Th1/Th2 cells

A novel oncolytic virus-based biomarker participates in prognosis and tumor immune infiltration of glioma

Background

Glioma is the most common central nervous malignancy. Due to its poor survival outcomes, it is essential to identify novel individualized therapy. Oncolytic virus (OV) treatment is a key therapy regulating tumor microenvironment in malignant glioma. Herein, we aim to identify the key genes after OV infection and its role in glioma.

Methods

Performing an RNA-seq analysis, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between EV-A71-infection and mock group were screened with GFold values. DAVID online analysis was performed to identify the functional classification. Overall survival (OS) or disease-free survival (DFS) was evaluated to analyze the relation between PTBP1 expression levels and prognosis of glioma patients. Additionally, the ssGSEA and TIMER algorithms were applied for evaluating immune cell infiltration in glioma.

Results

Following EV-A71 infection in glioma cells, PTBP1, one of the downregulated DEGs, was found to be associated with multiple categories of GO and KEGG enrichment analysis. We observed elevated expression levels of PTBP1 across various tumor grades of glioma in comparison to normal brain samples. High PTBP1 expression had a notable impact on the OS of patients with low-grade glioma (LGG). Furthermore, we observed an obvious association between PTBP1 levels and immune cell infiltration in LGG. Notably, PTBP1 was regarded as an essential prognostic biomarker in immune cells of LGG.

Conclusion

Our research uncovered a critical role of PTBP1 in outcomes and immune cell infiltration of glioma patients, particularly in those with LGG.

Influence of Vitamin D on Periodontal Inflammation: A Review

The active form of vitamin D is the hormonally active 1,25(OH)2D3 (Vit D) vitamin, which plays an important role in bone biology and host immunity. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a nuclear ligand-dependent transcription factor expressed by many cells. Ligation of VDR by VitD regulates a wide plethora of genes and physiologic functions through the formation of the complex Vit D-VDR signaling cascade. The influence of Vit D-VDR signaling in host immune response to microbial infection has been of interest to many researchers. This is particularly important in oral health and diseases, as oral mucosa is exposed to a complex microbiota, with certain species capable of causing disruption to immune homeostasis. In this review, we focus on the immune modulatory roles of Vit D in the bone degenerative oral disease, periodontitis.

Systemic immune response in young and elderly patients after traumatic brain injury

BACKGROUND

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and long-term disability worldwide. In addition to primary brain damage, systemic immune alterations occur, with evidence for dysregulated immune responses in aggravating TBI outcome and complications. However, immune dysfunction following TBI has been only partially understood, especially in the elderly who represent a substantial proportion of TBI patients and worst outcome. Therefore, we aimed to conduct an in-depth immunological characterization of TBI patients, by evaluating both adaptive (T and B lymphocytes) and innate (NK and monocytes) immune cells of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) collected acutely (< 48 h) after TBI in young (18-45 yo) and elderly (> 65 yo) patients, compared to age-matched controls, and also the levels of inflammatory biomarkers.

RESULTS

Our data show that young respond differently than elderly to TBI, highlighting the immune unfavourable status of elderly compared to young patients. While in young only CD4 T lymphocytes are activated by TBI, in elderly both CD4 and CD8 T cells are affected, and are induced to differentiate into subtypes with low cytotoxic activity, such as central memory CD4 T cells and memory precursor effector CD8 T cells. Moreover, TBI enhances the frequency of subsets that have not been previously investigated in TBI, namely the double negative CD27- IgD- and CD38-CD24- B lymphocytes, and CD56dim CD16- NK cells, both in young and elderly patients. TBI reduces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6, and the expression of HLA-DM, HLA-DR, CD86/B7-2 in monocytes, suggesting a compromised ability to drive a pro-inflammatory response and to efficiently act as antigen presenting cells.

CONCLUSIONS

We described the acute immunological response induced by TBI and its relation with injury severity, which could contribute to pathologic evolution and possibly outcome. The focus on age-related immunological differences could help design specific therapeutic interventions based on patients' characteristics.

Adjuvant physiochemistry and advanced nanotechnology for vaccine development

Vaccines comprising innovative adjuvants are rapidly reaching advanced translational stages, such as the authorized nanotechnology adjuvants in mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 worldwide, offering new strategies to effectively combat diseases threatening human health. Adjuvants are vital ingredients in vaccines, which can augment the degree, extensiveness, and longevity of antigen specific immune response. The advances in the modulation of physicochemical properties of nanoplatforms elevate the capability of adjuvants in initiating the innate immune system and adaptive immunity, offering immense potential for developing vaccines against hard-to-target infectious diseases and cancer. In this review, we provide an essential introduction of the basic principles of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination, key roles of adjuvants in augmenting and shaping immunity to achieve desired outcomes and effectiveness, and the physiochemical properties and action mechanisms of clinically approved adjuvants for humans. We particularly focus on the preclinical and clinical progress of highly immunogenic emerging nanotechnology adjuvants formulated in vaccines for cancer treatment or infectious disease prevention. We deliberate on how the immune system can sense and respond to the physicochemical cues (e.g., chirality, deformability, solubility, topology, and chemical structures) of nanotechnology adjuvants incorporated in the vaccines. Finally, we propose possible strategies to accelerate the clinical implementation of nanotechnology adjuvanted vaccines, such as in-depth elucidation of nano-immuno interactions, antigen identification and optimization by the deployment of high-dimensional multiomics analysis approaches, encouraging close collaborations among scientists from different scientific disciplines and aggressive exploration of novel nanotechnologies.

Uncovering Candidate mRNAs, Signaling Pathways and Immune Cells in Atherosclerotic Plaque and Ischemic Stroke

Background

The specific molecular mechanistic link between atherosclerotic plaques and ischemic stroke (IS) is not clear. The aim of this study is to explore the potential molecular relationship between atherosclerotic plaques and IS.

Methods

All data were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Key hub differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs) related to atherosclerotic plaques and IS were identified by differential expression analysis and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) analysis. Subsequently, a diagnostic model was established based on the expression of key hub DEmRNAs and logistic regression. In order to understand the molecular mechanism of key hub DEmRNAs, the transcription factor (TF) regulatory network and mRNA-miRNA-lncRNA regulatory network were also constructed. In addition, functional enrichment analysis and single-sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (ssGSEA) analysis were also performed.

Results

Four key hub DEmRNAs (ADCY3, CLDN7, PPM1B and RRAS2) were identified by differential expression analysis and LASSO analysis. Moreover, the diagnostic model based on four key hub DEmRNAs has excellent diagnostic accuracy. We also found that Type 1 T helper cell may be associated with IS caused by atherosclerosis based on ssGSEA analysis. In the mRNA-miRNA-lncRNA regulatory network, we found that multiple signaling axes such as RRAS2-hsa-miR-3150b-3p-ILF3-AS1, PPM1B-hsa-miR-541-5p-LINC00294, CLDN7-hsa-miR-184-LINC00467 and ADCY3-hsa-miR-488-3p-URB1-AS1 may play an important role in the progression of IS. In addition, some signaling pathways, including chemokine signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway and cAMP signaling pathway, may be involved in regulating IS.

Conclusion

The identified key molecules, signaling pathways and immune cells may help to provide a theoretical basis for exploring the relationship between atherosclerotic plaque and the progression of IS.

Modulation of immunity by tryptophan microbial metabolites

Tryptophan (Trp) is an essential amino acid that can be metabolized via endogenous and exogenous pathways, including the Kynurenine Pathway, the 5-Hydroxyindole Pathway (also the Serotonin pathway), and the Microbial pathway. Of these, the Microbial Trp metabolic pathways in the gut have recently been extensively studied for their production of bioactive molecules. The gut microbiota plays an important role in host metabolism and immunity, and microbial Trp metabolites can influence the development and progression of various diseases, including inflammatory, cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases, metabolic diseases, and cancer, by mediating the body's immunity. This review briefly outlines the crosstalk between gut microorganisms and Trp metabolism in the body, starting from the three metabolic pathways of Trp. The mechanisms by which microbial Trp metabolites act on organism immunity are summarized, and the potential implications for disease prevention and treatment are highlighted.

Unraveling the Immune Microenvironment in Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma: Prognostic and Therapeutic Implications

Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is a lymphoid neoplasm composed of rare neoplastic Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells surrounded by a reactive tumor microenvironment (TME) with suppressive properties against anti-tumor immunity. TME is mainly composed of T cells (CD4 helper, CD8 cytotoxic and regulatory) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), but the impact of these cells on the natural course of the disease is not absolutely understood. TME contributes to the immune evasion of neoplastic HRS cells through the production of various cytokines and/or the aberrant expression of immune checkpoint molecules in ways that have not been fully understood yet. Herein, we present a comprehensive review of findings regarding the cellular components and the molecular features of the immune TME in cHL, its correlation with treatment response and prognosis, as well as the potential targeting of the TME with novel therapies. Among all cells, macrophages appear to be a most appealing target for immunomodulatory therapies, based on their functional plasticity and antitumor potency.

Fungal Aeroallergens-The Impact of Climate Change

The incidence of allergic diseases worldwide is rapidly increasing, making allergies a modern pandemic. This article intends to review published reports addressing the role of fungi as causative agents in the development of various overreactivity-related diseases, mainly affecting the respiratory tract. After presenting the basic information on the mechanisms of allergic reactions, we describe the impact of fungal allergens on the development of the allergic diseases. Human activity and climate change have an impact on the spread of fungi and their plant hosts. Particular attention should be paid to microfungi, i.e., plant parasites that may be an underestimated source of new allergens.

CpG 684: an effective adjuvant for the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine in mice

Aim

This study used CpG 684 as adjuvant of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine to detect a humoral and cellular immune response in mice.

Materials & methods

We used 10 and 20 µg CpG 684 as adjuvants of an inactivated COVID-19 vaccine to immunize mice. IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b and IgM binding antibodies were detected in serum by ELISA. The IFN-γ cytokine was detected by ELISPOT.

Results

CpG 684 improved spike-specific IgG and IgM subtype binding antibodies and increased the neutralizing antibody titer against prototype, Delta and Beta strains. CpG 684 also improved cellular immune response.

Conclusion

CpG 684 is an effective adjuvant for inactivated COVID-19 vaccine.

The interplay between androgens and the immune response in polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a metabolic-reproductive-endocrine disorder that, while having a genetic component, is known to have a complex multifactorial etiology. As PCOS is a diagnosis of exclusion, standardized criteria have been developed for its diagnosis. The general consensus is that hyperandrogenism is the primary feature of PCOS and is associated with an array of physiological dysfunctions; excess androgens, for example, have been correlated with cytokine hypersecretion, adipocyte proliferation, and signaling pathway dysregulation. Another key feature of PCOS is insulin resistance, resulting in aberrant glucose and fatty acid metabolism. Additionally, the immune system plays a key role in PCOS. Hyperandrogenism stimulates some immune cells while it inhibits others, thereby disrupting the normal balance of immune cells and creating a state of chronic inflammation. This low-grade inflammation could contribute to infertility since it induces ovarian dysfunction. This dysregulated immune response in PCOS exhibits autoimmunity characteristics that require further investigation. This review paper examines the relationship between androgens and the immune response and how their malfunction contributes to PCOS.

Development of Spleen Targeting H2S Donor Loaded Liposome for the Effective Systemic Immunomodulation and Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Nanoparticles are primarily taken up by immune cells after systemic administration. Thus, they are considered an ideal drug delivery vehicle for immunomodulation. Because the spleen is the largest lymphatic organ and regulates the systemic immune system, there have been studies to develop spleen targeting nanoparticles for immunomodulation of cancer and immunological disorders. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes disorders involving chronic inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract and is considered incurable despite a variety of treatment options. Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is one of the gasotransmitters that carries out anti-inflammatory functions and has shown promising immunomodulatory effects in various inflammatory diseases including IBD. Herein, we developed a delicately tuned H₂S donor delivering liposome for spleen targeting (ST-H₂S lipo) and studied its therapeutic effects in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced colitis model. We identified the ideal PEG type and ratio of liposome for a high stability, loading efficiency, and spleen targeting effect. In the treatment of the DSS-induced colitis model, we found that ST-H₂S lipo and conventional long-circulating liposomes loaded with H₂S donors (LC-H₂S lipo) reduced the severity of colitis, whereas unloaded H₂S donors did not. Furthermore, the therapeutic effect of ST-H₂S lipo was superior to that of LC-H₂S lipo due to its better systemic immunomodulatory effect than that of LC-H₂S lipo. Our findings demonstrate that spleen targeting H₂S lipo may have therapeutic potential for IBD.

Activation of immune signals during organ transplantation

The activation of host's innate and adaptive immune systems can lead to acute and chronic graft rejection, which seriously impacts graft survival. Thus, it is particularly significant to clarify the immune signals, which are critical to the initiation and maintenance of rejection generated after transplantation. The initiation of response to graft is dependent on sensing of danger and stranger molecules. The ischemia and reperfusion of grafts lead to cell stress or death, followed by releasing a variety of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of host immune cells to activate intracellular immune signals and induce sterile inflammation. In addition to DAMPs, the graft exposed to 'non-self' antigens (stranger molecules) are recognized by the host immune system, stimulating a more intense immune response and further aggravating the graft damage. The polymorphism of MHC genes between different individuals is the key for host or donor immune cells to identify heterologous 'non-self' components in allogeneic and xenogeneic organ transplantation. The recognition of 'non-self' antigen by immune cells mediates the activation of immune signals between donor and host, resulting in adaptive memory immunity and innate trained immunity to the graft, which poses a challenge to the long-term survival of the graft. This review focuses on innate and adaptive immune cells receptor recognition of damage-associated molecular patterns, alloantigens and xenoantigens, which is described as danger model and stranger model. In this review, we also discuss the innate trained immunity in organ transplantation.

Virus-like Particle Vaccine Expressing the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Pre-Fusion and G Proteins Confers Protection against RSV Challenge Infection

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe lower respiratory tract disease in children and the elderly. However, there are no effective antiviral drugs or licensed vaccines available for RSV infection. Here, RSV virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines expressing Pre-F, G, or Pre-F and G proteins on the surface of influenza virus matrix protein 1 (M1) were produced using the baculovirus expression system, and their protective efficacy was evaluated in mice. The morphology and successful assembly of VLPs were confirmed by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Western blot. High levels of serum IgG antibody response were detected in VLP-immunized mice, and significantly higher levels of IgG2a and IgG2b were found in the Pre-F+G VLP immunization group compared to the unimmunized control. Serum-neutralizing activity was higher in the VLP immunization groups compared to the naïve group, with Pre-F+G VLPs demonstrating superior neutralizing activity to the single antigen-expressing VLP groups. Pulmonary IgA and IgG responses were generally comparable across the immunization groups, with VLPs expressing the Pre-F antigen eliciting higher IFN-γ in spleens. The frequencies of eosinophils and IL-4-producing CD4+ T cell populations were substantially lower in the lungs of VLP-immunized mice, with the PreF+G vaccine inducing a significant increase in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. VLP immunization significantly decreased the viral titer and inflammation in the lungs of mice, with Pre-F+G VLPs conferring the best protection. In conclusion, our present study suggests that the Pre-F+G VLPs could be a potential vaccine candidate against RSV infection.

The Role of Microbiota-Derived Vitamins in Immune Homeostasis and Enhancing Cancer Immunotherapy

Not all cancer patients who receive immunotherapy respond positively and emerging evidence suggests that the gut microbiota may be linked to treatment efficacy. Though mechanisms of microbial contributions to the immune response have been postulated, one likely function is the supply of basic co-factors to the host including selected vitamins. Bacteria, fungi, and plants can produce their own vitamins, whereas humans primarily obtain vitamins from exogenous sources, yet despite the significance of microbial-derived vitamins as crucial immune system modulators, the microbiota is an overlooked source of these nutrients in humans. Microbial-derived vitamins are often shared by gut bacteria, stabilizing bioenergetic pathways amongst microbial communities. Compositional changes in gut microbiota can affect metabolic pathways that alter immune function. Similarly, the immune system plays a pivotal role in maintaining the gut microbiota, which parenthetically affects vitamin biosynthesis. Here we elucidate the immune-interactive mechanisms underlying the effects of these microbially derived vitamins and how they can potentially enhance the activity of immunotherapies in cancer.

Oral Vaccination with Engineered Probiotic Limosilactobacillus reuteri Has Protective Effects against Localized and Systemic Staphylococcus aureus Infection

Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium responsible for most hospital-acquired (nosocomial) and community-acquired infections worldwide. The only therapeutic strategy against S. aureus-induced infections, to date, is antibiotic treatment. A protective vaccine is urgently needed in view of the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains associated with high-mortality cases; however, no such vaccine is currently available. In our previous work, the feasibility of implementing a Lactobacillus delivery system for development of S. aureus oral vaccine was first discussed. Here, we describe systematic screening and evaluation of protective effects of engineered Lactobacillus against S. aureus infection in terms of different delivery vehicle strains and S. aureus antigens and in localized and systemic infection models. Limosilactobacillus reuteri WXD171 was selected as the delivery vehicle strain based on its tolerance of the gastrointestinal environment, adhesion ability, and antimicrobial activities in vitro and in vivo. We designed, constructed, and evaluated engineered L. reuteri strains expressing various S. aureus antigens. Among these, engineered L. reuteri WXD171-IsdB displayed effective protection against S. aureus-induced localized infection (pneumonia and skin infection) and, furthermore, a substantial survival benefit in systemic infection (sepsis). WXD171-IsdB induced mucosal responses in gut-associated lymphoid tissues, as evidenced by increased production of secretory IgA and interleukin 17A (IL-17A) and proliferation of lymphocytes derived from Peyer's patches. The probiotic L. reuteri-based oral vaccine appears to have strong potential as a prophylactic agent against S. aureus infections. Our findings regarding utilization of Lactobacillus delivery system in S. aureus vaccine development support the usefulness of this live vaccination strategy and its potential application in next-generation vaccine development. IMPORTANCE We systematically screened and evaluated protective effects of engineered Lactobacillus against S. aureus infection in terms of differing delivery vehicle strains and S. aureus antigens and in localized and systemic infection models. Engineered L. reuteri was developed and showed strong protective effects against both types of S. aureus-induced infection. Our findings regarding the utilization of a Lactobacillus delivery system in S. aureus vaccine development support the usefulness of this live vaccination strategy and its potential application in next-generation vaccine development.

Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Patients with Type 1 Diabetes and Diabetic Retinopathy Produce Higher Levels of IL-17A, IL-10 and IL-6 and Lower Levels of IFN-γ-A Pilot Study

Inflammation is key to the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR). This prospective study investigated alterations in inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in 41 people with type 1 diabetes (T1D), sub-grouped into mild non-proliferative DR (mNPDR; n = 13) and active and inactive (each n = 14) PDR. Age/gender-matched healthy controls (n = 13) were included. PBMCs were isolated from blood samples. Intracellular cytokine expression by PBMCs after 16-h stimulation (either E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate plus ionomycin, D-glucose or D-mannitol) were assessed by flow cytometry. Cytokine production in plasma, non-stimulated and LPS-stimulated PBMC supernatant was also assessed. Increased BMC IL-10 secretion and reduced expression of IL-6 and IFN-γ in CD3⁺ cells were observed in mNPDR. Reduced IL-6 and IL-10 secretion, and higher levels of intracellular IL-6 expression, especially in CD11b⁺ PBMCs, was detected in aPDR; levels were positively correlated with DR duration. Patients with T1D demonstrated increased intracellular expression of IL-17A in myeloid cells and reduced IFN-γ expression in CD3⁺ cells. Plasma levels of IL-1R1 were increased in mNPDR compared with controls. Results suggest that elevated PBMC-released IL-10, IL-6, in particular myeloid-produced IL-17A, may be involved in early stages of DR. IL-6-producing myeloid cells may play a role in PDR development.

Estrogen Receptor Signaling in the Immune System

The immune system functions in a sexually dimorphic manner, with females exhibiting more robust immune responses than males. However, how female sex hormones affect immune function in normal homeostasis and in autoimmunity is poorly understood. In this review, we discuss how estrogens affect innate and adaptive immune cell activity and how dysregulation of estrogen signaling underlies the pathobiology of some autoimmune diseases and cancers. The potential roles of the major circulating estrogens, and each of the 3 estrogen receptors (ERα, ERβ, and G-protein coupled receptor) in the regulation of the activity of different immune cells are considered. This provides the framework for a discussion of the impact of ER modulators (aromatase inhibitors, selective estrogen receptor modulators, and selective estrogen receptor downregulators) on immunity. Synthesis of this information is timely given the considerable interest of late in defining the mechanistic basis of sex-biased responses/outcomes in patients with different cancers treated with immune checkpoint blockade. It will also be instructive with respect to the further development of ER modulators that modulate immunity in a therapeutically useful manner.

Proteome changes of dairy calves rumen epithelium from birth to postweaning

Background: Rumen epithelium plays a central role in absorbing, transporting, and metabolizing of short-chain fatty acids. For dairy calves, the growth of rumen papillae greatly enhances the rumen surface area to absorb nutrients. However, the molecular mechanism underlying dairy calves rumen postnatal development remains rarely understood. Results: Here, we firstly describe the histological change of rumen epithelium from birth to day 90 of age. Then, a shotgun approach and bioinformatics analyses were used to investigate and compare proteomic profiles of Holstein calve rumen epithelium on day 0, 30, 60 and 90 of age. A total of 4372 proteins were identified, in which we found 852, 342, 164 and 95 differentially expressed proteins between D0 and D30, between D30 and D60, between D60 and D90, respectively. Finally, Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were performed to provide a comprehensive proteomic landscape of dairy calves rumen development at tissue level. Conclusion: To conclude, our data indicated that keratinocyte differentiation, mitochondrion formation, the establishment of urea transport and innate immune system play central roles during rumen epithelium development. Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) presents an important role in rumen epithelial keratinization. The biological processes of BH4 biosynthesis and molecular function of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate binding participate in mitochondrial cristae formation. The proposed datasets provide a useful basis for future studies to better comprehend dairy calves rumen epithelial development.

Relationship between serum Th1/Th2 imbalance and depression in elderly patients with COPD and its clinical implications

BACKGROUND

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) causes organic damage as well as anxiety, depression, fear, and other psychological disorders, which seriously affect the quality of life and prognosis of patients and cause a huge economic burden to the family and society.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between an imbalance of serum Th1/Th2 indicators and psychiatric depression in elderly patients with COPD and analyze its implications for clinical management.

METHODS

From January 2018 to May 2022, 120 elderly patients with COPD treated at our hospital were categorized into two groups based on the self-rating depression scale (SDS): COPD with depression (SDS score ⩾ 50) and COPD alone (SDS score < 50). Blood gas analysis, pulmonary function, and serum Th1/Th2 index were determined. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were analyzed to explore the diagnostic value of serum Th1/Th2 ratios for COPD complicated by depression.

RESULTS

Compared with the group without depression, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide and COPD assessment test scores were significantly higher, and the oxygenation index, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and percent predicted FEV1 were significantly lower in the COPD with depression group (P< 0.05). Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were significantly higher in the COPD with depression group than in the group without depression (P< 0.05). Logistic regression analysis indicated that the imbalance of serum IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α was a risk factor for mental depression in elderly patients with COPD. When comparing prognostic indices, the interval before the first onset of clinically noticeable deterioration (CID-C) in the COPD with depression group was noticeably shorter than that in the COPD without depression group; the incidence of CID-C within 6 months was noticeably higher in the COPD with depression group than in the group without depression.

CONCLUSION

Elderly patients with COPD and depression had reduced pulmonary function and higher serum Th1/Th2 levels, and an imbalance in serum Th1/Th2 indicators was a potential risk factor for depression. Moreover, elderly patients with COPD and depression were at a higher risk of disease progression and had a worse prognosis. Thus, an imbalance in serum Th1/Th2 indicators is a potential prognostic factor for evaluating depression in patients with COPD.

Boolean modeling reveals that cyclic attractors in macrophage polarization serve as reservoirs of states to balance external perturbations from the tumor microenvironment

Cyclic attractors generated from Boolean models may explain the adaptability of a cell in response to a dynamical complex tumor microenvironment. In contrast to this idea, we postulate that cyclic attractors in certain cases could be a systemic mechanism to face the perturbations coming from the environment. To justify our conjecture, we present a dynamic analysis of a highly curated transcriptional regulatory network of macrophages constrained into a cancer microenvironment. We observed that when M1-associated transcription factors (STAT1 or NF-κB) are perturbed and the microenvironment balances to a hyper-inflammation condition, cycle attractors activate genes whose signals counteract this effect implicated in tissue damage. The same behavior happens when the M2-associated transcription factors are disturbed (STAT3 or STAT6); cycle attractors will prevent a hyper-regulation scenario implicated in providing a suitable environment for tumor growth. Therefore, here we propose that cyclic macrophage phenotypes can serve as a reservoir for balancing the phenotypes when a specific phenotype-based transcription factor is perturbed in the regulatory network of macrophages. We consider that cyclic attractors should not be simply ignored, but it is necessary to carefully evaluate their biological importance. In this work, we suggest one conjecture: the cyclic attractors can serve as a reservoir to balance the inflammatory/regulatory response of the network under external perturbations.

A novel defined cuproptosis-related gene signature for predicting the prognosis of colon adenocarcinoma

The prognosis of colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) needs to be improved. Cuproptosis is a recently discovered cell death caused by intracellular overload of copper ions. There have been no reports about the cuproptosis-related prognostic model in COAD. First, we screened 30 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from patients with COAD using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was used as a validation set to establish a risk model of five cuproptosis-related genes (CKDN2A, SDHB, CCS, ULK1, and CMC1) by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression analysis. In both TCGA and GEO cohorts, we could see that overall survival of COAD patients of the low-risk group was longer. Combined with the clinical characteristics, the risk score was found to be an independent prognostic factor. Furthermore, single-sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (ssGSEA) showed that the levels of Th1 and Treg immune cells changed both in TCGA and GEO databases. Finally, clinical samples were used to verify the mRNA and protein levels of five risk-model genes. In conclusion, this model could predict the prognosis of COAD patients, and the mechanism may be related to the changes in immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME).

Altered Expression of Interleukin-18 System mRNA at the Level of Endometrial Myometrial Interface in Women with Adenomyosis

Adenomyosis is a uterine pathology characterized by a deep invasion of endometrial glands and stroma, disrupting the endometrial−myometrial interface (EMI). Interleukin-18 (IL-18) system is a dominant cytokine involved in the menstrual cycle of human endometrium. IL-18 may play a defensive role against maternal immune response in the uterine cavity. The present study was designed to determine IL-18-mediated immune response at the level of EMI. We uncovered that mRNA of IL-18 system, including IL-18, IL-18 receptor (IL-18R), and its antagonist, IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP), expressed in eutopic, ectopic endometrium, and corresponding myometrium in patients with adenomyosis. IL-18 system was demonstrated in paired tissue samples by immunochemistry and immunofluorescence study. According to RT-PCR with CT value quantification and 2−∆∆Ct method, a significant down-regulation of IL-18BP in corresponding myometrium in comparison to eutopic endometrium (p < 0.05) indicates that the IL-18 system acts as a local immune modulator at the level of EMI and regulating cytokine networks in the pathogenesis of adenomyosis. Furthermore, an increased IL-18 antagonist to agonist ratio was noted in ectopic endometrium compared with corresponding myometrium. We suggest that altered IL-18 system expression contributes to immunological dysfunction and junctional zone disturbance in women with adenomyosis.

Role of SARS-CoV-2-induced Cytokine Storm in Multi-Organ Failure: Molecular Pathways and Potential Therapeutic Options

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has become a global public health emergency and has led to devastating results. Mounting evidence proposes that the disease causes severe pulmonary involvement and influences different organs, leading to a critical situation named multi-organ failure. It is yet to be fully clarified how the disease becomes so deadly in some patients. However, it is proven that a condition called “cytokine storm” is involved in the deterioration of COVID-19. Although beneficial, sustained production of cytokines and overabundance of inflammatory mediators causing cytokine storm can lead to collateral vital organ damages. Furthermore, cytokine storm can cause post-COVID-19 syndrome (PCS), an important cause of morbidity after the acute phase of COVID-19. Herein, we aim to explain the possible pathophysiology mechanisms involved in COVID-19-related cytokine storm and its association with multi-organ failure and PCS. We also discuss the latest advances in finding the potential therapeutic targets to control cytokine storm wishing to answer unmet clinical demands for treatment of COVID-19.

Is SARS-CoV-2 a Risk Factor of Bipolar Disorder?-A Narrative Review

For 2.5 years we have been facing the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and its health, social and economic effects. One of its known consequences is the development of neuropsychiatric diseases such as anxiety and depression. However, reports of manic episodes related to COVID-19 have emerged. Mania is an integral part of the debilitating illness-bipolar disorder (BD). Due to its devastating effects, it is therefore important to establish whether SARS-CoV-2 infection is a causative agent of this severe mental disorder. In this narrative review, we discuss the similarities between the disorders caused by SARS-CoV-2 and those found in patients with BD, and we also try to answer the question of whether SARS-CoV-2 infection may be a risk factor for the development of this affective disorder. Our observation shows that disorders in COVID-19 showing the greatest similarity to those in BD are cytokine disorders, tryptophan metabolism, sleep disorders and structural changes in the central nervous system (CNS). These changes, especially intensified in severe infections, may be a trigger for the development of BD in particularly vulnerable people, e.g., with family history, or cause an acute episode in patients with a pre-existing BD.

RNA modifications: importance in immune cell biology and related diseases

RNA modifications have become hot topics recently. By influencing RNA processes, including generation, transportation, function, and metabolization, they act as critical regulators of cell biology. The immune cell abnormality in human diseases is also a research focus and progressing rapidly these years. Studies have demonstrated that RNA modifications participate in the multiple biological processes of immune cells, including development, differentiation, activation, migration, and polarization, thereby modulating the immune responses and are involved in some immune related diseases. In this review, we present existing knowledge of the biological functions and underlying mechanisms of RNA modifications, including N⁶-methyladenosine (m⁶A), 5-methylcytosine (m⁵C), N¹-methyladenosine (m¹A), N⁷-methylguanosine (m⁷G), N⁴-acetylcytosine (ac⁴C), pseudouridine (Ψ), uridylation, and adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing, and summarize their critical roles in immune cell biology. Via regulating the biological processes of immune cells, RNA modifications can participate in the pathogenesis of immune related diseases, such as cancers, infection, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. We further highlight the challenges and future directions based on the existing knowledge. All in all, this review will provide helpful knowledge as well as novel ideas for the researchers in this area.

The different facets of heme-oxygenase 1 in innate and adaptive immunity

Heme oxygenase (HO) enzymes are responsible for the main oxidative step in heme degradation, generating equimolar amounts of free iron, biliverdin and carbon monoxide. HO-1 is induced as a crucial stress response protein, playing protective roles in physiologic and pathological conditions, due to its antioxidant, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects. The mechanisms behind HO-1-mediated protection are being explored by different studies, affecting cell fate through multiple ways, such as reduction in intracellular levels of heme and ROS, transcriptional regulation, and through its byproducts generation. In this review we focus on the interplay between HO-1 and immune-related signaling pathways, which culminate in the activation of transcription factors important in immune responses and inflammation. We also discuss the dual interaction of HO-1 and inflammatory mediators that govern resolution and tissue damage. We highlight the dichotomy of HO-1 in innate and adaptive immune cells development and activation in different disease contexts. Finally, we address different known anti-inflammatory pharmaceuticals that are now being described to modulate HO-1, and the possible contribution of HO-1 in their anti-inflammatory effects.

Disruption of sncRNA Improves the Protective Efficacy of Outer Membrane Vesicles against Helicobacter pylori Infection in a Mouse Model

The outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) secreted by Helicobacter pylori contain various bacterial components, such as proteins, phospholipids, toxins, and nucleic acids, including small noncoding RNA (sncRNA), which have regulatory functions in cell envelope structure, metabolism, bacterial communication, biofilm formation, and virulence. We previously showed that knocking out sncRNAs sR-989262 and sR-2509025 at the cellular level increased interleukin 8 (IL-8) levels in mice exposed to OMVs. In this study, we show that immunization with ΔsR-989262 and ΔsR-2509025 OMVs intragastrically significantly increased immunoglobulin G (IgG) and secreted IgA levels in mice compared to wild-type OMVs and without weight changes, which indicated that sncRNA-deficient OMVs are relatively safe to immunize mice. The detection of IgG subtypes IgG1 and IgG2c showed that the sncRNA-deficient OMVs primarily stimulate the T helper 2 (Th2)-mediated immune response. Moreover, levels of the cytokines IL-4, IL-13, gamma interferon (IFN-γ), IL-12 (p40), IL-8, and IL-17 indicate that ΔsR-989262 and ΔsR-2509025 OMVs trigger the Th2-type immune response but primarily trigger a Th1-mediated and Th17-mediated immune response. These findings show that OMV-encapsulated sncRNA plays an important role in regulating the immune response in hosts infected by H. pylori at the animal level. Moreover, they show that knocking out of sR-989262 and sR-2509025 improves the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of OMVs, and this may be beneficial to the design of OMV-based H. pylori vaccines.

Low Interleukin-12 Levels concerning Severe Malaria: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Although many studies have investigated the role of interleukin (IL)-12 cytokine in the pathogenesis of severe malaria, these studies were based on a limited number of participants, possibly affecting their outcomes. We analyzed the difference in IL-12 levels between patients with severe and uncomplicated malaria through a meta-analysis. A systematic review was conducted following the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions and was reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. Systematic literature searches were performed between 20 February and 2 March, 2022 in PubMed, Scopus, and Embase to identify studies reporting IL-12 levels in patients with severe and uncomplicated malaria. The quality of included studies was determined using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines. The pooled mean difference (MD) in IL-12 between patients with severe and uncomplicated malaria was estimated using the DerSimonian-Laird method for the random-effects model. Altogether, 1885 potentially relevant articles were identified, and 10 studies enrolling 654 patients with severe malaria and 626 patients with uncomplicated malaria were included in the meta-analysis. Patients with severe malaria had lower mean IL-12 levels than those with uncomplicated malaria (p = 0.01, MD: -33.62, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -58.79 to -8.45, I2: 99.29%, 10 studies). In conclusion, decreased IL-12 levels might significantly contribute to the development of severe malaria. As most published literature demonstrated the role of IL-12 in animal models, human studies are required to understand the mechanisms involved in low IL-12 levels in patients with severe malaria.

Immunomodulation Effect of Biomaterials on Bone Formation

Traditional bone replacement materials have been developed with the goal of directing the osteogenesis of osteoblastic cell lines toward differentiation and therefore achieving biomaterial-mediated osteogenesis, but the osteogenic effect has been disappointing. With advances in bone biology, it has been revealed that the local immune microenvironment has an important role in regulating the bone formation process. According to the bone immunology hypothesis, the immune system and the skeletal system are inextricably linked, with many cytokines and regulatory factors in common, and immune cells play an essential role in bone-related physiopathological processes. This review combines advances in bone immunology with biomaterial immunomodulatory properties to provide an overview of biomaterials-mediated immune responses to regulate bone regeneration, as well as methods to assess the bone immunomodulatory properties of bone biomaterials and how these strategies can be used for future bone tissue engineering applications.

Epigenetic regulation and T-cell responses in endometriosis – something other than autoimmunity

Endometriosis is defined as the presence of endometrial-like glands and stroma located outside the uterine cavity. This common, estrogen dependent, inflammatory condition affects up to 15% of reproductive-aged women and is a well-recognized cause of chronic pelvic pain and infertility. Despite the still unknown etiology of endometriosis, much evidence suggests the participation of epigenetic mechanisms in the disease etiopathogenesis. The main rationale is based on the fact that heritable phenotype changes that do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence are common triggers for hormonal, immunological, and inflammatory disorders, which play a key role in the formation of endometriotic foci. Epigenetic mechanisms regulating T-cell responses, including DNA methylation and posttranslational histone modifications, deserve attention because tissue-resident T lymphocytes work in concert with organ structural cells to generate appropriate immune responses and are functionally shaped by organ-specific environmental conditions. Thus, a failure to precisely regulate immune cell transcription may result in compromised immunological integrity of the organ with an increased risk of inflammatory disorders. The coexistence of endometriosis and autoimmunity is a well-known occurrence. Recent research results indicate regulatory T-cell (Treg) alterations in endometriosis, and an increased number of highly active Tregs and macrophages have been found in peritoneal fluid from women with endometriosis. Elimination of the regulatory function of T cells and an imbalance between T helper cells of the Th1 and Th2 types have been reported in the endometria of women with endometriosis-associated infertility. This review aims to present the state of the art in recognition epigenetic reprogramming of T cells as the key factor in the pathophysiology of endometriosis in the context of T-cell-related autoimmunity. The new potential therapeutic approaches based on epigenetic modulation and/or adoptive transfer of T cells will also be outlined.

The CD226/TIGIT axis is involved in T cell hypo-responsiveness appearance in long-term kidney transplant recipients

T cell exhaustion refers to a dysfunctional state in which effector T cells present a decreased ability to proliferate and to produce cytokines, while the co-expression of inhibitory receptors increases. We investigated global and donor-specific T cell responses in a cohort of stable, living-donor kidney transplant patients that received similar immunosuppression. After transplantation, an increase in the ratio of TIGIT + /CD226 + in mCD4 + T cells (r = 0.47, p = 0.01), and a decrease of CD226 + TIGIT-mCD4 + T cells was observed (r = − 0.55, p = 0.001). This leads to an increase of dysfunctional T cells in patients far from transplantation. In mCD8 + T cells, a decrease of IL-2 production after mitogenic stimulation was observed far from transplantation. Phenotypic analyses revealed an increase of mCD8 + T cells co-expressing PD-1 and TIGIT over time (r = 0.51, p = 0.02). After donor-specific stimulation, the ability of CD4 + T cells to proliferate was decreased compared with third parties. CD4 + T cells expressing CD226 and TIGIT were correlated with allospecific CD4 + proliferation (r = 0.68, p = 0.04). Our study suggests that after kidney transplantation a T cell hyporesponsiveness appears over time, driven by a dysregulation of CD226/TIGIT axis in mCD4 + T cells, associated with an increase of PD1 + TIGIT + in mCD8 + T cells.

Differences in Clinical Presentation of Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Pediatric Patients With Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn Disease

SIGNIFICANCE

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an inflammatory condition characterized by T helper-2 (T H 2) cytokines. Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn disease (CD) are inflammatory conditions with different clinical presentations and immune profiles. UC is associated with T H 2 cytokines and CD with T H 1 cytokines. We investigated potential differences in the association of EoE with UC and CD because of these different immune profiles.

METHODS

We utilized ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes to find patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and EoE. We defined EoE as any esophageal biopsy with >15 eosinophils. We collected demographic, clinical, laboratory, endoscopic, and histological data.

RESULTS

Thirty patients had both EoE and IBD. 14.9% of UC patients had EoE and 5.7% of CD patients had EoE. 64.7% of UC patients presented with UC and EoE at the same time, whereas 76.9% of CD patients presented with EoE at follow up. Ten of 13 CD patients were on anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) at EoE diagnosis. No UC patients were on anti-TNF at EoE diagnosis. Eighty-three percent of CD patients had mild disease or were in remission, whereas 50% of UC patients had moderate to severe disease at the time of EoE diagnosis.

CONCLUSION

A higher percentage of UC than CD patients had EoE. EoE was more likely to be present at the initial diagnosis of UC than CD. EoE was more likely after diagnosis and treatment of CD with anti-TNF, when CD activity was mild or in remission. The difference in presentation suggests that anti-TNF or it's impact on inflammation may differentially impact the association of EoE with CD and UC.

Immunomodulatory Effect of Polysaccharide from Fermented Morinda citrifolia L. (Noni) on RAW 264.7 Macrophage and Balb/c Mice

This study aims to determine the immunomodulatory effects of a polysaccharide fraction from fermented M. citrifolia L. (FMP) in RAW 264.7 macrophages and Balb/c mice. M. citrifolia was fermented for 72 h using Lactobacillus brevis; polysaccharides were extracted using ethanol precipitation. The RAW 264.7 cells exposed to FMP (50, 100, and 200 μg/mL) for 24 h showed increased NO production, proinflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) release, and COX-2 and iNOS protein expression. FMP (100, 200 mg/kg) and deacetylasperulosidic acid (DAA) (20 mg/kg) administered orally to Balb/c mice for 14 days upregulated NO production and NK cytotoxicity in abdominal cavity and spleen, respectively. Th1 and Th2 cytokines production and immune cell numbers increased in spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), peritoneal exudate cells (PEC), Peyer's patches (PP), and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Therefore, FMP containing DAA can be used as materials for health functional foods to enhance immune responses.

Eicosanoid production by macrophages during inflammation depends on the M1/M2 phenotype

Macrophages are important in inflammation, and are involved in many physiological and pathological processes. Additionally, macrophages are important producers of eicosanoids, lipids that influence the inflammatory response. Our study aimed to explore the role of eicosanoids in the inflammatory response by studying the production of eicosanoids by macrophages on different stages of inflammation. Murine peritoneal macrophages (MPMs) were obtained at different stages of inflammation, which were then cultured in vitro with polyunsaturated fatty acids. Eicosanoids in MPMs were then detected by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The metabolites derived from the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway were increased, whereas those from the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway were reduced. Additionally, the ratio of arachidonic acid (AA)-derived and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-derived eicosanoids was dependent on the stage of inflammation. Moreover, the composition of macrophages with different phenotypes changed. To clarify the relationship between the phenotypes of macrophages and eicosanoids metabolism, we detected the eicosanoids in M1 and M2 differentiated THP-1 cells. Overall, M1 preferred AA, whereas M2 preferred EPA as substrate, which was related to the expression of COX and LOX. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the difference in macrophage eicosanoids metabolism during the inflammatory response is related to the macrophage polarisation.

Increased serum IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-12p70 levels in AChR subtype generalized myasthenia gravis

Background

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder affecting neuromuscular junctions. Cytokines play important roles in facilitating the immune response and augmenting the pathogenic antibody production. The current study aims to sensitively characterize the serum levels of cytokines with very low concentration in generalized MG (gMG).

Methods

Using ultrasensitive single-molecule arrays (SIMOA), we measured serum IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-12p70 in 228 participants including 152 immunotherapy-naïve anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR) subtype gMG from Huashan MG registry and 76 age-matched healthy controls. Subgroup analysis was then performed by stratifying patients according to the onset ages, MGFA classification, disease duration at baseline.

Results

Serum IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-12p70 levels were significantly elevated in gMG compared to controls (0.179 pg/mL versus 0.011 pg/mL, P < 0.0001; 0.029 pg/mL versus 0.018 pg/mL, P = 0.0259; 0.215 pg/mL versus 0.143 pg/mL, P = 0.0007; 0.132 pg/mL versus 0.118 pg/mL, P = 0.0401). Subgroup analysis revealed that IL-2 levels were slightly elevated in gMG with MGFA II compared to MGFA III/IV (0.195 pg/mL versus 0.160 pg/mL, P = 0.022), as well as elevated levels of IL-2 (0.220 pg/mL versus 0.159 pg/mL, P = 0.0002) and IL-5 (0.251 pg/mL versus 0.181 pg/mL, P = 0.004) in late-onset gMG compared with the early-onset gMG. gMG patients with a long duration had a significant increased serum IL-12p70 than those with a short duration (0.163 pg/mL versus 0.120 pg/mL, P = 0.011).

Conclusion

Serum IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-12p70 levels were increased in AChR subtype gMG using ultrasensitive measurement. Serum cytokines with very low concentrations may provide as potential biomarkers in stratifying gMG patients in future prospective cohort studies.

Glatiramer Acetate Immunomodulation: Evidence of Neuroprotection and Cognitive Preservation

Novel, neuroprotective uses of Copaxone (generic name: glatiramer acetate-GA) are being examined, primarily in neurological conditions involving cognitive decline. GA is a well-studied synthetic copolymer that is FDA-approved for immune-based treatment of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Clinical studies have explored the potential mechanism of action (MOA) and outcomes of GA immunization in patients. Furthermore, results from these and animal studies suggest that GA has a direct immunomodulatory effect on adaptive and innate immune cell phenotypes and responses. These MOAs have been postulated to have a common neuroprotective impact in several neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Notably, several clinical studies report that the use of GA mitigated MS-associated cognitive decline. Its propensity to ameliorate neuro-proinflammatory and degenerative processes ignites increased interest in potential alternate uses such as in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Preclinical studies are exploring less frequent subcutaneous administration of GA, such as once weekly or monthly or a single dosing regimen. Indeed, cognitive functions were found to be either preserved, reversed, or improved after the less frequent treatment regimens with GA in animal models of AD. In this systematic review, we examine the potential novel uses of GA across clinical and pre-clinical studies, with evidence for its beneficial impact on cognition. Future investigation in large-size, double-blind clinical trials is warranted to establish the impact of GA immunomodulation on neuroprotection and cognitive preservation in various neurological conditions.

Intranasal Immunization With a c-di-GMP-Adjuvanted Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Provides Superior Immunity Against Bordetella pertussis in a Mouse Model

Pertussis, caused by the gram-negative bacterium Bordetella pertussis, is a highly contagious respiratory disease. Intranasal vaccination is an ideal strategy to prevent pertussis, as the nasal mucosa represents the first-line barrier to B. pertussis infection. The current intramuscular acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines elicit strong antibody and Th2-biased responses but not necessary cellular and mucosal immunity. Here, we formulated two cyclic dinucleotide (CDN)-adjuvanted aP subunit vaccines, a mammalian 2’,3’-cGAMP-adjuvanted aP vaccine and a bacterial-derived c-di-GMP-adjuvanted aP vaccine, and evaluated their immunogenicity in a mouse model. We found that the aP vaccine alone delivered intranasally (IN) induced moderate systemic and mucosal humoral immunity but weak cellular immunity, whereas the alum-adjuvanted aP vaccine administered intraperitoneally elicited higher Th2 and systemic humoral immune responses but weaker Th1 and Th17 and mucosal immune responses. In contrast, both CDN-adjuvanted aP vaccines administered via the IN route induced robust humoral and cellular immunity systemically and mucosally. Furthermore, the c-di-GMP-adjuvanted aP vaccine generated better antibody production and stronger Th1 and Th17 responses than the 2′,3′-cGAMP-adjuvanted aP vaccine. In addition, following B. pertussis challenge, the group of mice that received IN immunization with the c-di-GMP-adjuvanted aP vaccine showed better protection than all other groups of vaccinated mice, with decreased inflammatory cell infiltration in the lung and reduced bacterial burden in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts. In summary, the c-di-GMP-adjuvanted aP vaccine can elicit a multifaceted potent immune response resulting in robust bacterial clearance in the respiratory tract, which indicates that c-di-GMP can serve as a potential mucosal adjuvant for the pertussis vaccine.

Upregulated serum granulysin levels in women with antiphospholipid antibody‐associated recurrent miscarriage are downregulated by heparin treatment

Purpose

Granulysin is a cytotoxic protein that simultaneously activates innate and cellular immunity. The authors aimed to evaluate whether granulysin is associated with the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome and whether heparin changes the granulysin levels.

Methods

A cohort study was performed with women with antiphospholipid antibody‐positive recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). The authors examined granulysin levels under RPL and evaluated the changes in serum granulysin levels before and 1 week after the commencement of heparin treatment.

Results

Serum granulysin levels before heparin treatment were significantly higher in women who tested positive for one or more types of antiphospholipid antibodies (2.75 ± 1.03 vs. 2.44 ± 0.69, p = 0.0341 by Welch's t test), particularly anti‐phosphatidylethanolamine antibodies (IgG: 2.98 ± 1.09 vs. 2.51 ± 0.86, p = 0.0013; IgM: 2.85 ± 1.09 vs. 2.47 ± 0.77, p = 0.0024 by Welch's t test). After heparin treatment for 1 week, serum granulysin levels were significantly reduced (p = 0.0017 by the paired t test). The miscarriage rate was significantly higher in women whose serum granulysin levels were not reduced by heparin treatment (p = 0.0086 by Fisher's exact probability test).

Conclusion

The results suggest that heparin may reduce the incidence of miscarriage by suppressing serum granulysin levels.

We examined granulysin levels under recurrent pregnancy loss and evaluated the changes in serum granulysin with heparin treatment. The miscarriage rate was significantly higher in women whose serum granulysin levels were not reduced by heparin treatment. The results suggest that heparin may reduce the incidence of miscarriage by suppressing serum granulysin levels.

The Overexpression and Clinical Significance of AP1S1 in Breast Cancer

Purpose

To explore the mechanism of AP1S1 in breast cancer.

Methods and Results

In different datasets, we found that AP1S1 is more highly expressed in breast tumors, which was furthermore verified in our local cohort.Immune infiltration analysis showed that AP1S1 was related to a variety of immune cells. The higher AP1S1 expression was negatively correlated with a variety of immune infiltrating cells, suggesting that AP1S1 may affect cellular immunity.Clinical analysis showed that patients with higher AP1S1 expression had higher estrogen receptor gene expression and were more prone to distant metastasis and lymph node metastasis.The overall survival rate, disease-specific survival rate, and progression-free interval time were worse in the group with higher AP1S1 expression. AP1S1 may be a potential oncogene of breast cancer, and overexpression is related to the poor prognosis of breast cancer.Therefore, a nomogram was constructed, along with correlated gene analysis and functional analysis to further explore the carcinogenic mechanism, practical clinical issues, and value of AP1S1.

Conclusion

AP1S1 is a potential oncogene of breast cancer.

Evaluation of the diagnostic value of FliD, a Helicobacter pylori flagellar protein

Novel immunodominant antigens are urgently required for diagnosis and vaccine of Helicobacter pylori(HP). FliD, an important colonization factor was cloned and expressed(rFliD) to evaluate the levels of specific-IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies in the serum of patients by ELISA. Rabbit anti-rFliD polyclonal antibody (pAb) was obtained by subcutaneous injections of rFliD. The rFliD-specific IFN-γ and IL-4 of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and CD4⁺ T cells from human were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunospot and flow cytometry. We found that the levels of rFliD-specific IgG, IgM and IgA were significantly higher in HP-infected-patients compared with healthy controls. IgG, IgM and IgA had diagnostic sensitivities of 92.6, 89.8 and 83.2%; specificities of 91.1, 88.7 and 64.6%; and areas under the receiver operating curves of 0.97, 0.96 and 0.92, respectively. Furthermore, rFliD-pAb was used in the immunohistochemical analysis of gastritis and gastric cancer tissues from patients infected with HP. The levels of rFliD-specific IFN-γ and IL-4 were significantly elevated in HP-infected patients and exhibited a T helper type 1-dominant subtype. These findings indicate that rFliD exhibits high validity as a biomarker in HP diagnosis and may also be a potent antigen for vaccine design due to its high cellular and humoral immune response.

Targeting CAFs to overcome anticancer therapeutic resistance

The view of cancer as a tumor cell-centric disease is now replaced by our understanding of the interconnection and dependency of tumor stroma. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), the most abundant stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), are involved in anticancer therapeutic resistance. As we unearth more solid evidence on the link between CAFs and tumor progression, we gain insight into the role of CAFs in establishing resistance to cancer therapies. Herein, we review the origin, heterogeneity, and function of CAFs, with a focus on how CAF subsets can be used as biomarkers and can contribute to therapeutic resistance in cancer. We also depict current breakthroughs in targeting CAFs to overcome anticancer therapeutic resistance and discuss emerging CAF-targeting modalities.

A randomized double blinded placebo controlled clinical trial for the evaluation of green coffee extract on immune health in healthy adults

Background

The immune system functions to protect the host from a broad array of infectious diseases. Here, we evaluated the in vitro immunomodulatory effects of green coffee extract (GCE), and conducted a double-blinded, randomized and placebo-controlled trial among apparently healthy individuals.

Methods

We determined the levels and functions of inflammatory and immune markers viz., phospho-NF-κB p65 ser536, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, TH1/TH2 cytokines and IgG production. We also evaluated several immunological markers such as total leukocyte counts, differential leukocyte counts, NK cell activity, CD4/CD8 ratio, serum immunoglobulin, C-reactive protein (CRP) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α).

Results and conclusion

GCE significantly inhibited LPS-induced NF-κB p65 ser536 phosphorylation, MCP-1-induced chemotaxis and significantly enhanced phagocytosis and IgG production. In addition, GCE modulated PMA/PHA-induced TH1/TH2 cytokine production. Clinical investigations suggested that the expression of CD56 and CD16 was markedly augmented on NK cells following GCE treatment. GCE significantly enhanced IgA production before and after influenza vaccination. Similarly, IL-6, TNF-α and CRP levels were significantly inhibited by GCE. Together, GCE confers several salubrious immunomodulatory effects at different levels attributing to optimal functioning of immune responses in the host.

Taxonomy

Cell biology, Clinical study, Clinical Trial.

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GCE showed an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the NF-κB phosphorylation.

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GCE enhances innate immune response by activating NK cells and phagocytosis.

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GCE is an immunomodulator.

Immunomodulatory Activity of Extracellular Vesicles of Kimchi-Derived Lactic Acid Bacteria (Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Latilactobacillus curvatus, and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum)

Lactic acid bacteria present in Kimchi, such as Leuconostoc mesenteroides (Lm), Latilactobacillus curvatus (Lc), and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (Lp) produce extracellular vesicles (ECVs) that modulate immune responses. The ECVs of probiotic Kimchi bacteria are abbreviated as LmV, LcV, and LpV. Treatment of macrophages (RAW264.7) with ECVs (LmV, LcV, and LpV) increased the production of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Immunostimulatory effects exerted on the RAW264.7 cells were stronger after treatments with LmV and LcV than with LpV. Treatment of mice with LcV (1 mg/kg, orally) induced splenocyte proliferation and subsequent production of both NO and cytokines (INF-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, and IL-10). Furthermore, pre-treatment of macrophages and microglial cells with ECVs prior to LPS stimulation significantly attenuated the production of NO and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6). Therefore, ECVs (LmV, LcV, and LpV) prevent inflammatory responses in the LPS-stimulated microglial cells by blocking the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) and p38 signaling pathways. These results showed that LmV, LcV, and LpV from Kimchi probiotic bacteria safely exert immunomodulatory effects.

Nanocages engineered from Bacillus Calmette-Guerin facilitate protective Vγ2Vδ2 T cell immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

Tuberculosis (TB), induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, remains a top killer among infectious diseases. While Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the sole TB vaccine, the clumped-clustered features of BCG in intradermal immunization appear to limit both the BCG protection efficacy and the BCG vaccination safety. We hypothesize that engineering of clumped-clustered BCG into nanoscale particles would improve safety and also facilitate the antigen-presenting-cell (APC)’s uptake and the following processing/presentation for better anti-TB protective immunity. Here, we engineered BCG protoplasts into nanoscale membraned BCG particles, termed as “BCG-Nanocage” to enhance the anti-TB vaccination efficiency and safety. BCG-Nanocage could readily be ingested/taken by APC macrophages selectively; BCG-Nanocage-ingested macrophages exhibited better viability and developed similar antimicrobial responses with BCG-infected macrophages. BCG-Nanocage, like live BCG bacilli, exhibited the robust capability to activate and expand innate-like T effector cell populations of Vγ2+ T, CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells of rhesus macaques in the ex vivo PBMC culture. BCG-Nanocage immunization of rhesus macaques elicited similar or stronger memory-like immune responses of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells, as well as Vγ2Vδ2 T and CD4+/CD8+ T effectors compared to live BCG vaccination. BCG-Nanocage- immunized macaques developed rapidly-sustained pulmonary responses of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells upon Mtb challenge. Furthermore, BCG- and BCG-Nanocage- immunized macaques, but not saline controls, exhibited undetectable Mtb infection loads or TB lesions in the Mtb-challenged lung lobe and hilar lymph node at endpoint after challenge. Thus, the current study well justifies a large pre-clinical investigation to assess BCG-Nanocage for safe and efficacious anti-TB vaccination, which is expected to further develop novel vaccines or adjuvants.

Pan-Cancer Analysis Shows Enrichment of Macrophages, Overexpression of Checkpoint Molecules, Inhibitory Cytokines, and Immune Exhaustion Signatures in EMT-High Tumors

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a highly dynamic process that occurs under normal circumstances; however, EMT is also known to play a central role in tumor progression and metastasis. Furthermore, role of tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) in shaping anticancer immunity and inducing the EMT is also well recognized. Understanding the key features of EMT is critical for the development of effective therapeutic interventions. Given the central role of EMT in immune escape and cancer progression and treatment, we have carried out a pan-cancer TIME analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset in context to EMT. We have analyzed infiltration of various immune cells, expression of multiple checkpoint molecules and cytokines, and inflammatory and immune exhaustion gene signatures in 22 cancer types from TCGA dataset. A total of 16 cancer types showed a significantly increased (p < 0.001) infiltration of macrophages in EMT-high tumors (mesenchymal samples). Furthermore, out of the 17 checkpoint molecules we analyzed, 11 showed a significant overexpression (p < 0.001) in EMT-high samples of at least 10 cancer types. Analysis of cytokines showed significant enrichment of immunosuppressive cytokines-TGFB1 and IL10-in the EMT-high group of almost all cancer types. Analysis of various gene signatures showed enrichment of inflammation, exhausted CD8+ T cells, and activated stroma signatures in EMT-high tumors. In summary, our pan-cancer EMT analysis of TCGA dataset shows that the TIME of EMT-high tumors is highly immunosuppressive compared to the EMT-low (epithelial) tumors. The distinctive features of EMT-high tumors are as follows: (i) the enrichment of tumor-associated macrophages, (ii) overexpression of immune checkpoint molecules, (iii) upregulation of immune inhibitory cytokines TGFB1 and IL10, and (iv) enrichment of inflammatory and exhausted CD8+ T-cell signatures. Our study shows that TIMEs of different EMT groups differ significantly, and this would pave the way for future studies analyzing and targeting the TIME regulators for anticancer immunotherapy.

Pre-Digested Protein Enteral Nutritional Supplementation Enhances Recovery of CD4+ T Cells and Repair of Intestinal Barrier in HIV-Infected Immunological Non-Responders

AIDS patients with immune non-response are prone to malnutrition, intestinal barrier damage, thus aggravating chronic immune activation and inflammation. However, nutritional interventions targeting malnutrition may be beneficial to restore immune function, improve clinical outcomes, and reduce mortality remains largely unclear. This work aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a nutritional supplement in HIV-infected immune non-responders (INRs). The subjects received oral supplementation of a pre-digested protein nutrition formula for three months. We show that the CD4⁺ T and CD8⁺ T cell counts were significantly increased after supplementation of the pre-digested enteral nutritional supplement. Among all pro-inflammatory cytokines in the serum, only IL-1β level was significantly decreased, while TNF-β was significantly increased (P < 0.05). The levels of intestinal mucosal damage markers, diamine oxidase (DAO), D-lactic acid (D-lactate), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), decreased significantly (P < 0.05) after the nutritional intervention. Moreover, at month 3 after the intervention, the body weight, body mass index, albumin, and hemoglobin of all subjects were significantly increased (P < 0.05). The correlation analysis demonstrated a significantly negative correlation of CD4⁺ T cell count with levels of DAO (r = -0.343, P = 0.004), D-lactate (r = -0.250, P = 0.037), respectively, and a significantly positive correlation of IL-1β level with levels of DAO (r = 0.445, P < 0.001), D-lactate (r = 0.523, P < 0.001), and LPS (r = 0.622, P < 0.001). We conclude that the pre-digested enteral nutrition supplement is effective for HIV-infected INRs.

Innovative vaccine platforms against infectious diseases: Under the scope of the COVID-19 pandemic

While classic vaccines have proved greatly efficacious in eliminating serious infectious diseases, innovative vaccine platforms open a new pathway to overcome dangerous pandemics via the development of safe and effective formulations. Such platforms play a key role either as antigen delivery systems or as immune-stimulators that induce both innate and adaptive immune responses. Liposomes or lipid nanoparticles, virus-like particles, nanoemulsions, polymeric or inorganic nanoparticles, as well as viral vectors, all belong to the nanoscale and are the main categories of innovative vaccines that are currently on the market or in clinical and preclinical phases. In this paper, we review the above formulations used in vaccinology and we discuss their connection with the development of safe and effective prophylactic vaccines against SARS-CoV-2.

Strain-Specific Identification and In Vivo Immunomodulatory Activity of Heat-Killed Latilactobacillus sakei K040706

We previously reported that the immunostimulatory activity of heat-killed Latilactobacillus sakei K040706 in macrophages and cyclophosphamide (CTX)-treated mice. However, identification of heat-killed L. sakei K040706 (heat-killed LS06) using a validated method is not yet reported. Further, the underlying molecular mechanisms for its immunostimulatory effects in CTX-induced immunosuppressed mice remain unknown. In this study, we developed strain-specific genetic markers to detect heat-killed L. sakei LS06. The lower detection limit of the validated primer set was 2.1 × 10⁵ colony forming units (CFU)/mL for the heat-killed LS06 assay. Moreover, oral administration of heat-killed LS06 (10⁸ or 10⁹ CFU/day, p.o.) effectively improved the body loss, thymus index, natural killer cell activity, granzyme B production, and T and B cell proliferation in CTX-treated mice. In addition, heat-killed LS06 enhanced CTX-reduced immune-related cytokine (interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, and IL-12) production and mRNA expression. Heat-killed LS06 also recovered CTX-altered microbiota composition, including the phylum levels of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria and the family levels of Muribaculaceae, Prevotellaceae, Tannerellaceae, Christensenellaceae, Gracilibacteraceae, and Hungateiclostridiaceae. In conclusion, since heat-killed L. sakei K040706 ameliorated CTX-induced immunosuppression and modulated gut microbiota composition, they have the potential to be used in functional foods for immune regulation.

Tumor-associated macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils: biological roles, crosstalk, and therapeutic relevance

Tumor-associated myeloid cells constitute a series of plastic and heterogeneous cell populations within the tumor microenvironment (TME), and exhibit different phenotypes and functions in response to various microenvironmental signals. In light of promising preclinical data indicating that myeloid-based therapy can effectively suppress tumor growth, a series of novel immune-based therapies and approaches are currently undergoing clinical evaluation. A better understanding of the diversity and functional roles of different myeloid cell subtypes and of how they are associated with TME remodeling may help to improve cancer therapy. Herein, we focus on myeloid cells and discuss how tumor cells can simultaneously reprogram these cells through tumor-derived factors and metabolites. In addition, we discuss the interactions between myeloid cells and other cells in the TME that have the potential to directly or indirectly regulate tumor initiation, invasion, or angiogenesis. We further discuss the current and future potential applications of myeloid cells in the development of focused therapeutic strategies in cancer treatment.

Blood MALT1, Th1, and Th17 cells are dysregulated, inter-correlated, and correlated with disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis patients; meanwhile, MALT1 decline during therapy relates to treatment outcome

Objective

Mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein 1 (MALT1) participates in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases via activating various signaling pathways and promoting the differentiation of T‐helper (Th) 1 and Th17 cells; however, it is rarely reported in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study aimed to assess the correlation of MALT1 with Th1 and Th17 cells and evaluate its potential as a biomarker for evaluating disease activity and treatment outcomes in RA patients.

Methods

This study enrolled 139 RA patients and 45 health controls (HCs); then, blood MALT1, Th1, and Th17 cells were determined. For RA patients only, blood MALT1 at week (W) 6 and W12 after treatment was also detected. Additionally, clinical response and remission of RA patients were assessed at W12.

Results

MALT1 (p < 0.001), Th1 (p = 0.011), and Th17 (p < 0.001) cells were all increased in RA patients than HCs; meanwhile, increased MALT1 was associated with elevated Th1 (p = 0.003) and Th17 (p < 0.001) cells in RA patients. Besides, MALT1, Th1, and Th17 cells were positively correlated with parts of disease activity indexes in RA patients (all p < 0.050). In addition, MALT1 was gradually declined from W0 to W12 (p < 0.001) in RA patients. Specifically, MALT1 at W6 and W12 was lower in response patients than no response patients (both p < 0.010), also in remission patients than no remission patients (both p < 0.050).

Conclusion

MALT1, Th1, and Th17 cells are dysregulated, inter‐correlated, and correlated with disease activity in RA patients; meanwhile, the decline of MALT1 expression can partly reflect RA treatment response and remission.