Why don't we get more cancer? A proposed role of the microenvironment in restraining cancer progression

Comprehensive characterization of β-alanine metabolism-related genes in HCC identified a novel prognostic signature related to clinical outcomes

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) stands out as the most prevalent type of liver cancer and a significant contributor to cancer-related fatalities globally. Metabolic reprogramming, particularly in glucose, lipid, and amino acid metabolism, plays a crucial role in HCC progression. However, the functions of β-alanine metabolism-related genes (βAMRGs) in HCC remain understudied. Therefore, a comprehensive evaluation of βAMRGs is required, specifically in HCC. Initially, we explored the pan-cancer landscape of βAMRGs, integrating expression profiles, prognostic values, mutations, and methylation levels. Subsequently, scRNA sequencing results indicated that hepatocytes had the highest scores of β-alanine metabolism. In the process of hepatocyte carcinogenesis, metabolic pathways were further activated. Using βAMRGs scores and expression profiles, we classified HCC patients into three subtypes and examined their prognosis and immune microenvironments. Cluster 3, characterized by the highest βAMRGs scores, displayed the best prognosis, reinforcing β-alanine's significant contribution to HCC pathophysiology. Notably, immune microenvironment, metabolism, and cell death modes significantly varied among the β-alanine subtypes. We developed and validated a novel prognostic panel based on βAMRGs and constructed a nomogram incorporating risk degree and clinicopathological characteristics. Among the model genes, EHHADH has been identified as a protective protein in HCC. Its expression was notably downregulated in tumors and exhibited a close correlation with factors such as tumor staging, grading, and prognosis. Immunohistochemical experiments, conducted using HCC tissue microarrays, substantiated the validation of its expression levels. In conclusion, this study uncovers β-alanine's significant role in HCC for the first time, suggesting new research targets and directions for diagnosis and treatment.

Free energy calculations for membrane morphological transformations and insights to physical biology and oncology

In this chapter, we aim to bridge basic molecular and cellular principles surrounding membrane curvature generation with rewiring of cellular signals in cancer through multiscale models. We describe a general framework that integrates signaling with other cellular functions like trafficking, cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion, and motility. The guiding question in our approach is: how does a physical change in cell membrane configuration caused by external stimuli (including those by the extracellular microenvironment) alter trafficking, signaling and subsequent cell fate? We answer this question by constructing a modeling framework based on stochastic spatial continuum models of cell membrane deformations. We apply this framework to explore the link between trafficking, signaling in the tumor microenvironment, and cell fate. At each stage, we aim to connect the results of our predictions with cellular experiments.

Cancer Builds a Noxious Partnership with Psychologic Stress

I was recently surprised to hear a medical doctor on a TV show refute the role of stress in cancer, assuming that "the whole population would have cancer if this was the case." This statement illustrates a long and winding road since Hippocrates suggested the potential relationship between cancer and psychologic disturbances. The 20th and 21st centuries have finally witnessed the evidence of how physical or psychosocial stress situations contribute to the development and progression of cancer, and it is now assumed that psychologic stress does affect multiple aspects of cancer such as angiogenesis, immunologic escape, invasion, and metastasis. The 2010 publication by Sloan and colleagues in Cancer Research achieved a mechanistic step toward the understanding of how physical distress enhances metastasis through perturbation of the tumor immune system and paves the way for future cancer research in psychoneuroimmunology. This Landmark commentary places this publication in the historical context of science, discusses major advances in the field, and asks questions to be answered while drawing perspectives on the key role of the peripheral and central nervous systems in cancer. See related article by Sloan and colleagues, Cancer Res 2010;70:7042-52.

The Function of the Immune System, Beyond Strategies Based on Cell-Autonomous Mechanisms, Determines Cancer Development: Immune Response and Cancer Development

Although cancer remains a challenging disease to treat, early detection and removal of primary tumors through surgery or chemotherapy/radiotherapy can offer hope for patients. The privilege paradigm in cancer biology suggests that cell-autonomous mechanisms play a central role in tumorigenesis. According to this paradigm, these cellular mechanisms are the primary focus for the prevention and treatment of cancers. However, this point of view does not present a comprehensive theory for the initiation of cancer and an effective therapeutic strategy. Having an incomplete understanding of the etiology of cancer, it is essential to re-examine previous assumptions about carcinogenesis and develop new, practical theories that can account for all available clinical and experimental evidence. This will not only help to gain a better understanding of the disease, but also offer new avenues for treatment. This review provides evidence suggesting a shift in focus from a cell-autonomous mechanism to systemic mechanisms, particularly the immune system, that are involved in cancer formation.

Global gene expression profile of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia and its underlying biological disease mechanisms

BACKGROUND

Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) is a rare and enigmatic oral potentially malignant disorder which almost invariably results in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The aims of this project were to use transcriptome profiling to characterise PVL gene expression patterns for biomarker identification and gain insight into the molecular aetiopathogenesis of PVL.

METHODS

Forty-three oral cavity mucosal biopsies from 32 patients with oral lesions clinically compatible with either PVL or non-PVL conventional oral leukoplakia (OLK) underwent transcriptome profiling by RNA sequencing. Data was analysed by hierarchical clustering, differential gene expression, functional enrichment and network analysis, sparse partial least squares discriminant analysis sPLS-DA, and immune cell phenotypic estimation.

RESULTS

We found 464 genes significantly differentially expressed at least 2-fold between PVL and non-PVL OLK (193 up and 271 down). HOX genes, including HOXA1 and HOXB7, keratin-associated proteins (KRTAPs) and olfactory receptor G proteins (OR) were significantly upregulated in PVL. Other upregulated genes in PVL included FOS, WNT16 and IFNA1. Pathway analysis showed that there was a significant downregulation of connective tissue signalling in PVL. Classifying multivariate models based upon 22 genes discriminated PVL from non-PVL OLK. Bioinformatic profiling showed that immune cell profiles in PVL and OLK were similar except that fibroblast markers were reduced in PVL.

CONCLUSION

These results demonstrate that PVL and conventional OLK are molecularly distinct with upregulation of many cancer-associated genes. They provide insight into the pathogenesis of PVL and show that biomarker based molecular diagnostics is feasible to discriminate and inform diagnosis and management.

Effect of biophysical properties of tumor extracellular matrix on intratumoral fate of nanoparticles: Implications on the design of nanomedicine

Nanomedicine has a profound impact on various research domains including drug delivery, diagnostics, theranostics, and regenerative medicine. Nevertheless, the clinical translation of nanomedicines for solid cancer remains limited due to the abundant physiological and pathological barriers in tumor that hinder the intratumoral penetration and distribution of these nanomedicines. In this article, we review the dynamic remodeling of tumor extracellular matrix during the tumor progression, discuss the impact of biophysical obstacles within tumors on the penetration and distribution of nanomedicines within the solid tumor and collect innovative approaches to surmount these obstacles for improving the penetration and accumulation of nanomedicines in tumor. Furthermore, we dissect the challenges and opportunities of the respective approaches, and propose potential avenues for future investigations. The purpose of this review is to provide a perspective guideline on how to effectively enhance the penetration of nanomedicines within tumors using promising methods.

Improved Neural Inductivity of Size-Controlled 3D Human Embryonic Stem Cells Using Magnetic Nanoparticles

Background: To improve the efficiency of neural development from human embryonic stem cells, human embryoid body (hEB) generation is vital through 3-dimensional formation. However, conventional approaches still have limitations: long-term cultivation and laborious steps for lineage determination. Methods: In this study, we controlled the size of hEBs for ectodermal lineage specification using cell-penetrating magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), which resulted in reduced time required for initial neural induction. The magnetized cells were applied to concentrated magnetic force for magnet-derived multicellular organization. The uniformly sized hEBs were differentiated in neural induction medium (NIM) and suspended condition. This neurally induced MNP-hEBs were compared with other groups. Results: As a result, the uniformly sized MNP-hEBs in NIM showed significantly improved neural inductivity through morphological analysis and expression of neural markers. Signaling pathways of the accelerated neural induction were detected via expression of representative proteins; Wnt signaling, dopaminergic neuronal pathway, intercellular communications, and mechanotransduction. Consequently, we could shorten the time necessary for early neurogenesis, thereby enhancing the neural induction efficiency. Conclusion: Overall, this study suggests not only the importance of size regulation of hEBs at initial differentiation stage but also the efficacy of MNP-based neural induction method and stimulations for enhanced neural tissue regeneration.

Host-derived growth factors drive ERK phosphorylation and MCL1 expression to promote osteosarcoma cell survival during metastatic lung colonization

PURPOSE

For patients with osteosarcoma, disease-related mortality most often results from lung metastasis-a phenomenon shared with many solid tumors. While established metastatic lesions behave aggressively, very few of the tumor cells that reach the lung will survive. By identifying mechanisms that facilitate survival of disseminated tumor cells, we can develop therapeutic strategies that prevent and treat metastasis.

METHODS

We analyzed single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNAseq) data from murine metastasis-bearing lungs to interrogate changes in both host and tumor cells during colonization. We used these data to elucidate pathways that become activated in cells that survive dissemination and identify candidate host-derived signals that drive activation. We validated these findings through live cell reporter systems, immunocytochemistry, and fluorescent immunohistochemistry. We then validated the functional relevance of key candidates using pharmacologic inhibition in models of metastatic osteosarcoma.

RESULTS

Expression patterns suggest that the MAPK pathway is significantly elevated in early and established metastases. MAPK activity correlates with expression of anti-apoptotic genes, especially MCL1. Niche cells produce growth factors that increase ERK phosphorylation and MCL1 expression in tumor cells. Both early and established metastases are vulnerable to MCL1 inhibition, but not MEK inhibition in vivo. Combining MCL1 inhibition with chemotherapy both prevented colonization and eliminated established metastases in murine models of osteosarcoma.

CONCLUSION

Niche-derived growth factors drive MAPK activity and MCL1 expression in osteosarcoma, promoting metastatic colonization. Although later metastases produce less MCL1, they remain dependent on it. MCL1 is a promising target for clinical trials in both human and canine patients.

A heterodimer of α and β hemoglobin chains functions as an innate anticancer agent

Metastatic (as well as tumor) microenvironments contain both cancer-promoting and cancer-restraining factors. The balance between these opposing forces determines the fate of cancer cells that disseminate to secondary organ sites. In search for microenvironmental drivers or inhibitors of metastasis, we identified, in a previous study, the beta subunit of hemoglobin (HBB) as a lung-derived antimetastatic factor. In the present study, exploring mechanisms regulating melanoma brain metastasis, we discovered that brain-derived factors restrain proliferation and induce apoptosis and necrosis of brain-metastasizing melanoma cells. Employing various purification procedures, we identified a heterodimer composed of hemoglobin alpha and beta chains that perform these antimetastatic functions. Neither the alpha nor the beta subunit alone was inhibitory. An alpha/beta chain dimer chemically purified from human hemoglobin inhibited the cell viability of primary melanomas, melanoma brain metastasis (MBM), and breast cancer cell lines. The dimer-induced DNA damage, cell cycle arrest at the SubG1 phase, apoptosis, and significant necrosis in four MBM cell lines. Proteomic analysis of dimer-treated MBM cells revealed that the dimer downregulates the expression of BRD4, GAB2, and IRS2 proteins, playing crucial roles in cancer cell sustainability and progression. Thus, we hypothesize that the hemoglobin dimer functions as a resistance factor against brain-metastasizing cancer cells.

The Impact of 3D Nichoids and Matrix Stiffness on Primary Malignant Mesothelioma Cells

Malignant mesothelioma is a type of cancer that affects the mesothelium. It is an aggressive and deadly form of cancer that is often caused by exposure to asbestos. At the molecular level, it is characterized by a low number of genetic mutations and high heterogeneity among patients. In this work, we analyzed the plasticity of gene expression of primary mesothelial cancer cells by comparing their properties on 2D versus 3D surfaces. First, we derived from primary human samples four independent primary cancer cells. Then, we used Nichoids, which are micro-engineered 3D substrates, as three-dimensional structures. Nichoids limit the dimension of adhering cells during expansion by counteracting cell migration between adjacent units of a substrate with their microarchitecture. Tumor cells grow effectively on Nichoids, where they show enhanced proliferation. We performed RNAseq analyses on all the samples and compared the gene expression pattern of Nichoid-grown tumor cells to that of cells grown in a 2D culture. The PCA analysis showed that 3D samples were more transcriptionally similar compared to the 2D ones. The 3D Nichoids induced a transcriptional remodeling that affected mainly genes involved in extracellular matrix assembly. Among these genes responsible for collagen formation, COL1A1 and COL5A1 exhibited elevated expression, suggesting changes in matrix stiffness. Overall, our data show that primary mesothelioma cells can be effectively expanded in Nichoids and that 3D growth affects the cells' tensegrity or the mechanical stability of their structure.

Adhesion, metastasis, and inhibition of cancer cells: a comprehensive review

This comprehensive review delves into cancer's complexity, focusing on adhesion, metastasis, and inhibition. It explores the pivotal role of these factors in disease progression and therapeutic strategies. This review covers cancer cell migration, invasion, and colonization of distant organs, emphasizing the significance of cell adhesion and the intricate metastasis process. Inhibition approaches targeting adhesion molecules, such as integrins and cadherins, are discussed. Overall, this review contributes significantly to advancing cancer research and developing targeted therapies, holding promise for improving patient outcomes worldwide. Exploring different inhibition strategies revealed promising therapeutic targets to alleviate adhesion and metastasis of cancer cells. The effectiveness of integrin-blocking antibodies, small molecule inhibitors targeting Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and the Transforming Growth Factor β (TGF-β) pathway, and combination therapies underscores their potential to disrupt focal adhesions and control epithelial-mesenchymal transition processes. The identification of as FAK, Src, β-catenin and SMAD4 offers valuable starting points for further research and the development of targeted therapies. The complex interrelationships between adhesion and metastatic signaling networks will be relevant to the development of new treatment approaches.

Mast Cell: A Mysterious Character in Skin Cancer

Cutaneous malignancies represent a real concern and burden for the healthcare system, not only due to their increased frequency, but also due to the significant number of deaths attributed to these types of cancer. The genesis of tumors, their progression and metastasis are highly complex and researched subjects; apparently, mast cells (MCs) constitute an important piece in the complicated jigsaw puzzle of cancer. This article reviews the current knowledge of the roles MCs might play in the development of cutaneous malignancies. Besides their well-known and studied role in allergic reactions, MCs are linked to multiple and various disorders, including cancer. MCs exhibit incredible heterogeneity, being able to secrete numerous mediators that influence the tumor microenvironment and tumor cells. They are involved in many physiological and pathological processes, such as inflammation and angiogenesis. In this context, it is paramount to explore the advancements made so far in elucidating the roles that MCs have in skin cancer because they might provide valuable therapeutic targets in the future. Controversial and conflicting results were obtained across the studies examined.

Timp2 loss-of-function mutation and TIMP2 treatment in murine model of NSCLC: modulation of immunosuppression and oncogenic signaling

Mounting evidence suggests that the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP2) can reduce tumor burden and metastasis. However, the demonstration of such anti-tumor activity and associated mechanisms using in vivo tumor models is lacking. The effects of a Timp2 functional mutation and administration of recombinant TIMP2 were examined in both orthotopic and heterotopic murine models of lung cancer using C57Bl/6 syngeneic Lewis Lung 2-luciferase 2 cells (LL2-luc2) cells. Mice harboring a functional mutation of TIMP2 (mT2) display markedly increased primary lung tumor growth, increased mortality, enriched vasculature, and enhanced infiltration of pro-tumorigenic, immunosuppressive myeloid cells. Treatment with recombinant TIMP2 reduced primary tumor growth in both mutant and wild-type (wt) mice. Comparison of transcriptional profiles of lung tissues from tumor-free, wt versus mT2 mice reveals only minor changes. However, lung tumor-bearing mice of both genotypes demonstrate significant genotype-dependent changes in gene expression following treatment with TIMP. In tumor-bearing wt mice, TIMP2 treatment reduced the expression of upstream oncogenic mediators, whereas treatment of mT2 mice resulted in an immunomodulatory phenotype. A heterotopic subcutaneous model generating metastatic pulmonary tumors demonstrated that daily administration of recombinant TIMP2 significantly downregulates the expression of heat shock proteins, suggesting a reduction of cell-stress responses. In summary, we describe how TIMP2 exerts novel, anti-tumor effects in a murine model of lung cancer and that rTIMP2 treatment supports a normalizing effect on the tumor microenvironment. Our findings show that TIMP2 treatment demonstrates significant potential as an adjuvant in the treatment of NSCLC.

Transcription factors in fibroblast plasticity and CAF heterogeneity

In recent years, research focused on the multifaceted landscape and functions of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) aimed to reveal their heterogeneity and identify commonalities across diverse tumors for more effective therapeutic targeting of pro-tumoral stromal microenvironment. However, a unified functional categorization of CAF subsets remains elusive, posing challenges for the development of targeted CAF therapies in clinical settings.The CAF phenotype arises from a complex interplay of signals within the tumor microenvironment, where transcription factors serve as central mediators of various cellular pathways. Recent advances in single-cell RNA sequencing technology have emphasized the role of transcription factors in the conversion of normal fibroblasts to distinct CAF subtypes across various cancer types.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the specific roles of transcription factor networks in shaping CAF heterogeneity, plasticity, and functionality. Beginning with their influence on fibroblast homeostasis and reprogramming during wound healing and fibrosis, it delves into the emerging insights into transcription factor regulatory networks. Understanding these mechanisms not only enables a more precise characterization of CAF subsets but also sheds light on the early regulatory processes governing CAF heterogeneity and functionality. Ultimately, this knowledge may unveil novel therapeutic targets for cancer treatment, addressing the existing challenges of stromal-targeted therapies.

The need for evolutionary theory in cancer research

Sir Richard Peto is well known for proposing puzzling paradoxes in cancer biology-some more well-known than others. In a 1984 piece, Peto proposed that after decades of molecular biology in cancer research, we are still ignorant of the biology underpinning cancer. Cancer is a product of somatic mutations. How do these mutations arise and what are the mechanisms? As an epidemiologist, Peto asked if we really need to understand mechanisms in order to prevent cancer? Four decades after Peto's proposed ignorance in cancer research, we can simply ask, are we still ignorant? Did the great pursuit to uncover mechanisms of cancer eclipse our understanding of causes and preventions? Or can we get closer to treating and preventing cancer by understanding the underlying mechanisms that make us most vulnerable to this disease?

Pan-PI3K inhibition with copanlisib overcomes Treg- and M2-TAM-mediated immune suppression and promotes anti-tumor immune responses

The PI3K pathway is one of the most frequently altered signaling pathways in human cancer. In addition to its function in cancer cells, PI3K plays a complex role in modulating anti-tumor immune responses upon immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI). Here, we evaluated the effects of the pan-Class I PI3K inhibitor copanlisib on different immune cell types in vitro and on tumor growth and immune cell infiltration in syngeneic murine cancer models. Intermittent treatment with copanlisib resulted in a strong in vivo anti-tumor efficacy, increased tumor infiltration of activated T cells and macrophages, and increased CD8+ T cell/regulatory T cell and M1/M2 macrophage ratios. The strong in vivo efficacy was at least partially due to immunomodulatory activity of copanlisib, as in vitro these murine cancer cells were resistant to PI3K inhibition. Furthermore, the combination of copanlisib with the ICI antibody anti-PD-1 demonstrated enhanced anti-tumor efficacy in both ICI-sensitive and insensitive syngeneic mouse tumor models. Importantly, in an ICI-sensitive model, combination therapy resulted in complete remission and prevention of tumor recurrence. Thus, the combination of ICIs with PI3K inhibition by intermittently dosed copanlisib represents a promising new strategy to increase sensitivity to ICI therapies and to treat human solid cancers.

Pan-cancer analyses of senescence-related genes in extracellular matrix characterization in cancer

PURPOSE

The aged microenvironment plays a crucial role in tumor onset and progression. However, it remains unclear whether and how the aging of the extracellular matrix (ECM) influences cancer onset and progression. Furthermore, the mechanisms and implications of extracellular matrix senescence-related genes (ECM-SRGs) in pan-cancer have not been investigated.

METHODS

We collected profiling data from over 10,000 individuals, covering 33 cancer types, 750 small molecule drugs, and 24 immune cell types, for a thorough and systematic analysis of ECM-SRGs in cancer.

RESULTS

We observed a significant correlation between immune cell infiltrates and Gene Set Variation Analysis enrichment scores of ECM-SRGs in 33 cancer types. Moreover, our results revealed significant differences in immune cell infiltration among patients with copy number variations (CNV) and single nucleotide variations (SNV) in ECM-SRGs across various malignancies. Aberrant hypomethylation led to increased ECM-SRGs expression, and in specific malignancies, a connection between ECM-SRGs hypomethylation and adverse patient survival was established. The frequency of CNV and SNV in ECM-SRGs was elevated. We observed a positive correlation between CNV, SNV, and ECM-SRGs expression. Furthermore, a correlation was found between the high frequency of CNV and SNV in ECM-SRGs and poor patient survival in several cancer types. Additionally, the results demonstrated that ECM-SRGs expression could serve as a predictor of patient survival in diverse cancers. Pathway analysis unveiled the role of ECM-SRGs in activating EMT, apoptosis, and the RAS/MAPK signaling pathway while suppressing the cell cycle, hormone AR, and the response to DNA damage signaling pathway. Finally, we conducted searches in the "Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer" and "Genomics of Therapeutics Response Portal" databases, identifying several drugs that target ECM-SRGs.

CONCLUSIONS

We conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the genomes and immunogenomics of ECM-SRGs, along with their clinical features in 33 solid tumors. This may provide insights into the relationship between ECM-SRGs and tumorigenesis. Consequently, targeting these ECM-SRGs holds promise as a clinical approach for cancer treatment.

Honokiol prevents lung metastasis of triple-negative breast cancer by regulating polarization and recruitment of macrophages

Metastasis is the leading cause of breast cancer-associated death. Lung metastasis commonly occurs in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) metastasis, worsening the TNBC prognosis. Considering their role in tumor progression and metastasis, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are essential therapeutic targets in cancer therapy. Previous studies have demonstrated that honokiol inhibits tumor growth and progression. Here we assessed how honokiol inhibits lung metastasis of TNBC by regulating the polarization of macrophages. We found that honokiol decreased the expression of IL-13-triggered M2 markers like CD206, Arg1, and CCL2, preventing the invasion and migration ability of TNBC cells. The activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription STAT6 and STAT3 was significantly suppressed by honokiol in M2 polarized macrophages. Meanwhile, honokiol increased the expression of LPS/IFNγ-induced M1 markers such as CD11c, iNOS, and IL12 by promoting STAT1 phosphorylation. Besides, honokiol decreased both the ratio of M2/M1 macrophages and the expression of the IL-10/IL-12 gene in lung tissues, thereby inhibiting the proliferation and metastasis of murine breast cancer. Moreover, honokiol reduced the infiltration of macrophages to the lung tissue through the CCL2/CCR2 pathways. These results highlight the potential of honokiol in suppressing TNBC tumor progression and lung metastasis by regulating the polarization and recruitment of macrophages.

Tumor-associated macrophage-derived exosomes LINC01592 induce the immune escape of esophageal cancer by decreasing MHC-I surface expression

BACKGROUND

TAMs (tumor-associated macrophages) infiltration promotes the progression of esophageal cancer (EC). However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.

METHODS

Abnormal expression of LINC01592 from EC microarrays of the TCGA database was analyzed. LINC01592 expression level was validated in both EC cell lines and tissues. Stable LINC01592 knockdown and overexpression of EC cell lines were established. In vitro and in vivo trials were conducted to test the impact of LINC01592 knockdown and overexpression on EC cells. RNA binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP), RNA pulldown assays, and Immunofluorescence (IF) were used to verify the combination of E2F6 and LINC01592. The combination of E2F6 and NBR1 was verified through the utilization of ChIP and dual luciferase reporter assays.

RESULTS

LINC01592 is carried and transferred by exosomes secreted by M2-TAMs to tumor cells. The molecular mechanism underlying the promotion of NBR1 transcription involves the direct binding of LINC01592 to E2F6, which facilitates the nuclear entry of E2F6. The collaborative action of LINC01592 and E2F6 results in improved NBR1 transcription. The elevation of NBR1 binding to the ubiquitinated protein MHC-I via the ubiquitin domain caused a higher degradation of MHC-I in autophagolysosomes and a reduction in MHC-I expression on the exterior of cancerous cell. Consequently, this caused cancerous cells to escape from CD8+ CTL immune attack. The tumor-promoting impacts of LINC01592, as well as the growth of M2-type macrophage-driven tumors, were significantly suppressed by the interruption of E2F6/NBR1/MHC-I signaling through the effect of siRNA or the corresponding antibody blockade. Significantly, the suppression of LINC01592 resulted in an upregulation of MHC-I expression on the tumor cell membrane, thereby enhancing the efficacy of CD8+ T cell reinfusion therapy.

CONCLUSIONS

The investigation conducted has revealed a significant molecular interaction between TAMs and EC via the LINC01592/E2F6/NBR1/MHC-I axis, which facilitates the progression of malignant tumors. This suggests that a therapeutic intervention targeting this axis may hold promise for the treatment of the disease.

Molecular insights of human skin epidermal and dermal aging

Human skin is the most widespread and abundant type of tissue in the human body. With the passage of time, most of our organs, including a substantial part of the skin, tend to undergo a gradual thinning or decrease in size. As we age, there is a gradual and progressive reduction in the thickness of both the epidermis and dermis layers of our skin. This is primarily attributed to the decline of epidermal stem cells and the loss of dermal collagen, which is the most abundant protein in the human body. Age-related alterations of the epidermis and dermis impair skin structure/function and create a tissue microenvironment that promotes age-related skin diseases, such as impaired skin barrier, delayed wound healing, and skin cancer development. This review will examine the current body of literature pertaining to our knowledge of skin epidermal and dermal aging.

BTK inhibition potentiates anti-PD-L1 treatment in murine melanoma: potential role for MDSC modulation in immunotherapy

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) have been linked to loss of immune effector cell function through a variety of mechanisms such as the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and the production of inhibitory cytokines. Our group has shown that signaling through Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is important for MDSC function. Ibrutinib is an orally administered targeted agent that inhibits BTK activation and is currently used for the treatment of B cell malignancies. Using a syngeneic murine model of melanoma, the effect of BTK inhibition with ibrutinib on the therapeutic response to systemic PD-L1 blockade was studied. BTK was expressed by murine MDSC and their activation was inhibited by ibrutinib. Ibrutinib was not directly cytotoxic to cancer cells in vitro, but it inhibited BTK activation in MDSC and reduced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) and production of nitric oxide. Ibrutinib treatments decreased the levels of circulating MDSC in vivo and increased the therapeutic efficacy of anti-PD-L1 antibody treatment. Gene expression profiling showed that ibrutinib decreased Cybb (NOX2) signaling, and increased IL-17 signaling (upregulating downstream targets Mmp9, Ptgs2, and S100a8). These results suggest that further exploration of MDSC inhibition could enhance the immunotherapy of advanced melanoma.PrécisInhibition of Bruton's tyrosine kinase, a key enzyme in myeloid cellular function, improves therapeutic response to an anti-PD-L1 antibody in an otherwise fairly resistant murine melanoma model.

Microenvironmental regulation in tumor progression: Interactions between cancer-associated fibroblasts and immune cells

The tumor microenvironment (TME), the "soil" on which tumor cells grow, has an important role in regulating the proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells as well as their response to treatment. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), as the most abundant stromal cells of the TME, can not only directly alter the immunosuppressive effect of the TME through their own metabolism, but also influence the aggregation and function of immune cells by secreting a large number of cytokines and chemokines, reducing the body's immune surveillance of tumor cells and making them more prone to immune escape. Our study provides a comprehensive review of fibroblast chemotaxis, malignant transformation, metabolic characteristics, and interactions with immune cells. In addition, the current small molecule drugs targeting CAFs have been summarized, including both natural small molecules and targeted drugs for current clinical therapeutic applications. A complete review of the role of fibroblasts in TME from an immune perspective is presented, which has important implications in improving the efficiency of immunotherapy by targeting fibroblasts.

A molecular landscape of quiescence and proliferation highlights the role of Pten in mammary gland acinogenesis

Cell context is key for cell state. Using physiologically relevant models of laminin-rich extracellular matrix (lrECM) induction of mammary epithelial cell quiescence and differentiation, we provide a landscape of the key molecules for the proliferation-quiescence decision, identifying multiple layers of regulation at the mRNA and protein levels. Quiescence occurred despite activity of Fak (also known as PTK2), Src and phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks), suggesting the existence of a disconnecting node between upstream and downstream proliferative signalling. Pten, a lipid and protein phosphatase, fulfils this role, because its inhibition increased proliferation and restored signalling via the Akt, mTORC1, mTORC2 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Pten and laminin levels were positively correlated in developing murine mammary epithelia, and Pten localized apicolaterally in luminal cells in ducts and near the nascent lumen in terminal end buds. Consistently, in three-dimensional acinogenesis models, Pten was required for triggering and sustaining quiescence, polarity and architecture. The multilayered regulatory circuitry that we uncovered provides an explanation for the robustness of quiescence within a growth-suppressive microenvironment, which could nonetheless be disrupted by perturbations in master regulators such as Pten.

Cancer metastasis: Molecular mechanisms and clinical perspectives

Metastatic progression combined with non-responsiveness towards systemic therapy often shapes the course of disease for cancer patients and commonly determines its lethal outcome. The complex molecular events that promote metastasis are a combination of both, the acquired pro-metastatic properties of cancer cells and a metastasis-permissive or -supportive tumor micro-environment (TME). Yet, dissemination is a challenging process for cancer cells that requires a series of events to enable cancer cell survival and growth. Metastatic cancer cells have to initially detach themselves from primary tumors, overcome the challenges of their intravasal journey and colonize distant sites that are suited for their metastases. The implicated obstacles including anoikis and immune surveillance, can be overcome by intricate intra- and extracellular signaling pathways, which we will summarize and discuss in this review. Further, emerging modulators of metastasis, like the immune-microenvironment, microbiome, sublethal cell death engagement, or the nervous system will be integrated into the existing working model of metastasis.

Reuniting philosophy and science to advance cancer research

Cancers rely on multiple, heterogeneous processes at different scales, pertaining to many biomedical fields. Therefore, understanding cancer is necessarily an interdisciplinary task that requires placing specialised experimental and clinical research into a broader conceptual, theoretical, and methodological framework. Without such a framework, oncology will collect piecemeal results, with scant dialogue between the different scientific communities studying cancer. We argue that one important way forward in service of a more successful dialogue is through greater integration of applied sciences (experimental and clinical) with conceptual and theoretical approaches, informed by philosophical methods. By way of illustration, we explore six central themes: (i) the role of mutations in cancer; (ii) the clonal evolution of cancer cells; (iii) the relationship between cancer and multicellularity; (iv) the tumour microenvironment; (v) the immune system; and (vi) stem cells. In each case, we examine open questions in the scientific literature through a philosophical methodology and show the benefit of such a synergy for the scientific and medical understanding of cancer.

Collagen code in tumor microenvironment: Functions, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic implications

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is crucial in cancer progression, and the extracellular matrix (ECM) is an important TME component. Collagen is a major ECM component that contributes to tumor cell infiltration, expansion, and distant metastasis during cancer progression. Recent studies reported that collagen is deposited in the TME to form a collagen wall along which tumor cells can infiltrate and prevent drugs from working on the tumor cells. Collagen-tumor cell interaction is complex and requires the activation of multiple signaling pathways for biochemical and mechanical signaling interventions. In this review, we examine the effect of collagen deposition in the TME on tumor progression and discuss the interaction between collagen and tumor cells. This review aims to illustrate the functions and mechanisms of collagen in tumor progression in the TME and its role in tumor therapy. The findings indicated collagen in the TME appears to be a better target for cancer therapy.

Cancers make their own luck: theories of cancer origins

Cancer has been a leading cause of death for decades. This dismal statistic has increased efforts to prevent the disease or to detect it early, when treatment is less invasive, relatively inexpensive and more likely to cure. But precisely how tissues are transformed continues to provoke controversy and debate, hindering cancer prevention and early intervention strategies. Various theories of cancer origins have emerged, including the suggestion that it is 'bad luck': the inevitable consequence of random mutations in proliferating stem cells. In this Review, we discuss the principal theories of cancer origins and the relative importance of the factors that underpin them. The body of available evidence suggests that developing and ageing tissues 'walk a tightrope', retaining adequate levels of cell plasticity to generate and maintain tissues while avoiding overstepping into transformation. Rather than viewing cancer as 'bad luck', understanding the complex choreography of cell intrinsic and extrinsic factors that characterize transformation holds promise to discover effective new ways to prevent, detect and stop cancer before it becomes incurable.

Identification of CKS2 as a novel prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for oral squamous cell carcinoma

Background

The cyclin-dependent kinase subunit 2 (CKS2) is recognized to have a substantial impact on the pathogenesis and advancement of several malignant neoplasms. Nevertheless, its biological function and prognostic significance in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) have yet to be thoroughly investigated. Our primary objective was to clarify the contribution of CKS2 in the progression and prognosis of OSCC.

Methods

We first conducted a thorough examination of online databases to investigate the expression of CKS2, and subsequently corroborated our discoveries by analyzing clinical specimens that we collected. According to the clinicopathological data, we then explored the prognostic significance of CKS2. Furthermore, we predicted the role of CKS2 in OSCC progression by employing weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) in conjunction with functional enrichment analysis. We conducted functional experiments in vitro to confirm our speculations. Additionally, we explored other potential functions of CKS2 in immune infiltration, tumor mutation burden (TMB), and drug sensitivity. Finally, we established and validated a nomogram that effectively integrated CKS2-related genes and other relevant clinical factors.

Results

Our findings indicated a significant upregulation of CKS2 expression in OSCC tissues compared to normal groups, which was positively associated with poor clinical outcomes. We also predicted and validated the role of CKS2 in promoting proliferation by regulating the cell cycle. Additionally, its upregulation was significantly correlated to enhanced immune cell infiltration, high TMB, and increased sensitivity of anti-tumor agents. Following verification, the nomogram was conducted to quantify an individual's survival probability.

Conclusions

In general, our study indicates that CKS2 is a novel prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target in OSCC.

The extracellular matrix in hepatocellular carcinoma: Mechanisms and therapeutic vulnerability

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is influenced by a "disorganized" extracellular matrix (ECM) that sensitizes cancer cells toward mechanical stress, signaling, and structural alterations. In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), lack of knowledge about key ECM proteins driving the TME refractory to targeted therapies poses a barrier to the identification of new therapeutic targets. Herein, we discuss the contributions of various ECM components that impact hepatocytes and their surrounding support network during tumorigenesis. In addition, the underpinnings by which ECM proteins transduce mechanical signals to the liver TME are detailed. Finally, in view of the bidirectional feedback between the ECM, transformed hepatocytes, and immune cells, we highlight the potential role of the ECM disorganization process in shaping responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors and targeted therapies. Our comprehensive characterization of these ECM components may provide a roadmap for innovative therapeutic approaches to restrain HCC.

High-Grade Desmoplastic Foamy Gland Prostatic Adenocarcinoma

CONTEXT.—

It is important to recognize high-grade foamy gland prostatic adenocarcinoma with desmoplastic stroma given its aggressive clinical course with frequent metastases and death.

OBJECTIVE.—

To review the morphology, immunohistochemistry, and prognosis for this rare subtype of prostate adenocarcinoma.

DESIGN.—

Twenty-four cases received for consultation from 2010 to 2021 were analyzed including needle biopsy (n = 21), transurethral resection (n = 2), and a cystoprostatectomy (n = 1).

RESULTS.—

Patients ranged in age from 40 to 89 years (mean, 67 years). On average, 8 cores per case were involved (mean 67% core involvement). Extraprostatic extension and seminal vesicle invasion were observed in 6 of 21 (29%) and 3 of 21 (14%) needle biopsy cases, respectively. Twenty of the 24 cases (83%) were Grade Group (GG) 5 with 4 of 24 (17%) being GG4. Tumor necrosis as a component of Gleason pattern 5 was observed in 21 of 24 cases (88%). Associated intraductal adenocarcinoma (IDC) was observed in 22 of 24 cases (92%), with 4 of 24 cases (17%) demonstrating extensive IDC. Diagnostic challenges were as follows: (1) sparse isolated cancer glands embedded in the dense desmoplastic stroma; (2) fragmented glands; and (3) aberrant staining for high-molecular-weight cytokeratin in a nonbasal cell pattern in all cases. PTEN loss was observed in 9 cases, and p53 nuclear accumulation was observed in 8 cases. Three patients were lost to follow-up. Overall, of the 16 patients with meaningful follow-up, 12 (75%) either had metastases or died from prostate cancer.

CONCLUSIONS.—

High-grade desmoplastic foamy gland adenocarcinoma is difficult to diagnose and grade and has a poor prognosis.

β-Sitosterol as a Promising Anticancer Agent for Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy: Mechanisms of Action and Future Prospects

Cancer is one of the primary causes of death worldwide, and its incidence continues to increase yearly. Despite significant advances in research, the search for effective and nontoxic preventive and therapeutic agents remains greatly important. Cancer is a multimodal disease, where various mechanisms play significant roles in its occurrence and progression. This highlights the need for multitargeted approaches that are not only safe and inexpensive but also provide effective alternatives for current therapeutic regimens. β-Sitosterol (SIT), the most abundant phytosterol found in various plant foods, represents such an option. Preclinical evidence over the past few decades has overwhelmingly shown that SIT exhibits multiple anticancer activities against varied cancers, such as liver, cervical, colon, stomach, breast, lung, pancreatic, and prostate cancers, in addition to leukemia, multiple myeloma, melanoma, and fibrosarcoma. In this article, we present the latest advances and perspectives on SIT-systematically summarizing its antitumor mechanisms of action into 7 main sections and combining current challenges and prospects-for its use as a promising agent for cancer prevention and treatment. In particular, SIT plays a role in cancer prevention and treatment mainly by enhancing apoptosis, inducing cell cycle arrest, bidirectionally regulating oxidative stress, improving metabolic reprogramming, inhibiting invasion and metastasis, modulating immunity and inflammation, and combating drug resistance. Although SIT holds such great promise, the poor aqueous solubility and bioavailability coupled with low targeting efficacy limit its therapeutic efficacy and clinical application. Further research on novel drug delivery systems may improve these deficiencies. Overall, through complex and pleiotropic mechanisms, SIT has good potential for tumor chemoprevention and chemotherapy. However, no clinical trials have yet proven this potential. This review provides theoretical basis and rationality for the further design and conduct of clinical trials to confirm the anticancer activity of SIT.

Skin aging from the perspective of dermal fibroblasts: the interplay between the adaptation to the extracellular matrix microenvironment and cell autonomous processes

This article summarizes important molecular mechanisms that drive aging in human skin from the perspective of dermal fibroblasts. The dermis comprises the bulk of the skin and is largely composed of a collagen-rich extracellular matrix (ECM). The dermal ECM provides mechanical strength, resiliency, and an environment that supports the functions of ibroblasts and other types of dermal cells. Fibroblasts produce the dermal ECM and maintain its homeostasis. Fibroblasts attach to the ECM and this attachment controls their morphology and function. During aging, the ECM undergoes gradual degradation that is nitiated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). This degradation alters mechanical forces within the dermal ECM and disrupts he interactions between fibroblasts and the ECM thereby generating an aged fibroblast phenotype. This aged fibroblast phenotype is characterized by collapsed morphology, altered mechanosignaling, induction of CCN1, and activation of transcription factor AP-1, with consequent upregulation of target genes including MMPs and pro-inflammatory mediators. The TGF-beta pathway coordinately regulates ECM production and turnover. Altered mechanical forces, due to ECM fragmentation, down-regulate the type II TGF-beta receptor, thereby reducing ECM production and further increasing ECM breakdown. Thus, dermal aging involves a feed-forward process that reinforces the aged dermal fibroblast phenotype and promotes age-related dermal ECM deterioration. As discussed in the article, the expression of the aged dermal fibroblast phenotype involves both adaptive and cell-autonomous mechanisms.

The role of the symbiotic microecosystem in cancer: gut microbiota, metabolome, and host immunome

The gut microbiota is not just a simple nutritional symbiosis that parasitizes the host; it is a complex and dynamic ecosystem that coevolves actively with the host and is involved in a variety of biological activities such as circadian rhythm regulation, energy metabolism, and immune response. The development of the immune system and immunological functions are significantly influenced by the interaction between the host and the microbiota. The interactions between gut microbiota and cancer are of a complex nature. The critical role that the gut microbiota plays in tumor occurrence, progression, and treatment is not clear despite the already done research. The development of precision medicine and cancer immunotherapy further emphasizes the importance and significance of the question of how the microbiota takes part in cancer development, progression, and treatment. This review summarizes recent literature on the relationship between the gut microbiome and cancer immunology. The findings suggest the existence of a "symbiotic microecosystem" formed by gut microbiota, metabolome, and host immunome that is fundamental for the pathogenesis analysis and the development of therapeutic strategies for cancer.

Emerging Roles of Lysophosphatidic Acid in Macrophages and Inflammatory Diseases

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive phospholipid that regulates physiological and pathological processes in numerous cell biological functions, including cell migration, apoptosis, and proliferation. Macrophages are found in most human tissues and have multiple physiological and pathological functions. There is growing evidence that LPA signaling plays a significant role in the physiological function of macrophages and accelerates the development of diseases caused by macrophage dysfunction and inflammation, such as inflammation-related diseases, cancer, atherosclerosis, and fibrosis. In this review, we summarize the roles of LPA in macrophages, analyze numerous macrophage- and inflammation-associated diseases triggered by LPA, and discuss LPA-targeting therapeutic strategies.

Aspirin Affects MDA-MB-231 Vesicle Production and Their Capacity to Induce Fibroblasts towards a Pro-Invasive State

Long-term administration of aspirin (ASA, acetylsalicylic acid) in oncogenic patients has been related to a reduction in cancer risk incidence, but its precise mechanism of action is unclear. The activation of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) is a key element in tumor progression and can be triggered by cancer-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). Targeting the communication between cancer cells and the surrounding tumor microenvironment (TME) may control cancer progression. Our aim was to investigate the effect of ASA on breast cancer cells, focusing on EV secretion and their effect on the biological properties of CAFs. As a result, ASA was shown to reduce the amount and alter the size distribution of EVs produced by MDA-MB-231 tumor cells. Fibroblasts stimulated with EVs derived from MDA-MB-231 treated with ASA (EV-ASA) showed a lower expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) but not fibroblast activation protein (FAP) in respect to the ones stimulated with EVs from untreated breast cancer cells (EV-CTR). Furthermore, invasion assays using a three-dimensional (3D) fibroblast spheroid model showed reduced MDA-MB-231 invasion towards fibroblast spheroids pretreated with EV-ASA as compared to spheroids prepared with EV-CTR-stimulated fibroblasts. This suggests that ASA partially inhibits the ability of tumor EVs to stimulate CAFs to promote cancer invasion. In conclusion, ASA can interfere with tumor communication by reducing EV secretion by breast tumor cells as well as by interfering with their capacity to stimulate fibroblasts to become CAFs.

Correlation between biological and mechanical properties of extracellular matrix from colorectal peritoneal metastases in human tissues

Peritoneal metastases (PM) are common routes of dissemination for colorectal cancer (CRC) and remain a lethal disease with a poor prognosis. The properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) are important in cancer development; studying their changes is crucial to understand CRC-PM development. We studied the elastic properties of ECMs derived from human samples of normal and neoplastic PM by atomic force microscopy (AFM); results were correlated with patient clinical data and expression of ECM components related to metastatic spread. We show that PM progression is accompanied by stiffening of the ECM, increased cancer associated fibroblasts (CAF) activity and increased deposition and crosslinking in neoplastic matrices; on the other hand, softer regions are also found in neoplastic ECMs on the same scales. Our results support the hypothesis that local changes in the normal ECM can create the ground for growth and spread from the tumour of invading metastatic cells. We have found correlations between the mechanical properties (relative stiffening between normal and neoplastic ECM) of the ECM and patients' clinical data, like age, sex, presence of protein activating mutations in BRAF and KRAS genes and tumour grade. Our findings suggest that the mechanical phenotyping of PM-ECM has the potential to predict tumour development.

New approach methodologies to facilitate and improve the hazard assessment of non-genotoxic carcinogens-a PARC project

Carcinogenic chemicals, or their metabolites, can be classified as genotoxic or non-genotoxic carcinogens (NGTxCs). Genotoxic compounds induce DNA damage, which can be detected by an established in vitro and in vivo battery of genotoxicity assays. For NGTxCs, DNA is not the primary target, and the possible modes of action (MoA) of NGTxCs are much more diverse than those of genotoxic compounds, and there is no specific in vitro assay for detecting NGTxCs. Therefore, the evaluation of the carcinogenic potential is still dependent on long-term studies in rodents. This 2-year bioassay, mainly applied for testing agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals, is time-consuming, costly and requires very high numbers of animals. More importantly, its relevance for human risk assessment is questionable due to the limited predictivity for human cancer risk, especially with regard to NGTxCs. Thus, there is an urgent need for a transition to new approach methodologies (NAMs), integrating human-relevant in vitro assays and in silico tools that better exploit the current knowledge of the multiple processes involved in carcinogenesis into a modern safety assessment toolbox. Here, we describe an integrative project that aims to use a variety of novel approaches to detect the carcinogenic potential of NGTxCs based on different mechanisms and pathways involved in carcinogenesis. The aim of this project is to contribute suitable assays for the safety assessment toolbox for an efficient and improved, internationally recognized hazard assessment of NGTxCs, and ultimately to contribute to reliable mechanism-based next-generation risk assessment for chemical carcinogens.

Cell-extracellular matrix mechanotransduction in 3D

Mechanical properties of extracellular matrices (ECMs) regulate essential cell behaviours, including differentiation, migration and proliferation, through mechanotransduction. Studies of cell-ECM mechanotransduction have largely focused on cells cultured in 2D, on top of elastic substrates with a range of stiffnesses. However, cells often interact with ECMs in vivo in a 3D context, and cell-ECM interactions and mechanisms of mechanotransduction in 3D can differ from those in 2D. The ECM exhibits various structural features as well as complex mechanical properties. In 3D, mechanical confinement by the surrounding ECM restricts changes in cell volume and cell shape but allows cells to generate force on the matrix by extending protrusions and regulating cell volume as well as through actomyosin-based contractility. Furthermore, cell-matrix interactions are dynamic owing to matrix remodelling. Accordingly, ECM stiffness, viscoelasticity and degradability often play a critical role in regulating cell behaviours in 3D. Mechanisms of 3D mechanotransduction include traditional integrin-mediated pathways that sense mechanical properties and more recently described mechanosensitive ion channel-mediated pathways that sense 3D confinement, with both converging on the nucleus for downstream control of transcription and phenotype. Mechanotransduction is involved in tissues from development to cancer and is being increasingly harnessed towards mechanotherapy. Here we discuss recent progress in our understanding of cell-ECM mechanotransduction in 3D.

Tumor angiogenesis in gastric cancer

Gastric cancer (GC) is still a major health problem, being one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in the world. Although the overall incidence of GC is decreasing in the United States and Western Europe, it is still high in many countries from Asia, South America, and Eastern Europe. The process of angiogenesis or the formation of new blood vessels plays an important role in cancer progression, as it allows oxygen supply, nutrients, and factors to grow tumor cells. In our study, we found that gastric neoplasms have high vascularity, with anarchic distribution, uneven in tumor stroma, sometimes with congestion vessels and microhemorrhages. Most vessels were capillaries, with a discontinuous endothelium, poorly structured basement membrane, without junctions between endothelial cells, hyperpermeable, creating the possibility of local edema in the tumor microenvironment (TME), and also extravasation of the plasma, leukocytes and even red blood cells. Angiogenesis vessels showed a low number of pericytes, which shows that they are young vessels, both morphologically and functionally immature. Tumor cells can synthesize biochemical factors [vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A)] that stimulate the formation of new vessels (angiogenesis) to ensure their growth and metastasis. Some connective cells (tumor-associated mast cells, tumor-associated fibroblasts) are also involved in the angiogenesis process, which stimulate the progression of tumor cells and remodel the TME.

Strategic outline of interventions targeting extracellular matrix for promoting healthy longevity

The extracellular matrix (ECM), composed of interlinked proteins outside of cells, is an important component of the human body that helps maintain tissue architecture and cellular homeostasis. As people age, the ECM undergoes changes that can lead to age-related morbidity and mortality. Despite its importance, ECM aging remains understudied in the field of geroscience. In this review, we discuss the core concepts of ECM integrity, outline the age-related challenges and subsequent pathologies and diseases, summarize diagnostic methods detecting a faulty ECM, and provide strategies targeting ECM homeostasis. To conceptualize this, we built a technology research tree to hierarchically visualize possible research sequences for studying ECM aging. This strategic framework will hopefully facilitate the development of future research on interventions to restore ECM integrity, which could potentially lead to the development of new drugs or therapeutic interventions promoting health during aging.

Macrophages and Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor System in Multiple Myeloma: Case Series and Literature Review

The microenvironment plays an essential role in multiple myeloma (MM) development, progression, cell proliferation, survival, immunological escape, and drug resistance. Mesenchymal stromal cells and macrophages release tolerogenic cytokines and favor anti-apoptotic signaling pathway activation, while the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) system contributes to migration through an extracellular matrix. Here, we first summarized the role of macrophages and the uPAR system in MM pathogenesis, and then we reported the potential therapeutic effects of uPAR inhibitors in a case series of primary MM-derived adherent cells. Our preliminary results showed that after uPAR inhibitor treatments, interleukein-6 (mean ± SD, 8734.95 ± 4169.2 pg/mL vs. 359.26 ± 393.8 pg/mL, pre- vs. post-treatment; p = 0.0012) and DKK-1 levels (mean ± SD, 7005.41 ± 6393.4 pg/mL vs. 61.74 ± 55.2 pg/mL, pre- vs. post-treatment; p = 0.0043) in culture medium were almost completely abolished, supporting further investigation of uPAR blockade as a therapeutic strategy for MM treatment. Therefore, uPAR inhibitors could exert both anti-inflammatory and pro-immunosurveillance activity. However, our preliminary results need further validation in additional in vitro and in vivo studies.

Nanotechnology-Aided Advancement in Combating the Cancer Metastasis

Modern medicine has been working to find a cure for cancer for almost a century, but thus far, they have not been very successful. Although cancer treatment has come a long way, more work has to be carried out to boost specificity and reduce systemic toxicity. The diagnostic industry is on the cusp of a technological revolution, and early diagnosis is essential for improving prognostic outlook and patient quality of life. In recent years, nanotechnology's use has expanded, demonstrating its efficacy in enhancing fields such as cancer treatment, radiation therapy, diagnostics, and imaging. Applications for nanomaterials are diverse, ranging from enhanced radiation adjuvants to more sensitive early detection instruments. Cancer, particularly when it has spread beyond the original site of cancer, is notoriously tough to combat. Many people die from metastatic cancer, which is why it remains a huge issue. Cancer cells go through a sequence of events known as the "metastatic cascade" throughout metastasis, which may be used to build anti-metastatic therapeutic techniques. Conventional treatments and diagnostics for metastasis have their drawbacks and hurdles that must be overcome. In this contribution, we explore in-depth the potential benefits that nanotechnology-aided methods might offer to the detection and treatment of metastatic illness, either alone or in conjunction with currently available conventional procedures. Anti-metastatic drugs, which can prevent or slow the spread of cancer throughout the body, can be more precisely targeted and developed with the help of nanotechnology. Furthermore, we talk about how nanotechnology is being applied to the treatment of patients with cancer metastases.

Advances in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma

Human malignancies arise predominantly in tissues of epithelial origin, where the stepwise transformation from healthy epithelium to premalignant dysplasia to invasive neoplasia involves sequential dysregulation of biological networks that govern essential functions of epithelial homeostasis. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a prototype epithelial malignancy, often with a high tumour mutational burden. A plethora of risk genes, dominated by UV-induced sun damage, drive disease progression in conjunction with stromal interactions and local immunomodulation, enabling continuous tumour growth. Recent studies have identified subpopulations of SCC cells that specifically interact with the tumour microenvironment. These advances, along with increased knowledge of the impact of germline genetics and somatic mutations on cSCC development, have led to a greater appreciation of the complexity of skin cancer pathogenesis and have enabled progress in neoadjuvant immunotherapy, which has improved pathological complete response rates. Although measures for the prevention and therapeutic management of cSCC are associated with clinical benefit, the prognosis remains poor for advanced disease. Elucidating how the genetic mechanisms that drive cSCC interact with the tumour microenvironment is a current focus in efforts to understand, prevent and treat cSCC.

Extracellular Matrix Dynamics as an Emerging yet Understudied Hallmark of Aging and Longevity

The biomechanical properties of extracellular matrices (ECM) and their consequences for cellular homeostasis have recently emerged as a driver of aging. Here we review the age-dependent deterioration of ECM in the context of our current understanding of the aging processes. We discuss the reciprocal interactions of longevity interventions with ECM remodeling. And the relevance of ECM dynamics captured by the matrisome and the matreotypes associated with health, disease, and longevity. Furthermore, we highlight that many established longevity compounds promote ECM homeostasis. A large body of evidence for the ECM to qualify as a hallmark of aging is emerging, and the data in invertebrates is promising. However, direct experimental proof that activating ECM homeostasis is sufficient to slow aging in mammals is lacking. We conclude that further research is required and anticipate that a conceptual framework for ECM biomechanics and homeostasis will provide new strategies to promote health during aging.

The roles of proteases in prostate cancer

Since the proposition of the pro-invasive activity of proteolytic enzymes over 70 years ago, several roles for proteases in cancer progression have been established. About half of the 473 active human proteases are expressed in the prostate and many of the most well-characterized members of this enzyme family are regulated by androgens, hormones essential for development of prostate cancer. Most notably, several kallikrein-related peptidases, including KLK3 (prostate-specific antigen, PSA), the most well-known prostate cancer marker, and type II transmembrane serine proteases, such as TMPRSS2 and matriptase, have been extensively studied and found to promote prostate cancer progression. Recent findings also suggest a critical role for proteases in the development of advanced and aggressive castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Perhaps the most intriguing evidence for this role comes from studies showing that the protease-activated transmembrane proteins, Notch and CDCP1, are associated with the development of CRPC. Here, we review the roles of proteases in prostate cancer, with a special focus on their regulation by androgens.

CCN1 is predominantly elevated in human skin dermis by solar-simulated ultraviolet irradiation and accumulated in dermal extracellular matrix

Skin primarily comprises a collagen-rich extracellular matrix (ECM) that provides structural and functional support to the skin. Aging causes progressive loss and fragmentation of dermal collagen fibrils, leading to thin and weakened skin (Dermal aging). We previously reported that CCN1 is elevated in naturally aged human skin, photoaged human skin, and acute UV-irradiated human skin dermal fibroblasts in vivo. Elevated CCN1 alters the expression of numerous secreted proteins that have deleterious effects on the dermal microenvironment, impairing the structural integrity and function of the skin. Here we show that CCN1 is predominantly elevated in the human skin dermis by UV irradiation and accumulated in the dermal extracellular matrix. Laser capture microdissection indicated that CCN1 is predominantly induced in the dermis, not in the epidermis, by acute UV irradiation in human skin in vivo. Interestingly, while UV-induced CCN1 in the dermal fibroblasts and in the medium is transient, secreted CCN1 accumulates in the ECM. We explored the functionality of the matrix-bound CCN1 by culturing dermal fibroblasts on an acellular matrix plate that was enriched with a high concentration of CCN1. We observed that matrix-bound CCN1 activates integrin outside-in signaling resulting in the activation of FAK and its downstream target paxillin and ERK, as well as elevated MMP-1 and inhibition of collagen, in human dermal fibroblasts. These data suggest that accumulation of CCN1 in the dermal ECM is expected to progressively promote the aging of the dermis and thereby negatively impact the function of the dermis.

Diet suppresses glioblastoma initiation in mice by maintaining quiescence of mutation-bearing neural stem cells

Glioblastoma is thought to originate from neural stem cells (NSCs) of the subventricular zone that acquire genetic alterations. In the adult brain, NSCs are largely quiescent, suggesting that deregulation of quiescence maintenance may be a prerequisite for tumor initiation. Although inactivation of the tumor suppressor p53 is a frequent event in gliomagenesis, whether or how it affects quiescent NSCs (qNSCs) remains unclear. Here, we show that p53 maintains quiescence by inducing fatty-acid oxidation (FAO) and that acute p53 deletion in qNSCs results in their premature activation to a proliferative state. Mechanistically, this occurs through direct transcriptional induction of PPARGC1a, which in turn activates PPARα to upregulate FAO genes. Dietary supplementation with fish oil containing omega-3 fatty acids, natural PPARα ligands, fully restores quiescence of p53-deficient NSCs and delays tumor initiation in a glioblastoma mouse model. Thus, diet can silence glioblastoma driver mutations, with important implications for cancer prevention.

3D Bioprinting for Tumor Metastasis Research

Tumor metastasis is a multiple cascade process where tumor cells disseminate from the primary site to distant organs and subsequently adapt to the foreign microenvironment. Simulating the physiology of tumor metastatic events in a realistic and three-dimensional (3D) manner is a challenge for in vitro modeling. 3D bioprinting strategies, which can generate well-customized and bionic structures, enable the exploration of dynamic tumor metastasis process in a species-homologous, high-throughput and reproducible way. In this review, we summarize the recent application of 3D bioprinting in constructing in vitro tumor metastatic models and discuss its advantages and current limitations. Further perspectives on how to harness the potential of accessible 3D bioprinting strategies to better model tumor metastasis and guide anti-cancer therapies are also provided.

Vactosertib, TGF-β receptor I inhibitor, augments the sensitization of the anti-cancer activity of gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) exhibits a pronounced extracellular matrix (ECM)-rich response, which is produced by an excessive amount of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), resulting in tumor progression and metastasis. In addition, TGF-β signaling contributes to rapidly acquired resistance and incomplete response to gemcitabine. Recently, selective inhibitors of the TGF-β signaling pathway have shown promise in PDAC treatment, particularly as an option for augmenting responses to chemotherapy. Here, we investigated the synergistic anticancer effects of a small-molecule TGF-β receptor I kinase inhibitor (vactosertib/EW-7197) in the presence of gemcitabine, and its mechanism of action in pancreatic cancer. Vactosertib sensitized pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine by synergistically inhibiting their viability. Importantly, the combination of vactosertib and gemcitabine significantly attenuated the expression of major ECM components, including collagens, fibronectin, and α-SMA, in pancreatic cancer compared with gemcitabine alone. This resulted in potent induction of mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis, gemcitabine-mediated cytotoxicity, and inhibition of tumor ECM by vactosertib. Additionally, the combination decreased metastasis through inhibition of migration and invasion, and exhibited synergistic anti-cancer activity by inhibiting the TGF-β/Smad2 pathway in pancreatic cancer cells. Furthermore, co-treatment significantly suppressed tumor growth in orthotopic models. Therefore, our findings demonstrate that vactosertib synergistically increased the antitumor activity of gemcitabine via inhibition of ECM component production by inhibiting the TGF-β/Smad2 signaling pathway. This suggests that the combination of vactosertib and gemcitabine may be a potential treatment option for patients with pancreatic cancer.