51
|
Short-term physiologic response of the green microalga Picochlorum sp. (BPE23) to supra-optimal temperature. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3290. [PMID: 35228560 PMCID: PMC8885816 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06954-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Photobioreactors heat up significantly during the day due to irradiation by sunlight. High temperatures affect cell physiology negatively, causing reduced growth and productivity. To elucidate the microalgal response to stressful supra-optimal temperature, we studied the physiology of Picochlorum sp. (BPE23) after increasing the growth temperature from 30 °C to 42 °C, whereas 38 °C is its optimal growth temperature. Cell growth, cell composition and mRNA expression patterns were regularly analyzed for 120 h after increasing the temperature. The supra-optimal temperature caused cell cycle arrest for 8 h, with concomitant changes in metabolic activity. Accumulation of fatty acids was observed during this period to store unspent energy which was otherwise used for growth. In addition, the microalgae changed their pigment and fatty acid composition. For example, palmitic acid (C16:0) content in the polar fatty acid fraction increased by 30%, hypothetically to reduce membrane fluidity to counteract the effect of increased temperature. After the relief of cell cycle arrest, the metabolic activity of Picochlorum sp. (BPE23) reduced significantly over time. A strong response in gene expression was observed directly after the increase in temperature, which was dampened in the remainder of the experiment. mRNA expression levels associated with pathways associated with genes acting in photosynthesis, carbon fixation, ribosome, citrate cycle, and biosynthesis of metabolites and amino acids were downregulated, whereas the proteasome, autophagy and endocytosis were upregulated.
Collapse
|
52
|
Lighting from Top and Side Enhances Photosynthesis and Plant Performance by Improving Light Usage Efficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052448. [PMID: 35269590 PMCID: PMC8910434 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Light is a critical environmental factor that influences plant growth and development, ranging from seed germination to flowering and fruiting. This study was carried out to explore how the optimal combination of various lighting directions increases the light usage efficiency and influences the plant morphophysiology, by investigating the plant growth parameters, leaf anatomy, epidermal morphology, stomatal properties, chlorophyll content, key physiological changes, and correlated gene expressions. In closed-type plant growth chambers, rooted cuttings of two chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) cultivars, “Pearl Egg” and “Gaya Glory”, were subjected to a 10-h photoperiod with 600 μmol∙m−2·s−1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) provided by light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in each light-direction combination (top (1/1) (T), top (1/2) + side (1/2) (TS), top (1/2) + bottom (1/2) (TB), side (1/2) + bottom (1/2) (SB), and top (1/3) + side (1/3) + bottom (1/3) (TSB)). The TS lighting significantly enhanced the morphophysiological performance, compared to the other lighting direction combinations. Notably, the excellent branch formation and earlier flowering were induced by the TS lighting in both “Pearl Egg” and “Gaya Glory” plants.
Collapse
|
53
|
Nanoinhibitory Impacts of Salicylic Acid, Glycyrrhizic Acid Ammonium Salt, and Boric Acid Nanoparticles against Phytoplasma Associated with Faba Bean. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27051467. [PMID: 35268567 PMCID: PMC8911656 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are economically important plant pathogenic bacterial diseases, causing severe yield losses worldwide. In this study, we tested nanoformulations such as glycyrrhizic acid ammonium salt (GAS), salicylic acid (SA), and boric acid (BA) as novel antimicrobial agents inducing the resistance against the phytoplasma disease in faba bean. The nanoparticles (NP) were foliar-applied to naturally phytoplasma-infected faba bean with three concentrations from each of SA, GAS, and BA, under field conditions. Nested PCR (using universal primer pairs P1/P7 and R16F2n/R16R2) were reacted positively with all symptomatic samples and gave a product size of approximately 1200 bp, while the healthy plant gave no results. Transmission electron microscopy examinations of phytoplasma-infected faba bean plants treated with different nanoparticles revealed that severe damage occurred in phytoplasma particle’s structure, degradation, malformation, lysis in the cell membrane, and the cytoplasmic leakage followed by complete lysis of phytoplasma cells. Exogenous application of GAS-NP (1.68 µM), SA-NP (0.28 µM), and BA-NP (0.124 µM) suppressed the infection percentage of phytoplasma by 75%, 50%, and 20%, and the disease severity by 84%, 64%, and 54%, respectively. Foliar application of nanoparticles improved Fv/Fm (maximum quantum efficiency of PSII Photochemistry), PI (the performance index), SPAD chlorophyll (the relative chlorophyll content), shoots height, and leaves number, thus inducing recovery of the plant biomass and green pods yield. The most effective treatment was GAS-NP at 1.68 µM that mediated substantial increases in the shoots’ fresh weight, shoots’ dry weight, number of pods per plant, and green pods yield by 230%, 244%, 202% and 178%, respectively, compared to those of infected plants not sprayed with nanoparticles. This study demonstrated the utility of using nanoparticles, particularly GAS-NP at 1.68 µM to suppress the phytoplasma infection.
Collapse
|
54
|
Siddiqui ZS, Wei X, Umar M, Abideen Z, Zulfiqar F, Chen J, Hanif A, Dawar S, Dias DA, Yasmeen R. Scrutinizing the Application of Saline Endophyte to Enhance Salt Tolerance in Rice and Maize Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:770084. [PMID: 35251059 PMCID: PMC8891170 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.770084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to witness the plant-microbe interaction associated with salt tolerance in crops. We isolated the endophytic microbe from the root zone of halophytic grass. Later, the salt tolerance of the endophyte was tested in the saline medium and was identified using nucleotide sequencing (GenBank under the accession numbers: SUB9030920 AH1_AHK_ITS1 MW570850: SUB9030920 AH1_AHK_ITS4 MW570851). Rice and maize seeds were coated with identified endophyte Aspergillus terreus and were sown in separate plastic pots. Later 21-day-old seedlings were subjected to three NaCl concentrations, including 50, 100, and 150 mM salt stress. Under saline conditions, A. terreus showed a substantial increase in growth, biomass, relative water content, oxidative balance, and photochemical efficiency of rice and maize plants. The data reflected that the stimulation of gibberellic acid (GA) in treated leaves may be the main reason for the upregulation of photosynthesis and the antioxidant defense cascade. The data also depict the downregulation of oxidative damage markers malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide in rice and maize plants. Conclusively, salt-tolerant endophytic fungus A. terreus explicitly displayed the positive plant-microbe interaction by developing salt tolerance in rice and maize plants. Salt tolerance by endophytic fungus coincides with the enhanced GA concentration, which illustrated the stimulated physiological mechanism and gene in response to the extreme environmental crisis, resulting in improved crop productivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zamin Shaheed Siddiqui
- Stress Physiology Phenomics Centre, Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Xiangying Wei
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Umar
- Stress Physiology Phenomics Centre, Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zainul Abideen
- Muhammad Ajmal Khan Institute of Sustainable Halophyte Utilization, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Faisal Zulfiqar
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Environmental Horticulture Department and Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Apopka, FL, United States
| | - Asma Hanif
- Stress Physiology Phenomics Centre, Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shahnaz Dawar
- Stress Physiology Phenomics Centre, Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Daniel Anthony Dias
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Discipline of Laboratory Medicine, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Roomana Yasmeen
- Stress Physiology Phenomics Centre, Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Nguyen VL, Palmer L, Stangoulis J. Higher Photochemical Quenching and Better Maintenance of Carbon Dioxide Fixation Are Key Traits for Phosphorus Use Efficiency in the Wheat Breeding Line, RAC875. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:816211. [PMID: 35185965 PMCID: PMC8854500 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.816211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining carbohydrate biosynthesis and C assimilation is critical under phosphorus (P) deficiency as inorganic P (Pi) is essential for ATP synthesis. Low available P in agricultural soils occurs worldwide and fertilizer P sources are being depleted. Thus, identifying biosynthetic traits that are favorable for P use efficiency (PUE) in crops is crucial. This study characterized agronomic traits, gas exchange, and chlorophyll traits of two wheat genotypes that differ in PUE. RAC875 was a P efficient genotype and Wyalkatchem was a P inefficient genotype. The plants were grown in pots under growth room conditions at two P levels; 10 mg P kg-1 soil (low P) and 30 mg P kg-1 soil (adequate P) and gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured at the vegetative and booting stages using a portable photosynthesis system (LI-6800, LI-COR, United States). Results showed significant differences in some agronomic traits between the two wheat genotypes, i.e., greater leaf size and area, and a higher ratio of productive tillers to total tillers in RC875 when compared with Wyalkatchem. The CO2 response curve showed Wyalkatchem was more severely affected by low P than RAC875 at the booting stage. The relative ratio of the photosynthetic rate at low P to adequate P was also higher in RAC875 at the booting stage. Photochemical quenching (qP) in RAC875 was significantly higher when compared with Wyalkatchem at the booting stage. Maintaining CO2 fixation capacity under low P and higher qP would be associated with P efficiency in RAC875 and measuring qP could be a potential method to screen for P efficient wheat.
Collapse
|
56
|
The Absence of the AtSYT1 Function Elevates the Adverse Effect of Salt Stress on Photosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031751. [PMID: 35163669 PMCID: PMC8836111 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana SYNAPTOTAGMIN 1 (AtSYT1) was shown to be involved in responses to different environmental and biotic stresses. We investigated gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence in Arabidopsis wild-type (WT, ecotype Col-0) and atsyt1 mutant plants irrigated for 48 h with 150 mM NaCl. We found that salt stress significantly decreases net photosynthetic assimilation, effective photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II (ΦPSII), stomatal conductance and transpiration rate in both genotypes. Salt stress has a more severe impact on atsyt1 plants with increasing effect at higher illumination. Dark respiration, photochemical quenching (qP), non-photochemical quenching and ΦPSII measured at 750 µmol m−2 s−1 photosynthetic photon flux density were significantly affected by salt in both genotypes. However, differences between mutant and WT plants were recorded only for qP and ΦPSII. Decreased photosynthetic efficiency in atsyt1 under salt stress was accompanied by reduced chlorophyll and carotenoid and increased flavonol content in atsyt1 leaves. No differences in the abundance of key proteins participating in photosynthesis (except PsaC and PsbQ) and chlorophyll biosynthesis were found regardless of genotype or salt treatment. Microscopic analysis showed that irrigating plants with salt caused a partial closure of the stomata, and this effect was more pronounced in the mutant than in WT plants. The localization pattern of AtSYT1 was also altered by salt stress.
Collapse
|
57
|
Zhang L, Zhang Z, Fang S, Liu Y, Shang X. Metabolome and Transcriptome Analyses Unravel the Molecular Regulatory Mechanisms Involved in Photosynthesis of Cyclocarya paliurus under Salt Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031161. [PMID: 35163101 PMCID: PMC8835658 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthesis is the primary life process in nature, and how to improve photosynthetic capacity under abiotic stresses is crucial to carbon fixation and plant productivity. As a multi-functional tree species, the leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus possess antihypertensive and hypoglycemic activities. However, the regulatory mechanism involved in the photosynthetic process of C. paliurus exposed to salinity has not yet been elucidated. In this study, the photosynthetic characteristics of C. paliurus seedlings, such as photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), and electron transfer rate (ETR), were investigated under different salt concentrations, while the metabolome and transcriptome analyses were conducted to unravel its molecular regulatory mechanisms. Salt stress not only significantly affected photosynthetic characteristics of C. paliurus seedlings, but also severely modified the abundance of metabolites (such as fumaric acid, sedoheptulose-7-phosphate, d-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, and 3-phospho-d-glyceroyl phosphate) involved in central carbon metabolism, and the expression of photosynthetic genes. Through the co-expression network analysis, a total of 27 transcription factors (including ERFs, IDD, DOF, MYB, RAP) were identified to regulate photosynthetic genes under salt stress. Our findings preliminarily clarify the molecular regulatory network involved in the photosynthetic process of C. paliurus under salt stress and would drive progress in improving the photosynthetic capacity and productivity of C. paliurus by molecular technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (L.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.L.); (X.S.)
| | - Zijie Zhang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (L.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.L.); (X.S.)
| | - Shengzuo Fang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (L.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.L.); (X.S.)
- Co-Innovation Centre for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +86-25-854-28603
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (L.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.L.); (X.S.)
| | - Xulan Shang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (L.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.L.); (X.S.)
- Co-Innovation Centre for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Ismael A, Xue J, Meason DF, Klápště J, Gallart M, Li Y, Bellè P, Gomez-Gallego M, Bradford KT, Telfer E, Dungey H. Genetic Variation in Drought-Tolerance Traits and Their Relationships to Growth in Pinus radiata D. Don Under Water Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:766803. [PMID: 35058945 PMCID: PMC8764257 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.766803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The selection of drought-tolerant genotypes is globally recognized as an effective strategy to maintain the growth and survival of commercial tree species exposed to future drought periods. New genomic selection tools that reduce the time of progeny trials are required to substitute traditional tree breeding programs. We investigated the genetic variation of water stress tolerance in New Zealand-grown Pinus radiata D. Don using 622 commercially-used genotypes from 63 families. We used quantitative pedigree-based (Genomic Best Linear Unbiased Prediction or ABLUP) and genomic-based (Genomic Best Linear Unbiased Prediction or GBLUP) approaches to examine the heritability estimates associated with water stress tolerance in P. radiata. Tree seedling growth traits, foliar carbon isotope composition (δ13C), and dark-adapted chlorophyll fluorescence (Y) were monitored before, during and after 10 months of water stress. Height growth showed a constant and moderate heritability level, while the heritability estimate for diameter growth and δ13C decreased with water stress. In contrast, chlorophyll fluorescence exhibited low heritability after 5 and 10 months of water stress. The GBLUP approach provided less breeding value accuracy than ABLUP, however, the relative selection efficiency of GBLUP was greater compared with ABLUP selection techniques. Although there was no significant relationship directly between δ13C and Y, the genetic correlations were significant and stronger for GBLUP. The positive genetic correlations between δ13C and tree biomass traits under water stress indicated that intraspecific variation in δ13C was likely driven by differences in the genotype's photosynthetic capacity. The results show that foliar δ13C can predict P. radiata genotype tolerance to water stress using ABLUP and GBLUP approaches and that such approaches can provide a faster screening and selection of drought-tolerant genotypes for forestry breeding programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ismael
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.), Rotorua, New Zealand
- Research and Development, Livestock Improvement Corporation, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Jianming Xue
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.), Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Jaroslav Klápště
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.), Rotorua, New Zealand
| | - Marta Gallart
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Yongjun Li
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.), Rotorua, New Zealand
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio Center, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Pierre Bellè
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.), Rotorua, New Zealand
| | - Mireia Gomez-Gallego
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.), Rotorua, New Zealand
- INRAE, IAM, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | | | - Emily Telfer
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.), Rotorua, New Zealand
| | - Heidi Dungey
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.), Rotorua, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Hommel E, Liebers M, Offermann S, Pfannschmidt T. Effectiveness of Light-Quality and Dark-White Growth Light Shifts in Short-Term Light Acclimation of Photosynthesis in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:615253. [PMID: 35046964 PMCID: PMC8761940 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.615253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis needs to run efficiently under permanently changing illumination. To achieve this, highly dynamic acclimation processes optimize photosynthetic performance under a variety of rapidly changing light conditions. Such acclimation responses are acting by a complex interplay of reversible molecular changes in the photosynthetic antenna or photosystem assemblies which dissipate excess energy and balance uneven excitation between the two photosystems. This includes a number of non-photochemical quenching processes including state transitions and photosystem II remodeling. In the laboratory such processes are typically studied by selective illumination set-ups. Two set-ups known to be effective in a highly similar manner are (i) light quality shifts (inducing a preferential excitation of one photosystem over the other) or (ii) dark-light shifts (inducing a general off-on switch of the light harvesting machinery). Both set-ups result in similar effects on the plastoquinone redox state, but their equivalence in induction of photosynthetic acclimation responses remained still open. Here, we present a comparative study in which dark-light and light-quality shifts were applied to samples of the same growth batches of plants. Both illumination set-ups caused comparable effects on the phosphorylation of LHCII complexes and, hence, on the performance of state transitions, but generated different effects on the degree of state transitions and the formation of PSII super-complexes. The two light set-ups, thus, are not fully equivalent in their physiological effectiveness potentially leading to different conclusions in mechanistic models of photosynthetic acclimation. Studies on the regulation of photosynthetic light acclimation, therefore, requires to regard the respective illumination test set-up as a critical parameter that needs to be considered in the discussion of mechanistic and regulatory aspects in this subject.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Hommel
- Pflanzenphysiologie, Institut für Biologie, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Monique Liebers
- Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften und Mikrobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sascha Offermann
- Pflanzenphysiologie, Institut für Botanik, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Leibniz-Universität Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Thomas Pfannschmidt
- Pflanzenphysiologie, Institut für Botanik, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Leibniz-Universität Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Khedr RA, Sorour SGR, Aboukhadrah SH, El Shafey NM, Abd Elsalam HE, El-Sharnouby ME, El-Tahan AM. Alleviation of salinity stress effects on agro-physiological traits of wheat by auxin, glycine betaine, and soil additives. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:534-540. [PMID: 35002449 PMCID: PMC8717150 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil salinity is a major constraint to wheat production; it causes a severe reduction in wheat growth and yield. Alleviation of salinity effects on physiological, biochemical, and yield of wheat cultivars; Sids 14 and Misr 3 using some soil additions (control, Molasses and Humic acid), compatible solutes, and growth regulators (water as control, Naphthalene acetic acid, and Glycine betaine) were investigated in salt-affected soils. Results indicated that Misr 3 was superior to Sids 14 in all studied characteristics except flag leaf area, relative water content, plant height and recorded lower and desirable value of leaf temperature. The addition of Molasses (24 L ha−1) or Humic acid (12 L ha−1) significantly increased physiological and biochemical characteristics. At the same time, flag leaf temperature, proline, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were decreased, yield and its attributes also increased except No. kernel spike-1. Foliar spray of Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 30 mg L−1. or glycine betaine (GB 100 mM) also positively affected the studied characteristics, where Glycine betaine recorded the highest Relative water content and Fv/Fm. In contrast, NAA recorded the most increased Catalase (CAT) activity, and the Number of spikes m−2 and insignificant differences were observed between them in grain yield. It could be recommended the cultivation of Misr 3 with Molasses and GB under saline soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rania A Khedr
- Crops Physiology Research Department, Field Crops Research Institute, ARC, Egypt
| | - Sobhy Gh R Sorour
- Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516 Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Saad H Aboukhadrah
- Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516 Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Neveen M El Shafey
- Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516 Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Hassan E Abd Elsalam
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed E El-Sharnouby
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amira M El-Tahan
- Plant Production Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, The City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, SRTA-City. Borg El Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Francesca S, Vitale L, Arena C, Raimondi G, Olivieri F, Cirillo V, Paradiso A, de Pinto MC, Maggio A, Barone A, Rigano MM. The efficient physiological strategy of a novel tomato genotype to adapt to chronic combined water and heat stress. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:62-74. [PMID: 34605594 PMCID: PMC9293464 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is increasing the frequency of high temperature shocks and water shortages, pointing to the need to develop novel tolerant varieties and to understand the mechanisms employed to withstand combined abiotic stresses. Two tomato genotypes, a heat-tolerant Solanum lycopersicum accession (LA3120) and a novel genotype (E42), previously selected as a stable yielding genotype under high temperatures, were exposed to single and combined water and heat stress. Plant functional traits, pollen viability and physiological (leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence emission measurements) and biochemical (antioxidant content and antioxidant enzyme activity) measurements were carried out. A Reduced Representation Sequencing approach allowed exploration of the genetic variability of both genotypes to identify candidate genes that could regulate stress responses. Both abiotic stresses had a severe impact on plant growth parameters and on the reproductive phase of development. Growth parameters and leaf gas exchange measurements revealed that the two genotypes used different physiological strategies to overcome individual and combined stresses, with E42 having a more efficient capacity to utilize the limiting water resources. Activation of antioxidant defence mechanisms seemed to be critical for both genotypes to counteract combined abiotic stresses. Candidate genes were identified that could explain the different physiological responses to stress observed in E42 compared with LA3120. Results here obtained have shown how new tomato genetic resources can be a valuable source of traits for adaptation to combined abiotic stresses and should be used in breeding programmes to improve stress tolerance in commercial varieties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. Francesca
- Department of Agricultural SciencesUniversity of Naples “Federico II”PorticiItaly
| | - L. Vitale
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food SciencesNational Research CouncilInstitute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the MediterraneanPorticiItaly
| | - C. Arena
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Naples “Federico II”NaplesItaly
- BATCenter ‐ Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro‐Environmental TechnologyPorticiItaly
| | - G. Raimondi
- Department of Agricultural SciencesUniversity of Naples “Federico II”PorticiItaly
| | - F. Olivieri
- Department of Agricultural SciencesUniversity of Naples “Federico II”PorticiItaly
| | - V. Cirillo
- Department of Agricultural SciencesUniversity of Naples “Federico II”PorticiItaly
| | - A. Paradiso
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Bari “Aldo Moro”BariItaly
| | - M. C. de Pinto
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Bari “Aldo Moro”BariItaly
| | - A. Maggio
- Department of Agricultural SciencesUniversity of Naples “Federico II”PorticiItaly
| | - A. Barone
- Department of Agricultural SciencesUniversity of Naples “Federico II”PorticiItaly
| | - M. M. Rigano
- Department of Agricultural SciencesUniversity of Naples “Federico II”PorticiItaly
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Esmaeilizadeh M, Malekzadeh Shamsabad MR, Roosta HR, Dąbrowski P, Rapacz M, Zieliński A, Wróbel J, Kalaji HM. Manipulation of light spectrum can improve the performance of photosynthetic apparatus of strawberry plants growing under salt and alkalinity stress. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261585. [PMID: 34941932 PMCID: PMC8699702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Strawberry is one of the plants sensitive to salt and alkalinity stress. Light quality affects plant growth and metabolic activities. However, there is no clear answer in the literature on how light can improve the performance of the photosynthetic apparatus of this species under salt and alkalinity stress. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of different spectra of supplemental light on strawberry (cv. Camarosa) under salt and alkalinity stress conditions. Light spectra of blue (with peak 460 nm), red (with peak 660 nm), blue/red (1:3), white/yellow (1:1) (400–700 nm) and ambient light were used as control. There were three stress treatments: control (no stress), alkalinity (40 mM NaHCO3), and salinity (80 mM NaCl). Under stress conditions, red and red/blue light had a positive effect on CO2 assimilation. In addition, blue/red light increased intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) under both stress conditions. Salinity and alkalinity stress decreased OJIP curves compared to the control treatment. Blue light caused an increase in its in plants under salinity stress, and red and blue/red light caused an increase in its in plants under alkalinity. Both salt and alkalinity stress caused a significant reduction in photosystem II (PSII) performance indices and quantum yield parameters. Adjustment of light spectra, especially red light, increased these parameters. It can be concluded that the adverse effects of salt and alkalinity stress on photosynthesis can be partially alleviated by changing the light spectra.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Esmaeilizadeh
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Hamid Reza Roosta
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, Arak, Iran
| | - Piotr Dąbrowski
- Department of Environmental Development, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail: (MRMS); (PD)
| | - Marcin Rapacz
- Department of Plant Breeding, Physiology and Seed Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Economics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Zieliński
- Department of Plant Breeding, Physiology and Seed Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Economics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jacek Wróbel
- Department of Bioengineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Hazem M. Kalaji
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Science, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Bakpa EP, Xie J, Zhang J, Han K, Ma Y, Liu T. Influence of soil amendment of different concentrations of amino acid water-soluble fertilizer on physiological characteristics, yield and quality of "Hangjiao No.2" Chili Pepper. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12472. [PMID: 34909271 PMCID: PMC8638573 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acids are well known as natural stimulators of plant growth and are widely used to promote crop yield and quality. Several studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of amino acid (s) as a foliar spray on a variety of plant species. However, the effects of soil amendment of different concentrations of amino acid water-soluble fertilizer on the physiological characteristics, yield, and quality of pepper remain unclear. Following this, three experimental sets of amino acid water-soluble fertilizer in the ratio 1.8: 2.7: 3.6 kg including control (CK) were conducted in Lintao county, Gansu province. The treatments were applied through furrow method at 6 weeks after planting. The results showed that physiological characteristics of the pepper plants, such as chlorophyll a (1.35 mg g−1), and b (0.67 mg g−1), total chlorophyll (2.02 mg g−1), carotenoid (0.63 mg g−1), ETR (26.25 µmol m−2s−1), Fv/Fm (0.75), Qp (0.92) contents of the leaves were increased by the 1.8 kg treatment while NPQ (71.37%) and root activity (2185.52 µg g−1 h−1) were improved by the 3.6 kg treatment compared to the control. Fertilization with 2.7 kg of amino acid water-soluble fertilizer also had a significant influence on fruit length (25.50 cm), and yield of pepper (37.92 t ha−1) while fruit diameter (24.51 mm), firmness (5.30 kg cm−2), fresh (48.10 g) and dry (4.71 g) weights were higher in the 1.8 kg treatment compared to the control. The lowest rate of fertilizer (1.8 kg) applied again resulted in a significant increase in soluble protein (79.79%), capsaicin (5.80 mg g−1), dihydrocapsaicin (1.08 mg g−1), vitamin C (72.33%) and the essential and non-essential amino acid contents of the pepper which ranged from (235.15 to 11.16 µg g−1) and (1,605.10 to 16.63 µg g−1) respectively, while soluble sugar (9.02%) was enhanced by 3.6 kg treatment compared to the control. The findings suggest that soil amendment with low concentration of amino acid water-soluble fertilizer (1.8 kg) could be successfully used to improve the physiological characteristics and fruit quality of peppers in vegetable production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jianming Xie
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Kangning Han
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yufeng Ma
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Tiandong Liu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
de Lima Toledo CA, da Silva Ponce F, Oliveira MD, Aires ES, Seabra Júnior S, Lima GPP, de Oliveira RC. Change in the Physiological and Biochemical Aspects of Tomato Caused by Infestation by Cryptic Species of Bemisia tabaci MED and MEAM1. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12121105. [PMID: 34940193 PMCID: PMC8707048 DOI: 10.3390/insects12121105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Bemisia tabaci is a polyphagous pest with cryptic species that infest various agricultural crops worldwide. Among the cryptic species, MED and MEAM1 are the most invasive, causing large production losses due to the feeding and transmission of the virus. We aimed to analyze the influence of these insects on the physiology and biochemistry of tomato. We found that the cryptic species MED caused considerable reduction in CO2 assimilation rates, stomatal conductance, and instantaneous carboxylation efficiency. Furthermore, plants infested with MED showed high activity of the enzymes peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase, which are considered expressions of plant defense. In contrast, plants infested with MEAM1 showed low peroxidase activity, which may result in a less lignified feeding place. Abstract Infestation by Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) causes damage to tomatoes with production losses of up to 100%, affecting the physiological and biochemical aspects of host plants. The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of infestation of cryptic species of B. tabaci MED and MEAM1 on the physiological and biochemical aspects of tomato. Tomato plants ‘Santa Adélia Super’ infested with B. tabaci (MED and MEAM1), and non-infested plants were evaluated for differences in gas exchange, chlorophyll - a fluorescence of photosystem II (PSII), and biochemical factors (total phenols, total flavonoids, superoxide dismutase—SOD, peroxidase—POD, and polyphenol oxidase—PPO). Plants infested with B. tabaci MED showed low rates of CO2 assimilation and stomatal conductance of 55% and 52%, respectively. The instantaneous carboxylation efficiency was reduced by 40% in MED and by 60% in MEAM1 compared to the control. Regarding biochemical aspects, plants infested by MED cryptic species showed high activity of POD and PPO enzymes and total phenol content during the second and third instars when compared to control plants. Our results indicate that B. tabaci MED infestation in tomato plants had a greater influence than B. tabaci MEAM1 infestation on physiological parameters (CO2 assimilation rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), and apparent carboxylation efficiency (A/Ci)) and caused increased activity of POD and PPO enzymes, indicating plant resistance to attack. In contrast, B. tabaci MEAM1 caused a reduction in POD enzyme activity, favoring offspring performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Aparecida de Lima Toledo
- Department of Horticulture, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18600-950, Brazil; (F.d.S.P.); (E.S.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-14-3880-7690
| | - Franciely da Silva Ponce
- Department of Horticulture, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18600-950, Brazil; (F.d.S.P.); (E.S.A.)
| | - Moisés Daniel Oliveira
- Crop Protection Department, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18600-950, Brazil; (M.D.O.); (R.C.d.O.)
| | - Eduardo Santana Aires
- Department of Horticulture, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18600-950, Brazil; (F.d.S.P.); (E.S.A.)
| | - Santino Seabra Júnior
- Department of Agronomy, State University of Mato Grosso, Nova Mutum 78450-000, Brazil;
| | - Giuseppina Pace Pereira Lima
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-970, Brazil;
| | - Regiane Cristina de Oliveira
- Crop Protection Department, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18600-950, Brazil; (M.D.O.); (R.C.d.O.)
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
H 2O 2 Functions as a Downstream Signal of IAA to Mediate H 2S-Induced Chilling Tolerance in Cucumber. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312910. [PMID: 34884713 PMCID: PMC8657662 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays a crucial role in regulating chilling tolerance. However, the role of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and auxin in H2S-induced signal transduction in the chilling stress response of plants was unclear. In this study, 1.0 mM exogenous H2O2 and 75 μM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) significantly improved the chilling tolerance of cucumber seedlings, as demonstrated by the mild plant chilling injury symptoms, lower chilling injury index (CI), electrolyte leakage (EL), and malondialdehyde content (MDA) as well as higher levels of photosynthesis and cold-responsive genes under chilling stress. IAA-induced chilling tolerance was weakened by N, N′-dimethylthiourea (DMTU, a scavenger of H2O2), but the polar transport inhibitor of IAA (1-naphthylphthalamic acid, NPA) did not affect H2O2-induced mitigation of chilling stress. IAA significantly enhanced endogenous H2O2 synthesis, but H2O2 had minimal effects on endogenous IAA content in cucumber seedlings. In addition, the H2O2 scavenger DMTU, inhibitor of H2O2 synthesis (diphenyleneiodonium chloride, DPI), and IAA polar transport inhibitor NPA reduced H2S-induced chilling tolerance. Sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) increased H2O2 and IAA levels, flavin monooxygenase (FMO) activity, and respiratory burst oxidase homolog (RBOH1) and FMO-like protein (YUCCA2) mRNA levels in cucumber seedlings. DMTU, DPI, and NPA diminished NaHS-induced H2O2 production, but DMTU and DPI did not affect IAA levels induced by NaHS during chilling stress. Taken together, the present data indicate that H2O2 as a downstream signal of IAA mediates H2S-induced chilling tolerance in cucumber seedlings.
Collapse
|
66
|
Chen M, Yin G, Zhao N, Gan T, Feng C, Gu M, Qi P, Ding Z. Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Water Toxicity Based on Photosynthetic Inhibition Effect. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9120321. [PMID: 34941755 PMCID: PMC8707688 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9120321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To achieve rapid and sensitive detection of the toxicity of pollutants in the aquatic environment, a photosynthetic inhibition method with microalgae as the test organism and photosynthetic fluorescence parameters as the test endpoint was proposed. In this study, eight environmental pollutants were selected to act on the tested organism, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, including herbicides (diuron, atrazine), fungicides (fuberidazole), organic chemical raw materials (phenanthrene, phenol, p-benzoquinone), disinfectants (trichloroacetonitrile uric acid), and disinfection by-products (trichloroacetonitrile). The results showed that, in addition to specific PSII inhibitors (diuretic and atrazine), other types of pollutants could also quickly affect the photosynthetic system. The photosynthetic fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm, Yield, α, and rP) could be used to detect the effects of pollutants on the photosynthetic system. Although the decay rate of the photosynthetic fluorescence parameters corresponding to the different pollutants was different, 1 h could be used as an appropriate toxicity exposure time. Moreover, the lowest respondent concentrations of photosynthetic fluorescence parameters to diuron, atrazine, fuberidazole, phenanthrene, P-benzoquinone, phenol, trichloroacetonitrile uric acid, and trichloroacetonitrile were 2 μg·L−1, 5 μg·L−1, 0.05 mg·L−1, 2 μg·L−1, 1.0 mg·L−1, 0.4 g·L−1, 0.1 mg·L−1, and 2.0 mg·L−1, respectively. Finally, diuron, atrazine, fuberidazole, and phenanthrene were selected for a comparison of their photosynthetic inhibition and growth inhibition. The results suggested that photosynthetic inhibition could overcome the time dependence of growth inhibition and shorten the toxic exposure time from more than 24 h to less than 1 h, or even a few minutes, while, the sensitivity of the toxicity test was not weakened. This study indicates that the photosynthetic inhibition method could be used for rapid detection of the toxicity of water pollutants and that algae fluorescence provides convenient access to toxicity data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (M.C.); (N.Z.); (T.G.); (C.F.); (M.G.); (P.Q.); (Z.D.)
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Key Laboratory of Optical Monitoring Technology for Environment of Anhui Province, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Gaofang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (M.C.); (N.Z.); (T.G.); (C.F.); (M.G.); (P.Q.); (Z.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Optical Monitoring Technology for Environment of Anhui Province, Hefei 230031, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Nanjing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (M.C.); (N.Z.); (T.G.); (C.F.); (M.G.); (P.Q.); (Z.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Optical Monitoring Technology for Environment of Anhui Province, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Tingting Gan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (M.C.); (N.Z.); (T.G.); (C.F.); (M.G.); (P.Q.); (Z.D.)
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Key Laboratory of Optical Monitoring Technology for Environment of Anhui Province, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Chun Feng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (M.C.); (N.Z.); (T.G.); (C.F.); (M.G.); (P.Q.); (Z.D.)
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Key Laboratory of Optical Monitoring Technology for Environment of Anhui Province, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Mengyuan Gu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (M.C.); (N.Z.); (T.G.); (C.F.); (M.G.); (P.Q.); (Z.D.)
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Key Laboratory of Optical Monitoring Technology for Environment of Anhui Province, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Peilong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (M.C.); (N.Z.); (T.G.); (C.F.); (M.G.); (P.Q.); (Z.D.)
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Key Laboratory of Optical Monitoring Technology for Environment of Anhui Province, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Zhichao Ding
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (M.C.); (N.Z.); (T.G.); (C.F.); (M.G.); (P.Q.); (Z.D.)
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Key Laboratory of Optical Monitoring Technology for Environment of Anhui Province, Hefei 230031, China
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Side Lighting Enhances Morphophysiology by Inducing More Branching and Flowering in Chrysanthemum Grown in Controlled Environment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222112019. [PMID: 34769450 PMCID: PMC8584406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222112019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Light is one of the most important factors that influence plant growth and development. This study was conducted to examine how lighting direction affects plant morphophysiology by investigating plant growth parameters, leaf anatomy, epidermal cell elongation, stomatal properties, chloroplast arrangement, and physiological changes. In closed-type plant factory units, the rooted cuttings of two chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) cultivars, ‘Gaya Glory’ and ‘Pearl Egg’, were subjected to a 10 h photoperiod with a 300 μmol∙m−2∙s−1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) provided by light-emitting diodes (LEDs) from three directions relative to the plant including the top, side, and bottom. Compared to the top or bottom lighting, the side lighting greatly enhanced the plant growth, improved the leaf internal structure and chloroplast arrangement, induced small stomata with a higher density, and promoted stomatal opening, which is associated with an increased stomatal conductance and photosynthetic efficiency. It is worth noting that the side lighting significantly enhanced the induction of branching and flowering for both cultivars., The plants grown with side lighting consistently exhibited the greatest physiological performance. We conclude that the lighting direction had a profound effect on the morphophysiological characteristics of chrysanthemum, and that side lighting dramatically promoted their growth and development, especially in their branching and flowering.
Collapse
|
68
|
Khazi MI, Shi L, Liaqat F, Yang Y, Li X, Yang D, Li J. Sequential Continuous Mixotrophic and Phototrophic Cultivation Might Be a Cost-Effective Strategy for Astaxanthin Production From the Microalga Haematococcus lacustris. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:740533. [PMID: 34676203 PMCID: PMC8523894 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.740533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Haematococcus lacustris has been developed for astaxanthin production for decades, the production cost is still high. In order to modify the production processes, we proposed a novel strategy of cultivation, featured by sequential indoor continuous mixotrophic cultivation for the production of green cells followed by outdoor phototrophic induction for astaxanthin accumulation. The continuous mixotrophic cultivation was first optimized indoor, and then the seed culture of mixotrophic cultivation was inoculated into outdoor open raceway ponds for photoinduction. The results showed that mixotrophically grown cultures could efficiently grow without losing their photosynthetic efficiency and yielded higher biomass concentration (0.655 g L−1) and astaxanthin content (2.2% DW), compared to phototrophically grown seed culture controls. This novel strategy might be a promising alternative to the current approaches to advance the production technology of astaxanthin from microalgae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahammed Ilyas Khazi
- Department of Research and Development, Panzhihua Gesala Biotechnology Inc., Panzhihua, China
| | - Liangtao Shi
- Institute of Tropical Eco-agriculture, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Science, Kunming, China
| | - Fakhra Liaqat
- Department of Research and Development, Panzhihua Gesala Biotechnology Inc., Panzhihua, China
| | - Yuxin Yang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, China
| | - Duanpeng Yang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, China
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Sukhova E, Gromova E, Yudina L, Kior A, Vetrova Y, Ilin N, Mareev E, Vodeneev V, Sukhov V. Change in H + Transport across Thylakoid Membrane as Potential Mechanism of 14.3 Hz Magnetic Field Impact on Photosynthetic Light Reactions in Seedlings of Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102207. [PMID: 34686016 PMCID: PMC8537839 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Natural and artificial extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELFMFs) are important factors influencing physiological processes in living organisms including terrestrial plants. Earlier, it was experimentally shown that short-term and long-term treatments by ELFMFs with Schumann resonance frequencies (7.8, 14.3, and 20.8 Hz) influenced parameters of photosynthetic light reactions in wheat leaves. The current work is devoted to an analysis of potential ways of this ELFMF influence on the light reactions. Only a short-term wheat treatment by 14.3 Hz ELFMF was used in the analysis. First, it was experimentally shown that ELFMF-induced changes (an increase in the effective quantum yield of photosystem II, a decrease in the non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence, a decrease in time of changes in these parameters, etc.) were observed under the action of ELFMF with widely ranging magnitudes (from 3 to 180 µT). In contrast, the potential quantum yield of photosystem II and time of relaxation of the energy-dependent component of the non-photochemical quenching were not significantly influenced by ELFMF. Second, it was shown that the ELFMF treatment decreased the proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane. In contrast, the H+ conductivity increased under this treatment. Third, an analysis of the simplest mathematical model of an H+ transport across the thylakoid membrane, which was developed in this work, showed that changes in H+ fluxes related to activities of the photosynthetic electron transport chain and the H+-ATP synthase were not likely a mechanism of the ELFMF influence. In contrast, changes induced by an increase in an additional H+ flux (probably, through the proton leakage and/or through the H+/Ca2+ antiporter activity in the thylakoid membrane) were in good accordance with experimental results. Thus, we hypothesized that this increase is the mechanism of the 14.3 Hz ELFMF influence (and, maybe, influences of other low frequencies) on photosynthetic light reactions in wheat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Sukhova
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (E.S.); (E.G.); (L.Y.); (A.K.); (Y.V.); (V.V.)
- Earth’s Electromagnetic Environment Laboratory, Institute of Applied Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 603600 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (N.I.); (E.M.)
| | - Ekaterina Gromova
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (E.S.); (E.G.); (L.Y.); (A.K.); (Y.V.); (V.V.)
| | - Lyubov Yudina
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (E.S.); (E.G.); (L.Y.); (A.K.); (Y.V.); (V.V.)
| | - Anastasiia Kior
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (E.S.); (E.G.); (L.Y.); (A.K.); (Y.V.); (V.V.)
- Earth’s Electromagnetic Environment Laboratory, Institute of Applied Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 603600 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (N.I.); (E.M.)
| | - Yana Vetrova
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (E.S.); (E.G.); (L.Y.); (A.K.); (Y.V.); (V.V.)
| | - Nikolay Ilin
- Earth’s Electromagnetic Environment Laboratory, Institute of Applied Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 603600 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (N.I.); (E.M.)
| | - Evgeny Mareev
- Earth’s Electromagnetic Environment Laboratory, Institute of Applied Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 603600 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (N.I.); (E.M.)
| | - Vladimir Vodeneev
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (E.S.); (E.G.); (L.Y.); (A.K.); (Y.V.); (V.V.)
- Earth’s Electromagnetic Environment Laboratory, Institute of Applied Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 603600 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (N.I.); (E.M.)
| | - Vladimir Sukhov
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (E.S.); (E.G.); (L.Y.); (A.K.); (Y.V.); (V.V.)
- Earth’s Electromagnetic Environment Laboratory, Institute of Applied Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 603600 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (N.I.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-909-292-8653
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Muller EM, Dungan AM, Million WC, Eaton KR, Petrik C, Bartels E, Hall ER, Kenkel CD. Heritable variation and lack of tradeoffs suggest adaptive capacity in Acropora cervicornis despite negative synergism under climate change scenarios. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210923. [PMID: 34641725 PMCID: PMC8511747 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of multi-stressor interactions and the potential for tradeoffs among tolerance traits is essential for developing intervention strategies for the conservation and restoration of reef ecosystems in a changing climate. Thermal extremes and acidification are two major co-occurring stresses predicted to limit the recovery of vital Caribbean reef-building corals. Here, we conducted an aquarium-based experiment to quantify the effects of increased water temperatures and pCO2 individually and in concert on 12 genotypes of the endangered branching coral Acropora cervicornis, currently being reared and outplanted for large-scale coral restoration. Quantification of 12 host, symbiont and holobiont traits throughout the two-month-long experiment showed several synergistic negative effects, where the combined stress treatment often caused a greater reduction in physiological function than the individual stressors alone. However, we found significant genetic variation for most traits and positive trait correlations among treatments indicating an apparent lack of tradeoffs, suggesting that adaptive evolution will not be constrained. Our results suggest that it may be possible to incorporate climate-resistant coral genotypes into restoration and selective breeding programmes, potentially accelerating adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashley M. Dungan
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wyatt C. Million
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Chelsea Petrik
- Mote Marine Laboratory, International Center for Coral Reef Research and Restoration, Summerland Key, FL, USA
| | - Erich Bartels
- Mote Marine Laboratory, International Center for Coral Reef Research and Restoration, Summerland Key, FL, USA
| | | | - Carly D. Kenkel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Camus L, Andrade H, Aniceto AS, Aune M, Bandara K, Basedow SL, Christensen KH, Cook J, Daase M, Dunlop K, Falk-Petersen S, Fietzek P, Fonnes G, Ghaffari P, Gramvik G, Graves I, Hayes D, Langeland T, Lura H, Marin TK, Nøst OA, Peddie D, Pederick J, Pedersen G, Sperrevik AK, Sørensen K, Tassara L, Tjøstheim S, Tverberg V, Dahle S. Autonomous Surface and Underwater Vehicles as Effective Ecosystem Monitoring and Research Platforms in the Arctic-The Glider Project. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21206752. [PMID: 34695965 PMCID: PMC8537502 DOI: 10.3390/s21206752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Effective ocean management requires integrated and sustainable ocean observing systems enabling us to map and understand ecosystem properties and the effects of human activities. Autonomous subsurface and surface vehicles, here collectively referred to as “gliders”, are part of such ocean observing systems providing high spatiotemporal resolution. In this paper, we present some of the results achieved through the project “Unmanned ocean vehicles, a flexible and cost-efficient offshore monitoring and data management approach—GLIDER”. In this project, three autonomous surface and underwater vehicles were deployed along the Lofoten–Vesterålen (LoVe) shelf-slope-oceanic system, in Arctic Norway. The aim of this effort was to test whether gliders equipped with novel sensors could effectively perform ecosystem surveys by recording physical, biogeochemical, and biological data simultaneously. From March to September 2018, a period of high biological activity in the area, the gliders were able to record a set of environmental parameters, including temperature, salinity, and oxygen, map the spatiotemporal distribution of zooplankton, and record cetacean vocalizations and anthropogenic noise. A subset of these parameters was effectively employed in near-real-time data assimilative ocean circulation models, improving their local predictive skills. The results presented here demonstrate that autonomous gliders can be effective long-term, remote, noninvasive ecosystem monitoring and research platforms capable of operating in high-latitude marine ecosystems. Accordingly, these platforms can record high-quality baseline environmental data in areas where extractive activities are planned and provide much-needed information for operational and management purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Camus
- Akvaplan-niva AS, 9007 Tromsø, Norway; (M.A.); (S.F.-P.); (P.G.); (O.A.N.); (L.T.); (S.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Hector Andrade
- Institute of Marine Research, 9007 Tromsø, Norway; (H.A.); (K.D.)
| | - Ana Sofia Aniceto
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Bioeconomics, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway;
| | - Magnus Aune
- Akvaplan-niva AS, 9007 Tromsø, Norway; (M.A.); (S.F.-P.); (P.G.); (O.A.N.); (L.T.); (S.D.)
| | - Kanchana Bandara
- Faculty for Bioscience and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8026 Bodø, Norway; (K.B.); (V.T.)
| | - Sünnje Linnéa Basedow
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway; (S.L.B.); (M.D.)
| | - Kai Håkon Christensen
- R&D Department, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, 0371 Oslo, Norway; (K.H.C.); (A.K.S.)
| | - Jeremy Cook
- NORCE Norwegian Research Center, 5008 Bergen, Norway; (J.C.); (G.F.); (T.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Malin Daase
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway; (S.L.B.); (M.D.)
| | - Katherine Dunlop
- Institute of Marine Research, 9007 Tromsø, Norway; (H.A.); (K.D.)
| | - Stig Falk-Petersen
- Akvaplan-niva AS, 9007 Tromsø, Norway; (M.A.); (S.F.-P.); (P.G.); (O.A.N.); (L.T.); (S.D.)
| | - Peer Fietzek
- Kongsberg Maritime Germany GmbH, 22529 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Gro Fonnes
- NORCE Norwegian Research Center, 5008 Bergen, Norway; (J.C.); (G.F.); (T.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Peygham Ghaffari
- Akvaplan-niva AS, 9007 Tromsø, Norway; (M.A.); (S.F.-P.); (P.G.); (O.A.N.); (L.T.); (S.D.)
| | - Geir Gramvik
- Kongsberg Digital, 3616 Kongsberg, Norway; (G.G.); (S.T.)
| | | | - Daniel Hayes
- Cyprus Sub Sea Consulting & Services, 2326 Nicosia, Cyprus;
| | - Tor Langeland
- NORCE Norwegian Research Center, 5008 Bergen, Norway; (J.C.); (G.F.); (T.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Harald Lura
- ConocoPhillips Skandinavia AS, 4056 Tananger, Norway;
| | | | - Ole Anders Nøst
- Akvaplan-niva AS, 9007 Tromsø, Norway; (M.A.); (S.F.-P.); (P.G.); (O.A.N.); (L.T.); (S.D.)
| | | | | | - Geir Pedersen
- NORCE Norwegian Research Center, 5008 Bergen, Norway; (J.C.); (G.F.); (T.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Ann Kristin Sperrevik
- R&D Department, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, 0371 Oslo, Norway; (K.H.C.); (A.K.S.)
| | - Kai Sørensen
- Marin Biogeochemistry and Oceanography, NIVA, 0579 Oslo, Norway; (T.K.M.); (K.S.)
| | - Luca Tassara
- Akvaplan-niva AS, 9007 Tromsø, Norway; (M.A.); (S.F.-P.); (P.G.); (O.A.N.); (L.T.); (S.D.)
| | | | - Vigdis Tverberg
- Faculty for Bioscience and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8026 Bodø, Norway; (K.B.); (V.T.)
| | - Salve Dahle
- Akvaplan-niva AS, 9007 Tromsø, Norway; (M.A.); (S.F.-P.); (P.G.); (O.A.N.); (L.T.); (S.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Walter-McNeill A, Garcia MA, Logan BA, Bombard DM, Reblin JS, Lopez S, Southwick CD, Sparrow EL, Bowling DR. Wide variation of winter-induced sustained thermal energy dissipation in conifers: a common-garden study. Oecologia 2021; 197:589-598. [PMID: 34570279 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-05038-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Low temperature in winter depresses rates of photosynthesis, which, in evergreen plants, can exacerbate imbalances between light absorption and photochemical light use. Damage that could result from increased excess light absorption is minimized by the conversion of excitation energy to heat in a process known as energy dissipation, which involves the de-epoxidized carotenoids of the xanthophyll cycle. Overwintering evergreens employ sustained forms of energy dissipation observable even after lengthy periods of dark acclimation. Whereas most studies of photoprotective energy dissipation examine one or a small number of species; here, we measured the levels of sustained thermal energy dissipation of seventy conifer taxa growing outdoors under common-garden conditions at the Red Butte Garden in Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A. (forty nine taxa were also sampled for needle pigment content). We observed an extremely wide range of wintertime engagement of sustained energy dissipation; the percentage decrease in dark-acclimated photosystem II quantum efficiency from summer to winter ranged from 6 to 95%. Of the many pigment-based parameters measured, the magnitude of the seasonal decrease in quantum efficiency was most closely associated with the seasonal increase in zeaxanthin content expressed on a total chlorophyll basis, which explained only slightly more than one-third of the variation. We did not find evidence for a consistent wintertime decrease in needle chlorophyll content. Thus, the prevailing mechanism for winter decreases in solar-induced fluorescence emitted by evergreen forests may be decreases in fluorescence quantum yield, and wintertime deployment of sustained energy dissipation likely underlies this effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - M A Garcia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - B A Logan
- Biology Department, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME, USA
| | - D M Bombard
- Biology Department, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME, USA
| | - J S Reblin
- Biology Department, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME, USA
| | - S Lopez
- Biology Department, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME, USA
| | - C D Southwick
- Biology Department, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME, USA
| | - E L Sparrow
- Biology Department, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME, USA
| | - D R Bowling
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Anderson CM, Mattoon EM, Zhang N, Becker E, McHargue W, Yang J, Patel D, Dautermann O, McAdam SAM, Tarin T, Pathak S, Avenson TJ, Berry J, Braud M, Niyogi KK, Wilson M, Nusinow DA, Vargas R, Czymmek KJ, Eveland AL, Zhang R. High light and temperature reduce photosynthetic efficiency through different mechanisms in the C 4 model Setaria viridis. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1092. [PMID: 34531541 PMCID: PMC8446033 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
C4 plants frequently experience high light and high temperature conditions in the field, which reduce growth and yield. However, the mechanisms underlying these stress responses in C4 plants have been under-explored, especially the coordination between mesophyll (M) and bundle sheath (BS) cells. We investigated how the C4 model plant Setaria viridis responded to a four-hour high light or high temperature treatment at photosynthetic, transcriptomic, and ultrastructural levels. Although we observed a comparable reduction of photosynthetic efficiency in high light or high temperature treated leaves, detailed analysis of multi-level responses revealed important differences in key pathways and M/BS specificity responding to high light and high temperature. We provide a systematic analysis of high light and high temperature responses in S. viridis, reveal different acclimation strategies to these two stresses in C4 plants, discover unique light/temperature responses in C4 plants in comparison to C3 plants, and identify potential targets to improve abiotic stress tolerance in C4 crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin M Mattoon
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Plant and Microbial Biosciences Program, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ningning Zhang
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Eric Becker
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Jiani Yang
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dhruv Patel
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Oliver Dautermann
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Scott A M McAdam
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Tonantzin Tarin
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.,Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sunita Pathak
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tom J Avenson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jeffrey Berry
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Maxwell Braud
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Krishna K Niyogi
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Vargas
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Kirk J Czymmek
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Ru Zhang
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Effects of different salt sources and salinity levels on emergence and seedling growth of faba bean genotypes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18198. [PMID: 34521913 PMCID: PMC8440609 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97810-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Suitability of poor quality water for irrigation depends on salinity level and solute concentration in the water and selected crop. Salt stress is a major potential constraint for faba bean. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of different Cl- and SO4-containing salt sources in irrigation water with different salinity levels on emergence, early seedling growth and photosynthetic capacity of six faba bean genotypes. The negative effect order of salinity level was high (3 dS/m) > medium (2 dS/m) > low (1 dS/m) > control (0.05 dS/m) for all investigated parameters except dry root weight. The negative effects of Cl-containing salt sources were higher than that of SO4-containing salt sources. The worst and the best performing genotypes were determined as III-28 and III-29 on emergence percentage at 10th DAS, I-29 and III-1 on mean emergence time, III-22 and III-1 on shoot height, III-1 and I-29 on fresh biomass weight, III-22 and III-28 on fresh shoot weight, III-29 and I-29 on fresh root weight, respectively. This study showed that faba bean genotypes have different behaviors in terms of response to the increasing salinity levels artificially makeup by using different salt sources indicating that salt response of faba bean is genotype-specific.
Collapse
|
75
|
The Arabidopsis Accessions Selection Is Crucial: Insight from Photosynthetic Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189866. [PMID: 34576029 PMCID: PMC8465966 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural genetic variation in photosynthesis is strictly associated with the remarkable adaptive plasticity observed amongst Arabidopsis thaliana accessions derived from environmentally distinct regions. Exploration of the characteristic features of the photosynthetic machinery could reveal the regulatory mechanisms underlying those traits. In this study, we performed a detailed characterisation and comparison of photosynthesis performance and spectral properties of the photosynthetic apparatus in the following selected Arabidopsis thaliana accessions commonly used in laboratories as background lines: Col-0, Col-1, Col-2, Col-8, Ler-0, and Ws-2. The main focus was to distinguish the characteristic disparities for every accession in photosynthetic efficiency that could be accountable for their remarkable plasticity to adapt. The biophysical and biochemical analysis of the thylakoid membranes in control conditions revealed differences in lipid-to-protein contribution, Chlorophyll-to-Carotenoid ratio (Chl/Car), and xanthophyll cycle pigment distribution among accessions. We presented that such changes led to disparities in the arrangement of the Chlorophyll-Protein complexes, the PSI/PSII ratio, and the lateral mobility of the thylakoid membrane, with the most significant aberrations detected in the Ler-0 and Ws-2 accessions. We concluded that selecting an accession suitable for specific research on the photosynthetic process is essential for optimising the experiment.
Collapse
|
76
|
Matula EE, Nabity JA, McKnight DM. Supporting Simultaneous Air Revitalization and Thermal Control in a Crewed Habitat With Temperate Chlorella vulgaris and Eurythermic Antarctic Chlorophyta. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:709746. [PMID: 34504481 PMCID: PMC8422879 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.709746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Including a multifunctional, bioregenerative algal photobioreactor for simultaneous air revitalization and thermal control may aid in carbon loop closure for long-duration surface habitats. However, using water-based algal media as a cabin heat sink may expose the contained culture to a dynamic, low temperature environment. Including psychrotolerant microalgae, native to these temperature regimes, in the photobioreactor may contribute to system stability. This paper assesses the impact of a cycled temperature environment, reflective of spacecraft thermal loops, to the oxygen provision capability of temperate Chlorella vulgaris and eurythermic Antarctic Chlorophyta. The tested 28-min temperature cycles reflected the internal thermal control loops of the International Space Station (C. vulgaris, 9-27°C; Chlorophyta-Ant, 4-14°C) and included a constant temperature control (10°C). Both sample types of the cycled temperature condition concluded with increased oxygen production rates (C. vulgaris; initial: 0.013 mgO2 L-1, final: 3.15 mgO2 L-1 and Chlorophyta-Ant; initial: 0.653 mgO2 L-1, final: 1.03 mgO2 L-1) and culture growth, suggesting environmental acclimation. Antarctic sample conditions exhibited increases or sustainment of oxygen production rates normalized by biomass dry weight, while both C. vulgaris sample conditions decreased oxygen production per biomass. However, even with the temperature-induced reduction, cycled temperature C. vulgaris had a significantly higher normalized oxygen production rate than Antarctic Chlorophyta. Chlorophyll fluorometry measurements showed that the cycled temperature conditions did not overly stress both sample types (FV/FM: 0.6-0.75), but the Antarctic Chlorophyta sample had significantly higher fluorometry readings than its C. vulgaris counterpart (F = 6.26, P < 0.05). The steady state C. vulgaris condition had significantly lower fluorometry readings than all other conditions (FV/FM: 0.34), suggesting a stressed culture. This study compares the results to similar experiments conducted in steady state or diurnally cycled temperature conditions. Recommendations for surface system implementation are based off the presented results. The preliminary findings imply that both C. vulgaris and Antarctic Chlorophyta can withstand the dynamic temperature environment reflective of a thermal control loop and these data can be used for future design models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Matula
- Bioastronautics, Smead Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - James A Nabity
- Bioastronautics, Smead Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Diane M McKnight
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States.,Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Improved photosynthetic capacity and photosystem I oxidation via heterologous metabolism engineering in cyanobacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2021523118. [PMID: 33836593 PMCID: PMC7980454 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021523118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria have been increasingly explored as a biotechnological platform, although their economic feasibility relies in part on the capacity to maximize their photosynthetic, solar-to-biomass energy conversion efficiency. Here we show that cyanobacterial photosynthetic capacity can be increased by diverting cellular resources toward heterologous, energy-storing metabolic pathways and by reducing electron flow to photoprotective, but energy-dissipating, oxygen reduction reactions. We further show that these heterologous sinks can partially contribute to photosystem I (PSI) oxidation, suggesting an engineering strategy to improve both energy storage capacity and robustness by selective diversion of excess photosynthetic capacity to productive processes. Cyanobacteria must prevent imbalances between absorbed light energy (source) and the metabolic capacity (sink) to utilize it to protect their photosynthetic apparatus against damage. A number of photoprotective mechanisms assist in dissipating excess absorbed energy, including respiratory terminal oxidases and flavodiiron proteins, but inherently reduce photosynthetic efficiency. Recently, it has been hypothesized that some engineered metabolic pathways may improve photosynthetic performance by correcting source/sink imbalances. In the context of this subject, we explored the interconnectivity between endogenous electron valves, and the activation of one or more heterologous metabolic sinks. We coexpressed two heterologous metabolic pathways that have been previously shown to positively impact photosynthetic activity in cyanobacteria, a sucrose production pathway (consuming ATP and reductant) and a reductant-only consuming cytochrome P450. Sucrose export was associated with improved quantum yield of phtotosystem II (PSII) and enhanced electron transport chain flux, especially at lower illumination levels, while cytochrome P450 activity led to photosynthetic enhancements primarily observed under high light. Moreover, coexpression of these two heterologous sinks showed additive impacts on photosynthesis, indicating that neither sink alone was capable of utilizing the full “overcapacity” of the electron transport chain. We find that heterologous sinks may partially compensate for the loss of photosystem I (PSI) oxidizing mechanisms even under rapid illumination changes, although this compensation is incomplete. Our results provide support for the theory that heterologous metabolism can act as a photosynthetic sink and exhibit some overlapping functionality with photoprotective mechanisms, while potentially conserving energy within useful metabolic products that might otherwise be “lost.”
Collapse
|
78
|
Will Casuarina glauca Stress Resilience Be Maintained in the Face of Climate Change? Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11090593. [PMID: 34564409 PMCID: PMC8467279 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11090593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinorhizal plants have been regarded as promising species in the current climate change context due to their high tolerance to a multitude of abiotic stresses. While combined salt-heat stress effects have been studied in crop species, their impact on the model actinorhizal plant, Casuarina glauca, has not yet been fully addressed. The effect of single salt (400 mM NaCl) and heat (control at 26/22 °C, supra optimal temperatures at 35/22 °C and 45/22 °C day/night) conditions on C. glauca branchlets was characterised at the physiological level, and stress-induced metabolite changes were characterised by mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. C. glauca could withstand single salt and heat conditions. However, the harshest stress condition (400 mM NaCl, 45 °C) revealed photosynthetic impairments due to mesophyll and membrane permeability limitations as well as major stress-specific differential responses in C and N metabolism. The increased activity of enzymatic ROS scavengers was, however, revealed to be sufficient to control the plant oxidative status. Although C. glauca could tolerate single salt and heat stresses, their negative interaction enhanced the effects of salt stress. Results demonstrated that C. glauca responses to combined salt-heat stress could be explained as a sum of the responses from each single applied stress.
Collapse
|
79
|
Abd El-Mageed TA, Abdelkhalik A, Abd El-Mageed SA, Semida WM. Co-composted Poultry Litter Biochar Enhanced Soil Quality and Eggplant Productivity Under Different Irrigation Regimes. JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT NUTRITION 2021; 21:1917-1933. [DOI: 10.1007/s42729-021-00490-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
|
80
|
Stępień P, Gediga K, Spiak Z. Phosphorus-Induced Adaptation Mechanisms of Rye Grown on Post-Flotation Copper Tailings. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10080818. [PMID: 34440050 PMCID: PMC8389543 DOI: 10.3390/biology10080818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The mining activities for the production of copper, lead, zinc, and others are inevitably associated with the generation of an enormous volume of waste materials, i.e., tailings. The global area covered with tailings is on the order of hundreds of millions of hectares, with this being predicted to rise significantly in the coming decades. Importantly, the physicochemical properties of tailings, such as high content of heavy metals and high pH, pose a serious threat to the surrounding ecological environment. This, combined with low available nutrients, makes revegetation of degraded lands very difficult, with the number of field trials demonstrating successful revitalisation remaining very low. In this study, we investigate in rye, as a model plant, a wide array of physiological processes and their significance in determining survival on the copper tailings. We demonstrate that limitations in plant growth on such wastes is not simply related to high copper content. Rather, we present data that the low availability of phosphorus and activity of the mechanisms involved in phosphorus extraction from the rhizosphere are important determinants of the plant growth and survival rate. With these results, we make a direct and significant contribution towards meeting future demands for effective revitalisation techniques of degraded lands. Abstract Although a considerable effort has been made over the last decades to develop cost-effective phytotechnologies as an alternative to conventional techniques for the management of contaminated lands, successful revegetation of the tailings still represents a major challenge. Here, we evaluate the potential of rye (Secale cereale L.) for growth and survival on the tailings after copper (Cu) ore processing. Four rye varieties were cultivated in a pot experiment on the post-flotation sediment with increasing phosphorus (P) doses (22, 44, 66, 88, and 110 mg·kg−1). The resistance of the studied rye genotypes to stress was assessed by observing the growth and development of plants, determining the dry mass accumulation, the Cu and P uptake and content, and a number of physiological parameters related mainly to P mobilisation. Exposure of tested rye varieties to high Cu concentrations in the tailings did not result in any significant plant mortality, with the intracellular Cu concentrations being below the critical toxic level. In contrast, the low availability of P due to alkaline properties of the tailings and the mechanisms involved in the mobilisation of sparingly soluble forms of this element (i.e., H+-ATPase-driven proton efflux in roots and organic acid exudation), were identified as main factor determining the level of tolerance. The efficiency of the photosynthetic activity was a key determinant for the P-mobilising capacity of rye. We further showed that rye varieties with more primitive genetic background might be potentially more suitable for growth on the post-flotation copper tailings. The results provide important and novel knowledge that will certainly support future works in developing strategies for successful revitalisation of degraded lands.
Collapse
|
81
|
Comparison of Drought and Heat Resistance Strategies among Six Populations of Solanum chilense and Two Cultivars of Solanum lycopersicum. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081720. [PMID: 34451764 PMCID: PMC8398976 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Within the tomato clade, Solanum chilense is considered one of the most promising sources of genes for tomato (S. lycopersicum) selection to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, we compared the effects of drought, high temperature, and their combination in two cultivars of S. lycopersicum and six populations of S. chilense, differing in their local habitat. Plants were grown at 21/19 °C or 28/26 °C under well-watered and water-stressed conditions. Plant growth, physiological responses, and expression of stress-responsive genes were investigated. Our results demonstrated strong variability among accessions. Differences in plant growth parameters were even higher among S. chilense populations than between species. The effects of water stress, high temperature, and their combination also differed according to the accession, suggesting differences in stress resistance between species and populations. Overall, water stress affected plants more negatively than temperature from a morpho-physiological point of view, while the expression of stress-responsive genes was more affected by temperature than by water stress. Accessions clustered in two groups regarding resistance to water stress and high temperature. The sensitive group included the S. lycopersicum cultivars and the S. chilense populations LA2931 and LA1930, and the resistant group included the S. chilense populations LA1958, LA2880, LA2765, and LA4107. Our results suggested that resistance traits were not particularly related to the environmental conditions in the natural habitat of the populations. The expression of stress-responsive genes was more stable in resistant accessions than in sensitive ones in response to water stress and high temperature. Altogether, our results suggest that water stress and high temperature resistance in S. chilense did not depend on single traits but on a combination of morphological, physiological, and genetic traits.
Collapse
|
82
|
Phenotypic Characterization and RT-qPCR Analysis of Flower Development in F 1 Transgenics of Chrysanthemum × grandiflorum. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081681. [PMID: 34451726 PMCID: PMC8398712 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gene silencing is the epigenetic regulation of any gene in order to prevent gene expression at the transcription or translation levels. Among various gene silencing techniques, RNA silencing (RNAi) is notable gene regulation technique that involves sequence-specific targeting and RNA degradation. However, the effectiveness of transgene-induced RNAi in F1 generation of chrysanthemum has not been studied yet. In the current study, we used RNAi-constructed CmTFL1 (white-flowered) and CmSVP overexpressed (yellow flowered) transgenic plants of previously conducted two studies for our experiment. Cross hybridization was performed between these intergeneric transgenic and non-transgenic plants of the winter-growing chrysanthemum selection "37" (light pink flowered). The transgene CmSVP was confirmed in F1 hybrids by RT-PCR analysis, whereas hybrids of CmTFL1 parental plants were non-transgenic. Besides this, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was used to explain the molecular mechanism of flower development using reference genes. Intergeneric and interspecific hybrids produced different colored flowers unlike their respective parents. These results suggest that generic traits of CmSVP overexpressed plants can be transferred into F1 generations when crossed with mutant plants. This study will aid in understanding the breeding phenomenon among intergeneric hybrids of chrysanthemum plants at an in vivo level, and such transgenics will also be more suitable for sustainable flower yield under a low-light production system.
Collapse
|
83
|
Hameed A, Ahmed MZ, Hussain T, Aziz I, Ahmad N, Gul B, Nielsen BL. Effects of Salinity Stress on Chloroplast Structure and Function. Cells 2021; 10:2023. [PMID: 34440792 PMCID: PMC8395010 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salinity is a growing problem affecting soils and agriculture in many parts of the world. The presence of salt in plant cells disrupts many basic metabolic processes, contributing to severe negative effects on plant development and growth. This review focuses on the effects of salinity on chloroplasts, including the structures and function of these organelles. Chloroplasts house various important biochemical reactions, including photosynthesis, most of which are considered essential for plant survival. Salinity can affect these reactions in a number of ways, for example, by changing the chloroplast size, number, lamellar organization, lipid and starch accumulation, and interfering with cross-membrane transportation. Research has shown that maintenance of the normal chloroplast physiology is necessary for the survival of the entire plant. Many plant species have evolved different mechanisms to withstand the harmful effects of salt-induced toxicity on their chloroplasts and its machinery. The differences depend on the plant species and growth stage and can be quite different between salt-sensitive (glycophyte) and salt-tolerant (halophyte) plants. Salt stress tolerance is a complex trait, and many aspects of salt tolerance in plants are not entirely clear yet. In this review, we discuss the different mechanisms of salt stress tolerance in plants with a special focus on chloroplast structure and its functions, including the underlying differences between glycophytes and halophytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Hameed
- Dr. M. Ajmal Khan Institute for Sustainable Halophyte Utilization, University of Karachi, Sindh 75270, Pakistan; (A.H.); (M.Z.A.); (T.H.); (I.A.); (B.G.)
| | - Muhammad Zaheer Ahmed
- Dr. M. Ajmal Khan Institute for Sustainable Halophyte Utilization, University of Karachi, Sindh 75270, Pakistan; (A.H.); (M.Z.A.); (T.H.); (I.A.); (B.G.)
| | - Tabassum Hussain
- Dr. M. Ajmal Khan Institute for Sustainable Halophyte Utilization, University of Karachi, Sindh 75270, Pakistan; (A.H.); (M.Z.A.); (T.H.); (I.A.); (B.G.)
| | - Irfan Aziz
- Dr. M. Ajmal Khan Institute for Sustainable Halophyte Utilization, University of Karachi, Sindh 75270, Pakistan; (A.H.); (M.Z.A.); (T.H.); (I.A.); (B.G.)
| | - Niaz Ahmad
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad 44000, Pakistan;
- Department of Biotechnology, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Science (PIEAS), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Bilquees Gul
- Dr. M. Ajmal Khan Institute for Sustainable Halophyte Utilization, University of Karachi, Sindh 75270, Pakistan; (A.H.); (M.Z.A.); (T.H.); (I.A.); (B.G.)
| | - Brent L. Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
The Effect of Photoperiod on Necrosis Development, Photosynthetic Efficiency and 'Green Islands' Formation in Brassica juncea Infected with Alternaria brassicicola. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168435. [PMID: 34445145 PMCID: PMC8395102 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The main goal of growing plants under various photoperiods is to optimize photosynthesis for using the effect of day length that often acts on plants in combination with biotic and/or abiotic stresses. In this study, Brassica juncea plants were grown under four different day-length regimes, namely., 8 h day/16 h night, 12 h day/12 h night, 16 h day/8 h night, and continuous light, and were infected with a necrotrophic fungus Alternaria brassicicola. The development of necroses on B. juncea leaves was strongly influenced by leaf position and day length. The largest necroses were formed on plants grown under a 16 h day/8 h night photoperiod at 72 h post-inoculation (hpi). The implemented day-length regimes had a great impact on leaf morphology in response to A. brassicicola infection. They also influenced the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents and photosynthesis efficiency. Both the 1st (the oldest) and 3rd infected leaves showed significantly higher minimal fluorescence (F0) compared to the control leaves. Significantly lower values of other investigated chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters, e.g., maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), were observed in both infected leaves compared to the control, especially at 72 hpi. The oldest infected leaf, of approximately 30% of the B. juncea plants, grown under long-day and continuous light conditions showed a ‘green island’ phenotype in the form of a green ring surrounding an area of necrosis at 48 hpi. This phenomenon was also reflected in changes in the chloroplast’s ultrastructure and accelerated senescence (yellowing) in the form of expanding chlorosis. Further research should investigate the mechanism and physiological aspects of ‘green islands’ formation in this pathosystem.
Collapse
|
85
|
Qiao MY, Zhang YJ, Liu LA, Shi L, Ma QH, Chow WS, Jiang CD. Do rapid photosynthetic responses protect maize leaves against photoinhibition under fluctuating light? PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2021; 149:57-68. [PMID: 32783175 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-020-00780-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants in their natural environment are often exposed to fluctuating light because of self-shading and cloud movements. As changing frequency is a key characteristic of fluctuating light, we speculated that rapid light fluctuation may induce rapid photosynthetic responses, which may protect leaves against photoinhibition. To test this hypothesis, maize seedlings were grown under fluctuating light with various frequencies (1, 10, and 100 cycles of fluctuations/10 h), and changes in growth, chlorophyll content, gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and P700 were analyzed carefully. Our data show that though the growth and light-saturated photosynthetic rate were depressed by rapidly fluctuating light, photosynthesis induction was clearly speeded up. Furthermore, more rapid fluctuation of light strikingly reduced the chlorophyll content, while thermal dissipation was triggered and enhanced. The chlorophyll a fluorescence induction kinetics and P700 absorption results showed that the activities of both photosystem II and photosystem I decreased as the frequency of the fluctuating light increased. In all treatments, the light intensities of the fluctuating light were kept constant. Therefore, rapid light fluctuation frequency itself induced the acceleration of photosynthetic induction and the enhancement of photoprotection in maize seedlings, which play important roles in protecting photosynthetic apparatus against fluctuating high light to a certain extent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Yu Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ya-Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Li-An Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Hu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Wah Soon Chow
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Chuang-Dao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Acevedo‐Siaca LG, Dionora J, Laza R, Paul Quick W, Long SP. Dynamics of photosynthetic induction and relaxation within the canopy of rice and two wild relatives. Food Energy Secur 2021; 10:e286. [PMID: 34594547 PMCID: PMC8459282 DOI: 10.1002/fes3.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Wild rice species are a source of genetic material for improving cultivated rice (Oryza sativa) and a means to understand its evolutionary history. Renewed interest in non-steady-state photosynthesis in crops has taken place due its potential in improving sustainable productivity. Variation was characterized for photosynthetic induction and relaxation at two leaf canopy levels in three rice species. The wild rice accessions had 16%-40% higher rates of leaf CO2 uptake (A) during photosynthetic induction relative to the O. sativa accession. However, O. sativa had an overall higher photosynthetic capacity when compared to accessions of its wild progenitors. Additionally, O. sativa had a faster stomatal closing response, resulting in higher intrinsic water-use efficiency during high-to-low light transitions. Leaf position in the canopy had a significant effect on non-steady-state photosynthesis, but not steady-state photosynthesis. The results show potential to utilize wild material to refine plant models and improve non-steady-state photosynthesis in cultivated rice for increased productivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liana G. Acevedo‐Siaca
- Department of Crop SciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaILUSA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaILUSA
- Global Wheat Program, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)Mexico DFMexico
| | | | - Rebecca Laza
- C4 Rice CenterInternational Rice Research InstituteLos BañosPhilippines
| | - William Paul Quick
- C4 Rice CenterInternational Rice Research InstituteLos BañosPhilippines
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Stephen P. Long
- Department of Crop SciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaILUSA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaILUSA
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaILUSA
- Lancaster Environment CentreLancaster UniversityLancasterUK
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Hu H, Hua W, Shen A, Zhou H, Sheng L, Lou W, Zhang G. Photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll fluorescence of barley exposed to simulated acid rain. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:42776-42786. [PMID: 33822300 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13807-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Acid rain is considered one of the most serious plant abiotic stresses. Photosynthesis is the basis of crop growth and development. The effect of acid rain on barley photosynthesis remains unclear. A glasshouse experiment was conducted, and the photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence, and pigment content of barley were measured in simulated acid rain (SAR) under pH 6.5, 5.5, 4.5, and 3.5. The results showed that net photosynthetic rate, maximal photosynthetic rate, and light saturation point decreased and the light compensation point, and dark respiration rate increased with increasing acidity. The results suggested that photosynthesis in barley plants was inhibited by SAR stress. The Chl content and stomatal conductance declined in parallel with the reduced net photosynthetic rate when barley plants were under SAR stress conditions. This indicated that non-stomatal factors may contribute to reduced photosynthesis under acid rain stress. Acid rain had greater effects on the photosynthesis of the acid rain-sensitive plant Zhepi 33 than on non-sensitive Kunlun 12. A significant difference in parameters such as the maximal fluorescence, variable fluorescence, and active PSII reaction centers was found among the SAR treatments and may be used to evaluate the sensitivity of plants to acid rain stress. The visualization model showed that the photosynthetic reaction centers were inactivated in acid rain stressed barley plants. These findings are valuable for the evaluation of the plant sensitivity to acid rain stress and may be used for the detection and monitoring of acid rain effects on plants in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hu
- Institute of Digital Agriculture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
| | - Wei Hua
- Institute of Crops and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Alin Shen
- Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Hongkui Zhou
- Institute of Digital Agriculture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Sheng
- Institute of Digital Agriculture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weidong Lou
- Institute of Digital Agriculture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guangzhi Zhang
- Zhejiang Institute of Hydraulics and Estuary, Hangzhou, 310020, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Fatma M, Iqbal N, Sehar Z, Alyemeni MN, Kaushik P, Khan NA, Ahmad P. Methyl Jasmonate Protects the PS II System by Maintaining the Stability of Chloroplast D1 Protein and Accelerating Enzymatic Antioxidants in Heat-Stressed Wheat Plants. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081216. [PMID: 34439464 PMCID: PMC8388886 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of 10 µM methyl jasmonate (MeJA) for the protection of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) photosystem II (PS II) against heat stress (HS) was studied. Heat stress was induced at 42 °C to established plants, which were then recovered at 25 °C and monitored during their growth for the study duration. Application of MeJA resulted in increased enzymatic antioxidant activity that reduced the content of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and enhanced the photosynthetic efficiency. Exogenous MeJA had a beneficial effect on chlorophyll fluorescence under HS and enhanced the pigment system (PS) II system, as observed in a JIP-test, a new tool for chlorophyll fluorescence induction curve. Exogenous MeJA improved the quantum yield of electron transport (ETo/CS) as well as electron transport flux for each reaction center (ET0/RC). However, the specific energy fluxes per reaction center (RC), i.e., TR0/RC (trapping) and DI0/RC (dissipation), were reduced by MeJA. These results indicate that MeJA affects the efficiency of PS II by stabilizing the D1 protein, increasing its abundance, and enhancing the expression of the psbA and psbB genes under HS, which encode proteins of the PS II core RC complex. Thus, MeJA is a potential tool to protect PS II and D1 protein in wheat plants under HS and to accelerate the recovery of the photosynthetic capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehar Fatma
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; (M.F.); (Z.S.)
| | - Noushina Iqbal
- Department of Botany, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India;
| | - Zebus Sehar
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; (M.F.); (Z.S.)
| | - Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Prashant Kaushik
- Kikugawa Research Station, Yokohama Ueki, 2265, Kamo, Kikugawa City, Shizuoka 439-0031, Japan;
| | - Nafees A. Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; (M.F.); (Z.S.)
- Correspondence: or (N.A.K.); or (P.A.)
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: or (N.A.K.); or (P.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Genetic Dissection of Growth and Eco-Physiological Traits Associated with Altitudinal Adaptation in Sakhalin Fir ( Abies sachalinensis) Based on QTL Mapping. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081110. [PMID: 34440284 PMCID: PMC8392833 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The genetic basis of local adaptation in conifers remains poorly understood because of limited research evidence and the lack of suitable genetic materials. Sakhalin fir (Abies sachalinensis) is an ideal organism for elucidating the genetic basis of local adaptation because its altitudinal adaptation has been demonstrated, and suitable materials for its linkage mapping are available. (2) Method: We constructed P336 and P236 linkage maps based on 486 and 516 single nucleotide polymorphisms, respectively, that were derived from double digest restriction site-associated DNA sequences. We measured the growth and eco-physiological traits associated with morphology, phenology, and photosynthesis, which are considered important drivers of altitudinal adaptation. (3) Results: The quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for growth traits, phenology, needle morphology, and photosynthetic traits were subsequently detected. Similar to previous studies on conifers, most traits were controlled by multiple QTLs with small or moderate effects. Notably, we detected that one QTL for the crown area might be a type-A response regulator, a nuclear protein responsible for the cytokinin-induced shoot elongation. (4) Conclusion: The QTLs detected in this study include potentially important genomic regions linked to altitudinal adaptation in Sakhalin fir.
Collapse
|
90
|
Soliman WS, Abbas AM, Novak SJ, Fujimori M, Tase K, Sugiyama SI. Inheritance of heat tolerance in perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne, Poaceae): evidence from progeny array analysis. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11782. [PMID: 34322326 PMCID: PMC8300491 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Heat stress is considered one of the most important environmental factors influencing plant physiology, growth, development, and reproductive output. The occurrence and damage caused by heat stress will likely increase with global climate change. Thus, there is an urgent need to better understand the genetic basis of heat tolerance, especially in cool season plants. Materials and Methods In this study, we assessed the inheritance of heat tolerance in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. subspecies perenne) , a cool season grass, through a comparison of two parental cultivars with their offspring. We crossed plants of a heat tolerant cultivar (Kangaroo Valley) with plants of a heat sensitive cultivar (Norlea), to generate 72 F1 hybrid progeny arrays. Both parents and their progeny were then exposed to heat stress for 40 days, and their photosynthetic performance (Fv/Fm values) and leaf H2O2 content were measured. Results As expected, Kangaroo Valley had significantly higher Fv/Fm values and significantly lower H2O2 concentrations than Norlea. For the F1 progeny arrays, values of Fv/Fm decreased gradually with increasing exposure to heat stress, while the content of H2O 2 increased. The progeny had a wide distribution of Fv/Fm and H 2O2 values at 40 days of heat stress. Approximately 95% of the 72 F1 progeny arrays had Fv/Fm values that were equal to or intermediate to the values of the two parental cultivars and 68% of the progeny arrays had H2O2 concentrations equal to or intermediate to their two parents. Conclusion Results of this study indicate considerable additive genetic variation for heat tolerance among the 72 progeny arrays generated from these crosses, and such diversity can be used to improve heat tolerance in perennial ryegrass cultivars. Our findings point to the benefits of combining physiological measurements within a genetic framework to assess the inheritance of heat tolerance, a complex plant response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wagdi S Soliman
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Abbas
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Stephen J Novak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, United States of America
| | | | - Kazuhiro Tase
- National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region, Sapporo, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
Li Y, Li X, Li Y, Zhuang S, Feng Y, Lin E, Han X. Does a Large Ear Type Wheat Variety Benefit More From Elevated CO 2 Than That From Small Multiple Ear-Type in the Quantum Efficiency of PSII Photochemistry? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:697823. [PMID: 34354726 PMCID: PMC8329592 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.697823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Recently, several reports have suggested that the growth and grain yield of wheat are significantly influenced by high atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration (CO2) because of it photosynthesis enhancing effects. Moreover, it has been proposed that plants with large carbon sink size will benefit more from CO2 enrichment than those with small carbon sink size. However, this hypothesis is yet to be test in winter wheat plant. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effect of elevated CO2 (eCO2) conditions on the quantum efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry in large ear-type (cv. Shanhan 8675; greater ear C sink strength) and small multiple ear-type (cv. Early premium; greater vegetative C source strength) winter wheat varieties. The experiment was conducted in a free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) facility, and three de-excitation pathways of the primary reaction of PSII of flag leaf at the anthesis stage were evaluated under two CO2 concentrations (ambient [CO2], ∼415 μmol⋅mol-1, elevated [CO2], ∼550 μmol⋅mol-1) using a non-destructive technique of modulated chlorophyll fluorescence. Additionally, the grain yield of the two varieties was determined at maturity. Although elevated CO2 increased the quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII) of Shanhan 8675 (SH8675) flag leaves at the anthesis stage, the grain number per ear and 1,000-kernel weight were not significantly affected. In contrast, the ΦPSII of early premium (ZYM) flag leaves was significantly lower than that of SH8675 flag leaves at the anthesis stage, which was caused by an increase in the regulatory non-photochemical energy dissipation quantum (ΦNPQ) of PSII, suggesting that light energy absorbed by PSII in ZYM flag leaf was largely dissipated as thermal energy. The findings of our study showed that although SH8675 flag leaves exhibited higher C sink strength and quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry at the anthesis stage, these factors alone do not ensure improved grain yield under eCO2 conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Climate Change of Agriculture Ministry, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Bio-agriculture, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture, School of Wetlands, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yujie Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Bio-agriculture, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture, School of Wetlands, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, China
| | - Shu Zhuang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Bio-agriculture, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture, School of Wetlands, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, China
| | - Yongxiang Feng
- College of Agronomy, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Erda Lin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Climate Change of Agriculture Ministry, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Han
- Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Climate Change of Agriculture Ministry, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
ROS-Scavenging Enzymes as an Antioxidant Response to High Concentration of Anthracene in the Liverwort Marchantia polymorpha L. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10071478. [PMID: 34371683 PMCID: PMC8309224 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Marchantia polymorpha L. responds to environmental changes using a myriad set of physiological responses, some unique to the lineage related to the lack of a vascular- and root-system. This study investigates the physiological response of M. polymorpha to high doses of anthracene analysing the antioxidant enzymes and their relationship with the photosynthetic processes, as well as their transcriptomic response. We found an anthracene dose-dependent response reducing plant biomass and associated to an alteration of the ultrastructure of a 23.6% of chloroplasts. Despite a reduction in total thallus-chlorophyll of 31.6% of Chl a and 38.4% of Chl b, this was not accompanied by a significant change in the net photosynthesis rate and maximum quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm). However, we found an increase in the activity of main ROS-detoxifying enzymes of 34.09% of peroxidase and 692% of ascorbate peroxidase, supported at transcriptional level with the upregulation of ROS-related detoxifying responses. Finally, we found that M. polymorpha tolerated anthracene-stress under the lowest concentration used and can suffer physiological alterations under higher concentrations tested related to the accumulation of anthracene within plant tissues. Our results show that M. polymorpha under PAH stress condition activated two complementary physiological responses including the activation of antioxidant mechanisms and the accumulation of the pollutant within plant tissues to mitigate the damage to the photosynthetic apparatus.
Collapse
|
93
|
Sakkos JK, Hernandez-Ortiz S, Osteryoung KW, Ducat DC. Orthogonal Degron System for Controlled Protein Degradation in Cyanobacteria. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:1667-1681. [PMID: 34232633 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 is a model cyanobacterium for study of the circadian clock, photosynthesis, and bioproduction of chemicals, yet nearly 40% of its gene identities and functions remain unknown, in part due to limitations of the existing genetic toolkit. While classical techniques for the study of genes (e.g., deletion or mutagenesis) can yield valuable information about the absence of a gene and its associated protein, there are limits to these approaches, particularly in the study of essential genes. Herein, we developed a tool for inducible degradation of target proteins in S. elongatus by adapting a method using degron tags from the Mesoplasma florum transfer-mRNA (tmRNA) system. We observed that M. florum lon protease can rapidly degrade exogenous and native proteins tagged with the cognate sequence within hours of induction. We used this system to inducibly degrade the essential cell division factor, FtsZ, as well as shell protein components of the carboxysome. Our results have implications for carboxysome biogenesis and the rate of carboxysome turnover during cell growth. Lon protease control of proteins offers an alternative approach for the study of essential proteins and protein dynamics in cyanobacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K. Sakkos
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Sergio Hernandez-Ortiz
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Katherine W. Osteryoung
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Daniel C. Ducat
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Salt-tolerance screening in Limonium sinuatum varieties with different flower colors. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14562. [PMID: 34267291 PMCID: PMC8282669 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93974-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Limonium sinuatum, a member of Plumbaginaceae commonly known as sea lavender, is widely used as dried flower. Five L. sinuatum varieties with different flower colors (White, Blue, Pink, Yellow, and Purple) are found in saline regions and are widely cultivated in gardens. In the current study, we evaluated the salt tolerance of these varieties under 250 mmol/L NaCl (salt-tolerance threshold) treatment to identify the optimal variety suitable for planting in saline lands. After the measurement of the fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), contents of Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, soluble sugars, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), relative water content, chlorophyll contents, net photosynthetic rate, and osmotic potential of whole plants, the salt-tolerance ability from strongest to weakest is identified as Pink, Yellow, Purple, White, and Blue. Photosynthetic rate was the most reliable and positive indicator of salt tolerance. The density of salt glands showed the greatest increase in Pink under NaCl treatment, indicating that Pink adapts to high-salt levels by enhancing salt gland formation. These results provide a theoretical basis for the large-scale planting of L. sinuatum in saline soils in the future.
Collapse
|
95
|
Shin SY, Park JS, Park HB, Moon KB, Kim HS, Jeon JH, Cho HS, Lee HJ. FERONIA Confers Resistance to Photooxidative Stress in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:714938. [PMID: 34335672 PMCID: PMC8320354 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.714938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants absorb light energy required for photosynthesis, but excess light can damage plant cells. To protect themselves, plants have developed diverse signaling pathways which are activated under high-intensity light. Plant photoprotection mechanisms have been mainly investigated under conditions of extremely high amount of light; thus, it is largely unknown how plants manage photooxidative damage under moderate light intensities. In the present study, we found that FERONIA (FER) is a key protein that confers resistance to photooxidative stress in plants under moderate light intensity. FER-deficient mutants were highly susceptible to increasing light intensity and exhibited photobleaching even under moderately elevated light intensity (ML). Light-induced expression of stress genes was largely diminished by the fer-4 mutation. In addition, excitation pressure on Photosystem II was significantly increased in fer-4 mutants under ML. Consistently, reactive oxygen species, particularly singlet oxygen, accumulated in fer-4 mutants grown under ML. FER protein abundance was found to be elevated after exposure to ML, which is indirectly affected by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Altogether, our findings showed that plants require FER-mediated photoprotection to maintain their photosystems even under moderate light intensity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Yong Shin
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ji-Sun Park
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hye-Bin Park
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ki-Beom Moon
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Soon Kim
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Heung Jeon
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hye Sun Cho
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Jun Lee
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Sheikhalipour M, Esmaielpour B, Gohari G, Haghighi M, Jafari H, Farhadi H, Kulak M, Kalisz A. Salt Stress Mitigation via the Foliar Application of Chitosan-Functionalized Selenium and Anatase Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Stevia ( Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni). Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26134090. [PMID: 34279430 PMCID: PMC8271991 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
High salt levels are one of the significant and major limiting factors on crop yield and productivity. Out of the available attempts made against high salt levels, engineered nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely employed and considered as effective strategies in this regard. Of these NPs, titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) and selenium functionalized using chitosan nanoparticles (Cs–Se NPs) were applied for a quite number of plants, but their potential roles for alleviating the adverse effects of salinity on stevia remains unclear. Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) is one of the reputed medicinal plants due to their diterpenoid steviol glycosides (stevioside and rebaudioside A). For this reason, the current study was designed to investigate the potential of TiO2 NPs (0, 100 and 200 mg L−1) and Cs–Se NPs (0, 10 and 20 mg L−1) to alleviate salt stress (0, 50 and 100 mM NaCl) in stevia. The findings of the study revealed that salinity decreased the growth and photosynthetic traits but resulted in substantial cell damage through increasing H2O2 and MDA content, as well as electrolyte leakage (EL). However, the application of TiO2 NPs (100 mg L−1) and Cs–Se NPs (20 mg L−1) increased the growth, photosynthetic performance and activity of antioxidant enzymes, and decreased the contents of H2O2, MDA and EL under the saline conditions. In addition to the enhanced growth and physiological performance of the plant, the essential oil content was also increased with the treatments of TiO2 (100 mg L−1) and Cs–Se NPs (20 mg L−1). In addition, the tested NPs treatments increased the concentration of stevioside (in the non-saline condition and under salinity stress) and rebaudioside A (under the salinity conditions) in stevia plants. Overall, the current findings suggest that especially 100 mg L−1 TiO2 NPs and 20 mg L−1 Cs–Se could be considered as promising agents in combating high levels of salinity in the case of stevia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Sheikhalipour
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Horticulture, University of Mohagheh Ardabili, Ardabil 13131-56199, Iran; (M.S.); (B.E.)
| | - Behrooz Esmaielpour
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Horticulture, University of Mohagheh Ardabili, Ardabil 13131-56199, Iran; (M.S.); (B.E.)
| | - Gholamreza Gohari
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Horticulture, University of Maragheh, Maragheh 55181-83111, Iran;
- Correspondence: (G.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Maryam Haghighi
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran;
| | - Hessam Jafari
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666-16471, Iran;
| | - Habib Farhadi
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Horticulture, University of Maragheh, Maragheh 55181-83111, Iran;
| | - Muhittin Kulak
- Department of Herbal and Animal Production, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Igdir University, Igdir 76000, Turkey;
| | - Andrzej Kalisz
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 31-120 Krakow, Poland
- Correspondence: (G.G.); (A.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Wang D, Wang C, Li C, Song H, Qin J, Chang H, Fu W, Wang Y, Wang F, Li B, Hao Y, Xu M, Fu A. Functional Relationship of Arabidopsis AOXs and PTOX Revealed via Transgenic Analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:692847. [PMID: 34367216 PMCID: PMC8336870 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.692847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Alternative oxidase (AOX) and plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) are terminal oxidases of electron transfer in mitochondria and chloroplasts, respectively. Here, taking advantage of the variegation phenotype of the Arabidopsis PTOX deficient mutant (im), we examined the functional relationship between PTOX and its five distantly related homologs (AOX1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, and AOX2). When engineered into chloroplasts, AOX1b, 1c, 1d, and AOX2 rescued the im defect, while AOX1a partially suppressed the mutant phenotype, indicating that AOXs could function as PQH2 oxidases. When the full length AOXs were overexpressed in im, only AOX1b and AOX2 rescued its variegation phenotype. In vivo fluorescence analysis of GFP-tagged AOXs and subcellular fractionation assays showed that AOX1b and AOX2 could partially enter chloroplasts while AOX1c and AOX1d were exclusively present in mitochondria. Surprisingly, the subcellular fractionation, but not the fluorescence analysis of GFP-tagged AOX1a, revealed that a small portion of AOX1a could sort into chloroplasts. We further fused and expressed the targeting peptides of AOXs with the mature form of PTOX in im individually; and found that targeting peptides of AOX1a, AOX1b, and AOX2, but not that of AOX1c or AOX1d, could direct PTOX into chloroplasts. It demonstrated that chloroplast-localized AOXs, but not mitochondria-localized AOXs, can functionally compensate for the PTOX deficiency in chloroplasts, providing a direct evidence for the functional relevance of AOX and PTOX, shedding light on the interaction between mitochondria and chloroplasts and the complex mechanisms of protein dual targeting in plant cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Wang
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Cai Li
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Haifeng Song
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jing Qin
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Han Chang
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Weihan Fu
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yuhua Wang
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Beibei Li
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yaqi Hao
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Min Xu
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Aigen Fu
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Beatrice P, Terzaghi M, Chiatante D, Scippa GS, Montagnoli A. Morpho-Physiological Responses of Arabidopsis thaliana L. to the LED-Sourced CoeLux ® System. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10071310. [PMID: 34203336 PMCID: PMC8309105 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The CoeLux® lighting system reproduces the true effect of natural sunlight entering through an opening in the ceiling, with a realistic sun perceived at an infinite distance surrounded by a clear blue sky. It has already been demonstrated that this new lighting system generates long-term positive effects on human beings; however, there are no investigations so far concerning the plant responses to CoeLux® lighting. To fill this gap, the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana L. was grown at four different distances from the light source, corresponding to four different light intensities (120, 70, 30, 20 μmol m−2 s−1). High-pressure sodium lamps were used as control light. Plant phenology and morpho-physiological traits were monitored to assess for the first time the ability of plants to grow and develop under the light spectrum and intensity of the CoeLux® system. Plants grown at the lower light intensities showed a delayed life cycle and were significantly smaller than plants grown with more light. Furthermore, plants grown under the CoeLux® light type showed an additional deficit when compared to control plants. Overall, our results show that both the light spectrum and intensity of the CoeLux® system had a strong impact on A. thaliana growth performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Beatrice
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese (VA), Italy; (D.C.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mattia Terzaghi
- Department of Chemistry and biology ‘A. Zambelli’, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy;
| | - Donato Chiatante
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese (VA), Italy; (D.C.); (A.M.)
| | | | - Antonio Montagnoli
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese (VA), Italy; (D.C.); (A.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
The Effect of Exogenous Application of Quercetin Derivative Solutions on the Course of Physiological and Biochemical Processes in Wheat Seedlings. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136882. [PMID: 34206953 PMCID: PMC8269177 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin, classified as a flavonoid, is a strong antioxidant that plays a significant role in the regulation of physiological processes in plants, which is particularly important in the case of biotic and abiotic stresses. The study investigated the effect of the use of potassium quercetin solutions in various concentrations (0.5%, 1.0%, 3.0% and 5.0%) on the physiological and biochemical properties of wheat seedlings. A pot experiment was carried out in order to determine the most beneficial dose of this flavonoid acting as a bio-stimulant for wheat plants. Spraying with quercetin derivative solutions was performed twice, and physiological measurements (chlorophyll content and fluorescence as well as gas exchange) were carried out on the first and seventh days after each application. The total phenolic compounds content and the total antioxidant capacity were also determined. It was shown that the concentrations of potassium quercetin applied have a stimulating effect on the course of physiological processes. In the case of most of the tested physiological parameters (chlorophyll content and fluorescence and gas exchange) and the total antioxidant capacity, no significant differences were observed in their increase as a result of application with concentrations of 3.0 and 5.0%. Therefore, the beneficial effect of quercetin on the analysed parameters is already observed when spraying with a concentration of 3.0%.
Collapse
|
100
|
Lewis VR, Farrell AD, Umaharan P, Lennon AM. Genetic variation in high light responses of Theobroma cacao L. accessions. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07404. [PMID: 34307928 PMCID: PMC8258650 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is a shade-tolerant tree species, but in recent years it has increasingly been cultivated under full sun conditions in an orchard system where photoinhibition is likely. Here we investigate the extent of photoinhibition in 17 cacao accessions from a range of genetic groups, growing under high light conditions. The ability of the photosynthetic systems to respond to high light was assessed using chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (diurnal F v /F m and instantaneous light response curves), and differences in photosynthetic pigment content were compared using biochemical assays. Damage due to photoinhibition was assessed using electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, and reactive oxygen species scavenging systems were compared using biochemical assays (for APX, CAT and SOD). There was significant variation between the 17 accessions for photosynthetic parameters, although in all cases the light saturation points were well below the midday light levels. Light acclimation of photosynthetic pigments was evident and variation in the total chlorophyll to total carotenoid ratio was significantly correlated with electrolyte leakage. Significant genetic variation was observed across the 17 accessions in the activities of CAT, APX and SOD. Across all accessions, photoprotection appeared to be restricted by the ability of leaves to generate SOD. Significant negative correlations were observed between SOD activity and both APX activity and electrolyte leakage, while significant positive correlations were observed between electrolyte leakage and both APX and CAT activity. Accessions with higher light saturation points, as well as high carotenoid and high SOD concentrations were able to tolerate the moderately high light, however, none of the accessions were clearly superior to the commonly grown Amelonado accession. The results imply that screening for SOD activity, total carotenoid content and light saturation point can aid in selection of genotypes with better tolerance to high light.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vernessa R Lewis
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, College Road, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Aidan D Farrell
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, College Road, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Pathmanathan Umaharan
- Cocoa Research Centre, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Adrian M Lennon
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, College Road, Trinidad and Tobago
| |
Collapse
|