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Scotti N, Buonaguro L, Tornesello ML, Cardi T, Buonaguro FM. Plant-based anti-HIV-1 strategies: vaccine molecules and antiviral approaches. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 9:925-36. [PMID: 20673014 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy has drastically changed HIV infection from an acute, very deadly, to a chronic, long-lasting, mild disease. However, this requires continuous care management, which is difficult to implement worldwide, especially in developing countries. Sky-rocketing costs of HIV-positive subjects and the limited success of preventive recommendations mean that a vaccine is urgently needed, which could be the only effective strategy for the real control of the AIDS pandemic. To be effective, vaccination will need to be accessible, affordable and directed against multiple antigens. Plant-based vaccines, which are easy to produce and administer, and require no cold chain for their heat stability are, in principle, suited to such a strategy. More recently, it has been shown that even highly immunogenic, enveloped plant-based vaccines can be produced at a competitive and more efficient rate than conventional strategies. The high variability of HIV epitopes and the need to stimulate both humoral neutralizing antibodies and cellular immunity suggest the importance of using the plant system: it offers a wide range of possible strategies, from single-epitope to multicomponent vaccines, modulators of the immune response (adjuvants) and preventive molecules (microbicides), either alone or in association with plant-derived monoclonal antibodies, besides the potential use of the latter as therapeutic agents. Furthermore, plant-based anti-HIV strategies can be administered not only parenterally but also by the more convenient and safer oral route, which is a more suitable approach for possible mass vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzia Scotti
- CNR-IGV, Institute of Plant Genetics, Portici, Naples, Italy.
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52
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Kalbina I, Engstrand L, Andersson S, Strid A. Expression of Helicobacter pylori TonB protein in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana: toward production of vaccine antigens in plants. Helicobacter 2010; 15:430-7. [PMID: 21083749 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2010.00786.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to produce a recombinant version of the highly antigenic Helicobacter pylori TonB (iron-dependent siderophore transporter protein HP1341) in transgenic plants as a candidate oral vaccine antigen. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer, we introduced three different constructs of the tonB gene into the genome of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. We investigated transgene insertion by PCR, produced TonB antibodies for analysis of the production of the recombinant protein in plants, verified the identity of the protein produced by mass spectrometry analysis, and analyzed the number of genetic inserts in the plants by Southern blotting. RESULTS Three different constructs of the expression cassette (full-length tonB, tonB truncated in the 5' end removing the codons for a transmembrane helix, and the latter construct with codons for the endoplasmic reticulum SEKDEL retention signal added to the 3' end) were used to find the most effective way to express the TonB antigen. Production of TonB protein was detected in plants transformed with each of the constructs, confirmed by both Western blotting and mass spectrometry analysis. No considerable differences in protein expression from the three different constructs were observed. The protein concentration in the plants was at least 0.05% of the total soluble proteins. CONCLUSIONS The Helicobacter pylori TonB protein can be produced in Arabidopsis thaliana plants in a form that is recognizable by rabbit anti-TonB antiserum. These TonB-expressing plants are highly suitable for animal studies of oral administration as a route for immunization against Helicobacter infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kalbina
- Örebro Life Science Center, Örebro University, SE-70182 Örebro, Sweden
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53
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Suppression of dendritic cell activation by diabetes autoantigens linked to the cholera toxin B subunit. Immunobiology 2010; 216:447-56. [PMID: 20956025 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Antigen presenting cells, specifically dendritic cells (DCs) are a focal point in the delicate balance between T cell tolerance and immune responses contributing to the onset of type I diabetes (T1D). Weak adjuvant proteins like the cholera toxin B subunit when linked to autoantigens may sufficiently alter the balance of this initial immune response to suppress the development of autoimmunity. To assess adjuvant enhancement of autoantigen mediated immune suppression of Type 1 diabetes, we examined the cholera toxin B subunit (CTB)-proinsulin fusion protein (CTB-INS) activation of immature dendritic cells (iDC) at the earliest detectable stage of the human immune response. In this study, Incubation of human umbilical cord blood monocyte-derived immature DCs with CTB-INS autoantigen fusion protein increased the surface membrane expression of DC Toll-like receptor (TLR-2) while no significant upregulation in TLR-4 expression was detected. Inoculation of iDCs with CTB stimulated the biosynthesis of both CD86 and CD83 co-stimulatory factors demonstrating an immunostimulatory role for CTB in both DC activation and maturation. In contrast, incubation of iDCs with proinsulin partially suppressed CD86 co-stimulatory factor mediated DC activation, while incubation of iDCs with CTB-INS fusion protein completely suppressed iDC biosynthesis of both CD86 and CD83 costimulatory factors. The incubation of iDCs with increasing amounts of insulin did not increase the level of immune suppression but rather activated DC maturation by stimulating increased biosynthesis of both CD86 and CD83 costimulatory factors. Inoculation of iDCs with CTB-INS fusion protein dramatically increased secretion of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 and suppressed synthesis of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL12/23 p40 subunit protein suggesting that linkage of CTB to insulin (INS) may play an important role in mediating DC guidance of cognate naïve Th0 cell development into immunosuppressive T lymphocytes. Taken together, the experimental data suggests Toll like receptor 2 (TLR-2) plays a dominant role in CTB mediated INS inhibition of DC induced type 1 diabetes onset in human Type 1 diabetes autoimmunity. Further, fusion of CTB to the autoantigen was found to be essential for enhancement of immune suppression as co-delivery of CTB and insulin did not significantly inhibit DC costimulatory factor biosynthesis. The experimental data presented supports the hypotheses that adjuvant enhancement of autoantigen mediated suppression of islet beta cell inflammation is dependent on CTB stimulation of dendritic cell TLR2 receptor activation and co-processing of both CTB and the autoantigen in the same dendritic cell.
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Odumosu O, Nicholas D, Yano H, Langridge W. AB toxins: a paradigm switch from deadly to desirable. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:1612-45. [PMID: 22069653 PMCID: PMC3153263 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2071612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To ensure their survival, a number of bacterial and plant species have evolved a common strategy to capture energy from other biological systems. Being imperfect pathogens, organisms synthesizing multi-subunit AB toxins are responsible for the mortality of millions of people and animals annually. Vaccination against these organisms and their toxins has proved rather ineffective in providing long-term protection from disease. In response to the debilitating effects of AB toxins on epithelial cells of the digestive mucosa, mechanisms underlying toxin immunomodulation of immune responses have become the focus of increasing experimentation. The results of these studies reveal that AB toxins may have a beneficial application as adjuvants for the enhancement of immune protection against infection and autoimmunity. Here, we examine similarities and differences in the structure and function of bacterial and plant AB toxins that underlie their toxicity and their exceptional properties as immunomodulators for stimulating immune responses against infectious disease and for immune suppression of organ-specific autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oludare Odumosu
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (O.O.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (D.N.)
| | - Dequina Nicholas
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (O.O.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (D.N.)
| | - Hiroshi Yano
- Department of Biology, University of Redlands, 1200 East Colton Ave, P.O. Box 3080, Redlands, CA 92373, USA; (H.Y.)
| | - William Langridge
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (O.O.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (D.N.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-909-558-1000 (81362); Fax: +1-909-558-0177
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55
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Blocking effect of a monoclonal antibody against recombinant Pvs25 on sporozoite development in Anopheles sinensis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:1183-7. [PMID: 20554802 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00101-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To develop a vaccine to block the transmission of vivax malaria, the gene encoding the ookinete surface protein Pvs25 was cloned from a Korean malaria patient. The Pvs25 gene was 660 bp long, encoding 219 amino acids. It was subcloned into the expression vector pQE30 and expressed in Escherichia coli. The expressed recombinant protein, named rPvs25, showed a molecular mass of approximately 25 kDa by SDS-PAGE analysis. An anti-rPvs25 monoclonal antibody produced in BALB/c mice was able to inhibit sporozoite development in the mosquito Anopheles sinensis, which is known as the malaria transmission vector in the Republic of Korea. In addition, rPvs25 produced a relatively high antibody titer in BALB/c mice that lasted for more than 6 months. Based on these results, we suggest that recombinant Pvs25 could be a useful antigen in the development of a vaccine to prevent local malaria transmission in the Republic of Korea.
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56
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Kwon MH, Kim HH, Lee HS, Kim TS, Oh CM, Ahn YJ, Hwang SK, Sohn Y, Kim H, Lee HW. Plasmodium vivax: comparison of the immune responses between oral and parenteral immunization of rPv54 in BALB/c mice. Exp Parasitol 2010; 126:217-23. [PMID: 20460123 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2010] [Revised: 05/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) from Plasmodium vivax was evaluated as an oral vaccine candidate by cloning and expressing the interspecies conserved block 10 (ICB10) of the MSP-1 from a Korean isolate in Escherichia coli. The expressed fusion protein contained ICB10 and a maltose-binding protein (MBP), rPv54, has a molecular weight of approximately 54 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE analysis. IgG against rPv54 was successfully produced in BALB/c mice by oral immunization and sustained for more than 4 months. IgG2b was dominantly produced in both oral and parenteral immunizations. The rPv54 increased the frequency of NK, NKT, CD4+ T, CD8+ T, and B cells in both immunizations. IL-5 and TNF-alpha were increased in both significantly. In conclusion, rPv54 might be a valuable potential vaccine candidate for the oral and parenteral immunization against vivax malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung-Hee Kwon
- Division of Malaria and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Seoul 122-701, Republic of Korea
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57
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Secretory IgA-mediated protection against V. cholerae and heat-labile enterotoxin-producing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli by rice-based vaccine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:8794-9. [PMID: 20421480 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0914121107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholera and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are among the most common causes of acute infantile gastroenteritis globally. We previously developed a rice-based vaccine that expressed cholera toxin B subunit (MucoRice-CTB) and had the advantages of being cold chain-free and providing protection against cholera toxin (CT)-induced diarrhea. To advance the development of MucoRice-CTB for human clinical application, we investigated whether the CTB-specific secretory IgA (SIgA) induced by MucoRice-CTB gives longstanding protection against diarrhea induced by Vibrio cholerae and heat-labile enterotoxin (LT)-producing ETEC (LT-ETEC) in mice. Oral immunization with MucoRice-CTB stored at room temperature for more than 3 y provided effective SIgA-mediated protection against CT- or LT-induced diarrhea, but the protection was impaired in polymeric Ig receptor-deficient mice lacking SIgA. The vaccine gave longstanding protection against CT- or LT-induced diarrhea (for > or = 6 months after primary immunization), and a single booster immunization extended the duration of protective immunity by at least 4 months. Furthermore, MucoRice-CTB vaccination prevented diarrhea in the event of V. cholerae and LT-ETEC challenges. Thus, MucoRice-CTB is an effective long-term cold chain-free oral vaccine that induces CTB-specific SIgA-mediated longstanding protection against V. cholerae- or LT-ETEC-induced diarrhea.
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58
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Kim TG, Yang MS. Current trends in edible vaccine development using transgenic plants. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-009-3084-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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59
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Nanogram doses of alum-adjuvanted HBs antigen induce humoral immune response in mice when orally administered. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2010; 58:143-51. [PMID: 20165988 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-010-0065-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal immunity elicited by plant-based and other orally administered vaccines can serve as the first line of defense against most pathogens infecting through mucosal surfaces, but it is also considered for systemic immunity against blood-borne diseases such as hepatitis B (HB). Previous oral immunization trials based on multiple administration of high doses of HBs antigen elicited an immune response; however, a reproducible and long-lasting immunization protocol was difficult to design. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dose and timing of orally delivered alum-adsorbed antigen on the magnitude of the anti-HBs humoral response. Mice were immunized orally by gavage intubation or parenterally by intramuscular injection three times, once every 2 weeks, with doses of 5, 50, or 500 ng alum-adjuvanted HBsAg. A low dose (10 ng) of HBsAg was orally administered three times in different time intervals: 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks. The three consecutive 5-ng oral doses of the antigen induced immune response at the protective level (>or=10 mIU/ml), significantly higher than the reaction elicited by three 50 or 500 ng doses. In contrast, intramuscular delivery of these doses did not differ significantly; however, they induced a five to six times higher immune response than oral immunization. The 8-week period between each of the three oral immunizations appeared to be favorable to the anti-HBs humoral responses compared with the shorter schedules. The results presented here clearly identify the importance of low doses of antigen administered orally in extended intervals for a significantly higher anti-HBs response. This finding provides some indications concerning the strategy of orally administered vaccines, including plant-based ones.
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60
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Davoodi-Semiromi A, Schreiber M, Nallapali S, Verma D, Singh ND, Banks RK, Chakrabarti D, Daniell H. Chloroplast-derived vaccine antigens confer dual immunity against cholera and malaria by oral or injectable delivery. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2010; 8:223-42. [PMID: 20051036 PMCID: PMC2807910 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2009.00479.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cholera and malaria are major diseases causing high mortality. The only licensed cholera vaccine is expensive; immunity is lost in children within 3 years and adults are not fully protected. No vaccine is yet available for malaria. Therefore, in this study, the cholera toxin-B subunit (CTB) of Vibrio cholerae fused to malarial vaccine antigens apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA1) and merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP1) was expressed in lettuce and tobacco chloroplasts. Southern blot analysis confirmed homoplasmy and stable integration of transgenes. CTB-AMA1 and CTB-MSP1 fusion proteins accumulated up to 13.17% and 10.11% (total soluble protein, TSP) in tobacco and up to 7.3% and 6.1% (TSP) in lettuce, respectively. Nine groups of mice (n = 10/group) were immunized subcutaneously (SQV) or orally (ORV) with purified antigens or transplastomic tobacco leaves. Significant levels of antigen-specific antibody titres of immunized mice completely inhibited proliferation of the malarial parasite and cross-reacted with the native parasite proteins in immunoblots and immunofluorescence studies. Protection against cholera toxin challenge in both ORV (100%) and SQV (89%) mice correlated with CTB-specific titres of intestinal, serum IgA and IgG1 in ORV and only IgG1 in SQV mice, but no other immunoglobulin. Increasing numbers of interleukin-10(+) T cell but not Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells, suppression of interferon-gamma and absence of interleukin-17 were observed in protected mice, suggesting that immunity is conferred via the Tr1/Th2 immune response. Dual immunity against two major infectious diseases provided by chloroplast-derived vaccine antigens for long-term (>300 days, 50% of mouse life span) offers a realistic platform for low cost vaccines and insight into mucosal and systemic immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Antibodies, Protozoan/blood
- Antigens, Protozoan/genetics
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Chloroplasts/immunology
- Chloroplasts/metabolism
- Cholera/immunology
- Cholera/prevention & control
- Cholera Toxin/genetics
- Cholera Toxin/immunology
- Cholera Vaccines/biosynthesis
- Cholera Vaccines/genetics
- Cholera Vaccines/immunology
- Cross Reactions
- Female
- Immunity, Humoral
- Immunoglobulin A/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Lactuca/genetics
- Lactuca/immunology
- Malaria/immunology
- Malaria/prevention & control
- Malaria Vaccines/biosynthesis
- Malaria Vaccines/genetics
- Malaria Vaccines/immunology
- Merozoite Surface Protein 1/genetics
- Merozoite Surface Protein 1/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Nicotiana/genetics
- Nicotiana/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdoreza Davoodi-Semiromi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Melissa Schreiber
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Samson Nallapali
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Dheeraj Verma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Nameirakpam D. Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Robert K. Banks
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Debopam Chakrabarti
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Henry Daniell
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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61
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Daniell H, Singh ND, Mason H, Streatfield SJ. Plant-made vaccine antigens and biopharmaceuticals. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2009; 14:669-79. [PMID: 19836291 PMCID: PMC2787751 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 08/30/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells are ideal bioreactors for the production and oral delivery of vaccines and biopharmaceuticals, eliminating the need for expensive fermentation, purification, cold storage, transportation and sterile delivery. Plant-made vaccines have been developed for two decades but none has advanced beyond Phase I. However, two plant-made biopharmaceuticals are now advancing through Phase II and Phase III human clinical trials. In this review, we evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of different plant expression systems (stable nuclear and chloroplast or transient viral) and their current limitations or challenges. We provide suggestions for advancing this valuable concept for clinical applications and conclude that greater research emphasis is needed on large-scale production, purification, functional characterization, oral delivery and preclinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Daniell
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, University of Central Florida, College of Medicine, 336 Biomolecular Science Building, Orlando, FL 32816-2364, USA.
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62
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Nochi T, Yuki Y, Katakai Y, Shibata H, Tokuhara D, Mejima M, Kurokawa S, Takahashi Y, Nakanishi U, Ono F, Mimuro H, Sasakawa C, Takaiwa F, Terao K, Kiyono H. A rice-based oral cholera vaccine induces macaque-specific systemic neutralizing antibodies but does not influence pre-existing intestinal immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:6538-44. [PMID: 19880451 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that oral immunization of mice with a rice-based vaccine expressing cholera toxin (CT) B subunit (MucoRice-CT-B) induced CT-specific immune responses with toxin-neutralizing activity in both systemic and mucosal compartments. In this study, we examined whether the vaccine can induce CT-specific Ab responses in nonhuman primates. Orally administered MucoRice-CT-B induced high levels of CT-neutralizing serum IgG Abs in the three cynomolgus macaques we immunized. Although the Ab level gradually decreased, detectable levels were maintained for at least 6 mo, and high titers were rapidly recovered after an oral booster dose of the rice-based vaccine. In contrast, no serum IgE Abs against rice storage protein were induced even after multiple immunizations. Additionally, before immunization the macaques harbored intestinal secretory IgA (SIgA) Abs that reacted with both CT and homologous heat-labile enterotoxin produced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and had toxin-neutralizing activity. The SIgA Abs were present in macaques 1 mo to 29 years old, and the level was not enhanced after oral vaccination with MucoRice-CT-B or after subsequent oral administration of the native form of CT. These results show that oral MucoRice-CT-B can effectively induce CT-specific, neutralizing, serum IgG Ab responses even in the presence of pre-existing CT- and heat-labile enterotoxin-reactive intestinal SIgA Abs in nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Nochi
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Tokyo, Japan
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63
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Kundu J, Mazumder R, Srivastava R, Srivastava BS. Intranasal immunization with recombinant toxin-coregulated pilus and cholera toxin B subunit protects rabbits againstVibrio choleraeO1 challenge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 56:179-84. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2009.00563.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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64
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Shin EA, Park YK, Lee KO, Langridge WHR, Lee JY. Synthesis and assembly of Porphyromonas gingivalis fimbrial protein in potato tissues. Mol Biotechnol 2009; 43:138-47. [PMID: 19507071 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-009-9181-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal disease caused by the gram-negative oral anaerobic bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis is thought to be initiated by the binding of P. gingivalis fimbrial protein to saliva-coated oral surfaces. To assess whether biologically active fimbrial antigen can be synthesized in edible plants, a cDNA fragment encoding the C-terminal binding portion of P. gingivalis fimbrial protein, fimA (amino acids 266-337), was cloned behind the mannopine synthase promoter in plant expression vector pPCV701. The plasmid was transferred into potato (Solanum tuberosum) leaf cells by Agrobacterium tumefaciens in vivo transformation methods. The fimA cDNA fragment was detected in transformed potato leaf genomic DNA by PCR amplification methods. Further, a novel immunoreactive protein band of ~6.5 kDa was detected in boiled transformed potato tuber extracts by acrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblot analysis methods using primary antibodies to fimbrillin, a monomeric P. gingivalis fimbrial subunit. Antibodies generated against native P. gingivalis fimbriae detected a dimeric form of bacterial-synthesized recombinant FimA(266-337) protein. Further, a protein band of ~160 kDa was recognized by anti-FimA antibodies in undenatured transformed tuber extracts, suggesting that oligomeric assembly of plant-synthesized FimA may occur in transformed plant cells. Based on immunoblot analysis, the maximum amount of FimA protein synthesized in transformed potato tuber tissues was approximately 0.03% of total soluble tuber protein. Biosynthesis of immunologically detectable FimA protein and assembly of fimbrial antigen subunits into oligomers in transformed potato tuber tissues demonstrate the feasibility of producing native FimA protein in edible plant cells for construction of plant-based oral subunit vaccines against periodontal disease caused by P. gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ah Shin
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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65
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New horizon of mucosal immunity and vaccines. Curr Opin Immunol 2009; 21:352-8. [PMID: 19493665 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Progress in the past quarter-century on understanding the molecular, cellular, and in vivo components of the mucosal immune system have allowed us to develop a practical strategy for a novel mucosal vaccine. The mucosal immune system can induce secretory IgA (SIgA) and serum IgG responses to provide two layers of defense against mucosal pathogens. For SIgA-mediated immunity in the gastrointestinal tract, the gut-associated lymphoid tissue contains both the tissue-dependent and tissue-independent IgA components. Harnessing the mucosal immune system for vaccine development may help prevent the global health problems caused by enteric infectious diseases. We have therefore combined mucosal immunology and plant biology to create a rice-based mucosal vaccine that requires neither needles and syringes nor refrigeration.
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66
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Tiwari S, Verma PC, Singh PK, Tuli R. Plants as bioreactors for the production of vaccine antigens. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:449-67. [PMID: 19356740 PMCID: PMC7126855 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Revised: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plants have been identified as promising expression systems for commercial production of vaccine antigens. In phase I clinical trials several plant-derived vaccine antigens have been found to be safe and induce sufficiently high immune response. Thus, transgenic plants, including edible plant parts are suggested as excellent alternatives for the production of vaccines and economic scale-up through cultivation. Improved understanding of plant molecular biology and consequent refinement in the genetic engineering techniques have led to designing approaches for high level expression of vaccine antigens in plants. During the last decade, several efficient plant-based expression systems have been examined and more than 100 recombinant proteins including plant-derived vaccine antigens have been expressed in different plant tissues. Estimates suggest that it may become possible to obtain antigen sufficient for vaccinating millions of individuals from one acre crop by expressing the antigen in seeds of an edible legume, like peanut or soybean. In the near future, a plethora of protein products, developed through ‘naturalized bioreactors’ may reach market. Efforts for further improvements in these technologies need to be directed mainly towards validation and applicability of plant-based standardized mucosal and edible vaccines, regulatory pharmacology, formulations and the development of commercially viable GLP protocols. This article reviews the current status of developments in the area of use of plants for the development of vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rakesh Tuli
- Corresponding author. National Botanical Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow-226001 (U.P.) India. Tel.: +91 522 2205848; fax: +91 522 2205839.
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Bortesi L, Rossato M, Schuster F, Raven N, Stadlmann J, Avesani L, Falorni A, Bazzoni F, Bock R, Schillberg S, Pezzotti M. Viral and murine interleukin-10 are correctly processed and retain their biological activity when produced in tobacco. BMC Biotechnol 2009; 9:22. [PMID: 19298643 PMCID: PMC2667500 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-9-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine, with therapeutic applications in several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Oral administration of this cytokine alone, or in combination with disease-associated autoantigens could confer protection form the onset of a specific autoimmune disease through the induction of oral tolerance. Transgenic plants are attractive systems for production of therapeutic proteins because of the ability to do large scale-up at low cost, and the low maintenance requirements. They are highly amenable to oral administration and could become effective delivery systems without extensive protein purification. We investigated the ability of tobacco plants to produce high levels of biologically-active viral and murine IL-10. RESULTS Three different subcellular targeting strategies were assessed in transient expression experiments, and stable transgenic tobacco plants were generated with the constructs that yielded the highest accumulation levels by targeting the recombinant proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum. The best yields using this strategy in T1 plants were 10.8 and 37.0 microg/g fresh leaf weight for viral and murine IL-10, respectively. The recombinant proteins were purified from transgenic leaf material and characterized in terms of their N-glycan composition, dimerization and biological activity in in vitro assays. Both molecules formed stable dimers, were able to activate the IL-10 signaling pathway and to induce specific anti-inflammatory responses in mouse J774 macrophage cells. CONCLUSION Tobacco plants are able to correctly process viral and murine IL-10 into biologically active dimers, therefore representing a suitable platform for the production for these cytokines. The accumulation levels obtained are high enough to allow delivery of an immunologically relevant dose of IL-10 in a reasonable amount of leaf material, without extensive purification. This study paves the way to performing feeding studies in mouse models of autoimmune diseases, that will allow the evaluation the immunomodulatory properties and effectiveness of the viral IL-10 in inducing oral tolerance compared to the murine protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Bortesi
- Scientific and Technologic Department, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Department for Sciences, Technologies and Markets of Grapevine and Wine, University of Verona, Via della Pieve 70, 37029 San Floriano di Valpolicella (VR), Italy
| | - Marzia Rossato
- Department of Pathology, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Flora Schuster
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, Biology VII, RWTH, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Nicole Raven
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Johannes Stadlmann
- Department for Chemistry, Glycobiology Division, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Linda Avesani
- Scientific and Technologic Department, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Department for Sciences, Technologies and Markets of Grapevine and Wine, University of Verona, Via della Pieve 70, 37029 San Floriano di Valpolicella (VR), Italy
| | - Alberto Falorni
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Perugia, Via E. Dal Pozzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Flavia Bazzoni
- Department of Pathology, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Stefan Schillberg
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mario Pezzotti
- Scientific and Technologic Department, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Department for Sciences, Technologies and Markets of Grapevine and Wine, University of Verona, Via della Pieve 70, 37029 San Floriano di Valpolicella (VR), Italy
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Wang Y, Deng H, Zhang X, Xiao H, Jiang Y, Song Y, Fang L, Xiao S, Zhen Y, Chen H. Generation and immunogenicity of Japanese encephalitis virus envelope protein expressed in transgenic rice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 380:292-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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69
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Lindh I, Wallin A, Kalbina I, Sävenstrand H, Engström P, Andersson S, Strid A. Production of the p24 capsid protein from HIV-1 subtype C in Arabidopsis thaliana and Daucus carota using an endoplasmic reticulum-directing SEKDEL sequence in protein expression constructs. Protein Expr Purif 2009; 66:46-51. [PMID: 19167502 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2008.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An optimized gene expression construct was designed in order to increase the accumulation of the HIV-1 subtype C p24 protein in Arabidopsis thaliana and carrot (Daucus carota) plants. An ER retention signal was introduced into the genetic construct generating a p24 protein containing a SEKDEL amino acid sequence at its C-terminus. Mature A. thaliana plants and carrot cells were transformed using Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying the improved pGreen0229/p24_SEKDEL vector. Several transgenic plant lines were obtained from both plant species by growth on selective medium and confirmed by PCR. Transformed lines were analyzed for p24 protein content by western blotting using anti-p24-specific antibodies and by Southern blotting to establish the number of copies of the insert in the plant nuclear genome. To estimate the accumulation levels of p24 protein in the plants, ELISA was run using soluble plant extracts. By comparing these results with our previous findings, the ER retention signal increased the level of p24 protein fivefold in the A. thaliana plants. In carrot taproot, the content of p24_SEKDEL protein was approximately half of that in Arabidopsis on a fresh weight basis and was stable in planta for several months. However, on a total soluble protein basis, carrots produced considerable higher levels of the p24_SEKDEL protein than Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Lindh
- Orebro Life Science Center, Orebro University, Orebro, Sweden
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70
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Escribano JM, Perez-Filgueira DM. Strategies for improving vaccine antigens expression in transgenic plants: fusion to carrier sequences. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 483:275-287. [PMID: 19183905 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-407-0_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic plants are gaining increasing attention from the industry as a natural bioreactor for the production of industrial and chemical products. Optimization of transgene expression in plant cells holds the key to maximizing the potential of plants for producing proteins of commercial interest. This chapter is devoted to the description of the methods utilized for the generation of transgenic plants expressing a canine parvovirus vaccine peptide or virus-like particles from a rabbit calicivirus.
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71
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Abstract
Vaccines consisting of transgenic plant-derived antigens offer a new strategy for development of safe, inexpensive vaccines. The vaccine antigens can be eaten with the edible part of the plant or purified from plant material. In phase 1 clinical studies of prototype potato- and corn-based vaccines, these vaccines have been safe and immunogenic without the need for a buffer or vehicle other than the plant cell. Transgenic plant technology is attractive for vaccine development because these vaccines are needle-less, stable, and easy to administer. This chapter examines some early human studies of oral transgenic plant-derived vaccines against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection, norovirus, and hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V. Karasev
- grid.266456.50000000122849900Department of Plant, Soil & Entomological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2339 USA
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72
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Lim JG, Jin HS. Heterologous expression of cholera toxin B subunit in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-008-0031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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73
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Plant-produced vaccines: promise and reality. Drug Discov Today 2008; 14:16-24. [PMID: 18983932 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2008] [Revised: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Plant-produced vaccines are a much-hyped development of the past two decades, whose time to embrace reality may have finally come. Vaccines have been developed against viral, bacterial, parasite and allergenic antigens, for humans and for animals; a wide variety of plants have been used for stable transgenic expression as well as for transient expression via Agrobacterium tumefaciens and plant viral vectors. A great many products have shown significant immunogenicity; several have shown efficacy in target animals or in animal models. The realised potential of plant-produced vaccines is discussed, together with future prospects for production and registration.
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74
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Yusibov V, Rabindran S. Recent progress in the development of plant derived vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2008; 7:1173-83. [PMID: 18844592 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.7.8.1173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant subunit vaccines have been with us for the last 30 years and they provide us with the unique opportunity to choose from the many available production systems that can be used for recombinant protein expression. Plants have become an attractive production platform for recombinant biopharmaceuticals and vaccines have been at the forefront of this new and expanding industry sector. The particular advantages of plant-based vaccines in terms of cost, safety and scalability are discussed in the light of recent successful clinical trials and the likely impact of plant systems on the vaccine industry is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidadi Yusibov
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, 9 Innovation Way, Suite 200, Newark, DE 1971, USA.
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75
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LINDH INGRID, KALBINA IRINA, THULIN SARA, SCHERBAK NIKOLAI, SÄVENSTRAND HELENA, BRÅVE ANDREAS, HINKULA JORMA, STRID ÅKE, ANDERSSON SÖREN. Feeding of mice withArabidopsis thalianaexpressing the HIV-1 subtype C p24 antigen gives rise to systemic immune responses. APMIS 2008; 116:985-94. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2008.00900.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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76
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Oral immunization with vaccines against intestinal infectious diseases has been extensively explored for several decades. Despite the immunologic and economic rationale behind oral immunization, only a few mucosal vaccines are available for the prevention of mucosal infections. Here, we summarize the current status of such vaccines, with a focus on intestinal infectious diseases, describe alternative approaches, and analyze advantages and difficulties encountered with a broad implementation of these vaccines. RECENT FINDINGS Due to the limited absorption from the intestinal tract and sensitivity to degradation, oral vaccines composed of killed bacteria and viruses or antigens isolated from infectious agents have not been successful. New, live-attenuated bacterial and viral or edible plant-derived vaccines, however, have been recently introduced for this purpose. Furthermore, systemic immunization with vaccines composed of bacterial polysaccharides chemically coupled to suitable protein carriers induces high levels of IgG antibodies, which may provide immunity toward Salmonella typhi, Shigella, and Escherichia coli. SUMMARY Further improvements in antigen-delivery systems, the development of adjuvants that are safe for mucosal application in humans, use of live-attenuated vaccines and microbial vectors, and production of certain vaccines in plant expression systems are likely to contribute to the broader use of oral vaccines in the future.
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78
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Matsumoto Y, Suzuki S, Nozoye T, Yamakawa T, Takashima Y, Arakawa T, Tsuji N, Takaiwa F, Hayashi Y. Oral immunogenicity and protective efficacy in mice of transgenic rice plants producing a vaccine candidate antigen (As16) of Ascaris suum fused with cholera toxin B subunit. Transgenic Res 2008; 18:185-92. [PMID: 18763047 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-008-9205-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cereal crops such as maize and rice are considered attractive for vaccine production and oral delivery. Here, we evaluated the rice Oryza sativa for production of As16-an antigen protective against the roundworm Ascaris suum. The antigen was produced as a chimeric protein fused with cholera toxin B subunit (CTB), and its expression level in the endosperm reached 50 microg/g seed. Feeding the transgenic (Tg) rice seeds to mice elicited an As16-specific serum antibody response when administered in combination with cholera toxin (CT) as the mucosal adjuvant. Although omitting the adjuvant from the vaccine formulation resulted in failure to develop the specific immune response, subcutaneous booster immunization with bacterially expressed As16 induced the antibody response, indicating priming capability of the Tg rice. Tg rice/CT-fed mice orally administered A. suum eggs had a lower lung worm burden than control mice. This suggests that the rice-delivered antigen functions as a prophylactic edible vaccine for controlling parasitic infection in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunobu Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Global Animal Resource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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79
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Wang DM, Zhu JB, Peng M, Zhou P. Induction of a protective antibody response to FMDV in mice following oral immunization with transgenic Stylosanthes spp. as a feedstuff additive. Transgenic Res 2008; 17:1163-70. [PMID: 18651235 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-008-9188-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The expression of antigens in transgenic plants has increasingly been used as an alternative to the classical methodologies for the development of experimental vaccines, and it remains one of the real challenges in this field to use transgenic plant-based vaccines effectively as feedstuff additives. We report herein the development of a new oral immunization system for foot and mouth disease with the structural protein VP1 of the foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) produced in transgenic Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Reyan II. The transgenic plantlets were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Southern blotting, and northern blotting; and the production of VP1 protein in transgenic plants was confirmed and quantified by western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Six transformed lines were obtained, and the level of the expressed protein was 0.1-0.5% total soluble protein (TSP). Mice that were orally immunized using studded feedstuff mixed with desiccated powder of the transgenic plants developed a virus-specific immune response to the structural VP1 and intact FMDV particles. To our knowledge, this is the first report of transgenic plants expressing the antigen protein of FMDV as feedstuff additives that has demonstrated the induction of a protective systemic antibody response in animals. These results support the feasibility of producing edible vaccines from transgenic forage plants, and provide proof of the possibility of using plant-based vaccines as feedstuff additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Mei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Haikou 571101, China.
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Construction of genetically modified tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Petit Havana) harboring ompH(A:3) from Pasteurella multocida (A:3). BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-007-0196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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81
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Sharma MK, Singh NK, Jani D, Sisodia R, Thungapathra M, Gautam JK, Meena LS, Singh Y, Ghosh A, Tyagi AK, Sharma AK. Expression of toxin co-regulated pilus subunit A (TCPA) of Vibrio cholerae and its immunogenic epitopes fused to cholera toxin B subunit in transgenic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2008; 27:307-318. [PMID: 17962948 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-007-0464-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Accepted: 09/30/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
For protection against cholera, it is important to develop efficient vaccine capable of inducing anti-toxin as well as anti-colonizing immunity against Vibrio cholerae infections. Earlier, expression of cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) in tomato was reported by us. In the present investigation, toxin co-regulated pilus subunit A (TCPA), earlier reported to be an antigen capable of providing anti-colonization immunity, has been expressed in tomato. Further, to generate more potent combinatorial antigens, nucleotides encoding P4 or P6 epitope of TCPA were fused to cholera toxin B subunit gene (ctxB) and expressed in tomato. Presence of transgenes in the tomato genome was confirmed by PCR and expression of genes was confirmed at transcript and protein level. TCPA, chimeric CTB-P4 and CTB-P6 proteins were also expressed in E. coli. TCPA protein expressed in E. coli was purified to generate anti-TCPA antibodies in rabbit. Immunoblot and G(M1)-ELISA verified the synthesis and assembly of pentameric chimeric proteins in fruit tissue of transgenic tomato plants. The chimeric protein CTB-P4 and CTB-P6 accumulated up to 0.17 and 0.096% of total soluble protein (TSP), respectively, in tomato fruits. Whereas expression of TCPA, CTB-P4 and CTB-P6 in E. coli can be utilized for development of conventional vaccine, expression of these antigens which can provide both anti-toxin as well as anti-colonization immunity, has been demonstrated in plants, in a form which is potentially capable of inducing immune response against cholera infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Sharma
- Department of Plant Molecular biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
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82
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Pan L, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wang B, Wang W, Fang Y, Jiang S, Lv J, Wang W, Sun Y, Xie Q. Foliar extracts from transgenic tomato plants expressing the structural polyprotein, P1-2A, and protease, 3C, from foot-and-mouth disease virus elicit a protective response in guinea pigs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 121:83-90. [PMID: 18006078 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Revised: 07/25/2007] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The expression of recombinant antigens in transgenic plants is increasingly used as an alternative method of producing experimental immunogens. In this report, we describe the production of transgenic tomato plants that express the structural polyprotein, P1-2A, and protease, 3C, from foot-and-mouth disease (FMDV). P1-2A3C was inserted into the plant binary vector, pBin438, and transformed into tomato plants using Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain, GV3101. The presence of P1-2A3C was confirmed by PCR, transcription was verified by RT-PCR, and recombinant protein expression was confirmed by sandwich-ELISA and Western blot analyses. Guinea pigs immunized intramuscularly with foliar extracts from P1-2A3C-transgenic tomato plants were found to develop a virus-specific antibody response against FMDV. Vaccinated guinea pigs were fully protected against a challenge infection, while guinea pigs injected with untransformed plant extracts failed to elicit an antibody response and were not protected against challenge. These results demonstrate that transgenic tomato plants expressing the FMDV structural polyprotein, P1-2A, and the protease, 3C, can be used as a source of recombinant antigen for vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Xujiaping 11, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China.
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83
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Joensuu JJ, Niklander-Teeri V, Brandle JE. Transgenic plants for animal health: plant-made vaccine antigens for animal infectious disease control. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2008; 7:553-577. [PMID: 32214922 PMCID: PMC7089046 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-008-9088-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A variety of plant species have been genetically modified to accumulate vaccine antigens for human and animal health and the first vaccine candidates are approaching the market. The regulatory burden for animal vaccines is less than that for human use and this has attracted the attention of researchers and companies, and investment in plant-made vaccines for animal infectious disease control is increasing. The dosage cost of vaccines for animal infectious diseases must be kept to a minimum, especially for non-lethal diseases that diminish animal welfare and growth, so efficient and economic production, storage and delivery are critical for commercialization. It has become clear that transgenic plants are an economic and efficient alternative to fermentation for large-scale production of vaccine antigens. The oral delivery of plant-made vaccines is particularly attractive since the expensive purification step can be avoided further reducing the cost per dose. This review covers the current status of plant-produced vaccines for the prevention of disease in animals and focuses on barriers to the development of such products and methods to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. J. Joensuu
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON Canada N5V 4T3
| | - V. Niklander-Teeri
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - J. E. Brandle
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON Canada N5V 4T3
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84
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Wu J, Yu L, Li L, Hu J, Zhou J, Zhou X. Oral immunization with transgenic rice seeds expressing VP2 protein of infectious bursal disease virus induces protective immune responses in chickens. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2007; 5:570-8. [PMID: 17561926 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2007.00270.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The expression of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) host-protective immunogen VP2 protein in rice seeds, its immunogenicity and protective capability in chickens were investigated. The VP2 cDNA of IBDV strain ZJ2000 was cloned downstream of the Gt1 promoter of the rice glutelin GluA-2 gene in the binary expression vector, pCambia1301-Gt1. Agrobacterium tumefaciens containing the recombinant vector was used to transform rice embryogenic calli, and 121 transgenic lines were obtained and grown to maturity in a greenhouse. The expression level of VP2 protein in transgenic rice seeds varied from 0.678% to 4.521% microg/mg of the total soluble seed protein. Specific pathogen-free chickens orally vaccinated with transgenic rice seeds expressing VP2 protein produced neutralizing antibodies against IBDV and were protected when challenged with a highly virulent IBDV strain, BC6/85. These results demonstrate that transgenic rice seeds expressing IBDV VP2 can be used as an effective, safe and inexpensive vaccine against IBDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 31009, China
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85
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Abstract
This review examines the challenges of segregating biopharmed crops expressing pharmaceutical or veterinary agents from mainstream crops, particularly those destined for food or feed use. The strategy of using major food crops as production vehicles for the expression of pharmaceutical or veterinary agents is critically analysed in the light of several recent episodes of contamination of the human food chain by non-approved crop varieties. Commercially viable strategies to limit or avoid biopharming intrusion into the human food chain require the more rigorous segregation of food and non-food varieties of the same crop species via a range of either physical or biological methods. Even more secure segregation is possible by the use of non-food crops, non-crop plants or in vitro plant cultures as production platforms for biopharming. Such platforms already under development range from outdoor-grown Nicotiana spp. to glasshouse-grown Arabidopsis, lotus and moss. Amongst the more effective methods for biocontainment are the plastid expression of transgenes, inducible and transient expression systems, and physical containment of plants or cell cultures. In the current atmosphere of heightened concerns over food safety and biosecurity, the future of biopharming may be largely determined by the extent to which the sector is able to maintain public confidence via a more considered approach to containment and security of its plant production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis J Murphy
- Biotechnology Unit, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Glamorgan, Treforest, CF37 1DL, UK.
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86
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Blais DR, Altosaar I. Humanizing infant milk formula to decrease postnatal HIV transmission. Trends Biotechnol 2007; 25:376-84. [PMID: 17659799 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2007] [Revised: 05/21/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
There are currently no safe methods for feeding babies born from the 16 million HIV-infected women living in resource-constrained countries. Breast milk can transmit HIV, and formula feeding can lead to gastrointestinal illnesses owing to unsanitary conditions and the composition of milk formulations. There is therefore a need to ensure that breast milk substitutes provide optimal health outcomes. Given that the immune properties of several breast milk proteins are known, transgenic food crops could facilitate inexpensive and safe reconstitution of the beneficial breast milk proteome in infant formulae, while keeping the HIV virus at bay. At least seven breast milk immune proteins have already been produced in food crops, and dozens more proteins could potentially be produced if fortified formula proves effective in nursing newborns born to HIV-infected mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Blais
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada
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Nochi T, Takagi H, Yuki Y, Yang L, Masumura T, Mejima M, Nakanishi U, Matsumura A, Uozumi A, Hiroi T, Morita S, Tanaka K, Takaiwa F, Kiyono H. Rice-based mucosal vaccine as a global strategy for cold-chain- and needle-free vaccination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:10986-91. [PMID: 17573530 PMCID: PMC1904174 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0703766104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Capable of inducing antigen-specific immune responses in both systemic and mucosal compartments without the use of syringe and needle, mucosal vaccination is considered ideal for the global control of infectious diseases. In this study, we developed a rice-based oral vaccine expressing cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) under the control of the endosperm-specific expression promoter 2.3-kb glutelin GluB-1 with codon usage optimization for expression in rice seed. An average of 30 mug of CTB per seed was stored in the protein bodies, which are storage organelles in rice. When mucosally fed, rice seeds expressing CTB were taken up by the M cells covering the Peyer's patches and induced CTB-specific serum IgG and mucosal IgA antibodies with neutralizing activity. When expressed in rice, CTB was protected from pepsin digestion in vitro. Rice-expressed CTB also remained stable and thus maintained immunogenicity at room temperature for >1.5 years, meaning that antigen-specific mucosal immune responses were induced at much lower doses than were necessary with purified recombinant CTB. Because they require neither refrigeration (cold-chain management) nor a needle, these rice-based mucosal vaccines offer a highly practical and cost-effective strategy for orally vaccinating large populations against mucosal infections, including those that may result from an act of bioterrorism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Nochi
- *Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hidenori Takagi
- Transgenic Crop Research and Development Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Yuki
- *Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Lijun Yang
- Transgenic Crop Research and Development Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Takehiro Masumura
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
- Kyoto Prefectural Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seika-cho, Kyoto 619-0244, Japan; and
| | - Mio Mejima
- *Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Ushio Nakanishi
- *Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Akiko Matsumura
- *Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Akihiro Uozumi
- *Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Takachika Hiroi
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 113-8613, Japan
| | - Shigeto Morita
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
- Kyoto Prefectural Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seika-cho, Kyoto 619-0244, Japan; and
| | - Kunisuke Tanaka
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
- Kyoto Prefectural Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seika-cho, Kyoto 619-0244, Japan; and
| | - Fumio Takaiwa
- Transgenic Crop Research and Development Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- *Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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88
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Lou XM, Yao QH, Zhang Z, Peng RH, Xiong AS, Wang HK. Expression of the human hepatitis B virus large surface antigen gene in transgenic tomato plants. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2007; 14:464-9. [PMID: 17314228 PMCID: PMC1865599 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00321-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The original hepatitis B virus (HBV) large surface antigen gene was synthesized. In order to optimize the expression of this gene in tomato plants, the tobacco pathogenesis-related protein S signal peptide was fused to the 5' end of the modified gene and the sequence encoding amino acids S, E, K, D, E, and L was placed at the 3' end. The gene encoding the modified HBV large surface antigen under the control of a fruit-specific promoter was constructed and expressed in transgenic tomato plants. The expression of the antigen from transgenic plants was confirmed by PCR and reverse transcriptase PCR. Enzyme-linked immunoassays using a monoclonal antibody directed against human serum-derived HBsAg revealed that the maximal level of HBsAg was about 0.02% of the soluble protein in transgenic tomato fruit. The amount of HBsAg in mature fruits was found to be 65- to 171-fold larger than in small or medium fruits and leaf tissues. Examination of transgenic plant samples by transmission electron microscopy proved that HBsAg had been expressed and had accumulated. The HBsAg protein was capable of assembling into capsomers and virus-like particles. To our knowledge, this is the first time the HBV large surface antigen has been expressed in plants. This work suggests the possibility of producing a new alternative vaccine for human HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ming Lou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Rd., Shanghai 201106, P. R. China
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89
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Moravec T, Schmidt MA, Herman EM, Woodford-Thomas T. Production of Escherichia coli heat labile toxin (LT) B subunit in soybean seed and analysis of its immunogenicity as an oral vaccine. Vaccine 2007; 25:1647-57. [PMID: 17188785 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2006] [Revised: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 11/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The B subunit of the heat labile toxin of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (LTB) was used as a model immunogen for production in soybean seed. LTB expression was directed to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of seed storage parenchyma cells for sequestration in de novo synthesized inert protein accretions derived from the ER. Pentameric LTB accumulated to 2.4% of the total seed protein at maturity and was stable in desiccated seed. LTB-soybean extracts administered orally to mice induced both systemic IgG and IgA, and mucosal IgA antibody responses, and was particularly efficacious when used in a parenteral prime-oral gavage boost immunization strategy. Sera from immunized mice blocked ligand binding in vitro and immunized mice exhibited partial protection against LT challenge. Moreover, soybean-expressed LTB stimulated the antibody response against a co-administered antigen by 500-fold. These results demonstrate the utility of soybean as an efficient production platform for vaccines that can be used for oral delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Moravec
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, MO 63132, United States
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90
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Jiang XL, He ZM, Peng ZQ, Qi Y, Chen Q, Yu SY. Cholera toxin B protein in transgenic tomato fruit induces systemic immune response in mice. Transgenic Res 2007; 16:169-75. [PMID: 17225072 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-006-9023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2006] [Accepted: 06/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cholera toxin B (CTB) subunit is a well-characterized antigen against cholera. Transgenic plants can offer an inexpensive and safe source of edible CTB vaccine and may be one of the best candidates for the production of plant vaccines. The present study aimed to develop transgenic tomato expressing CTB protein, especially in the ripening tomato fruit under the control of the tomato fruit-specific E8 promoter by using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Transgenic plants were selected using PCR and Southern blot analysis. Exogenous protein extracted from leaf, stem, and fruit tissues of transgenic plants was detected by ELISA and Western blot analysis, showing specific expression in the ripening fruit, with the highest amount of CTB protein being 0.081% of total soluble protein. Gavage of mice with ripe transgenic tomato fruits induced both serum and mucosal CTB specific antibodies. These results demonstrate the immunogenicity of the CTB protein in transgenic tomato and provide a considerable basis for exploring the utilization of CTB in the development of tomato-based edible vaccine against cholera. The rCTB antigen resulted in much lower antibody titers than an equal amount of exogenous CTB in transgenic fruits, suggesting the protective effect of the fibrous tissue of the fruit to the exogenous CTB protein against the degradation of protease in the digestive tracts of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ling Jiang
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P.R. China
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91
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Chowdhury K, Bagasra O. An edible vaccine for malaria using transgenic tomatoes of varying sizes, shapes and colors to carry different antigens. Med Hypotheses 2007; 68:22-30. [PMID: 17014967 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Accepted: 04/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Malaria, a disease caused by protozoan parasites of genus Plasmodium, is one of the world's biggest scourges. Over two billion individuals reside in the malaria endemic areas and the disease affects 300-500 million people annually. As a result of malarial-infection, an estimated three million lives are lost annually, among them over one million children (majority under 5 years of age). The mortality due to malaria has increased because of the spread of drug-resistant strains of the parasite, the breakdown of health services in many affected areas, the interaction of the disease with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and possibly the effects of climate change. Infants and young children with malaria often die from severe anemia, cerebral involvement,or prostration caused by overwhelming infection; many new borns die from complications of low birth weight caused by maternal malaria during pregnancy. The scarce economic resources and lack of communication, infrastructure and adequate means of travel in the endemic areas make it extremely difficult to implement traditional infection control measures (i.e., mosquito control, preventive anti-malarial drugs and nets). To make the matter worse, both malarial parasites and its insect vectors are increasingly becoming resistant to anti-malarial agents (chloroquine) and insecticides (both DDT and melathione and related chemicals), respectively. By conventional wisdom, the immune mechanisms responsible for protection against malaria will require a multiple of 10-15 antigen targets for proper protection against various stages of malarial infection. By standard vaccination protocols, such a large number of targets would not be appropriate to be used for vaccination as a single dose due to antigenic competition. It would be almost impossible to immunize over two billion individuals who live in malaria susceptible areas with several carefully crafted immunization schedules delivered 4-6 weeks apart in the form of two different antigens as a single dose. Besides, if immunization schedules could be arranged, the stability of vaccines carrying different malarial antigens, their transport, and the logistics of vaccination would be an almost impossible task to achieve under the current fiscal constraints. We are proposing a unique way to circumvent these logistical difficulties to deliver the malaria vaccines to every susceptible home at a small fraction of a cost. We hypothesize that the anti-malaria edible vaccines in transgenic tomato plants where different transgenic plants expressing different antigenic type(s). Immunizing individuals against 2-3 antigens and against each stage of the life cycle of the multistage parasites would be an efficient, inexpensive and safe way of vaccination. Tomatoes with varying sizes, shapes and colors carrying different antigens would make the vaccines easily identifiable by lay individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Chowdhury
- Department of Biology, South Carolina Center for Biotechnology, Claflin University, 400 Magnolia Street, Orangeburg, SC 29115, USA
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92
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Molecular farming for antigen (vaccine) production in plants. IMPROVEMENT OF CROP PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL END USES 2007. [PMCID: PMC7120765 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-5486-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Genomic and proteomic approaches to the study of fundamental cell mechanisms are rapidly contributing to broaden our knowledge on metabolic pathways for the optimal exploitation of the cell as a factory. In the last few years this knowledge has led to important advances in the large scale production of diagnostic and therapeutic proteins in heterologous hosts (bacteria, yeasts, mammalian and insect cells or transgenic animals and plants), allowing the comparison of the most efficient methods in terms of costs, product quality and safety.
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93
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Yang ZQ, Liu QQ, Pan ZM, Yu HX, Jiao XA. Expression of the fusion glycoprotein of newcasstle disease virus in transgenic rice and its immunogenicity in mice. Vaccine 2007; 25:591-8. [PMID: 17049688 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2006] [Revised: 06/28/2006] [Accepted: 08/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic plant has become an attractive bioreactor to produce high-value medical peptides and proteins in biomedical research. In present study, two expression cassettes, pUNDVF and pGNDVF containing the fusion protein gene of Newcastle disease virus (NDV F) under the control of maize ubiquitin (Ubi) promoter or rice glutelin (Gt1) promoter, respectively, were constructed, and introduced into rice (Oryzy sativa L.) by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. A total of 12 independent transgenic rice lines were regenerated, and the result from PCR analysis indicated that the T-DNA region containing the NDV F chimeric gene had been integrated into the genome of transgenic rice plants. ELISA and Western-blot analyses revealed that the NDV F protein could be expressed and accumulated in both leaf and seed tissue of several transgenic rice plants. Moreover, the immunogenicity of expressed proteins was tested in a mouse model and the results showed that specific antibodies were elicited in mice immunized intraperitoneally with crude protein extracts from transgenic rice plants. It implied the potential of using transgenic rice-based expression systems as supplementary bioreactor for NDV engineering subunit vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Quan Yang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
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94
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Zhu HQ, Chen JP, Yu SQ. Construction of an infectious cDNA clone of Ribgrass mosaic virus Shanghai isolate and its modification to express an epitope of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Arch Virol 2006; 151:1853-61. [PMID: 16596330 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-006-0740-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2005] [Accepted: 02/05/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Infectious cDNA clones of the Shanghai isolate of Ribgrass mosaic virus (RMV) were produced by joining four overlapping cDNA fragments and also in a single step by long template PCR. After inoculation of Nicotiana glutinosa with either RNA transcripts or the cDNA under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter, plants developed typical symptoms, and viral coat protein could be detected in them by Western blot analysis. However, compared to plants inoculated with purified viral RNA, lesions were fewer and appeared more slowly. An epitope of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis 31-kDa protein was inserted at the C-terminus of the viral coat protein by PCR using two overlapping fragments. The modified clone was also infectious and the foreign epitope could be detected serologically in the electron microscope and by Western blot analysis. The results demonstrate the potential of RMV as a viral gene vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Q Zhu
- Virology and Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China
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95
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Companjen AR, Florack DEA, Slootweg T, Borst JW, Rombout JHWM. Improved uptake of plant-derived LTB-linked proteins in carp gut and induction of specific humoral immune responses upon infeed delivery. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 21:251-60. [PMID: 16464614 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2005.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2005] [Revised: 08/10/2005] [Accepted: 12/08/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Oral vaccination of fish is an effortless and stress free immunisation method which can be used for almost any age. However, vaccination via the mucosal route does have disadvantages. For example, the vaccine may induce tolerance and has to be protected to escape digestion. Also the vaccine should be efficiently delivered to immune-competent cells in the gut or other lymphoid organs. In addition, it should be cost effective. Here we present a novel fish vaccination model using potato tubers as vaccine production and delivery system. The model vaccines discussed here include fusion proteins consisting of a gut adhesion molecule (LTB) and a viral peptide or green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressed in potato tubers. The adhesion molecule mediates binding to and uptake from the gut, whereas the viral peptide or GFP functions as model vaccine antigen provoking the induction of an immune response. We demonstrate that fusion to LTB facilitates an elevated uptake of the model vaccines in carp gut mucosa. The plant-derived fusion proteins also elicit a specific systemic humoral immune response upon oral application of crude tuber material incorporated into a standard dietary feed pellet. The data presented here show the promising potentials of the plant as a production system for oral vaccines in aquaculture and feed mediated immunisation of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Companjen
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, PO Box 338, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
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96
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Gu Q, Han N, Liu J, Zhu M. Expression of Helicobacter pylori urease subunit B gene in transgenic rice. Biotechnol Lett 2006; 28:1661-6. [PMID: 16912927 PMCID: PMC7088001 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-006-9141-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pyloriureB antigen gene was cloned to the 5′-end of gus (β-glucuronidase) reporter gene between CaMV35S promoter and the octopine synthase (OCS) terminator in the plasmid, pCAMBIA13011. It was then introduced into rice genome by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. A total of 30 regenerated plants with hygromycin resistance were obtained in the selection media. The putative transgenic individuals were tested for the presence of ureB in the nuclear genome of rice plants by PCR analysis. Expression of ureB gene in rice plants was verified by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis using polyclonal human antiserum for transcription and translation levels respectively. These results provide a basis for further studies on the accumulation level of UreB recombinant protein in transgenic rice and potential utilization of transgenic rice for delivery of edible vaccines against Helicobacter pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Gu
- Department of Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310035, China.
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97
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Choi NW, Estes MK, Langridge WHR. Ricin toxin B subunit enhancement of rotavirus NSP4 immunogenicity in mice. Viral Immunol 2006; 19:54-63. [PMID: 16553550 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2006.19.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A 90-amino acid peptide from the simian rotavirus SA-11 nonstructural protein, NSP4 was linked to the N-terminus of the Ricinus communis A-B toxin B subunit protein (RTB) and synthesized in Escherichia coli. Recombinant RTB and the NSP4(90)::RTB fusion protein bound artificial receptor glycoprotein asialofetuin in an in vitro enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), demonstrating biological activity of the recombinant protein. Mice co-inoculated with purified recombinant RTB plus NSP4(90) peptide proteins or heat denatured NSP4(90)::RTB fusion protein generated higher titers of serum anti-NSP4(90) IgG antibodies than mice immunized with NSP4(90) peptide alone, indicating the presence of adjuvant functions for N-terminal linked RTB. Serum anti-NSP4(90) IgG titers were highest in mice immunized with native recombinant NSP4(90)::RTB fusion protein, confirming the immunostimulatory function of RTB. Results of experiments described here demonstrate the feasibility of using RTB mediated adjuvant functions for stimulation of the antigenicity of a rotavirus nonstructural protein. The ability of recombinant NSP4(90)::RTB fusion protein synthesized in E. coli to bind glycoprotein receptor molecules effectively indicates that protein linkage to the RTB N-terminus and synthesis of the recombinant NSP4(90)::RTB fusion protein in bacteria do not interfere with the immunostimulatory properties of the RTB subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nak-Won Choi
- Center for Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, Califronia 92354, USA
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98
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99
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Twyman RM, Schillberg S, Fischer R. Transgenic plants in the biopharmaceutical market. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2006; 10:185-218. [PMID: 15757412 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.10.1.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Many of our 'small-molecule-drugs' are natural products from plants, or are synthetic compounds based on molecules found naturally in plants. However, the vast majority of the protein therapeutics (or biopharmaceuticals) we use are from animal or human sources, and are produced commercially in microbial or mammalian bioreactor systems. Over the last few years, it has become clear that plants have great potential for the production of human proteins and other protein-based therapeutic entities. Plants offer the prospect of inexpensive biopharmaceutical production without sacrificing product quality or safety, and following the success of several plant-derived technical proteins, the first therapeutic products are now approaching the market. In this review, the different plant-based production systems are discussed and the merits of transgenic plants are evaluated compared with other platforms. A detailed discussion is provided of the development issues that remain to be addressed before plants become an acceptable mainstream production technology. The many different proteins that have already been produced using plants are described, and a sketch of the current market and the activities of the key players is provided. Despite the currently unclear regulatory framework and general industry inertia, the benefits of plant-derived pharmaceuticals are now bringing the prospect of inexpensive veterinary and human medicines closer than ever before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Twyman
- University of York, Department of Biology, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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100
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Liang W, Huang Y, Yang X, Zhou Z, Pan A, Qian B, Huang C, Chen J, Zhang D. Oral immunization of mice with plant-derived fimbrial adhesin FaeG induces systemic and mucosal K88ad enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-specific immune responses. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2006; 46:393-9. [PMID: 16553813 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2005.00048.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The importance of adhesins in pathogenicity has resulted in them being useful targets in the defense against bacterial infections. To produce edible vaccines against piglet diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), plants were genetically engineered to produce recombinant fimbrial adhesin FaeG. To evaluate the efficacy of the edible vaccine FaeG in mice, the soluble protein extracts were examined by about 15 microg recombinant FaeG for each oral immunization dose per mouse. After four doses of vaccination, both IgG and IgA antibodies specific to K88ad fimbriae were elicited in serum, and specific IgA antibodies were also evoked in feces of the immunized mice. Moreover, visible K88ad ETEC agglutination by the specific serum from the immunized mice was observed, implying the antibody was highly specific and effective. Results from an in vitro villous-adhesion assay further confirmed that serum antibodies of the immunized mice could inhibit K88ad ETEC from adhering to pig intestinal receptors, further demonstrating the oral immune efficacy of the plant-derived FaeG. This study provides a promising, noninvasive method for vaccinating swine by feeding supplements of transgenic plant. Moreover, the low cost and ease of delivery of this edible ETEC vaccine will facilitate its application in economically disadvantaged regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqi Liang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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