared to electronically neutral beta-carbolines. In this study, mono- and di-methylated quaternary carbolinium cations of manzamine A were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro antimalarial and antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity, and also their potential for glycogen synthase kinase (GSK-3beta) inhibition using molecular docking studies. Among the analogs, 2-N-methylmanzamine A (2) exhibited antimalarial activity (IC(50) 0.7-1.0microM) but was less potent than manzamine A. However the compound was significantly less cytotoxic to mammalian kidney fibroblasts and the selectivity index was in the same range as manzamine A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacognosy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
| | - Abbas G. Shilabin
- Department of Pharmacognosy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
| | - Sivaprakasam Prasanna
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
| | - Melissa Jacob
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
| | - Shabana I. Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
| | - Robert J. Doerksen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
| | - Mark T. Hamann
- Department of Pharmacognosy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
- Pharmacology, Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Sheridan DL, Kong Y, Parker SA, Dalby KN, Turk BE. Substrate discrimination among mitogen-activated protein kinases through distinct docking sequence motifs. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:19511-20. [PMID: 18482985 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m801074200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) mediate cellular responses to a wide variety of extracellular stimuli. MAPK signal transduction cascades are tightly regulated, and individual MAPKs display exquisite specificity in recognition of their target substrates. All MAPK family members share a common phosphorylation site motif, raising questions as to how substrate specificity is achieved. Here we describe a peptide library screen to identify sequence requirements of the DEF site (docking site for ERK FXF), a docking motif separate from the phosphorylation site. We show that MAPK isoforms recognize DEF sites with unique sequences and identify two key residues on the MAPK that largely dictate sequence specificity. Based on these observations and computational docking studies, we propose a revised model for MAPK interaction with substrates containing DEF sites. Variations in DEF site sequence requirements provide one possible mechanism for encoding complex target specificity among MAPK isoforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas L Sheridan
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
98
|
Taha MO, Bustanji Y, Al-Ghussein MAS, Mohammad M, Zalloum H, Al-Masri IM, Atallah N. Pharmacophore modeling, quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis, and in silico screening reveal potent glycogen synthase kinase-3beta inhibitory activities for cimetidine, hydroxychloroquine, and gemifloxacin. J Med Chem 2008; 51:2062-2077. [PMID: 18324764 DOI: 10.1021/jm7009765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacophoric space of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) was explored using two diverse sets of inhibitors. Subsequently, genetic algorithm and multiple linear regression analysis were employed to select optimal combination of pharmacophores and physicochemical descriptors that access self-consistent and predictive quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) against 132 training compounds ( r (2) 123 = 0.663, F = 24.6, r (2) LOO = 0.592, r (2) PRESS against 29 external test inhibitors = 0.695). Two orthogonal pharmacophores emerged in the QSAR, suggesting the existence of at least two distinct binding modes accessible to ligands within GSK-3beta binding pocket. The validity of the QSAR equation and the associated pharmacophores was established by the identification of three nanomolar GSK-3beta inhibitors retrieved from our in-house-built structural database of established drugs, namely, hydroxychloroquine, cimetidine, and gemifloxacin. Docking studies supported the binding modes suggested by the pharmacophore/QSAR analysis. In addition to being excellent leads for subsequent optimization, the anti-GSK-3beta activities of these drugs should have significant clinical implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mutasem O Taha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
Ha HH, Kim JS, Kim BM. Novel heterocycle-substituted pyrimidines as inhibitors of NF-κB transcription regulation related to TNF-α cytokine release. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:653-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2007] [Revised: 10/29/2007] [Accepted: 11/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
100
|
Goldsmith EJ, Akella R, Min X, Zhou T, Humphreys JM. Substrate and docking interactions in serine/threonine protein kinases. Chem Rev 2007; 107:5065-81. [PMID: 17949044 PMCID: PMC4012561 DOI: 10.1021/cr068221w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Goldsmith
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-8816, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|