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Zakharova E, Miller J, Unterwald E, Wade D, Izenwasser S. Social and physical environment alter cocaine conditioned place preference and dopaminergic markers in adolescent male rats. Neuroscience 2009; 163:890-7. [PMID: 19580849 PMCID: PMC2746859 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Revised: 06/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study was done to determine whether social and environmental factors alter cocaine reward and proteins implicated in mediating drug reward in rats during early adolescence. On postnatal day (PND) 23, rats were housed under conditions where both social (number of rats per cage) and environmental (availability of toys) factors were manipulated. Socially isolated rats were housed alone impoverished with no toys (II) or enriched with toys (IE). Social rats were housed two rats/cage with no toys (SI2) or with toys (SE2), or three/cage with (SE3) or without (SI3) toys. On PND 43, cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP) sessions began with the post-test done on PND 47. Cocaine CPP was established in response to 5 or 10 mg/kg cocaine in II rats, and CPP was decreased with the addition of cage mates or toys. No CPP was seen to any dose in SI3 or SE3 rats. Enriched housing (SE3) increased dopamine transporter (DAT) protein in the nucleus accumbens compared to II. There also were differential effects of cocaine on tyrosine hydroxylase and DAT depending on housing, with both increased by cocaine in II but not SE3 rats. DARPP-32 was unchanged by housing or cocaine, while phospho-Thr(34)-DARPP-32 was increased by cocaine treatment across conditions. Thus, both social and environmental enrichment decrease cocaine CPP during adolescence and different housing alters proteins that regulate dopaminergic neurotransmission in a manner that may account for the observed differences in cocaine-induced reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Zakharova
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10 Avenue, Rm 4113A (D-80), Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jonathan Miller
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, 3420 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Ellen Unterwald
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, 3420 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Dean Wade
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10 Avenue, Rm 4113A (D-80), Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Sari Izenwasser
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10 Avenue, Rm 4113A (D-80), Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Bryant CD, Chang HP, Zhang J, Wiltshire T, Tarantino LM, Palmer AA. A major QTL on chromosome 11 influences psychostimulant and opioid sensitivity in mice. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2009; 8:795-805. [PMID: 19694818 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2009.00525.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The identification of genes influencing sensitivity to stimulants and opioids is important for determining their mechanism of action and may provide fundamental insights into the genetics of drug abuse. We used a panel of C57BL/6J (B6; recipient)x A/J (donor) chromosome substitution strains (CSSs) to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for both open field activity and sensitivity to the locomotor stimulant response to methamphetamine (MA). Mice were injected with saline (days 1 and 2) and MA (day 3; 2 mg/kg i.p.). We analyzed the total distance traveled in the open field for 30 min following each injection. CSS-8, -11 and -16 showed reduced MA-induced locomotor activity relative to B6, whereas CSS-10 and -12 showed increased MA-induced locomotor activity. Further analysis focused on CSS-11 because it was robustly different from B6 following MA injection, but did not differ in activity following saline injection and because it also showed reduced locomotor activity in response to the mu-opioid receptor agonist fentanyl (0.2 mg/kg i.p.). Thus, CSS-11 captures QTLs for the response to both psychostimulants and opioids. Using a B6 x CSS-11 F(2) intercross, we identified a dominant QTL for the MA response on chromosome 11. We used haplotype association mapping of cis expression QTLs and bioinformatic resources to parse among genes within the 95% confidence interval of the chromosome 11 QTL. Identification of the genes underlying QTLs for response to psychostimulants and opioids may provide insights about genetic factors that modulate sensitivity to drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Bryant
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Weiner J, Sun WL, Zhou L, Kreiter C, Jenab S, Quiñones-Jenab V. PKA-mediated responses in females' estrous cycle affect cocaine-induced responses in dopamine-mediated intracellular cascades. Neuroscience 2009; 161:865-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Bryant CD, Graham ME, Distler MG, Munoz MB, Li D, Vezina P, Sokoloff G, Palmer AA. A role for casein kinase 1 epsilon in the locomotor stimulant response to methamphetamine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 203:703-11. [PMID: 19050854 PMCID: PMC2729782 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1417-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 11/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE We previously colocalized a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for sensitivity to the locomotor stimulant effects of methamphetamine (MA) with a QTL for expression of casein kinase 1 epsilon (Csnk1-epsilon) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Subsequently, we identified a single nucleotide polymorphism in CSNK1E (rs135745) that was associated with increased sensitivity to the subjective effects of d-amphetamine in healthy human subjects. Based on these results, we hypothesized that differential expression of Csnk1-epsilon causes differential sensitivity to MA-induced locomotor activity in mice. OBJECTIVE In the present study, we used PF-670462 (PF), which is a selective inhibitor of Csnk1-epsilon, to directly evaluate the role of Csnk1-epsilon in the locomotor stimulant response to MA in male C57BL/6J mice. METHODS We administered vehicle, PF, MA, or MA + PF, either via intraperitoneal injections or bilateral intra-NAc microinjections. We also examined Darpp-32 phosphorylation in mice receiving intraperitoneal injections. RESULTS Intraperitoneal PF (20-40 mg/kg) attenuated the locomotor stimulant response to MA (2 mg/kg) without affecting baseline activity. The high dose of PF also significantly inhibited MA-induced phosphorylation of Darpp-32, providing a potential mechanism by which Csnk1-epsilon contributes to MA-induced locomotor activity. Furthermore, microinjection of PF (5 microg/side) into the NAc completely blocked the locomotor stimulant response to MA (2.5 microg/side) without affecting baseline activity. CONCLUSIONS These results provide direct evidence that Csnk1-epsilon is crucial for the locomotor stimulant response to a moderate dose of MA and suggest that genetic polymorphisms affecting Csnk1-epsilon expression or function could influence sensitivity to amphetamines in both mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camron D Bryant
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, 920 E. 58th St. CLSC 507D, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Dietz DM, Dietz KC, Nestler EJ, Russo SJ. Molecular mechanisms of psychostimulant-induced structural plasticity. PHARMACOPSYCHIATRY 2009; 42 Suppl 1:S69-78. [PMID: 19434558 PMCID: PMC2734446 DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1202847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction is characterized by persistent behavioral and cellular plasticity throughout the brain's reward regions. Among the many neuroadaptations that occur following repeated drug administration are alterations in cell morphology including changes in dendritic spines. While this phenomenon has been well documented, the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, within the context of drug abuse, we review and integrate several of the established pathways known to regulate synaptic remodeling, and discuss the contributions of neurotrophic and dopamine signaling in mediating this structural plasticity. Finally, we discuss how such upstream mechanisms could regulate actin dynamics, the common endpoint involved in structural remodeling in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Dietz
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York 10029, USA
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Abstract
Drug addiction is mediated by complex neuronal processes that converge on the shell of the nucleus accumbens (NAcSh). The NAcSh receives inputs from the lateral hypothalamus (LH), where self-stimulation can be induced. Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is produced mainly in the LH, and its receptor (MCH1R) is highly expressed in the NAcSh. We found that, in the NAcSh, MCH1R is coexpressed with dopamine receptors (D1R and D2R), and that MCH increases spike firing when both D1R and D2R are activated. Also, injecting MCH potentiates cocaine-induced hyperactivity in mice. Mice lacking MCH1R exhibit decreased cocaine-induced conditioned place preference, as well as cocaine sensitization. Using a specific MCH1R antagonist, we further show that acute blockade of the MCH system not only reduces cocaine self-administration, but also attenuates cue- and cocaine-induced reinstatement. Thus, the MCH system has an important modulatory role in cocaine reward and reinforcement by potentiating the dopaminergic system in the NAcSh, which may provide a new rationale for treating cocaine addiction.
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Zhou L, Nazarian A, Sun WL, Jenab S, Quinones-Jenab V. Basal and cocaine-induced sex differences in the DARPP-32-mediated signaling pathway. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 203:175-83. [PMID: 18985320 PMCID: PMC4893956 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1388-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Behavioral and dopamine responses to cocaine are sexually dimorphic: Female rats exhibit higher levels of locomotor and reward-associated behaviors after cocaine administration and dopamine release than do males. Activation of the dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of Mr 32 kDa (DARPP-32) intracellular cascade mediates responses to cocaine. OBJECTIVE To examine the possibility that acute cocaine administration alters the DARPP-32 cascade in a sexually dimorphic pattern. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male and female rats received either saline or cocaine (30 mg/kg). Protein levels of DARPP-32, phosphorylation of DARPP-32 at the Thr34 site (P-Thr34-DARPP-32), protein phosphatase 1 (PP-1), and protein phosphatase 2B (PP-2B) in nucleus accumbens were measured via Western blot analysis. RESULTS Females had higher protein levels of DARPP-32, P-Thr34-DARPP-32, calcineurin A (CaN-A; catalytic subunit of PP-2B), and calcineurin B (CaN-B; regulatory subunit of PP-2B) than males 5 min after saline treatment. In females, CaN-A protein levels were also higher at 15 min and PP-1 protein levels were higher 30 min after saline administration than males. In male rats, cocaine significantly increased CaN-A protein levels at 30 min and CaN-B protein levels at 15 min. In females, cocaine administration significantly decreased protein levels of DARPP-32, P-Thr34-DARPP-32, and CaN-A at 45 min but increased PP-1 protein levels at 30 min. Overall, males had higher activation of the DARPP-32 pathway after cocaine administration than did females. CONCLUSION These novel results show that basal and cocaine-induced sex differences in the DARPP-32/PP-1 cascade may be responsible for the sexual dimorphism in acute cocaine-induced behavioral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyi Zhou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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Souza RP, Soares EC, Rosa DV, Souza BR, Gomes KM, Valvassori SS, Réus GZ, Inácio CG, Martins MR, Gomez MV, Quevedo J, Romano‐Silva MA. Cerebral DARPP‐32 expression after methylphenidate administration in young and adult rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2008; 27:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Revised: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Renan P. Souza
- Laboratório de NeurociênciaDepartamento de Saúde Mental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisAv Alfredo Balena, 190Belo Horizonte30130‐100– MGBrazil
| | - Eliane C. Soares
- Laboratório de NeurociênciaDepartamento de Saúde Mental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisAv Alfredo Balena, 190Belo Horizonte30130‐100– MGBrazil
| | - Daniela V.F. Rosa
- Laboratório de NeurociênciaDepartamento de Saúde Mental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisAv Alfredo Balena, 190Belo Horizonte30130‐100– MGBrazil
| | - Bruno R. Souza
- Laboratório de NeurociênciaDepartamento de Saúde Mental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisAv Alfredo Balena, 190Belo Horizonte30130‐100– MGBrazil
| | - Karin M. Gomes
- Laboratorio de Neurociências, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da SaúdePrograma de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências da SaúdeUniversidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense88806‐000CriciúmaSCBrazil
| | - Samira S. Valvassori
- Laboratorio de Neurociências, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da SaúdePrograma de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências da SaúdeUniversidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense88806‐000CriciúmaSCBrazil
| | - Gislaine Z. Réus
- Laboratorio de Neurociências, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da SaúdePrograma de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências da SaúdeUniversidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense88806‐000CriciúmaSCBrazil
| | - Cecília G. Inácio
- Laboratorio de Neurociências, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da SaúdePrograma de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências da SaúdeUniversidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense88806‐000CriciúmaSCBrazil
| | - Márcio R. Martins
- Laboratorio de Neurociências, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da SaúdePrograma de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências da SaúdeUniversidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense88806‐000CriciúmaSCBrazil
| | - Marcus V. Gomez
- Laboratório de NeurociênciaDepartamento de Saúde Mental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisAv Alfredo Balena, 190Belo Horizonte30130‐100– MGBrazil
| | - João Quevedo
- Laboratorio de Neurociências, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da SaúdePrograma de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências da SaúdeUniversidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense88806‐000CriciúmaSCBrazil
| | - Marco A. Romano‐Silva
- Laboratório de NeurociênciaDepartamento de Saúde Mental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisAv Alfredo Balena, 190Belo Horizonte30130‐100– MGBrazil
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Potenza MN, Brodkin ES, Yang BZ, Birnbaum SG, Nestler EJ, Gelernter J. Quantitative trait locus analysis identifies rat genomic regions related to amphetamine-induced locomotion and Galpha(i3) levels in nucleus accumbens. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008; 33:2735-46. [PMID: 18216777 PMCID: PMC2818767 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Revised: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Identification of the genetic factors that underlie stimulant responsiveness in animal models has significant implications for better understanding and treating stimulant addiction in humans. F(2) progeny derived from parental rat strains F344/NHsd and LEW/NHsd, which differ in responses to drugs of abuse, were used in quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses to identify genomic regions associated with amphetamine-induced locomotion (AIL) and G-protein levels in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). The most robust QTLs were observed on chromosome 3 (maximal log ratio statistic score (LRS(max))=21.3) for AIL and on chromosome 2 (LRS(max)=22.0) for Galpha(i3). A 'suggestive' QTL (LRS(max)=12.5) was observed for AIL in a region of chromosome 2 that overlaps with the Galpha(i3) QTL. Novelty-induced locomotion (NIL) showed different QTL patterns from AIL, with the most robust QTL on chromosome 13 (LRS(max)=12.2). Specific unique and overlapping genomic regions influence AIL, NIL, and inhibitory G-protein levels in the NAc. These findings suggest that common genetic mechanisms influence certain biochemical and behavioral aspects of stimulant responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.
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Lrrk2 and alpha-synuclein are co-regulated in rodent striatum. Mol Cell Neurosci 2008; 39:586-91. [PMID: 18790059 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2008.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Revised: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 08/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
LRRK2, alpha-synuclein, UCH-L1 and DJ-1 are implicated in the etiology of Parkinson's disease. We show for the first time that increase in striatal alpha-synuclein levels induce increased Lrrk2 mRNA levels while Dj-1 and Uch-L1 are unchanged. We also demonstrate that a mouse strain lacking the dopamine signaling molecule DARPP-32 has significantly reduced levels of both Lrrk2 and alpha-synuclein, while mice carrying a disabling mutation of the DARPP-32 phosphorylation site T34A or lack alpha-synuclein do not show any changes. To test if striatal dopamine depletion influences Lrrk2 or alpha-synuclein expression, we used the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine in rats and MitoPark mice in which there is progressive degeneration of dopamine neurons. Because striatal Lrrk2 and alpha-synuclein levels were not changed by dopamine depletion, we conclude that Lrrk2 and alpha-synuclein mRNA levels are possibly co-regulated, but they are not influenced by striatal dopamine levels.
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Tropea TF, Kosofsky BE, Rajadhyaksha AM. Enhanced CREB and DARPP-32 phosphorylation in the nucleus accumbens and CREB, ERK, and GluR1 phosphorylation in the dorsal hippocampus is associated with cocaine-conditioned place preference behavior. J Neurochem 2008; 106:1780-90. [PMID: 18554320 PMCID: PMC2706979 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05518.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Environment-induced relapse is a major concern in drug addiction because of the strong associations formed between drug reward and environment. Cocaine-conditioned place preference is an ideal experimental tool to examine adaptations in the molecular pathways that are activated upon re-exposure to an environment previously paired with drug reward. To better understand the mechanism of cocaine-conditioned place preference we have used western blot analysis to examine changes in phosphorylation of cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB), dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein 32 (DARPP-32), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and GluR1, key molecular substrates altered by cocaine, in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and dorsal hippocampus (DHC) of C57BL/6 mice. Our studies revealed that re-exposing mice to an environment in which they were previously given cocaine resulted in increased levels of Ser133 phospho-CREB and Thr34 phospho-DARPP-32 with a corresponding decrease in Thr75 phospho-DARPP-32 in the NAc. In DHC there were increased levels of phospho-CREB, Thr183/Tyr185 phospho-ERK, and Ser845 phospho-GluR1. These data suggest that the formation of contextual drug reward associations involves recruitment of the DHC-NAc circuit with activation of the DARPP-32/CREB pathway in the NAc and the ERK/CREB pathway in the DHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Tropea
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, and University of New England, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Biddeford, Maine, USA
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Bateup HS, Svenningsson P, Kuroiwa M, Gong S, Nishi A, Heintz N, Greengard P. Cell type-specific regulation of DARPP-32 phosphorylation by psychostimulant and antipsychotic drugs. Nat Neurosci 2008; 11:932-9. [PMID: 18622401 PMCID: PMC2737705 DOI: 10.1038/nn.2153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 06/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
DARPP-32 is a dual-function protein kinase/phosphatase inhibitor that is involved in striatal signaling. The phosphorylation of DARPP-32 at threonine 34 is essential for mediating the effects of both psychostimulant and antipsychotic drugs; however, these drugs are known to have opposing behavioral and clinical effects. We hypothesized that these drugs exert differential effects on striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons, which comprise distinct output pathways of the basal ganglia. To directly test this idea, we developed bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic mice that allowed the analysis of DARPP-32 phosphorylation selectively in striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons. Using this new methodology, we found that cocaine, a psychostimulant, and haloperidol, a sedation-producing antipsychotic, exert differential effects on DARPP-32 phosphorylation in the two neuronal populations that can explain their opposing behavioral effects. Furthermore, we found that a variety of drugs that target the striatum have cell type-specific effects that previous methods were not able to discern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen S. Bateup
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., NY, NY 10065, USA
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., NY, NY 10065, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Nanna Svartz vag 2, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Mahomi Kuroiwa
- Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830−0011, Japan
| | - Shiaoching Gong
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., NY, NY 10065, USA
- GENSAT project, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., NY, NY 10065, USA
| | - Akinori Nishi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., NY, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830−0011, Japan
| | - Nathaniel Heintz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., NY, NY 10065, USA
- GENSAT project, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., NY, NY 10065, USA
| | - Paul Greengard
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., NY, NY 10065, USA
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Gammie SC, Edelmann MN, Mandel-Brehm C, D'Anna KL, Auger AP, Stevenson SA. Altered dopamine signaling in naturally occurring maternal neglect. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1974. [PMID: 18398484 PMCID: PMC2276864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child neglect is the most common form of child maltreatment, yet the biological basis of maternal neglect is poorly understood and a rodent model is lacking. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The current study characterizes a population of mice (MaD1) which naturally exhibit maternal neglect (little or no care of offspring) at an average rate of 17% per generation. We identified a set of risk factors that can predict future neglect of offspring, including decreased self-grooming and elevated activity. At the time of neglect, neglectful mothers swam significantly more in a forced swim test relative to nurturing mothers. Cross-fostered offspring raised by neglectful mothers in turn exhibit increased expression of risk factors for maternal neglect and decreased maternal care as adults, suggestive of possible epigenetic contributions to neglect. Unexpectedly, offspring from neglectful mothers elicited maternal neglect from cross-fostered nurturing mothers, suggesting that factors regulating neglect are not solely within the mother. To identify a neurological pathway underlying maternal neglect, we examined brain activity in neglectful and nurturing mice. c-Fos expression was significantly elevated in neglectful relative to nurturing mothers in the CNS, particularly within dopamine associated areas, such as the zona incerta (ZI), ventral tegmental area (VTA), and nucleus accumbens. Phosphorylated tyrosine hydroxylase (a marker for dopamine production) was significantly elevated in ZI and higher in VTA (although not significantly) in neglectful mice. Tyrosine hydroxylase levels were unaltered, suggesting a dysregulation of dopamine activity rather than cell number. Phosphorylation of DARPP-32, a marker for dopamine D1-like receptor activation, was elevated within nucleus accumbens and caudate-putamen in neglectful versus nurturing dams. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These findings suggest that atypical dopamine activity within the maternal brain, especially within regions involved in reward, is involved in naturally occurring neglect and that MaD1 mice are a useful model for understanding the basis of naturally occurring neglect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Gammie
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America.
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Trk: a neuromodulator of age-specific behavioral and neurochemical responses to cocaine in mice. J Neurosci 2008; 28:1198-207. [PMID: 18234897 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0988-07.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Responses to psychostimulants vary with age, but the molecular etiologies of these differences are largely unknown. The goal of the present research was to identify age-specific behavioral and molecular adaptations to cocaine and to elucidate the mechanisms involved therein. Postweanling, periadolescent, and adult male CD-1 mice were exposed to cocaine (20 mg/kg) for 7 d. The rewarding effects of cocaine were assessed, as were the response to a Trk antagonist and the regulation of dopamine and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein, 32 kDa (DARPP-32). Cocaine was rewarding in both periadolescent and adult mice using a conditioned place preference procedure. In contrast, postweanling mice failed to demonstrate significant cocaine-induced place preference. Because components of the neurotrophin system including brain-derived neurotrophic factor and TrkB are developmentally regulated, their role in the age-specific effects of cocaine was determined using the Trk receptor antagonist K252a. Postweanling mice that received K252a before daily cocaine showed a significant place preference to the cocaine-paired environment that was not seen in the absence of K252a. DARPP-32 protein levels were significantly upregulated in the lateral region of the caudate-putamen exclusively in postweanling mice after chronic cocaine. Daily pretreatment with K252a attenuated the induction of DARPP-32 in the postweanling striatum. These data indicate that Trk neurotransmission plays a role in age-specific behavioral and molecular responses to cocaine and concurrently modulates DARPP-32 levels.
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Santini E, Valjent E, Fisone G. Parkinson's disease: levodopa-induced dyskinesia and signal transduction. FEBS J 2008; 275:1392-1399. [PMID: 18279379 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06296.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
l-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa) remains the most effective pharmacological treatment for relief of the severe motor impairments of Parkinson's disease. It is very effective in controlling parkinsonian symptoms in the initial phase of the disease, but its action wanes with time. Such 'wearing-off' imposes an escalation in the dosage of the drug, which ultimately fails to provide stable control of motor symptoms and results in the appearance of abnormal involuntary movements or dyskinesia. 'Peak-dose'l-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) currently represents one of the major challenges in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Accumulating evidence suggests that LID derives from overstimulation of dopamine receptors located on the GABAergic medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the dorsal striatum. These neurons form two distinct projection pathways, which exert opposite effects on motor activity: the direct, striatonigral pathway promotes locomotion, whereas the indirect, striatopallidal pathway depresses locomotion. In order to understand the mechanisms underlying LID, it is important to identify molecular adaptations produced by chronic administration of L-dopa, at the level of one or the other of these two neuronal populations. This review summarizes the results of recent studies indicating that LID is associated with abnormal dopamine D1 receptor signaling affecting the MSNs of the direct pathway. The role of this pathological adaptation and of the consequent changes in signaling in the development and expression of LID are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Santini
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emmanuel Valjent
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden., INSERM, U839, Paris, France., Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France., Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Gilberto Fisone
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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66
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Scheggi S, Raone A, De Montis MG, Tagliamonte A, Gambarana C. Behavioral expression of cocaine sensitization in rats is accompanied by a distinct pattern of modifications in the PKA/DARPP-32 signaling pathway. J Neurochem 2007; 103:1168-83. [PMID: 17680995 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04818.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Repeated cocaine administration induces behavioral sensitization and modifications in the phosphorylation pattern of dopamine and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of Mr 32,000 (DARPP-32), characterized by a tonic increase in the Thr75 phosphorylated form, and a decrease in the Thr34 phosphorylated form. This study further investigated the correlations between cocaine sensitization and modifications in the DARPP-32 phosphorylation pattern, cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) activity, and mGluR5 tone in the medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. Behavioral sensitization and modifications in these neurochemical markers followed a similar temporal pattern. Moreover, in sensitized rats acute cocaine administration modified phosphorylation levels of Thr75- and Thr34-DARPP-32, GluR1, and NR1 subunits in the nucleus accumbens only at a dose double the efficacious dose in control rats. These results suggest that the high levels of phospho-Thr75 DARPP-32 maintain PKA in a prevalent inhibited state. Furthermore, in sensitized rats the acute administration of 6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine, a mGluR5 antagonist, reinstated the phosphorylation levels of Thr75- and Thr34-DARPP-32, GluR1, and NR1 to control values, and a subsequent cocaine challenge did not elicit a sensitized response. These data suggest that a tonic increase in mGluR5 transmission in cocaine-sensitized rats sustains both the increase in phospho-Thr75 DARPP-32 levels and the expression of behavioral sensitization.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Behavior, Animal/physiology
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/physiopathology
- Cocaine/pharmacology
- Cocaine-Related Disorders/metabolism
- Cocaine-Related Disorders/physiopathology
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/drug effects
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5/drug effects
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Dopamine and cAMP-Regulated Phosphoprotein 32/drug effects
- Dopamine and cAMP-Regulated Phosphoprotein 32/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology
- Male
- Nucleus Accumbens/drug effects
- Nucleus Accumbens/metabolism
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Prefrontal Cortex/drug effects
- Prefrontal Cortex/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5
- Receptors, AMPA/drug effects
- Receptors, AMPA/metabolism
- Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/drug effects
- Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/metabolism
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/drug effects
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Scheggi
- Department of Neuroscience, Pharmacology Unit, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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67
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Sun WL, Zhou L, Hazim R, Quinones-Jenab V, Jenab S. Effects of acute cocaine on ERK and DARPP-32 phosphorylation pathways in the caudate-putamen of Fischer rats. Brain Res 2007; 1178:12-9. [PMID: 17920048 PMCID: PMC2978922 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Revised: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein (DARPP-32) pathways has been implicated in biochemical and behavioral effects induced by various drugs of abuse. In this study, we investigated the phosphorylation pathways of these two proteins in response to acute cocaine administration. A single cocaine administration (30 mg/kg) increased ERK-mediated signaling proteins, phosphoryation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) kinase, pp90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK), and c-Fos protein levels in the caudate/putamen of Fischer rats. Acute cocaine administration also induced phosphorylation of the striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) and decreased the phosphorylation of DARPP-32 protein at the Thr-75 site. The phosphorylation states of these inhibitors of ERK and DARPP-32 proteins may thus contribute to the effects of cocaine on ERK- and DARPP-32-mediated cascades, on gene expression and on behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lun Sun
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, City University of New York, 695 Park Ave, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Biopsychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Luyi Zhou
- Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, 695 Park Ave, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Biology Doctoral Program, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ruhal Hazim
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, City University of New York, 695 Park Ave, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Biopsychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Vanya Quinones-Jenab
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, City University of New York, 695 Park Ave, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Biopsychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Shirzad Jenab
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, City University of New York, 695 Park Ave, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Biopsychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
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68
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Borgkvist A, Usiello A, Greengard P, Fisone G. Activation of the cAMP/PKA/DARPP-32 signaling pathway is required for morphine psychomotor stimulation but not for morphine reward. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32:1995-2003. [PMID: 17251906 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the cAMP/PKA pathway in the dopaminoceptive neurons of the striatum has been proposed to mediate the actions of various classes of drugs of abuse. Here, we show that, in the mouse nucleus accumbens and dorsal striatum, acute administration of morphine resulted in an increase in the state of phosphorylation of the dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kDa (DARPP-32) at Thr34, without affecting phosphorylation at Thr75. The ability of morphine to stimulate Thr34 phosphorylation was prevented by blockade of dopamine D1 receptors. DARPP-32 knockout mice and T34A DARPP-32 mutant mice displayed a lower hyperlocomotor response to a single injection of morphine than wild-type controls. In contrast, in T75A DARPP-32 mutant mice, morphine-induced psychomotor activation was indistinguishable from that of wild-type littermates. In spite of their reduced response to the acute hyperlocomotor effect of morphine, DARPP-32 knockout mice and T34A DARPP-32 mutant mice were able to develop behavioral sensitization to morphine comparable to that of wild-type controls and to display morphine conditioned place preference. These results demonstrate that dopamine D1 receptor-mediated activation of the cAMP/DARPP-32 cascade in striatal medium spiny neurons is involved in the psychomotor action, but not in the rewarding properties, of morphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Borgkvist
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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69
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Tzschentke TM. Measuring reward with the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm: update of the last decade. Addict Biol 2007; 12:227-462. [PMID: 17678505 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2007.00070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1032] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Conditioned place preference (CPP) continues to be one of the most popular models to study the motivational effects of drugs and non-drug treatments in experimental animals. This is obvious from a steady year-to-year increase in the number of publications reporting the use this model. Since the compilation of the preceding review in 1998, more than 1000 new studies using place conditioning have been published, and the aim of the present review is to provide an overview of these recent publications. There are a number of trends and developments that are obvious in the literature of the last decade. First, as more and more knockout and transgenic animals become available, place conditioning is increasingly used to assess the motivational effects of drugs or non-drug rewards in genetically modified animals. Second, there is a still small but growing literature on the use of place conditioning to study the motivational aspects of pain, a field of pre-clinical research that has so far received little attention, because of the lack of appropriate animal models. Third, place conditioning continues to be widely used to study tolerance and sensitization to the rewarding effects of drugs induced by pre-treatment regimens. Fourth, extinction/reinstatement procedures in place conditioning are becoming increasingly popular. This interesting approach is thought to model certain aspects of relapse to addictive behavior and has previously almost exclusively been studied in drug self-administration paradigms. It has now also become established in the place conditioning literature and provides an additional and technically easy approach to this important phenomenon. The enormous number of studies to be covered in this review prevented in-depth discussion of many methodological, pharmacological or neurobiological aspects; to a large extent, the presentation of data had to be limited to a short and condensed summary of the most relevant findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Tzschentke
- Grünenthal GmbH, Preclinical Research and Development, Department of Pharmacology, Aachen, Germany.
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70
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Addy NA, Fornasiero EF, Stevens TR, Taylor JR, Picciotto MR. Role of calcineurin in nicotine-mediated locomotor sensitization. J Neurosci 2007; 27:8571-80. [PMID: 17687035 PMCID: PMC6672935 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2601-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Revised: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 06/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcineurin is a serine/threonine phosphatase that contributes to the effects of nicotine on calcium signaling in cultured cortical neurons; however, the role of calcineurin in behavioral responses to nicotine in vivo has not been examined. We therefore determined whether calcineurin blockade could alter nicotine-mediated locomotor sensitization in Sprague Dawley rats using systemic or brain region-specific administration of the calcineurin inhibitors cyclosporine or FK506. Systemic cyclosporine administration decreased calcineurin activity in the brain, attenuated nicotine-mediated locomotor sensitization, and blocked the effects of nicotine on DARPP32 (dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein-32) activation in the striatum. Direct infusion of calcineurin inhibitors cyclosporine or FK506 into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) also attenuated nicotine-mediated locomotor sensitization, whereas infusion of rapamycin, which binds to FK-binding protein but does not inhibit calcineurin, did not affect sensitization. Together, the data suggest that activation of calcineurin, particularly in the VTA, is a novel signaling event important for nicotine-mediated behavior and intracellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nii A. Addy
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program and
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06508
| | - Eugenio F. Fornasiero
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06508
| | - Tanya R. Stevens
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06508
| | - Jane R. Taylor
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program and
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06508
| | - Marina R. Picciotto
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program and
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06508
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71
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Goodman A. Neurobiology of addiction. An integrative review. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 75:266-322. [PMID: 17764663 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Revised: 07/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Evidence that psychoactive substance use disorders, bulimia nervosa, pathological gambling, and sexual addiction share an underlying biopsychological process is summarized. Definitions are offered for addiction and addictive process, the latter being the proposed designation for the underlying biopsychological process that addictive disorders are hypothesized to share. The addictive process is introduced as an interaction of impairments in three functional systems: motivation-reward, affect regulation, and behavioral inhibition. An integrative review of the literature that addresses the neurobiology of addiction is then presented, organized according to the three functional systems that constitute the addictive process. The review is directed toward identifying candidate neurochemical substrates for the impairments in motivation-reward, affect regulation, and behavioral inhibition that could contribute to an addictive process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviel Goodman
- Minnesota Institute of Psychiatry, 1347 Summit Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55105, USA.
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72
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Borgkvist A, Marcellino D, Fuxe K, Greengard P, Fisone G. Regulation of DARPP-32 phosphorylation by Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Neuropharmacology 2007; 54:31-5. [PMID: 17686497 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Revised: 06/08/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
CB1 receptor agonists increase the state of phosphorylation of the dopamine and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kDa (DARPP-32) at the cAMP-dependent protein kinase site, Thr 34. This effect, which occurs in the medium spiny neurons of the striatum, has been proposed to mediate the motor depressant action of cannabinoids. In this study, we have examined the effect produced by systemic administration of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the major component of marihuana and hashish, on DARPP-32. We show that THC increases DARPP-32 phosphorylation at Thr 34 both in dorsal striatum and nucleus accumbens. Time-course and dose-response experiments indicate that DARPP-32 phosphorylation is maximal 30 min following administration of 10mg/kg of THC. The THC-mediated increase in DARPP-32 phosphorylation is reduced by administration of the CB1 receptor antagonist, SR141716A (3mg/kg). A similar attenuation of the effect of THC is also exerted by suppression of cAMP signaling achieved using the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist, SCH23390 (0.125 mg/kg), or the adenosine A2A receptor antagonist, KW6002 (3mg/kg). These results indicate that, in the striatum, THC promotes PKA-dependent phosphorylation of DARPP-32 in striatal medium spiny neurons expressing dopamine D1 and adenosine A2A receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Borgkvist
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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73
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Lynch WJ, Kiraly DD, Caldarone BJ, Picciotto MR, Taylor JR. Effect of cocaine self-administration on striatal PKA-regulated signaling in male and female rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007; 191:263-71. [PMID: 17180335 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-006-0656-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2006] [Accepted: 11/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Chronic cocaine produces changes in the dopamine (DA)/D1/cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA)-regulated signaling pathway that may underlie the development of addiction. OBJECTIVE Given sex differences in the progression to cocaine addiction, we examined the possibility that the PKA pathway is differentially activated by cocaine in male and female rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were given 24-h access to cocaine (1.5 mg/kg) or saline for 7 days under a discrete trial procedure (four trials per hour). Rats were then retested on responding for cocaine under a progressive-ratio schedule after either 0 (no-delay retest) or 10 (10-day-delay retest) days of abstinence. Markers of PKA-regulated signaling in the striatum and nucleus accumbens were evaluated by Western blotting, including phosphorylation of DA and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kDa (DARPP-32) at Thr 34 and glutamate receptor 1 (GluR1) at Ser 845. RESULTS Compared to males, females had higher levels of DARPP-32 phosphorylated at the PKA site in the striatum. Increased phosphorylation of DARPP-32 at the PKA site was also seen in the nucleus accumbens of females compared to males, particularly among controls and rats tested after a 10-day abstinence period. DARPP-32 phosphorylation was also increased as a consequence of cocaine when tested after a 0-day abstinence period in male rats but not female rats. CONCLUSION These findings indicate sex differences in PKA-regulated signaling in drug-naïve controls. Furthermore, these data suggest that regulation of PKA signaling by cocaine is differentially influenced in male and female rats as a consequence of cocaine exposure and cocaine abstinence period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy J Lynch
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry and Center for Genes and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine and Connecticut Mental Health Center, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06508, USA.
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74
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Meyer-Lindenberg A, Straub RE, Lipska BK, Verchinski BA, Goldberg T, Callicott JH, Egan MF, Huffaker SS, Mattay VS, Kolachana B, Kleinman JE, Weinberger DR. Genetic evidence implicating DARPP-32 in human frontostriatal structure, function, and cognition. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:672-82. [PMID: 17290303 PMCID: PMC1784004 DOI: 10.1172/jci30413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of molecular weight 32 kDa (DARPP-32), encoded by PPP1R1B, is a pivotal integrator of information in dopaminoceptive neurons, regulating the response to neuroleptics, psychotomimetics, and drugs of abuse, and affecting striatal function and plasticity. Despite extensive preclinical work, there are almost no data on DARPP-32 function in humans. Here, we identify, through resequencing in 298 chromosomes, a frequent PPP1R1B haplotype predicting mRNA expression of PPP1R1B isoforms in postmortem human brain. This haplotype was associated with enhanced performance on several cognitive tests that depend on frontostriatal function. Multimodal imaging of healthy subjects revealed an impact of the haplotype on neostriatal volume, activation, and the functional connectivity of the prefrontal cortex. The haplotype was associated with the risk for schizophrenia in 1 family-based association analysis. Our convergent results identify a prefrontal-neostriatal system affected by variation in PPP1R1B and suggest that DARPP-32 plays a pivotal role in cognitive function and possibly in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Unit for Systems Neuroscience in Psychiatry,
Neuroimaging Core Facility, and
Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Genes, Cognition, and Psychosis Program, National Institute for Mental Health (NIMH), NIH, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard E. Straub
- Unit for Systems Neuroscience in Psychiatry,
Neuroimaging Core Facility, and
Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Genes, Cognition, and Psychosis Program, National Institute for Mental Health (NIMH), NIH, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Barbara K. Lipska
- Unit for Systems Neuroscience in Psychiatry,
Neuroimaging Core Facility, and
Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Genes, Cognition, and Psychosis Program, National Institute for Mental Health (NIMH), NIH, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Beth A. Verchinski
- Unit for Systems Neuroscience in Psychiatry,
Neuroimaging Core Facility, and
Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Genes, Cognition, and Psychosis Program, National Institute for Mental Health (NIMH), NIH, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Terry Goldberg
- Unit for Systems Neuroscience in Psychiatry,
Neuroimaging Core Facility, and
Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Genes, Cognition, and Psychosis Program, National Institute for Mental Health (NIMH), NIH, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph H. Callicott
- Unit for Systems Neuroscience in Psychiatry,
Neuroimaging Core Facility, and
Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Genes, Cognition, and Psychosis Program, National Institute for Mental Health (NIMH), NIH, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael F. Egan
- Unit for Systems Neuroscience in Psychiatry,
Neuroimaging Core Facility, and
Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Genes, Cognition, and Psychosis Program, National Institute for Mental Health (NIMH), NIH, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen S. Huffaker
- Unit for Systems Neuroscience in Psychiatry,
Neuroimaging Core Facility, and
Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Genes, Cognition, and Psychosis Program, National Institute for Mental Health (NIMH), NIH, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Venkata S. Mattay
- Unit for Systems Neuroscience in Psychiatry,
Neuroimaging Core Facility, and
Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Genes, Cognition, and Psychosis Program, National Institute for Mental Health (NIMH), NIH, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Bhaskar Kolachana
- Unit for Systems Neuroscience in Psychiatry,
Neuroimaging Core Facility, and
Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Genes, Cognition, and Psychosis Program, National Institute for Mental Health (NIMH), NIH, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joel E. Kleinman
- Unit for Systems Neuroscience in Psychiatry,
Neuroimaging Core Facility, and
Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Genes, Cognition, and Psychosis Program, National Institute for Mental Health (NIMH), NIH, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel R. Weinberger
- Unit for Systems Neuroscience in Psychiatry,
Neuroimaging Core Facility, and
Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Genes, Cognition, and Psychosis Program, National Institute for Mental Health (NIMH), NIH, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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75
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76
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Haile CN, Kosten TR, Kosten TA. Genetics of dopamine and its contribution to cocaine addiction. Behav Genet 2006; 37:119-45. [PMID: 17063402 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-006-9115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine addiction is a major health and social problem for which there are presently no effective pharmacotherapies. Many of the most promising medications target dopamine based on the large literature that supports its role in addiction. Recent studies show that genetic factors are also important. Rodent models and gene knock-out technology have helped elucidate the involvement of specific genes in the function of the dopamine reward system and intracellular cascades that lead to neuronal changes in this system. Human epidemiological, linkage, and association studies have identified allelic variants (polymorphisms) that give rise to altered metabolism of dopamine and its functional consequences. Individuals with these polymorphisms respond differently to psychostimulants and possibly to pharmacotherapies. Here we review the literature on genetic variations that affect dopamine neurotransmission, responses to psychostimulants and potential treatments for cocaine addiction. Behavioral responses to psychostimulants in animals with different or modified genetics in dopamine signaling are discussed. We also review polymorphisms in humans that affect dopaminergic neurotransmission and alter the subjective effects of psychostimulants. Pharmacotherapies may have increased efficacy when targeted to individuals possessing specific genetic polymophisms in dopamine's metabolic and intracellular messenger systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin N Haile
- Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, and Meninger Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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77
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Nadjar A, Brotchie JM, Guigoni C, Li Q, Zhou SB, Wang GJ, Ravenscroft P, Georges F, Crossman AR, Bezard E. Phenotype of striatofugal medium spiny neurons in parkinsonian and dyskinetic nonhuman primates: a call for a reappraisal of the functional organization of the basal ganglia. J Neurosci 2006; 26:8653-61. [PMID: 16928853 PMCID: PMC6674386 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2582-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The classic view of anatomofunctional organization of the basal ganglia is that striatopallidal neurons of the "indirect" pathway express D2 dopamine receptors and corelease enkephalin with GABA, whereas striatopallidal neurons of the "direct" pathway bear D1 dopamine receptors and corelease dynorphin and substance P with GABA. Although many studies have investigated the pathophysiology of the basal ganglia after dopamine denervation and subsequent chronic levodopa (L-dopa) treatment, none has ever considered the possibility of plastic changes leading to profound reorganization and/or biochemical phenotype modifications of medium spiny neurons. Therefore, we studied the phenotype of striatal neurons in four groups of nonhuman primates, including the following: normal, parkinsonian, parkinsonian chronically treated with L-dopa without exhibiting dyskinesia, and parkinsonian chronically treated with L-dopa exhibiting overt dyskinesia. To identify striatal cells projecting to external (indirect) or internal (direct) segments of the globus pallidus, the retrograde tracer cholera toxin subunit B (CTb) was injected stereotaxically into the terminal areas. Using immunohistochemistry techniques, brain sections were double labeled for CTb and dopamine receptors, opioid peptides, or the substance P receptor (NK1). We also used HPLC-RIA to assess opioid levels throughout structures of the basal ganglia. Our results suggest that medium spiny neurons retain their phenotype because no variations were observed in any experimental condition. Therefore, it appears unlikely that dyskinesia is related to a phenotype modification of the striatal neurons. However, this study supports the concept of axonal collateralization of striatofugal cells that project to both globus pallidus pars externa and globus pallidus pars interna. Striatofugal pathways are not as segregated in the primate as previously considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Nadjar
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5543 et
| | - Jonathan M. Brotchie
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
- Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8, and
| | - Celine Guigoni
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5543 et
| | - Qin Li
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shao-Bo Zhou
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Gui-Jie Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Paula Ravenscroft
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - François Georges
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale AVENIR 01, Université Victor Segalen-Bordeaux 2, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Alan R. Crossman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Erwan Bezard
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5543 et
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78
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Borgkvist A, Fisone G. Psychoactive drugs and regulation of the cAMP/PKA/DARPP-32 cascade in striatal medium spiny neurons. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2006; 31:79-88. [PMID: 16730373 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2006] [Revised: 03/13/2006] [Accepted: 03/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Changes in activity of the medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of dorsal and ventral striatum result in alterations of motor performance, ranging from rapid increases or decreases in locomotor activity, to long-term modifications of motor behaviours. In the dorsal striatum, MSNs can be distinguished based on the organization of their connectivity to substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr) and internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi), which, in turn, control thalamocortical neurons. Approximately half of the MSNs project directly to SNpr and GPi, their activation leading to disinhibition of thalamocortical neurons and increased motor activity. The other subpopulation of MSNs connects to SNpr and GPi indirectly and when activated promotes inhibition of thalamocortical neurons, thereby reducing motor activity. The dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kDa (DARPP-32) is a modulator of the cAMP signalling pathway, highly expressed in MSNs. This review discusses the regulation of DARPP-32 exerted by psychoactive substances in specific populations of striatal projection neurons and its involvement in short- and long-term motor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Borgkvist
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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79
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Zhang Y, Svenningsson P, Picetti R, Schlussman SD, Nairn AC, Ho A, Greengard P, Kreek MJ. Cocaine self-administration in mice is inversely related to phosphorylation at Thr34 (protein kinase A site) and Ser130 (kinase CK1 site) of DARPP-32. J Neurosci 2006; 26:2645-51. [PMID: 16525043 PMCID: PMC6675152 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3923-05.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The reinforcing effect of cocaine is associated with increases in dopamine in the striatum. The phosphoprotein DARPP-32 (dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein) has been shown to mediate the intracellular events after activation of dopamine receptors. DARPP-32 is phosphorylated at multiple sites by different protein kinases, but little is known about the functional role of these different sites. Cocaine self-administration and striatal levels of dopamine after acute "binge" cocaine administration were measured in separate lines of mice with alanine mutations introduced into DARPP-32 at either Thr34 (protein kinase A site, Thr34A), Thr75, (cyclin-dependent kinase 5 site, Thr75A), Ser97 (kinase CK2 site, Ser97A), or Ser130 (kinase CK1 site, Ser130A). Acquisition of stable cocaine self-administration required significantly more time in Thr34A-/- mice. Both Thr34A- and Ser130A-DARPP-32 mutant mice self-administered more cocaine than their respective wild-type controls. Also, cocaine-induced increases of dopamine in dorsal striatum were attenuated in the Thr34A- and Ser130A-DARPP-32 phosphomutant mice compared with wild-type mice. Notably, levels of P-Thr34- and P-Ser130-DARPP-32 were reduced after self-administration of cocaine in wild-type mice. Thus, phosphorylation states of Thr34- and Ser130-DARPP-32 play important roles in modulating the reinforcing effects of cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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