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Parajuli P, Adamski M, Verma NK. Bacteriophages are the major drivers of Shigella flexneri serotype 1c genome plasticity: a complete genome analysis. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:722. [PMID: 28899344 PMCID: PMC5596473 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4109-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shigella flexneri is the primary cause of bacillary dysentery in the developing countries. S. flexneri serotype 1c is a novel serotype, which is found to be endemic in many developing countries, but little is known about its genomic architecture and virulence signatures. We have sequenced for the first time, the complete genome of S. flexneri serotype 1c strain Y394, to provide insights into its diversity and evolution. RESULTS We generated a high-quality reference genome of S. flexneri serotype 1c using the hybrid methods of long-read single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing technology and short-read MiSeq (Illumina) sequencing technology. The Y394 chromosome is 4.58 Mb in size and shares the basic genomic features with other S. flexneri complete genomes. However, it possesses unique and highly modified O-antigen structure comprising of three distinct O-antigen modifying gene clusters that potentially came from three different bacteriophages. It also possesses a large number of hypothetical unique genes compared to other S. flexneri genomes. CONCLUSIONS Despite a high level of structural and functional similarities of Y394 genome with other S. flexneri genomes, there are marked differences in the pathogenic islands. The diversity in the pathogenic islands suggests that these bacterial pathogens are well adapted to respond to the selection pressures during their evolution, which might contribute to the differences in their virulence potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Parajuli
- Division of Biomedical Science and Biochemistry, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, ACT, Canberra, Australia
| | - Marcin Adamski
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, ACT, Canberra, Australia
| | - Naresh K Verma
- Division of Biomedical Science and Biochemistry, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, ACT, Canberra, Australia.
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Yan G, Liu J, Ma Q, Zhu R, Guo Z, Gao C, Wang S, Yu L, Gu J, Hu D, Han W, Du R, Yang J, Lei L. The N-terminal and central domain of colicin A enables phage lysin to lyse Escherichia coli extracellularly. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2017; 110:1627-1635. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-017-0912-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Launay O, Lewis DJM, Anemona A, Loulergue P, Leahy J, Sciré AS, Maugard A, Marchetti E, Zancan S, Huo Z, Rondini S, Marhaba R, Finco O, Martin LB, Auerbach J, Cohen D, Saul A, Gerke C, Podda A. Safety Profile and Immunologic Responses of a Novel Vaccine Against Shigella sonnei Administered Intramuscularly, Intradermally and Intranasally: Results From Two Parallel Randomized Phase 1 Clinical Studies in Healthy Adult Volunteers in Europe. EBioMedicine 2017; 22:164-172. [PMID: 28735965 PMCID: PMC5552227 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Approximately 164,000 deaths yearly are due to shigellosis, primarily in developing countries. Thus, a safe and affordable Shigella vaccine is an important public health priority. The GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) developed a candidate Shigella sonnei vaccine (1790GAHB) using the Generalized Modules for Membrane Antigens (GMMA) technology. The paper reports results of 1790GAHB Phase 1 studies in healthy European adults. Methods To evaluate the safety and immunogenicity profiles of 1790GAHB, we performed two parallel, phase 1, observer-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, dose escalation studies in France (“study 1”) and the United Kingdom (“study 2”) between February 2014 and April 2015 (ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02017899 and NCT02034500, respectively) in 18–45 years old subjects (50 in study 1, 52 in study 2). Increasing doses of Alhydrogel adsorbed 1790, expressed by both O Antigen (OAg) and protein quantity, or placebo were given either by intramuscular route (0.059/1, 0.29/5, 1.5/25, 2.9/50, 5.9/100 μg of OAg/μg of protein; study 1) or by intradermal (ID), intranasal (IN) or intramuscular (IM) route of immunization (0.0059/0.1, 0.059/1, 0.59/10 μg ID, 0.29/5, 1.2/20, 4.8/80 μg IN and 0.29/5 μg IM, respectively; study 2). In absence of serologic correlates of protection for Shigella sonnei, vaccine induced immunogenicity was compared to anti-LPS antibody in a population naturally exposed to S. sonnei. Findings Vaccines were well tolerated in both studies and no death or vaccine related serious adverse events were reported. In study 1, doses ≥ 1.5/25 μg elicited serum IgG median antibody greater than median level in convalescent subjects after the first dose. No vaccine group in study 2 achieved median antibody greater than the median convalescent antibody. Interpretation Intramuscularly administered Shigella sonnei GMMA vaccine is well tolerated, up to and including 5.9/100 μg and induces antibody to the OAg of at least the same magnitude of those observed following natural exposure to the pathogen. Vaccine administered by ID or IN, although well tolerated, is poorly immunogenic at the doses delivered. The data support the use of the GMMA technology for the development of intramuscular multivalent Shigella vaccines. GVGH GMMA vaccine against S. sonnei was well tolerated by IM, IN and ID routes of immunization in young European adults. Doses ≥ 1.5/25 μg elicited serum IgG median antibody greater than median level in convalescent subjects after the first dose. Clinical data support the use of the GMMA technology for the development of intramuscular Shigella multivalent vaccines.
Shigellosis is an important cause of diarrhoea especially in children of developing countries. No vaccine is available. Based on the 2015 Global Burden of Disease, Shigella caused approximately 164,000 deaths due to diarrhoea in 2015, supporting the public health relevance of the disease and the need for a vaccine. The GMMA (Generalized Modules for Membrane Antigens) technology was used for the development of a vaccine against Shigella sonnei which, tested in these trials for the first time, was shown to be well tolerated in young adults and induced specific antibody titres at least as high as after natural infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Launay
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris cité, Paris, France; Inserm CIC 1417, Paris, France; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, CIC Cochin-Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Pierre Loulergue
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris cité, Paris, France; Inserm CIC 1417, Paris, France; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, CIC Cochin-Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jo Leahy
- University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anaïs Maugard
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris cité, Paris, France; Inserm CIC 1417, Paris, France; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, CIC Cochin-Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Zhiming Huo
- University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel Cohen
- Tel Aviv University School of Public Health, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Allan Saul
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Audino Podda
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Siena, Italy.
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Rahimi E, Shirazi F, Khamesipour F. Isolation and Study of the Antibiotic Resistance Properties of ShigellaSpecies in Meat and Meat Products. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2017; 41:e12947. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Rahimi
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch; Islamic Azad University; Shahrekord Iran
| | - Farzaneh Shirazi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord Branch; Islamic Azad University; Shahrekord Iran
| | - Faham Khamesipour
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center; Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences; Sabzevar Iran
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Afroze F, Ahmed T, Sarmin M, SMSB Shahid A, Shahunja KM, Shahrin L, Chisti MJ. Risk factors and outcome of Shigella encephalopathy in Bangladeshi children. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005561. [PMID: 28453565 PMCID: PMC5425222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although, Shigella encephalopathy, a serious extra-intestinal complication of shigellosis, significantly increases the risks of death, data are very limited on predicting factors particularly related to electrolyte profiles in children below five years of age with Shigella encephalopathy. Our objective was to determine the clinical as well as laboratory predicting factors and outcome of children with Shigella encephalopathy. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this unmatched case-control design, children aged 2-59 months having a positive stool culture for Shigella and who had their serum electrolytes been done from July 2012 to June 2015 were studied. Children with Shigella encephalopathy, defined as having abnormal mentation, constituted the cases, and those without encephalopathy constituted the controls. During the study period, we identified a total of 541 children less than five years of age, who had Shigella in their stool culture. Only 139 children fulfilled the study criteria and among them 69 were cases and 70 were controls. The cases more often had fatal outcome compared to the controls (7% vs. 0%, P = 0.02). In logistic regression analysis, the cases were independently associated with shorter duration (1.2 ± 0.4 days) of diarrhea prior to admission, dehydrating diarrhea, sepsis and hyponatremia (p<0.05 for all). Among 139 Shigella isolates, S. flexneri (88/139, 63%) and S. sonnei(34/139, 24%) were the dominant species. S. dysenteriae was not isolated throughout the study period. S.sonnei was more frequently isolated from the cases (24/69, 35%) than the controls (10/70, 14%), whereas the isolation of S. flexneri was comparable between the groups (40/69, 58% vs 48/70, 69%). A total of 94 (67.6%) isolates were resistant to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, 84 (60.4%) to ciprofloxacin, 66/138 (48%) to ampicillin, 5 (3.5%) to ceftriaxone, 17 (12.2%) to mecillinum and 35 (25%) to azithromycin. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The case-fatality-rate was significantly higher among the children with Shigella encephalopathy compared to those without encephalopathy. Early identification and aggressive management of simple risk factors for Shigella encephalopathy may help to reduce morbidity and deaths in such children especially in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzana Afroze
- Nutrition & Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- Nutrition & Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Monira Sarmin
- Nutrition & Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abu SMSB Shahid
- Nutrition & Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - K. M. Shahunja
- Nutrition & Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Lubaba Shahrin
- Nutrition & Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammod Jobayer Chisti
- Nutrition & Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- * E-mail:
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Shrivastava AK, Kumar S, Mohakud NK, Suar M, Sahu PS. Multiple etiologies of infectious diarrhea and concurrent infections in a pediatric outpatient-based screening study in Odisha, India. Gut Pathog 2017; 9:16. [PMID: 28400860 PMCID: PMC5387278 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-017-0166-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are multiple etiologies responsible for infectious gastroenteritis causing acute diarrhea which are often under diagnosed. Also acute diarrhea is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality among children less than 5 years of age. METHODS In our study, fecal samples (n = 130) were collected from children (<5 years) presenting with symptoms of acute diarrhea. Samples were screened for viral, bacterial, and parasitic etiologies. Rotavirus and Adenovirus were screened by immunochromatographic tests. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (EPEC, EHEC, STEC, EAEC, O157, O111), Shigella spp., Salmonella spp., Vibrio cholera, Cryptosporidium spp., and Giardia spp. were detected by gene-specific polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Escherichia coli was detected to be the major etiological agent (30.07%) followed by Rotavirus (26.15%), Shigella (23.84%), Adenovirus (4.61%), Cryptosporidium (3.07%), and Giardia (0.77%). Concurrent infections with two or more pathogens were observed in 44 of 130 (33.84%) cases with a predominant incidence particularly in <2-year-old children (65.90%) compared to children of 2-5 years age group (34.09%). An overall result showed significantly higher detection rates among children with diarrhea in both combinations of two as well as three infections concurrently (p = 0.004915 and 0.03917, respectively). CONCLUSION Suspecting possible multiple infectious etiologies and diagnosis of the right causative agent(s) can aid in a better pharmacological management of acute childhood diarrhea. It is hypothesized that in cases with concurrent infections the etiological agents might be complementing each other's strategies of pathogenesis resulting in severe diarrhea that could be studied better in experimental infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpit Kumar Shrivastava
- Infection Biology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024 India
| | - Subrat Kumar
- Infection Biology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024 India
| | - Nirmal Kumar Mohakud
- Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024 India
| | - Mrutyunjay Suar
- Infection Biology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024 India
| | - Priyadarshi Soumyaranjan Sahu
- Infection Biology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024 India.,Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024 India.,Divisions of Pathology, School of Medicine, International Medical University, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Soffer N, Woolston J, Li M, Das C, Sulakvelidze A. Bacteriophage preparation lytic for Shigella significantly reduces Shigella sonnei contamination in various foods. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175256. [PMID: 28362863 PMCID: PMC5376334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ShigaShield™ is a phage preparation composed of five lytic bacteriophages that specifically target pathogenic Shigella species found in contaminated waters and foods. In this study, we examined the efficacy of various doses (9x105-9x107 PFU/g) of ShigaShield™ in removing experimentally added Shigella on deli meat, smoked salmon, pre-cooked chicken, lettuce, melon and yogurt. The highest dose (2x107 or 9x107 PFU/g) of ShigaShield™ applied to each food type resulted in at least 1 log (90%) reduction of Shigella in all the food types. There was significant (P<0.01) reduction in the Shigella levels in all phage treated foods compared to controls, except for the lowest phage dose (9x105 PFU/g) on melon where reduction was only ca. 45% (0.25 log). The genomes of each component phage in the cocktail were fully sequenced and analyzed, and they were found not to contain any "undesirable genes" including those listed in the US Code for Federal Regulations (40 CFR Ch1). Our data suggest that ShigaShield™ (and similar phage preparations with potent lytic activity against Shigella spp.) may offer a safe and effective approach for reducing the levels of Shigella in various foods that may be contaminated with the bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitzan Soffer
- Intralytix, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joelle Woolston
- Intralytix, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Manrong Li
- Intralytix, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chythanya Das
- Intralytix, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Ren L, Deng LH, Zhang RP, Wang CD, Li DS, Xi LX, Chen ZR, Yang R, Huang J, Zeng YR, Wu HL, Cao SJ, Wu R, Huang Y, Yan QG. Relationship between drug resistance and the clustered, regularly interspaced, short, palindromic repeat-associated protein genes cas1 and cas2 in Shigella from giant panda dung. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e5922. [PMID: 28207509 PMCID: PMC5319498 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000005922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To detect drug resistance in Shigella obtained from the dung of the giant panda, explore the factors leading to drug resistance in Shigella, understand the characteristics of clustered, regularly interspaced, short, palindromic repeats (CRISPR), and assess the relationship between CRISPR and drug resistance. METHODS We collected fresh feces from 27 healthy giant pandas in the Giant Panda Conservation base (Wolong, China). We identified the strains of Shigella in the samples by using nucleotide sequence analysis. Further, the Kirby-Bauer paper method was used to determine drug sensitivity of the Shigella strains. CRISPR-associated protein genes cas1 and cas2 in Shigella were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the PCR products were sequenced and compared. RESULTS We isolated and identified 17 strains of Shigella from 27 samples, including 14 strains of Shigella flexneri, 2 strains of Shigella sonnei, and 1 strain of Shigella dysenteriae. Further, drug resistance to cefazolin, imipenem, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid was identified as a serious problem, as multidrug-resistant strains were detected. Further, cas1 and cas2 showed different degrees of point mutations. CONCLUSION The CRISPR system widely exists in Shigella and shares homology with that in Escherichia coli. The cas1 and cas 2 mutations contribute to the different levels of resistance. Point mutations at sites 3176455, 3176590, and 3176465 in cas1 (a); sites 3176989, 3176992, and 3176995 in cas1 (b); sites 3176156 and 3176236 in cas2 may affect the resistance of bacteria, cause emergence of multidrug resistance, and increase the types of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin-Hua Deng
- China Conservation and Research Centre for the Giant Panda, Wolong, China
| | - Ri-Peng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng-Dong Wang
- China Conservation and Research Centre for the Giant Panda, Wolong, China
| | - De-Sheng Li
- China Conservation and Research Centre for the Giant Panda, Wolong, China
| | - Li-Xin Xi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhen-rong Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang-ru Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong-Lin Wu
- China Conservation and Research Centre for the Giant Panda, Wolong, China
| | - San-Jie Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi-Gui Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Shokoohizadeh L, Kaydani GA, Ekrami A. Molecular characterization of Shigella spp. isolates from a pediatric hospital in Southwestern Iran. GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY FROM BED TO BENCH 2017; 10:319-322. [PMID: 29379598 PMCID: PMC5758741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM In This study focused on the detection of dominant clones and genetic relationship of Shigella spp. isolated from children with diarrhea in the main pediatric hospital in Ahvaz by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) technique. BACKGROUND Shigellosis is considered as one of the problematic bacterial infections for public health in the world. Khuzestan province in the Southwestern part of Iran is a known endemic area for infections due to Shigella. There are limited molecular epidemiological data for Shigella spp. in this area. METHODS A total of 50 Shigella spp. were isolated from January-June 2015 based on conventional microbiology and serology tests. The Sequence types (ST) of Shigella isolates which are characterized by Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC-PCR) were detected by MLST technique. RESULTS Among 50 Shigella isolates, a total of 31(62%), 16(32%) and 3 (6%) of Shigella isolates were identified as S. flexneri, S.sonneii, and S.boydii, respectively. Two different sequence types (ST152 and ST245) were identified in Shigella isolates. ST152 was detected in S.sonnei and ST245 in S. flexneri and S. boydii isolates. CONCLUSION Based on MLST data, the stable and genetically linked Shigella clones are the cause of Shigella infections in children in Southwestern Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leili Shokoohizadeh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran,Department of Medical laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Para Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Gholam Abbas Kaydani
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran,Department of Medical laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Para Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Alireza Ekrami
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran,Department of Medical laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Para Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Zhang F, Ding G, Liu Z, Zhang C, Jiang B. Association between flood and the morbidity of bacillary dysentery in Zibo City, China: a symmetric bidirectional case-crossover study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2016; 60:1919-1924. [PMID: 27121465 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-016-1178-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between daily morbidity of bacillary dysentery and flood in 2007 in Zibo City, China, using a symmetric bidirectional case-crossover study. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) on the basis of multivariate model and stratified analysis at different lagged days were calculated to estimate the risk of flood on bacillary dysentery. A total of 902 notified bacillary dysentery cases were identified during the study period. The median of case distribution was 7-year-old and biased to children. Multivariable analysis showed that flood was associated with an increased risk of bacillary dysentery, with the largest OR of 1.849 (95 % CI 1.229-2.780) at 2-day lag. Gender-specific analysis showed that there was a significant association between flood and bacillary dysentery among males only (ORs >1 from lag 1 to lag 5), with the strongest lagged effect at 2-day lag (OR = 2.820, 95 % CI 1.629-4.881), and the result of age-specific indicated that youngsters had a slightly larger risk to develop flood-related bacillary dysentery than older people at one shorter lagged day (OR = 2.000, 95 % CI 1.128-3.546 in youngsters at lag 2; OR = 1.879, 95 % CI 1.069-3.305 in older people at lag 3). Our study has confirmed that there is a positive association between flood and the risk of bacillary dysentery in selected study area. Males and youngsters may be the vulnerable and high-risk populations to develop the flood-related bacillary dysentery. Results from this study will provide recommendations to make available strategies for government to deal with negative health outcomes due to floods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, China
- Shandong University Climate Change and Health Center, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, China
| | - Guoyong Ding
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong Province, 271016, China
| | - Zhidong Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, China
- Shandong University Climate Change and Health Center, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, China
| | - Caixia Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, China
- Shandong University Climate Change and Health Center, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, China
| | - Baofa Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, China.
- Shandong University Climate Change and Health Center, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, China.
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Hossain MU, Khan MA, Hashem A, Islam MM, Morshed MN, Keya CA, Salimullah M. Finding Potential Therapeutic Targets against Shigella flexneri through Proteome Exploration. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1817. [PMID: 27920755 PMCID: PMC5118456 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:Shigella flexneri is a gram negative bacteria that causes the infectious disease “shigellosis.” S. flexneri is responsible for developing diarrhea, fever, and stomach cramps in human. Antibiotics are mostly given to patients infected with shigella. Resistance to antibiotics can hinder its treatment significantly. Upon identification of essential therapeutic targets, vaccine and drug could be effective therapy for the treatment of shigellosis. Methods: The study was designed for the identification and qualitative characterization for potential drug targets from S. flexneri by using the subtractive proteome analysis. A set of computational tools were used to identify essential proteins those are required for the survival of S. flexneri. Total proteome (13,503 proteins) of S. flexneri was retrieved from NCBI and further analyzed by subtractive channel analysis. After identification of the metabolic proteins we have also performed its qualitative characterization to pave the way for the identification of promising drug targets. Results: Subtractive analysis revealed that a list of 53 targets of S. flexneri were human non-homologous essential metabolic proteins that might be used for potential drug targets. We have also found that 11 drug targets are involved in unique pathway. Most of these proteins are cytoplasmic, can be used as broad spectrum drug targets, can interact with other proteins and show the druggable properties. The functionality and drug binding site analysis suggest a promising effective way to design the new drugs against S. flexneri. Conclusion: Among the 53 therapeutic targets identified through this study, 13 were found highly potential as drug targets based on their physicochemical properties whilst only one was found as vaccine target against S. flexneri. The outcome might also be used as module as well as circuit design in systems biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Uzzal Hossain
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Life Science Faculty, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Md Arif Khan
- Department of Science and Humanities, Military Institute of Science and Technology, Mirpur Cantonment Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Hashem
- Microbial Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Biotechnology Savar, Bangladesh
| | - Md Monirul Islam
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Life Science Faculty, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Neaz Morshed
- Department of Science and Humanities, Military Institute of Science and Technology, Mirpur Cantonment Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Chaman Ara Keya
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, North South University Bashundhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Salimullah
- Molecular Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Biotechnology Savar, Bangladesh
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Zhang C, Zhang R, Yu Q, Chu X, Sun J, Liu Q. Decreased Susceptibility to Azithromycin Among Clinical Shigella Isolates from China. Microb Drug Resist 2016; 23:596-601. [PMID: 27841958 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2016.0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to detect the decreased susceptibility to azithromycin (DSA) and associated mechanisms in Shigella from China. Three hundred and ninety-two Shigella isolates, including 134 Shigella flexneri and 258 Shigella sonnei isolates, were examined for minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and zone sizes to azithromycin by broth microdilution and disk diffusion methods, respectively. The MICs were compared with corresponding zone diameters to find whether there was uniformity between both tests. Twelve macrolide-resistant genes located on mobile elements were determined for the DSA isolates by PCR, and chromosomal efflux pump activity was analyzed using Phe-Arg-β-naphthylamide inhibition test and quantitative real-time PCR. Shigella isolates displayed MICs of 0.125-512 μg/ml and zone sizes of 6-26 mm against azithromycin. There were 80 (20.4%) isolates to be DSA. No significant difference was found between the DSA rates of S. flexneri and S. sonnei isolates (p = 0.052). There was an intimate relativity between MICs and zone diameters (p < 0.001). Only the plasmid-borne mphA conferring high-level DSA was detected in 55.0% (44/80) DSA-Shigella isolates. This study highlighted the prevalence of DSA-Shigella and mphA in the region studied. Clinical laboratories and clinicians should pay attention to the elevated azithromycin MICs in Shigella spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanling Zhang
- 1 Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Xiaoshan Hospital , Hangzhou, China
| | - Rulin Zhang
- 2 Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Yu
- 2 Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Chu
- 1 Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Xiaoshan Hospital , Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingyong Sun
- 3 Department of Clinical Microbiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine , Shanghai, China
| | - Qingzhong Liu
- 2 Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai, China
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Dharmasena MN, Osorio M, Filipova S, Marsh C, Stibitz S, Kopecko DJ. Stable expression ofShigella dysenteriaeserotype 1 O-antigen genes integrated into the chromosome of liveSalmonellaoral vaccine vector Ty21a. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw098. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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65
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Knirel YA, Sun Q, Senchenkova SN, Perepelov AV, Shashkov AS, Xu J. O-antigen modifications providing antigenic diversity of Shigella flexneri and underlying genetic mechanisms. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 80:901-14. [PMID: 26542003 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915070093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
O-Antigens (O-specific polysaccharides) of Shigella flexneri, a primary cause of shigellosis, are distinguished by a wide diversity of chemical modifications following the oligosaccharide O-unit assembly. The present review is devoted to structural, serological, and genetic aspects of these modifications, including O-acetylation and phosphorylation with phosphoethanolamine that have been identified recently. The modifications confer the host with specific immunodeterminants (O-factors or O-antigen epitopes), which accounts for the antigenic diversity of S. flexneri considered as a virulence factor of the pathogen. Totally, 30 O-antigen variants have been recognized in these bacteria, the corresponding O-factors characterized using specific antibodies, and a significant extension of the serotyping scheme of S. flexneri on this basis is suggested. Multiple genes responsible for the O-antigen modifications and the resultant serotype conversions of S. flexneri have been identified. The genetic mechanisms of the O-antigen diversification by acquisition of mobile genetic elements, including prophages and plasmids, followed occasionally by gene mobilization and inactivation have been revealed. These findings further our understanding of the genetics and antigenicity of S. flexneri and assist control of shigellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y A Knirel
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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66
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Chung The H, Rabaa MA, Pham Thanh D, De Lappe N, Cormican M, Valcanis M, Howden BP, Wangchuk S, Bodhidatta L, Mason CJ, Nguyen Thi Nguyen T, Vu Thuy D, Thompson CN, Phu Huong Lan N, Voong Vinh P, Ha Thanh T, Turner P, Sar P, Thwaites G, Thomson NR, Holt KE, Baker S. South Asia as a Reservoir for the Global Spread of Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Shigella sonnei: A Cross-Sectional Study. PLoS Med 2016; 13:e1002055. [PMID: 27483136 PMCID: PMC4970813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance is a major issue in the Shigellae, particularly as a specific multidrug-resistant (MDR) lineage of Shigella sonnei (lineage III) is becoming globally dominant. Ciprofloxacin is a recommended treatment for Shigella infections. However, ciprofloxacin-resistant S. sonnei are being increasingly isolated in Asia and sporadically reported on other continents. We hypothesized that Asia is a primary hub for the recent international spread of ciprofloxacin-resistant S. sonnei. METHODS AND FINDINGS We performed whole-genome sequencing on a collection of 60 contemporaneous ciprofloxacin-resistant S. sonnei isolated in four countries within Asia (Vietnam, n = 11; Bhutan, n = 12; Thailand, n = 1; Cambodia, n = 1) and two outside of Asia (Australia, n = 19; Ireland, n = 16). We reconstructed the recent evolutionary history of these organisms and combined these data with their geographical location of isolation. Placing these sequences into a global phylogeny, we found that all ciprofloxacin-resistant S. sonnei formed a single clade within a Central Asian expansion of lineage III. Furthermore, our data show that resistance to ciprofloxacin within S. sonnei may be globally attributed to a single clonal emergence event, encompassing sequential gyrA-S83L, parC-S80I, and gyrA-D87G mutations. Geographical data predict that South Asia is the likely primary source of these organisms, which are being regularly exported across Asia and intercontinentally into Australia, the United States and Europe. Our analysis was limited by the number of S. sonnei sequences available from diverse geographical areas and time periods, and we cannot discount the potential existence of other unsampled reservoir populations of antimicrobial-resistant S. sonnei. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that a single clone, which is widespread in South Asia, is likely driving the current intercontinental surge of ciprofloxacin-resistant S. sonnei and is capable of establishing endemic transmission in new locations. Despite being limited in geographical scope, our work has major implications for understanding the international transfer of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens, with S. sonnei acting as a tractable model for studying how antimicrobial-resistant Gram-negative bacteria spread globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chung The
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Maia A. Rabaa
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Duy Pham Thanh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Niall De Lappe
- National Salmonella, Shigella, and Listeria monocytogenes Reference Laboratory, University Hospital Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Martin Cormican
- School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Mary Valcanis
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Benjamin P. Howden
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sonam Wangchuk
- Public Health Laboratory, Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Royal Government of Bhutan, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Ladaporn Bodhidatta
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Carl J. Mason
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - To Nguyen Thi Nguyen
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Duong Vu Thuy
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Corinne N. Thompson
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nguyen Phu Huong Lan
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Phat Voong Vinh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tuyen Ha Thanh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Paul Turner
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Cambodia-Oxford Medical Research Unit, Angkor Hospital for Children, Siem Reap, Cambodia
| | - Poda Sar
- Cambodia-Oxford Medical Research Unit, Angkor Hospital for Children, Siem Reap, Cambodia
| | - Guy Thwaites
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas R. Thomson
- The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn E. Holt
- Centre for Systems Genomics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen Baker
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
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Standish AJ, Teh MY, Tran ENH, Doyle MT, Baker PJ, Morona R. Unprecedented Abundance of Protein Tyrosine Phosphorylation Modulates Shigella flexneri Virulence. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:4197-4208. [PMID: 27380737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Evidence is accumulating that protein tyrosine phosphorylation plays a crucial role in the ability of important human bacterial pathogens to cause disease. While most works have concentrated on its role in the regulation of a major bacterial virulence factor, the polysaccharide capsule, recent studies have suggested a much broader role for this post-translational modification. This prompted us to investigate protein tyrosine phosphorylation in the human pathogen Shigella flexneri. We first completed a tyrosine phosphoproteome, identifying 905 unique tyrosine phosphorylation sites on at least 573 proteins (approximately 15% of all proteins). This is the most tyrosine-phosphorylated sites and proteins in a single bacterium identified to date, substantially more than the level seen in eukaryotic cells. Most had not previously been identified and included proteins encoded by the virulence plasmid, which is essential for S. flexneri to invade cells and cause disease. In order to investigate the function of these phosphorylation sites in important virulence factors, phosphomimetic and ablative mutations were constructed in the type 3 secretion system ATPase Spa47 and the master virulence regulator VirB. This revealed that tyrosine residues phosphorylated in our study are critical for Spa47 and VirB activity, and tyrosine phosphorylation likely regulates their functional activity and subsequently the virulence of this major human pathogen. This study suggests that tyrosine phosphorylation plays a critical role in regulating a wide variety of virulence factors in the human pathogen S. flexneri and serves as a base for future studies defining its complete role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair James Standish
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
| | - Min Yan Teh
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Ngoc Hoa Tran
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Matthew Thomas Doyle
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Paul J Baker
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Renato Morona
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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George CM, Ahmed S, Talukder KA, Azmi IJ, Perin J, Sack RB, Sack DA, Stine OC, Oldja L, Shahnaij M, Chakraborty S, Parvin T, Bhuyian SI, Bouwer E, Zhang X, Hasan TN, Luna SJ, Akter F, Faruque ASG. Shigella Infections in Household Contacts of Pediatric Shigellosis Patients in Rural Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 21:2006-13. [PMID: 26484778 PMCID: PMC4622242 DOI: 10.3201/eid2111.150333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine rates of Shigella infections in household contacts of pediatric shigellosis patients, we followed contacts and controls prospectively for 1 week after the index patient obtained care. Household contacts of patients were 44 times more likely to develop a Shigella infection than were control contacts (odds ratio 44.7, 95% CI 5.5–361.6); 29 (94%) household contacts of shigellosis patients were infected with the same species and serotype as the index patient’s. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed that 14 (88%) of 16 with infected contacts had strains that were indistinguishable from or closely related to the index patient’s strain. Latrine area fly counts were higher in patient households compared with control households, and 2 patient household water samples were positive for Shigella. We show high susceptibility of household contacts of shigellosis patients to Shigella infections and found environmental risk factors to be targeted in future interventions.
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69
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DeLaine BC, Wu T, Grassel CL, Shimanovich A, Pasetti MF, Levine MM, Barry EM. Characterization of a multicomponent live, attenuated Shigella flexneri vaccine. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw034. [PMID: 27106253 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella flexneri is a leading cause of diarrheal disease in children under five in developing countries. There is currently no licensed vaccine and broad spectrum protection requires coverage of multiple serotypes. The live attenuated vaccines CVD 1213 and CVD 1215 were derived from two prominent S. flexneri serotypes: S. flexneri 3a and S. flexneri 6. To provide broad-spectrum immunity, they could be combined with CVD 1208S, a S. flexneri 2a strain that demonstrated promising results in phase I and II clinical trials. Each strain contains a mutation in the guaBA operon. These vaccine candidates were tested in vitro and in vivo and were found to be auxotrophic for guanine and defective in intracellular replication, but capable of inducing cytokine production from both epithelial cells and macrophages. Both strains were attenuated for virulence in the guinea pig Serény test and induced robust serotype-specific antibody responses following immunization. Each strain induced homologous serotype protection against challenge and a mixed inoculum of the three S. flexneri vaccines conferred protection against all three virulent wild-type strains. These data support the use of CVD 1213, CVD 1215 and CVD 1208S in a multivalent vaccine to confer broad protection against disease caused by Shigella flexneri.
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Affiliation(s)
- BreOnna C DeLaine
- Institute for Global Health, Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Tao Wu
- Institute for Global Health, Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Christen L Grassel
- Institute for Global Health, Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Avital Shimanovich
- Institute for Global Health, Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Marcela F Pasetti
- Institute for Global Health, Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Myron M Levine
- Institute for Global Health, Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Eileen M Barry
- Institute for Global Health, Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Divya MP, Mathew PD, Jyothi R, Bai R, Thomas S. Mutations in gyrA & parC genes of Shigella flexneri 2a determining the fluoroquinolone resistance. Indian J Med Res 2016. [PMID: 26205028 PMCID: PMC4525410 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.160722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sabu Thomas
- Cholera & Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 014, India
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71
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Chakraborty S, Harro C, DeNearing B, Bream J, Bauers N, Dally L, Flores J, Van de Verg L, Sack DA, Walker R. Evaluation of the Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of an Oral, Inactivated Whole-Cell Shigella flexneri 2a Vaccine in Healthy Adult Subjects. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2016; 23:315-25. [PMID: 26865592 PMCID: PMC4820506 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00608-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Shigella causes high morbidity and mortality worldwide, but there is no licensed vaccine for shigellosis yet. We evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of a formalin-inactivated whole-cell Shigella flexneri2a vaccine, Sf2aWC, given orally to adult volunteers. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 82 subjects were randomized to receive three doses of vaccine in dose escalation (2.6 ± 0.8 × 10(8), × 10(9), × 10(10), and × 10(11)vaccine particles/ml). Vaccine safety was actively monitored, and antigen-specific systemic and mucosal immune responses were determined in serum, antibody in lymphocyte supernatant (ALS), and fecal samples. Cytokines were measured in the serum. Sf2aWC was well tolerated and generally safe at all four dose levels. The vaccine resulted in a dose-dependent immune response. At the highest dose, the vaccine induced robust responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in both serum and ALS samples. The highest magnitude and frequency of responses occurred after the first dose in almost all samples but was delayed for IgG in serum. Fifty percent of the vaccinees had a >4-fold increase in anti-LPS fecal antibody titers. Responses to invasion plasmid antigens (Ipa) were low. The levels of interleukin-17 (IL-17), IL-2, gamma interferon (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and IL-10 were increased, and IL-8 was decreased immediately after first dose, but these changes were very transient. This phase I trial demonstrated that the Sf2aWC vaccine, a relatively simple vaccine concept, was safe and immunogenic. The vaccine elicited immune responses which were comparable to those induced by a live, attenuated Shigella vaccine that was protective in prior human challenge studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhra Chakraborty
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Clayton Harro
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Barbara DeNearing
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jay Bream
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Len Dally
- The EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - David A Sack
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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The HC, Thanh DP, Holt KE, Thomson NR, Baker S. The genomic signatures of Shigella evolution, adaptation and geographical spread. Nat Rev Microbiol 2016; 14:235-50. [PMID: 26923111 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Shigella spp. are some of the key pathogens responsible for the global burden of diarrhoeal disease. These facultative intracellular bacteria belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae, together with other intestinal pathogens, such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. The genus Shigella comprises four different species, each consisting of several serogroups, all of which show phenotypic similarity, including invasive pathogenicity. DNA sequencing suggests that this similarity results from the convergent evolution of different Shigella spp. founders. Here, we review the evolutionary relationships between Shigella spp. and E . coli, and we highlight how the genomic plasticity of these bacteria and their acquisition of a distinctive virulence plasmid have enabled the development of such highly specialized pathogens. Furthermore, we discuss the insights that genotyping and whole-genome sequencing have provided into the phylogenetics and intercontinental spread of Shigella spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chung The
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Quan 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Duy Pham Thanh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Quan 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Kathryn E Holt
- Centre for Systems Genomics, University of Melbourne.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Nicholas R Thomson
- Bacterial Genomics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Stephen Baker
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Quan 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK.,Department of Pathogen and Molecular Biology, The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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73
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Efficacy of Synbiotics for Treatment of Bacillary Dysentery in Children: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. Adv Med 2016; 2016:3194010. [PMID: 28042600 PMCID: PMC5155077 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3194010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillary dysentery is a major cause of children's admission to hospitals. To assess the probiotic and prebiotic (synbiotics) effects in children with dysentery in a randomized clinical trial, 200 children with dysentery were studied in 2 groups: the synbiotic group received 1 tablet/day of synbiotic for 3-5 days and the placebo group received placebo tablets (identical tablet form like probiotics). The standard treatment was administered for all patients. Duration of hospitalization, dysentery, fever, and the weight loss were assessed in each group. It was concluded that there was no significant difference in both groups in the baseline characteristics. The mean duration of dysentery reduced (P < 0.05). The mean duration of fever has been significantly reduced in the synbiotic group (1.64 ± 0.87 days) in comparison to the placebo group (2.13 ± 0.94 days) (P < 0.001). Average amount of weight loss was significantly lower in the synbiotic group in comparison to that in the placebo group (129.5 ± 23.388 grams and 278 ± 28.385 grams, resp.; P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the mean duration of hospitalization in both groups (P > 0.05). The use of synbiotics as an adjuvant therapy to the standard treatment of dysentery significantly reduces the duration of dysentery, fever, and rate of weight losses. The trial is registered with IRCT201109267647N1.
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Lane CR, Sutton B, Valcanis M, Kirk M, Walker C, Lalor K, Stephens N. Travel Destinations and Sexual Behavior as Indicators of Antibiotic Resistant Shigella Strains--Victoria, Australia. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 62:722-729. [PMID: 26679624 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ1018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge of relationships between antibiotic susceptibility of Shigella isolates and travel destination or other risk factors can assist clinicians in determining appropriate antibiotic therapy prior to susceptibility testing. We describe relationships between resistance patterns and risk factors for acquisition in Shigella isolates using routinely collected data for notified cases of shigellosis between 2008 and 2012 in Victoria, Australia. METHODS We included all shigellosis patients notified during the study period, where Shigella isolates were tested for antimicrobial sensitivity using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute breakpoints. Cases were interviewed to collect data on risk factors, including recent travel. Data were analyzed using Stata 13.1 to examine associations between risk factors and resistant strains. RESULTS Of the 500 cases of shigellosis, 249 were associated with overseas travel and 210 were locally acquired. Forty-six of 51 isolates of Indian origin displayed decreased susceptibility or resistance to ciprofloxacin. All isolates of Indonesian origin were susceptible to ciprofloxacin. Twenty-six travel-related isolates were resistant to all tested oral antimicrobials. Male-to-male sexual contact was the primary risk factor for 80% (120/150) of locally acquired infections among adult males, characterized by distinct periodic Shigella sonnei outbreaks. CONCLUSIONS Clinicians should consider travel destination as a marker for resistance to common antimicrobials in returning travelers, where severe disease requires empirical treatment prior to receipt of individual sensitivity testing results. Repeated outbreaks of locally acquired shigellosis among men who have sex with men highlight the importance of prevention and control measures in this high-risk group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney R Lane
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra
- Health Protection Branch, Victorian Department of Health and Human Services, Melbourne
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Brett Sutton
- Health Protection Branch, Victorian Department of Health and Human Services, Melbourne
| | - Mary Valcanis
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Martyn Kirk
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra
| | - Cathryn Walker
- Health Protection Branch, Victorian Department of Health and Human Services, Melbourne
| | - Karin Lalor
- Health Protection Branch, Victorian Department of Health and Human Services, Melbourne
| | - Nicola Stephens
- Health Protection Branch, Victorian Department of Health and Human Services, Melbourne
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75
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Acharyya S, Sarkar P, Saha DR, Patra A, Ramamurthy T, Bag PK. Intracellular and membrane-damaging activities of methyl gallate isolated from Terminalia chebula against multidrug-resistant Shigella spp. J Med Microbiol 2015; 64:901-909. [PMID: 26272388 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella spp. (Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, Shigella boydii and Shigella sonnei) cause bacillary dysentery (shigellosis), which is characterized by bloody mucous diarrhoea. Although a variety of antibiotics have been effective for treatment of shigellosis, options are becoming limited due to globally emerging drug resistance. In the present study, in vitro antibacterial activity of methyl gallate (MG) isolated from Terminalia chebula was determined by performing MIC, minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) and time-kill kinetic studies. Bacterial membrane-damaging activity of MG was determined by membrane perturbation and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Cellular drug accumulation, cell infection and assessment of intracellular activities of MG and reference antibiotics were performed using HeLa cell cultures. The bactericidal activity of MG against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Shigella spp. in comparison with other commonly used drugs including fluoroquinolone was demonstrated here. TEM findings in the present study revealed that MG caused the total disintegration of inner and outer membranes, and leakage of the cytoplasmic contents of S. dysenteriae. The level of accumulation of MG and tetracycline in HeLa cells incubated for 24 h was relatively higher than that of ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid (ratio of intracellular concentration/extracellular concentration of antibiotic for MG and tetracycline>ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid). The viable number of intracellular S. dysenteriae was decreased in a time-dependent manner in the presence of MG (4 × MBC) and reduced to zero within 20 h. The significant intracellular activities of MG suggested that it could potentially be used as an effective antibacterial agent for the treatment of severe infections caused by MDR Shigella spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Acharyya
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge, Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Prodipta Sarkar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge, Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Dhira R Saha
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33 CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Amarendra Patra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - T Ramamurthy
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33 CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Prasanta K Bag
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge, Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India
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Toro C, Arroyo A, Sarria A, Iglesias N, Enríquez A, Baquero M, de Guevara CL. Shigellosis in Subjects with Traveler's Diarrhea Versus Domestically Acquired Diarrhea: Implications for Antimicrobial Therapy and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Surveillance. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 93:491-6. [PMID: 26195465 PMCID: PMC4559685 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An increase of sexually transmitted shigellosis is currently being reported in developed countries. In addition, travel-related shigellosis can introduce resistant strains that could be disseminated within this new scenario. Epidemiological features and antimicrobial susceptibility of shigellosis depending on where infection was acquired were investigated. From 2008 to 2013, subjects with shigellosis were studied. Patients were classified according to acquisition of Shigella as traveler's diarrhea (TD) or domestically acquired diarrhea (DAD). Ninety cases of shigellosis were identified: 76 corresponding to the TD group and 14 to the DAD group. In the DAD group, most of patients were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive men who have sex with men (MSM), being shigellosis associated to male sex (P = 0.007) and HIV infection (P < 0.0001). S. sonnei (47.8%) and S. flexneri (42.2%) were the predominant species. The highest resistance was detected for trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT) (81.8%), followed by ampicillin (AMP) (37.8%) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) (23.3%). Resistant Shigella strains were more frequent in subjects with TD than those with DAD, although only for CIP the difference was significant (P = 0.034). Continuous monitoring of patients with shigellosis is necessary to control the spread of resistant Shigella strains and for effective therapy. Men with shigellosis who have not traveled to an endemic area should be screened for HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Toro
- Service of Microbiology and Parasitology, Carlos III Hospital, Madrid, Spain; IdiPAZ-La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Tropical Medicine Unit, Service of Infectious Diseases, Carlos III Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Arroyo
- Service of Microbiology and Parasitology, Carlos III Hospital, Madrid, Spain; IdiPAZ-La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Tropical Medicine Unit, Service of Infectious Diseases, Carlos III Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Sarria
- Service of Microbiology and Parasitology, Carlos III Hospital, Madrid, Spain; IdiPAZ-La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Tropical Medicine Unit, Service of Infectious Diseases, Carlos III Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Iglesias
- Service of Microbiology and Parasitology, Carlos III Hospital, Madrid, Spain; IdiPAZ-La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Tropical Medicine Unit, Service of Infectious Diseases, Carlos III Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Enríquez
- Service of Microbiology and Parasitology, Carlos III Hospital, Madrid, Spain; IdiPAZ-La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Tropical Medicine Unit, Service of Infectious Diseases, Carlos III Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Baquero
- Service of Microbiology and Parasitology, Carlos III Hospital, Madrid, Spain; IdiPAZ-La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Tropical Medicine Unit, Service of Infectious Diseases, Carlos III Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Ladrón de Guevara
- Service of Microbiology and Parasitology, Carlos III Hospital, Madrid, Spain; IdiPAZ-La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Tropical Medicine Unit, Service of Infectious Diseases, Carlos III Hospital, Madrid, Spain
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77
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The Rising Dominance of Shigella sonnei: An Intercontinental Shift in the Etiology of Bacillary Dysentery. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003708. [PMID: 26068698 PMCID: PMC4466244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigellosis is the major global cause of dysentery. Shigella sonnei, which has historically been more commonly isolated in developed countries, is undergoing an unprecedented expansion across industrializing regions in Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East. The precise reasons underpinning the epidemiological distribution of the various Shigella species and this global surge in S. sonnei are unclear but may be due to three major environmental pressures. First, natural passive immunization with the bacterium Plesiomonas shigelloides is hypothesized to protect populations with poor water supplies against S. sonnei. Improving the quality of drinking water supplies would, therefore, result in a reduction in P. shigelloides exposure and a subsequent reduction in environmental immunization against S. sonnei. Secondly, the ubiquitous amoeba species Acanthamoeba castellanii has been shown to phagocytize S. sonnei efficiently and symbiotically, thus allowing the bacteria access to a protected niche in which to withstand chlorination and other harsh environmental conditions in temperate countries. Finally, S. sonnei has emerged from Europe and begun to spread globally only relatively recently. A strong selective pressure from localized antimicrobial use additionally appears to have had a dramatic impact on the evolution of the S. sonnei population. We hypothesize that S. sonnei, which exhibits an exceptional ability to acquire antimicrobial resistance genes from commensal and pathogenic bacteria, has a competitive advantage over S. flexneri, particularly in areas with poorly regulated antimicrobial use. Continuing improvement in the quality of global drinking water supplies alongside the rapid development of antimicrobial resistance predicts the burden and international distribution of S. sonnei will only continue to grow. An effective vaccine against S. sonnei is overdue and may become one of our only weapons against this increasingly dominant and problematic gastrointestinal pathogen.
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Abstract
Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia cause a well-characterized spectrum of disease in humans, ranging from asymptomatic carriage to hemorrhagic colitis and fatal typhoidal fever. These pathogens are responsible for millions of cases of food-borne illness in the United States each year, with substantial costs measured in hospitalizations and lost productivity. In the developing world, illness caused by these pathogens is not only more prevalent but also associated with a greater case-fatality rate. Classic methods for identification rely on selective media and serology, but newer methods based on mass spectrometry and polymerase chain reaction show great promise for routine clinical testing.
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79
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Ud-Din A, Wahid S. Relationship among Shigella spp. and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) and their differentiation. Braz J Microbiol 2015; 45:1131-8. [PMID: 25763015 PMCID: PMC4323284 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822014000400002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigellosis produces inflammatory reactions and ulceration on the intestinal epithelium followed by bloody or mucoid diarrhea. It is caused by enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) as well as any species of the genus Shigella, namely, S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii, and S. sonnei. This current species designation of Shigella does not specify genetic similarity. Shigella spp. could be easily differentiated from E. coli, but difficulties observed for the EIEC-Shigella differentiation as both show similar biochemical traits and can cause dysentery using the same mode of invasion. Sequencing of multiple housekeeping genes indicates that Shigella has derived on several different occasions via acquisition of the transferable forms of ancestral virulence plasmids within commensal E. coli and form a Shigella-EIEC pathovar. EIEC showed lower expression of virulence genes compared to Shigella, hence EIEC produce less severe disease than Shigella spp. Conventional microbiological techniques often lead to confusing results concerning the discrimination between EIEC and Shigella spp. The lactose permease gene (lacY) is present in all E. coli strains but absent in Shigella spp., whereas β-glucuronidase gene (uidA) is present in both E. coli and Shigella spp. Thus uidA gene and lacY gene based duplex real-time PCR assay could be used for easy identification and differentiation of Shigella spp. from E. coli and in particular EIEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Ud-Din
- Identification and Subtyping of Enteric Pathogens International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research in Bangladesh Dhaka Bangladesh Identification and Subtyping of Enteric Pathogens, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research in Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Syeda Wahid
- Center for Food and Water Borne Disease International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research in Bangladesh Dhaka Bangladesh Center for Food and Water Borne Disease, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research in Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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80
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Nath P, Morona R. Mutational analysis of the major periplasmic loops of Shigella flexneri Wzy: identification of the residues affecting O antigen modal chain length control, and Wzz-dependent polymerization activity. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2015; 161:774-85. [PMID: 25627441 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The O antigen (Oag) component of LPS is a major Shigella flexneri virulence determinant. Oag is polymerized by WzySf, and its modal chain length is determined by WzzSf and WzzpHS2. Site-directed mutagenesis was performed on wzySf in pWaldo-wzySf-TEV-GFP to alter Arg residues in WzySf's two large periplasmic loops (PLs) (PL3 and PL5). Analysis of the LPS profiles conferred by mutated WzySf proteins in the wzySf deficient (Δwzy) strain identified residues that affect WzySf activity. The importance of the guanidium group of the Arg residues was investigated by altering the Arg residues to Lys and Glu, which generated WzySf mutants conferring altered LPS Oag modal chain lengths. The dependence of these WzySf mutants on WzzSf was investigated by expressing them in a wzySf and wzzSf deficient (Δwzy Δwzz) strain. Comparison of the LPS profiles identified a role for the Arg residues in the association of WzySf and WzzSf during Oag polymerization. Colicin E2 and bacteriophage Sf6c susceptibility supported this conclusion. Comparison of the expression levels of different mutant WzySf-GFPs with the wild-type WzySf-GFP showed that certain Arg residues affected production levels of WzySf in a WzzSf-dependent manner. To our knowledge, this is the first report of S. flexneri WzySf mutants having an effect on LPS Oag modal chain length, and identified functionally significant Arg residues in WzySf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratiti Nath
- Discipline of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Renato Morona
- Discipline of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
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81
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Brotcke Zumsteg A, Goosmann C, Brinkmann V, Morona R, Zychlinsky A. IcsA is a Shigella flexneri adhesin regulated by the type III secretion system and required for pathogenesis. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 15:435-45. [PMID: 24721572 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Following contact with the epithelium, the enteric intracellular bacterial pathogen Shigella flexneri invades epithelial cells and escapes intracellular phagosomal destruction using its type III secretion system (T3SS). The bacterium replicates within the host cell cytosol and spreads between cells using actin-based motility, which is mediated by the virulence factor IcsA (VirG). Whereas S. flexneri invasion is well characterized, adhesion mechanisms of the bacterium remain elusive. We found that IcsA also functions as an adhesin that is both necessary and sufficient to promote contact with host cells. As adhesion can be beneficial or deleterious depending on the host cell type, S. flexneri regulates IcsA-dependent adhesion. Activation of the T3SS in response to the bile salt deoxycholate triggers IcsA-dependent adhesion and enhances pathogen invasion. IcsA-dependent adhesion contributes to virulence in a mouse model of shigellosis, underscoring the importance of this adhesin to S. flexneri pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Brotcke Zumsteg
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Christian Goosmann
- Microscopy Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Volker Brinkmann
- Microscopy Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Renato Morona
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia
| | - Arturo Zychlinsky
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin 13353, Germany.
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82
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González-Torralba A, Alós JI. [Shigellosis, the importance of hygiene in prevention]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2014; 33:143-4. [PMID: 25541007 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana González-Torralba
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, España; Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, España
| | - Juan-Ignacio Alós
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, España; Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, España.
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83
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Shift in serotype distribution of Shigella species in China, 2003-2013. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 21:252.e5-8. [PMID: 25658535 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We identified 2912 Shigella isolates from diarrhoeal patients in China during 2003-2013. The most common species was Shigella flexneri (55.3%), followed by Shigella sonnei (44.1%); however, S. sonnei is becoming increasingly prevalent. Among the S. flexneri isolates, serotypes 2a and X variant (-:7,8, E1037) were the two most prevalent serotypes, and serologically atypical isolates were also commonly identified. Overall, S. sonnei, S. flexneri 2a and S. flexneri X variant (-:7,8, E1037) accounted for 76.1% of all Shigella isolates, and their prevalence increased from 54.0% during 2003-2004 to 84.1% during 2011-2013. A change was observed in the serotype distribution of Shigella in China during this period, and we propose an ideal strategy to inform the development of a broadly effective Shigella vaccine candidate.
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84
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Knirel YA, Wang J, Luo X, Senchenkova SN, Lan R, Shpirt AM, Du P, Shashkov AS, Zhang N, Xu J, Sun Q. Genetic and structural identification of an O-acyltransferase gene (oacC) responsible for the 3/4-O-acetylation on rhamnose III in Shigella flexneri serotype 6. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:266. [PMID: 25327486 PMCID: PMC4206707 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-014-0266-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND O-antigen (O-polysaccharide) of the lipopolysaccharide is a highly variable cell component of the outer membrane in Shigella flexneri. It defines the serospecificity and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of shigellosis. There are two distinct O-antigen forms for the 19 serotypes of S. flexneri: one for serotypes 1-5, X, Y, 7 (and their subtypes), and the other for serotype 6. Although having different basal O-polysaccharide structures, the two forms share a common disaccharide fragment [→2)-α-l-Rhap III-(1 → 2)-α-l-Rhap II]. In serotype 6 and some non-6 serotypes, RhaIII is O-acetylated at position either 3 or 4 (3/4-O-acetylation), conferring to the hosts a novel antigenic determinant named O-factor 9. An acyltransferase gene (oacB) responsible for this modification has been identified in serotypes 1a, 1b, 2a, 5a, and Y, but not in serotype 6. RESULTS Using genetic, serological, and chemical approaches, another acyltransferase gene named oacC was demonstrated to be responsible for the 3/4-O-acetylation on RhaIII in the O-antigen of S. flexneri serotype 6. Inactivation of the oacC gene resulted in the loss of the 3/4-O-acetyltion, and the cloned oacC gene restored this modification upon transformation. In accordance with the similarity in the acceptor substrate structure and high sequence homology (72% identity) between oacC and oacB, oacC has the interchangeable function with the oacB gene in mediation of the 3/4-O-acetylation. The oacC gene is located in a prophage on the chromosome and presented in all 77 serotype 6 strains tested. CONCLUSIONS Identification and functional characterization of the O-acetyltransferase encoding gene, oacC, shows that it is involved in O-antigen modification by 3/4-O-acetylation on RhaIII specific to serotype 6.
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85
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Li J, Li B, Ni Y, Sun J. Molecular characterization of the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Shigella spp. in Shanghai. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 34:447-51. [PMID: 25252628 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2244-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Shigellosis is a public health concern in China. We tested 216 Shigella isolates collected in Shanghai in 2007 for the production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs). ESBL-producing isolates were characterized using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based genotyping, conjugation, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and DNA sequence analysis of regions adjacent to bla genes. Plasmids containing genes encoding ESBLs were analyzed using plasmid replicon typing. ESBLs were produced by 18.1 % (39/216) of Shigella isolates, and all 39 ESBL-producing strains harbored bla CTX-M genes. CTX-M-14 was the most frequent variant (69.2 %, 27/39), followed by CTX-M-15 (15.4 %, 6/39). All bla CTX-M genes were transferable by conjugation, and the insertion sequence ISEcp1 was detected upstream of all bla CTX-M genes. The CTX-M-producing Shigella isolates showed high clonal diversity. IncI1, IncFII, IncN, and IncB/O replicons were respectively detected in 23 (58.9 %), 9 (23.1 %), 1 (2.6 %), and 1 (2.6 %) of the 39 transconjugants carrying bla CTX-M. The bla CTX-M-14 genes were most frequently carried by IncI1 (n = 13, 48.1 %) or IncFII (n = 9, 33.3 %) plasmids, and the bla CTX-M-15 genes were closely associated with IncI1 (n = 5, 83.3 %). Our findings demonstrate the high prevalence of ESBL-producing Shigella in Shanghai, the importance of plasmids and ISEcp1 as carriers of bla CTX-M genes, and the close association between certain bla CTX-M genes with a specific plasmid.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Li
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Rd, Shanghai, 200025, China
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Serotype-converting bacteriophage SfII encodes an acyltransferase protein that mediates 6-O-acetylation of GlcNAc in Shigella flexneri O-antigens, conferring on the host a novel O-antigen epitope. J Bacteriol 2014; 196:3656-66. [PMID: 25112477 DOI: 10.1128/jb.02009-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella flexneri O-antigen is an important and highly variable cell component presented on the outer leaflet of the outer membrane. Most Shigella flexneri bacteria share an O-antigen backbone composed of →2)-α-L-Rhap(III)-(1→2)-α-L-Rhap(II)-(1→3)-α-L-Rhap(I)-(1→3)-β-D-GlcpNAc-(1→ repeats, which can be modified by adding various chemical groups to different sugars, giving rise to diverse O-antigen structures and, correspondingly, to various serotypes. The known modifications include glucosylation on various sugar residues, O-acetylation on Rha(I) or/and Rha(III), and phosphorylation with phosphoethanolamine on Rha(II) or/and Rha(III). Recently, a new O-antigen modification, namely, O-acetylation at position 6 of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), has been identified in S. flexneri serotypes 2a, 3a, Y, and Yv. In this study, the genetic basis of the 6-O-acetylation of GlcNAc in S. flexneri was elucidated. An O-acyltransferase gene designated oacD was found to be responsible for this modification. The oacD gene is carried on serotype-converting bacteriophage SfII, which is integrated into the host chromosome by lysogeny to form a prophage responsible for the evolvement of serotype 2 of S. flexneri. The OacD-mediated 6-O-acetylation also occurs in some other S. flexneri serotypes that carry a cryptic SfII prophage with a dysfunctional gtr locus for type II glucosylation. The 6-O-acetylation on GlcNAc confers to the host a novel O-antigen epitope, provisionally named O-factor 10. These findings enhance our understanding of the mechanisms of the O-antigen variation and enable further studies to understand the contribution of the O-acetylation to the antigenicity and pathogenicity of S. flexneri.
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87
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Rossi O, Pesce I, Giannelli C, Aprea S, Caboni M, Citiulo F, Valentini S, Ferlenghi I, MacLennan CA, D'Oro U, Saul A, Gerke C. Modulation of endotoxicity of Shigella generalized modules for membrane antigens (GMMA) by genetic lipid A modifications: relative activation of TLR4 and TLR2 pathways in different mutants. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:24922-35. [PMID: 25023285 PMCID: PMC4155660 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.566570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane particles from Gram-negative bacteria are attractive vaccine candidates as they present surface antigens in their natural context. We previously developed a high yield production process for genetically derived particles, called generalized modules for membrane antigens (GMMA), from Shigella. As GMMA are derived from the outer membrane, they contain immunostimulatory components, especially lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We examined ways of reducing their reactogenicity by modifying lipid A, the endotoxic part of LPS, through deletion of late acyltransferase genes, msbB or htrB, in GMMA-producing Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri strains. GMMA with resulting penta-acylated lipid A from the msbB mutants showed a 600-fold reduced ability, and GMMA from the S. sonnei ΔhtrB mutant showed a 60,000-fold reduced ability compared with GMMA with wild-type lipid A to stimulate human Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in a reporter cell line. In human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, GMMA with penta-acylated lipid A showed a marked reduction in induction of inflammatory cytokines (S. sonnei ΔhtrB, 800-fold; ΔmsbB mutants, 300-fold). We found that the residual activity of these GMMA is largely due to non-lipid A-related TLR2 activation. In contrast, in the S. flexneri ΔhtrB mutant, a compensatory lipid A palmitoleoylation resulted in GMMA with hexa-acylated lipid A with ∼10-fold higher activity to stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells than GMMA with penta-acylated lipid A, mostly due to retained TLR4 activity. Thus, for use as vaccines, GMMA will likely require lipid A penta-acylation. The results identify the relative contributions of TLR4 and TLR2 activation by GMMA, which need to be taken into consideration for GMMA vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Rossi
- From the Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health and
| | - Isabella Pesce
- From the Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ugo D'Oro
- Novartis Vaccines, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Allan Saul
- From the Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health and
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88
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Shi R, Yang X, Chen L, Chang HT, Liu HY, Zhao J, Wang XW, Wang CQ. Pathogenicity of Shigella in chickens. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100264. [PMID: 24949637 PMCID: PMC4064985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigellosis in chickens was first reported in 2004. This study aimed to determine the pathogenicity of Shigella in chickens and the possibility of cross-infection between humans and chickens. The pathogenicity of Shigella in chickens was examined via infection of three-day-old SPF chickens with Shigella strain ZD02 isolated from a human patient. The virulence and invasiveness were examined by infection of the chicken intestines and primary chicken intestinal epithelial cells. The results showed Shigella can cause death via intraperitoneal injection in SPF chickens, but only induce depression via crop injection. Immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy revealed the Shigella can invade the intestinal epithelia. Immunohistochemistry of the primary chicken intestinal epithelial cells infected with Shigella showed the bacteria were internalized into the epithelial cells. Electron microscopy also confirmed that Shigella invaded primary chicken intestinal epithelia and was encapsulated by phagosome-like membranes. Our data demonstrate that Shigella can invade primary chicken intestinal epithelial cells in vitro and chicken intestinal mucosa in vivo, resulting in pathogenicity and even death. The findings suggest Shigella isolated from human or chicken share similar pathogenicity as well as the possibility of human-poultry cross-infection, which is of public health significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Shi
- Collage of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Yang
- Collage of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Chen
- Collage of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-tao Chang
- Collage of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-ying Liu
- Collage of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Collage of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-wei Wang
- Collage of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan-qing Wang
- Collage of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
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89
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Ghosh S, Pazhani GP, Niyogi SK, Nataro JP, Ramamurthy T. Genetic characterization of Shigella spp. isolated from diarrhoeal and asymptomatic children. J Med Microbiol 2014; 63:903-910. [PMID: 24790083 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.070912-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic and genetic characteristics of Shigella spp. isolated from diarrhoeal and asymptomatic children aged up to 5 years were analysed in this study. In total, 91 and 17 isolates were identified from diarrhoeal (case) and asymptomatic (control) children, respectively. All the isolates were tested for antimicrobial resistance, the presence of integrons, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR), virulence-associated genes and Shigella pathogenicity island (SH-PAI). The majority of the Shigella spp. from cases (68.1%) and controls (82.3%) were found to be resistant to fluoroquinolones. Integron carriage was detected more in cases (76.9%) than in controls (35.5%). Atypical class 1 integron was detected exclusively in Shigella flexneri from cases but not from the controls. PMQR genes such as aac(6')-Ib-cr and qnrS1 were detected in 82.4 and 14.3% of the isolates from cases and in 53 and 17.6% in controls, respectively. Shigella isolates from cases as well as from controls were positive for the invasive plasmid antigen H-encoding gene ipaH. The other virulence genes such as virF, sat, setA, setB, sen and ial were detected in Shigella isolates in 80.2, 49.4, 27.4, 27.4, 80.2 and 79.1% of cases and in 64.7, 52.9, 17.6, 17.6, 64.7 and 64.7% of controls, respectively. The entire SH-PAI was detected in S. flexneri serotype 2a from cases and controls. In an isolate from a control child, the SH-PAI was truncated. Integrons, PMQR and virulence-encoding genes were detected more frequently in cases than in controls. In diarrhoea endemic areas, asymptomatic carriers may play a crucial role in the transmission of multidrug-resistant Shigella spp. with all the putative virulence genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Ghosh
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Gururaja P Pazhani
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Swapan Kumar Niyogi
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - James P Nataro
- University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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90
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Shigella Species. Food Microbiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555818463.ch15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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91
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Meghraoui A, Schiavolin L, Allaoui A. Single amino acid substitutions on the needle tip protein IpaD increased Shigella virulence. Microbes Infect 2014; 16:532-9. [PMID: 24726700 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Infection of colonic epithelial cells by Shigella is associated with the type III secretion system, which serves as a molecular syringe to inject effectors into host cells. This system includes an extracellular needle used as a conduit for secreted proteins. Two of these proteins, IpaB and IpaD, dock at the needle tip to control secretion and are also involved in the insertion of a translocation pore into host cell membrane allowing effector delivery. To better understand the function of IpaD, we substituted thirteen residues conserved among homologous proteins in other bacterial species. Generated variants were tested for their ability to surface expose IpaB and IpaD, to control secretion, to insert the translocation pore, and to invade host cells. In addition to a first group of seven ipaD variants that behaved similarly to the wild-type strain, we identified a second group with mutations V314D and I319D that deregulated secretion of all effectors, but remained fully invasive. Moreover, we identified a third group with mutations Y153A, T161D, Q165L and Y276A, that exhibited increased levels of translocators secretion, pore formation, and cell entry. Altogether, our results offer a better understanding of the role of IpaD in the control of Shigella virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaeddine Meghraoui
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik, 808, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Lionel Schiavolin
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik, 808, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Abdelmounaaïm Allaoui
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik, 808, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium.
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92
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Lum M, Morona R. Dynamin-related protein Drp1 and mitochondria are important for Shigella flexneri infection. Int J Med Microbiol 2014; 304:530-41. [PMID: 24755420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella infection in epithelial cells induces cell death which is accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction. In this study the role of the mitochondrial fission protein, Drp1 during Shigella infection in HeLa cells was examined. Significant lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release was detected in the culture supernatant when HeLa cells were infected with Shigella at a high multiplicity of infection. Drp1 inhibition with Mdivi-1 and siRNA knockdown significantly reduced LDH release. HeLa cell death was also accompanied by mitochondrial fragmentation. Tubular mitochondrial networks were partially restored when Drp1 was depleted with either siRNA or inhibited with Mdivi-1. Surprisingly either Mdivi-1 treatment or Drp1 siRNA-depletion of HeLa cells also reduced Shigella plaque formation. The effect of Mdivi-1 on Shigella infection was assessed using the murine Sereny model, however it had no impact on ocular inflammation. Overall our results suggest that Drp1 and the mitochondria play important roles during Shigella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabel Lum
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Renato Morona
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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93
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Zaidi MB, Estrada-García T. Shigella: A Highly Virulent and Elusive Pathogen. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2014; 1:81-87. [PMID: 25110633 DOI: 10.1007/s40475-014-0019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite a significant decrease in Shigella-related mortality, shigellosis continues to carry a significant burden of disease worldwide, particularly in Asia and Africa. Shigella is a highly virulent pathogen comprised of four major species with numerous subtypes. Shigella dysenteriae and Shigella flexneri infections are predominant in resource-limited settings. Clinical presentations range from mild watery diarrhea to severe dysentery with systemic complications such as electrolyte imbalance, seizures and hemolytic uremic syndrome. S. dysenteriae subtype 1, the producer of Shiga toxin, causes the most severe illness and highest mortality. Susceptible strains of Shigella may be effectively treated with inexpensive oral antibiotics such as ampicillin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Unfortunately, multidrug resistant strains have emerged that have rendered most antibiotics, including fluoroquinolones and extended-spectrum cephalosporins, ineffective. Management and prevention of shigellosis represents a major public health challenge. The development of an effective vaccine is urgently needed to decrease its global impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mussaret Bano Zaidi
- Microbiology Research Laboratory, Hospital General O'Horan, Av. Itzaes x Jacinto Canek, C.P. 97000 Mérida, Mexico. Phone and fax: +52-(999) 923-8673, ; Infectious Diseases Research Unit, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de la Península de Yucatán, Km. 8.5 Carr. Merida-Cholul S/N, Col. Maya, C.P. 97134, Merida, Mexico
| | - Teresa Estrada-García
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. Instituto Politecnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, C.P. 07360, Mexico City, Mexico. ,
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94
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Shafi A, Farooq U, Akram K, Jaskani M, Siddique F, Tanveer A. Antidiarrheal Effect of Food Fermented by Various Strains ofLactobacillus. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014; 13:229-239. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Afshan Shafi
- Inst. of Food Science and Nutrition; Univ. of Sargodha; Sargodha Pakistan
| | - Umar Farooq
- Inst. of Food Science and Nutrition; Univ. of Sargodha; Sargodha Pakistan
| | - Kashif Akram
- Inst. of Food Science and Nutrition; Univ. of Sargodha; Sargodha Pakistan
| | - Mahgul Jaskani
- Inst. of Food Science and Nutrition; Univ. of Sargodha; Sargodha Pakistan
| | - Farzana Siddique
- Dept. of Food Technology; Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture Univ.; Rawalpindi Pakistan
| | - Amna Tanveer
- Inst. of Food Science and Nutrition; Univ. of Sargodha; Sargodha Pakistan
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95
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Abstract
We provide an update on the epidemiology of shigellosis in Israel using data generated by a sentinel laboratory-based surveillance network for the period 1998-2012. The average annual incidence of culture-proven shigellosis was 97/100 000. We estimated that each case of shigellosis accounted for 25 cases in the community indicating the high burden of disease. Orthodox Jewish communities, living in highly crowded conditions and with a high number of children aged <5 years were the epicentre of country-wide biennial propagated epidemics of S. sonnei shigellosis. S. flexneri was the leading Shigella serogroup in Israeli Arabs. S. flexneri 2a and S. flexneri 6 alternated as the most common serotypes. Both S. sonnei and S. flexneri isolates showed high rates of resistance to ampicillin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and very low rates of resistance to quinolones and third-generation cephalosporins. Shigellosis due to S. sonnei conferred 81% (95% confidence interval 69-89) protection against the homologous Shigella serotype when epidemic exposure re-occurred 2 years later. These data are of value in the process of Shigella vaccine development.
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96
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Lamberti LM, Bourgeois AL, Fischer Walker CL, Black RE, Sack D. Estimating diarrheal illness and deaths attributable to Shigellae and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli among older children, adolescents, and adults in South Asia and Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2705. [PMID: 24551265 PMCID: PMC3923718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While Shigellae and strains of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are important causes of diarrhea-associated morbidity and mortality among infants and young children (<5 years of age), their health impact in older age groups is unclear. We sought to quantify the overall burden of shigellosis and ETEC diarrhea among older children, adolescents, and adults in Africa and South Asia, the two regions with the highest levels of diarrhea-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. METHODS We employed two distinct methodological approaches to estimate the burden of diarrhea due to Shigellae and ETEC among persons ≥ 5 years of age in the WHO regions of South Asia (SEAR) and Africa (AFR). Under method 1, we conducted a systematic review to identify the median proportion of total deaths due to diarrhea and then applied this figure to the number of all-cause deaths that occurred in 2010 among this age group. To estimate the total number of diarrhea deaths attributable to Shigellae and ETEC, we subsequently applied previously published estimates of the median percentage of diarrhea hospitalizations due to Shigellae and ETEC to the estimated number of diarrhea deaths. For method 2, we applied previously published incidence rates to 2010 population figures and estimated the total number of episodes due to Shigellae and ETEC using published estimates of the average proportion of pathogen-positive outpatients from studies of >4 pathogens. We then estimated the number of pathogen-specific deaths by determining the number of hospitalized patients and applying the case-fatality rate. RESULTS By method 1, there were 19,451 deaths due to Shigellae and 42,973 due to ETEC in AFR, and 20,691 due to Shigellae and 45,713 due to ETEC in SEAR in 2010. By method 2, there were 15.0 million ETEC episodes and 30.4 million episodes due to Shigellae in AFR, and 28.7 million episodes due to ETEC and 58.1 million episodes due to Shigellae in SEAR in 2010. We were unable to identify published case-fatality rates for ETEC and thus could only estimate Shigellae-related deaths using method 2, by which there were 5,308 and 10,158 Shigellae-related deaths in AFR and SEAR in 2010, respectively. DISCUSSION Methods 1 and 2 underscore the importance of Shigellae and ETEC as major causes of morbidity and mortality among older children, adolescents, and adults in AFR and SEAR. Understanding the epidemiology of these pathogens is imperative for the development and use of future vaccines and other preventative interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Lamberti
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of International Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Christa L. Fischer Walker
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of International Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Robert E. Black
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of International Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David Sack
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of International Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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97
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Identification of an O-acyltransferase gene (oacB) that mediates 3- and 4-O-acetylation of rhamnose III in Shigella flexneri O antigens. J Bacteriol 2014; 196:1525-31. [PMID: 24509314 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01393-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
O antigen (O polysaccharide) is an important and highly variable cell component present on the surface of cells which defines the serospecificity of Gram-negative bacteria. Most O antigens of Shigella flexneri, a cause of shigellosis, share a backbone composed of →2)-α-l-Rhap(III)-(1→2)-α-l-Rhap(II)-(1→3)-α-l-Rhap(I)-(1→3)-β-d-GlcpNAc-(1→ repeats, which can be modified by adding various substituents, giving rise to 19 serotypes. The known modifications include glucosylation on various sugar residues, O-acetylation on Rha(I), and phosphorylation with phosphoethanolamine on Rha(II) or/and Rha(III). Recently, two new O-antigen modifications, namely, O-acetylation at position 3 or 4 of Rha(III) and position 6 of GlcNAc, have been identified in several S. flexneri serotypes. In this work, the genetic basis for the 3/4-O-acetylation on Rha(III) was elucidated. Bioinformatic analysis of the genome of S. flexneri serotype 2a strain Sf301, which carries 3/4-O-acetylation on Rha(III), revealed an O-acyltransferase gene designated oacB. Genetic studies combined with O-antigen structure analysis demonstrated that this gene is responsible for the 3/4-O-acetylation in serotypes 1a, 1b, 2a, 5a, and Y but not serotype 6, which has a different O-antigen backbone structure. The oacB gene is carried by a transposon-like structure located in the proA-adrA region on the chromosome, which represents a novel mechanism of mobilization of O-antigen modification factors in S. flexneri. These findings enhance our knowledge of S. flexneri O-antigen modifications and shed light on the origin of new O-antigen variants.
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98
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Tang F, Cheng Y, Bao C, Hu J, Liu W, Liang Q, Wu Y, Norris J, Peng Z, Yu R, Shen H, Chen F. Spatio-temporal trends and risk factors for Shigella from 2001 to 2011 in Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China. PLoS One 2014; 9:e83487. [PMID: 24416167 PMCID: PMC3885411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to describe the spatial and temporal trends of Shigella incidence rates in Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China. It also intended to explore complex risk modes facilitating Shigella transmission. Methods County-level incidence rates were obtained for analysis using geographic information system (GIS) tools. Trend surface and incidence maps were established to describe geographic distributions. Spatio-temporal cluster analysis and autocorrelation analysis were used for detecting clusters. Based on the number of monthly Shigella cases, an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model successfully established a time series model. A spatial correlation analysis and a case-control study were conducted to identify risk factors contributing to Shigella transmissions. Results The far southwestern and northwestern areas of Jiangsu were the most infected. A cluster was detected in southwestern Jiangsu (LLR = 11674.74, P<0.001). The time series model was established as ARIMA (1, 12, 0), which predicted well for cases from August to December, 2011. Highways and water sources potentially caused spatial variation in Shigella development in Jiangsu. The case-control study confirmed not washing hands before dinner (OR = 3.64) and not having access to a safe water source (OR = 2.04) as the main causes of Shigella in Jiangsu Province. Conclusion Improvement of sanitation and hygiene should be strengthened in economically developed counties, while access to a safe water supply in impoverished areas should be increased at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenyang Tang
- Jiangsu Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuejia Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Changjun Bao
- Jiangsu Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianli Hu
- Jiangsu Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wendong Liu
- Jiangsu Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Liang
- Jiangsu Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Jiangsu Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jessie Norris
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihang Peng
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Rongbin Yu
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongbing Shen
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Sun Q, Knirel YA, Lan R, Wang J, Senchenkova SN, Shashkov AS, Wang Y, Wang Y, Luo X, Xu J. Dissemination and serotype modification potential of pSFxv_2, an O-antigen PEtN modification plasmid in Shigella flexneri. Glycobiology 2013; 24:305-13. [PMID: 24379081 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The O-antigens of all Shigella flexneri serotypes, except serotype 6, share a linear tetrasaccharide repeat composed of one N-acetylglucosamine and three l-rhamnose residues, and differences between the serotypes are due to modification of various monosaccharide residues with glucosyl and/or O-acetyl and/or phosphoethanolamine (PEtN) groups. Plasmid-borne opt (formerly lpt-O) gene encoding a PEtN transferase which modifies the O-antigens of S. flexneri serotype X, 4a and Y strains and converts the hosts into MASF IV-1 (E1037) positive "variant" (v) Xv, 4av and Yv serotypes, respectively. In this study, we showed that the opt-carrying plasmid pSFxv_2 can transform strains of all S. flexneri serotypes (1-6) to confer them with the MASF IV-1 epitope recognized by monoclonal antibody MASF IV-1 and typing antiserum IV. The transformants possessed modified O-antigens with a PEtN group(s) at position 3 of one or two rhamnose residues. In some serotypes, the PEtN modification competed or/and interfered with glucosylation and O-acetylation at the same or its neighboring sugar residue. We also showed that the plasmid pSFxv_2 is mobilizable to other S. flexneri strains by conjugation. Although pSFxv_2-harboring S. flexneri strains found in clinical infections are restricted to serotypes Xv, 4av, Yv and, possibly, 6v, our results demonstrate a high potential of dissemination of this plasmid in S. flexneri and emergence of new S. flexneri serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangzheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, P.O Box 5, Changping, Beijing, China
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100
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Lum M, Attridge SR, Morona R. Impact of dynasore an inhibitor of dynamin II on Shigella flexneri infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84975. [PMID: 24367704 PMCID: PMC3868620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella flexneri remains a significant human pathogen due to high morbidity among children < 5 years in developing countries. One of the key features of Shigella infection is the ability of the bacterium to initiate actin tail polymerisation to disseminate into neighbouring cells. Dynamin II is associated with the old pole of the bacteria that is associated with F-actin tail formation. Dynamin II inhibition with dynasore as well as siRNA knockdown significantly reduced Shigella cell to cell spreading in vitro. The ocular mouse Sereny model was used to determine if dynasore could delay the progression of Shigella infection in vivo. While dynasore did not reduce ocular inflammation, it did provide significant protection against weight loss. Therefore dynasore's effects in vivo are unlikely to be related to the inhibition of cell spreading observed in vitro. We found that dynasore decreased S. flexneri-induced HeLa cell death in vitro which may explain the protective effect observed in vivo. These results suggest the administration of dynasore or a similar compound during Shigella infection could be a potential intervention strategy to alleviate disease symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabel Lum
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Stephen R. Attridge
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Renato Morona
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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