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Leppälä J, Gaupels F, Xu E, Morales LO, Durner J, Brosché M. Ozone and nitrogen dioxide regulate similar gene expression responses in Arabidopsis but natural variation in the extent of cell death is likely controlled by different genetic loci. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:994779. [PMID: 36340361 PMCID: PMC9627343 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.994779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
High doses of ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) cause damage and cell death in plants. These two gases are among the most harmful air pollutants for ecosystems and therefore it is important to understand how plant resistance or sensitivity to these gases work at the molecular level and its genetic control. We compared transcriptome data from O3 and NO2 fumigations to other cell death related treatments, as well as individual marker gene transcript level in different Arabidopsis thaliana accessions. Our analysis revealed that O3 and NO2 trigger very similar gene expression responses that include genes involved in pathogen resistance, cell death and ethylene signaling. However, we also identified exceptions, for example RBOHF encoding a reactive oxygen species producing RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE PROTEIN F. This gene had increased transcript levels by O3 but decreased transcript levels by NO2, showing that plants can identify each of the gases separately and activate distinct signaling pathways. To understand the genetics, we conducted a genome wide association study (GWAS) on O3 and NO2 tolerance of natural Arabidopsis accessions. Sensitivity to both gases seem to be controlled by several independent small effect loci and we did not find an overlap in the significantly associated regions. Further characterization of the GWAS candidate loci identified new regulators of O3 and NO2 induced cell death including ABH1, a protein that functions in abscisic acid signaling, mRNA splicing and miRNA processing. The GWAS results will facilitate further characterization of the control of programmed cell death and differences between oxidative and nitrosative stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Leppälä
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Viikki Plant Science Centre, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Frank Gaupels
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Enjun Xu
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Viikki Plant Science Centre, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Luis O. Morales
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Viikki Plant Science Centre, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jörg Durner
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mikael Brosché
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Viikki Plant Science Centre, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Liu X, Fang P, Wang Z, Cao X, Yu Z, Chen X, Zhang Z. Comparative RNA-seq analysis reveals a critical role for ethylene in rose ( Rosa hybrida) susceptible response to Podosphera pannosa. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1018427. [PMID: 36237514 PMCID: PMC9551381 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1018427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rose is one of the most important ornamental flowers, accounting for approximately one-third of the world's cut flower market. Powdery mildew caused by Podosphera pannosa is a devastating fungal disease in rose, mainly infecting the young leaves and causing serious economic losses. Therefore, a study on the mechanism of the fungus infecting the rose leaves and the possibility to improve resistance hereby is interesting and meaningful. Accordingly, we conducted transcriptome sequencing of rose leaves infected by P. pannosa at different time points to reveal the molecular mechanism of resistance to powdery mildew. The high-quality reads were aligned to the reference genome of Rosa chinensis, yielding 51,230 transcripts. A total of 1,181 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in leaves during P. pannosa infection at 12, 24, and 48 hpi. The transcription factors of ERF, MYB, bHLH, WRKY, etc., family were identified among DEGs, and most of them were downregulated during P. pannosa infection. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that the hormone signal transduction pathway, especially ethylene signal-related genes, was consistently showing a downregulated expression during powdery mildew infection. More importantly, exogenous 1-MCP (inhibitor of ethylene) treatment could improve the rose leaves' resistance to P. pannosa. In summary, our transcriptome of rose leaf infected by powdery mildew gives universal insights into the complex gene regulatory networks mediating the rose leaf response to P. pannosa, further demonstrating the positive role of 1-MCP in resistance to biotrophic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Peihong Fang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zicheng Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqian Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyi Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Agronomy and Horticulture, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forest, Jurong, China
- Engineering and Technical Center for Modern Horticulture, Jurong, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Horticulture College, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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53
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Metabarcoding and Metabolome Analyses Reveal Mechanisms of Leymus chinensis Growth Promotion by Fairy Ring of Leucocalocybe mongolica. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8090944. [PMID: 36135669 PMCID: PMC9505569 DOI: 10.3390/jof8090944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fairy rings are a unique ecological phenomenon caused by the growth of the fungal mycelium in the soil. Fairy rings formed by Leucocalocybe mongolica (LM) are generally distributed in the Mongolian Plateau, where they promote plant growth without fertilization and alleviate fertilizer use. We previously investigated the soil factors regulating growth promotion in a fairy ring ecosystem; however, the aspects of the plant (Leymus chinensis, LC) that promote growth have not been explored. Therefore, the present study investigated the endophyte diversity and metabolome of LC in an LM fairy ring ecosystem. We analyzed the leaf and root samples of LC from the DARK (FR) and OUT (CK) zones. The fairy rings significantly improved the fungal diversity of roots and leaves and the bacterial diversity of leaves in the FR zone. Ralstonia was the dominant bacteria detected in the LC leaves. In addition, Marasmius, another fairy ring fungal genus, was also detected with a high abundance in the roots of the FR zone. Furthermore, widely targeted metabolome analysis combined with KEGG annotation identified 1011 novel metabolites from the leaves and roots of LC and seven pathways significantly regulated by the fairy ring in the FR zone. The fairy ring ecosystem significantly downregulated the flavonoid metabolism in the leaves and roots of LC. The correlation analysis found Ralstonia is a potential regulatory factor of flavonoid biosynthesis in LC. In addition, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid were found upregulated in the leaves, probably related to Marasmius enrichment. Thus, the study details plant factors associated with enhanced growth in an LM fairy ring ecosystem. These findings lay a theoretical foundation for developing the fairy ring ecosystem in an agricultural system.
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Abulfaraj AA, Alhoraibi HM, Mariappan K, Bigeard J, Zhang H, Almeida-Trapp M, Artyukh O, Abdulhakim F, Parween S, Pflieger D, Blilou I, Hirt H, Rayapuram N. Analysis of the Arabidopsis coilin mutant reveals a positive role of AtCOILIN in plant immunity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:745-761. [PMID: 35674377 PMCID: PMC9434284 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biogenesis of ribonucleoproteins occurs in dynamic subnuclear compartments called Cajal bodies (CBs). COILIN is a critical scaffolding component essential for CB formation, composition, and activity. We recently showed that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) AtCOILIN is phosphorylated in response to bacterial elicitor treatment. Here, we further investigated the role of AtCOILIN in plant innate immunity. Atcoilin mutants are compromised in defense responses to bacterial pathogens. Besides confirming a role of AtCOILIN in alternative splicing (AS), Atcoilin showed differential expression of genes that are distinct from those of AS, including factors involved in RNA biogenesis, metabolism, plant immunity, and phytohormones. Atcoilin mutant plants have reduced levels of defense phytohormones. As expected, the mutant plants were more sensitive to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Our findings reveal an important role for AtCOILIN in innate plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aala A Abulfaraj
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science & Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanna M Alhoraibi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21551 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kiruthiga Mariappan
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jean Bigeard
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Université de Paris, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Huoming Zhang
- Corelabs, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marilia Almeida-Trapp
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Olga Artyukh
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah Abdulhakim
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabiha Parween
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Delphine Pflieger
- Universite Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, UMR BioSanté U1292, CNRS, CEA, FR2048 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Ikram Blilou
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
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Karthikeyan A, Akilan M, Samyuktha SM, Ariharasutharsan G, Shobhana VG, Veni K, Tamilzharasi M, Keerthivarman K, Sudha M, Pandiyan M, Senthil N. Untangling the Physio-Chemical and Transcriptional Changes of Black Gram Cultivars After Infection With Urdbean Leaf Crinkle Virus. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.916795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Black gram (Vigna mungo) is an important pulse crop of India. The leaf crinkle disease caused by the urdbean leaf crinkle virus (ULCV) is a severe threat to black gram production. Black gram plants infected by ULCV show a considerable decline in plant growth and yield. However, detailed information about the interactions between the host, black gram, and ULCV is unclear. This study investigated the responses of two cultivars VBN (Bg) 6 and CO 5 to ULCV infection by physiological, biochemical, and transcriptional analyses. Virus symptoms were mild in VBN (Bg) 6 but were serious in CO 5. Upon the viral infection, VBN (Bg) 6 exhibited a low reduction in chlorophyll content than CO 5. The levels of sugar, protein, phenol, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were altered by a viral infection in both cultivars. Although, the activities of antioxidant enzymes [Ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT)] were increased by ULCV infection. Following the viral infection, the expression level of the salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET) defense pathway-related genes was recorded higher in the VBN (Bg) 6 than that recorded in CO 5, indicating a positive correlation between resistance and these indicative indices. This dynamic physio-biochemical and transcriptional profiles of two black gram cultivars on ULCV infection augment our understanding of the complex interaction response between this crop and its pathogen. Additionally, it offers an inventory of potential indicators for future black gram screening and breeding to enhance resistance.
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Coolen S, van der Molen MR, Welte CU. The secret life of insect-associated microbes and how they shape insect-plant interactions. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2022; 98:6643329. [PMID: 35830517 PMCID: PMC9409087 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiac083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects are associated with a plethora of different microbes of which we are only starting to understand their role in shaping insect–plant interactions. Besides directly benefitting from symbiotic microbial metabolism, insects obtain and transmit microbes within their environment, making them ideal vectors and potential beneficiaries of plant diseases and microbes that alter plant defenses. To prevent damage, plants elicit stress-specific defenses to ward off insects and their microbiota. However, both insects and microbes harbor a wealth of adaptations that allow them to circumvent effective plant defense activation. In the past decades, it has become apparent that the enormous diversity and metabolic potential of insect-associated microbes may play a far more important role in shaping insect–plant interactions than previously anticipated. The latter may have implications for the development of sustainable pest control strategies. Therefore, this review sheds light on the current knowledge on multitrophic insect–microbe–plant interactions in a rapidly expanding field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Coolen
- Department of Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences (RIBES), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Magda Rogowska- van der Molen
- Department of Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences (RIBES), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia U Welte
- Department of Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences (RIBES), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Grover S, Cardona JB, Zogli P, Alvarez S, Naldrett MJ, Sattler SE, Louis J. Reprogramming of sorghum proteome in response to sugarcane aphid infestation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 320:111289. [PMID: 35643611 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sugarcane aphid (SCA; Melanaphis sacchari Zehntner) is a key piercing-sucking pest of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) that cause significant yield losses. While feeding on host plants, complex signaling networks are invoked from recognition of insect attack to induction of plant defenses. Consequently, these signaling networks lead to the production of insecticidal compounds or limited access of nutrients to insects. Previously, several studies were published on the transcriptomics analysis of sorghum in response to SCA infestation, but no information is available on the physiological changes of sorghum at the proteome level. We used the SCA resistant sorghum genotype SC265 for the global proteomics analysis after 1 and 7 days of SCA infestation using the TMT-plex technique. Peptides matching a total of 4211 proteins were identified and 158 proteins were differentially expressed at day 1 and 7. Overall, proteome profiling of SC265 after SCA infestation at days 1 and 7 revealed the suppression of plant defense-related proteins and upregulation of plant defense and signaling-related proteins, respectively. The plant defense responses based on proteome data were validated using electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique to observe changes in aphid feeding. Feeding behavior analyses revealed that SCA spent significantly longer time in phloem phase on SCA infested plants for day 1 and lesser time in day 7 SCA infested sorghum plants, compared to their respective control plants. Overall, our study provides insights into underlying mechanisms that contribute to sorghum resistance to SCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjan Grover
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | | | - Prince Zogli
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Sophie Alvarez
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Nebraska Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Michael J Naldrett
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Nebraska Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Scott E Sattler
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Joe Louis
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln NE 68583, USA.
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58
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Bazinet Q, Tang L, Bede JC. Impact of Future Elevated Carbon Dioxide on C 3 Plant Resistance to Biotic Stresses. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:527-539. [PMID: 34889654 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-21-0189-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Before the end of the century, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are predicted to increase to approximately 900 ppm. This will dramatically affect plant physiology and influence environmental interactions and, in particular, plant resistance to biotic stresses. This review is a broad survey of the current research on the effects of elevated CO2 (eCO2) on phytohormone-mediated resistance of C3 agricultural crops and related model species to pathogens and insect herbivores. In general, while plants grown in eCO2 often have increased constitutive and induced salicylic acid levels and suppressed induced jasmonate levels, there are exceptions that implicate other environmental factors, such as light and nitrogen fertilization in modulating these responses. Therefore, this review sets the stage for future studies to delve into understanding the mechanistic basis behind how eCO2 will affect plant defensive phytohormone signaling pathways under future predicted environmental conditions that could threaten global food security to inform the best agricultural management practices.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinn Bazinet
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Lawrence Tang
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Jacqueline C Bede
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
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Khan AL, Al-Harrasi A, Wang JP, Asaf S, Riethoven JJM, Shehzad T, Liew CS, Song XM, Schachtman DP, Liu C, Yu JG, Zhang ZK, Meng FB, Yuan JQ, Wei CD, Guo H, Wang X, Al-Rawahi A, Lee IJ, Bennetzen JL, Wang XY. Genome structure and evolutionary history of frankincense producing Boswellia sacra. iScience 2022; 25:104574. [PMID: 35789857 PMCID: PMC9249616 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Boswellia sacra Flueck (family Burseraceae) tree is wounded to produce frankincense. We report its de novo assembled genome (667.8 Mb) comprising 18,564 high-confidence protein-encoding genes. Comparing conserved single-copy genes across eudicots suggest >97% gene space assembly of B. sacra genome. Evolutionary history shows B. sacra gene-duplications derived from recent paralogous events and retained from ancient hexaploidy shared with other eudicots. The genome indicated a major expansion of Gypsy retroelements in last 2 million years. The B. sacra genetic diversity showed four clades intermixed with a primary genotype—dominating most resin-productive trees. Further, the stem transcriptome revealed that wounding concurrently activates phytohormones signaling, cell wall fortification, and resin terpenoid biosynthesis pathways leading to the synthesis of boswellic acid—a key chemotaxonomic marker of Boswellia. The sequence datasets reported here will serve as a foundation to investigate the genetic determinants of frankincense and other resin-producing species in Burseraceae. Assembly and architecture of frankincense producing Boswellia sacra Flueck Comparative genomics and evolutionary history of frankincense tree within orders Transcriptome of stem part and gene expression patterns of wounding to the tree Resin biosynthesis pathway and related CYP450 enzymes and gene families
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de Moura SM, Freitas EO, Ribeiro TP, Paes-de-Melo B, Arraes FBM, Macedo LLP, Paixão JFR, Lourenço-Tessutti IT, Artico S, da Cunha Valença D, Silva MCM, de Oliveira AC, Alves-Ferreira M, Grossi-de-Sa MF. Discovery and functional characterization of novel cotton promoters with potential application to pest control. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:1589-1601. [PMID: 35665839 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02880-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
pGhERF105 and pGhNc-HARBI1 promoters are highly responsive to CBW infestation and exhibit strong activity in vegetative and reproductive tissues, increasing their potential application in GM crop plants for pest control. The main challenge to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) crop productivity is the constant attack of several pests, including the cotton boll weevil (CBW, Anthonomus grandis), which uses cotton floral buds for feeding and egg-laying. The endophytic nature of the early developmental stages of CBW makes conventional pesticide-based control poorly efficient. Most biotechnological assets used for pest control are based on Bacillus thurigiensis insecticidal Cry toxins or the silencing of insect-pest essential genes using RNA-interference technology. However, suitable plant promoter sequences are required to efficiently drive insecticidal molecules to the target plant tissue. This study selected the Ethylene Responsive Factor 105 (GhERF105) and Harbinger transposase-derived nuclease (GhNc-HARBI1) genes based on available transcriptome-wide data from cotton plants infested by CBW larvae. The GhERF105 and GhNc-HARBI1 genes showed induction kinetics from 2 to 96 h under CBW's infestation in cotton floral buds, uncovering the potential application of their promoters. Therefore, the promoter regions (1,500 base pairs) were assessed and characterized using Arabidopsis thaliana transgenic plants. The pGhERF105 and pGhNc-HARBI1 promoters showed strong activity in plant vegetative (leaves and roots) and reproductive (flowers and fruits) tissues, encompassing higher GUS transcriptional activity than the viral-constitutive Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S promoter (pCaMV35S). Notably, pGhERF105 and pGhNc-HARBI1 promoters demonstrated more efficiency in driving reporter genes in flowers than other previously characterized cotton flower-specific promoters. Overall, the present study provides a new set of cotton promoters suitable for biotechnological application in cotton plants for pest resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéfanie Menezes de Moura
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB, Final W5 North, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, EMBRAPA, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Elinea Oliveira Freitas
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB, Final W5 North, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- Federal University of Brasilia (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Thuanne Pires Ribeiro
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB, Final W5 North, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, EMBRAPA, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Federal University of Brasilia (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Bruno Paes-de-Melo
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB, Final W5 North, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, EMBRAPA, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Fabrício B M Arraes
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB, Final W5 North, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, EMBRAPA, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Lima Pepino Macedo
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB, Final W5 North, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, EMBRAPA, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Joaquin F R Paixão
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB, Final W5 North, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Isabela T Lourenço-Tessutti
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB, Final W5 North, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, EMBRAPA, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Sinara Artico
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - David da Cunha Valença
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB, Final W5 North, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Mattar Silva
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB, Final W5 North, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, EMBRAPA, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Antonio C de Oliveira
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, EMBRAPA, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Federal University of Pelotas (UFPEL), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcio Alves-Ferreira
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, EMBRAPA, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Fatima Grossi-de-Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB, Final W5 North, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil.
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, EMBRAPA, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
- Catholic University of Brasília (UCB), Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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Zheng Q, Bertran A, Brand A, van Schaik CC, van de Ruitenbeek SJS, Smant G, Goverse A, Sterken MG. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Specific Activation of Defense Pathways Against Globodera pallida in Gpa2 Resistant Potato Roots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:909593. [PMID: 35783958 PMCID: PMC9248836 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.909593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cyst nematodes are considered a dominant threat to yield for a wide range of major food crops. Current control strategies are mainly dependent on crop rotation and the use of resistant cultivars. Various crops exhibit single dominant resistance (R) genes that are able to activate effective host-specific resistance to certain cyst nematode species and/or populations. An example is the potato R gene Gpa2, which confers resistance against the potato cyst nematode (PCN), Globodera pallida population D383. Activation of Gpa2 results in a delayed resistance response, which is characterized by a layer of necrotic cells formed around the developing nematode feeding structure. However, knowledge about the Gpa2-induced defense pathways is still lacking. Here, we uncover the transcriptional changes and gene expression network induced upon Gpa2 activation in potato roots infected with G. pallida. To this end, in vitro-grown Gpa2-resistant potato roots were infected with the avirulent population D383 and virulent population Rookmaker. Infected root segments were harvested at 3 and 6 dpi and sent for RNA sequencing. Comparative transcriptomics revealed a total of 1,743 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) upon nematode infection, of which 559 DEGs were specifically regulated in response to D383 infection. D383-specific DEGs associated with Gpa2-mediated defense mainly relates to calcium-binding activity, salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis, and systemic acquired resistance (SAR). These data reveal that cyst nematode resistance in potato roots depends on conserved downstream signaling pathways involved in plant immunity, which are also known to contribute to R genes-mediated resistance against other pathogens with different lifestyles.
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Characterization, expression, and functional analysis of the pathogenesis-related gene PtDIR11 in transgenic poplar. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 210:182-195. [PMID: 35545137 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lignins and lignans are important for plant resistance to pathogens. Dirigent (DIR) proteins control the regio- and stereo-selectivity of coniferyl alcohol in lignan and lignin biosynthesis. DIR genes have been implicated in defense-related responses in several plant species, but their role in poplar immunity is unclear. We cloned PtDIR11 from Populus trichocarpa; we found that overexpression of PtDIR11 in poplar improved the lignan biosynthesis and enhanced the resistance of poplar to Septotis populiperda. PtDIR11 has a typical DIR domain; it belongs to the DIR-b/d family and is expressed in the cell membrane. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis showed that PtDIR11 expression was highest in stems, followed by leaves and roots. Furthermore, PtDIR11 expression was induced by S. populiperda, salicylic acid (SA), jasmonate (JA), and ethylene (ET) stresses. The recombinant PtDIR11 protein inhibited the growth of S. populiperda in vitro. Overexpressing (OE) PtDIR11 in "Nanlin 895" poplar enhanced growth. The OE lines exhibited minimal changes in lignin content, but their total lignan and flavonoid contents were significantly greater than in the wild-type (WT) lines. Overexpression of PtDIR11 affected multiple biological pathways of poplar, such as phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. The methanol extracts of OE-PtDIR11 lines showed greater anti-S. populiperda activity than did lignin extracts from the WT lines. Furthermore, OE-PtDIR11 lines upregulated genes that were related to phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and genes associated with the JA and ET signal transduction pathways; it downregulated genes that were related to SA signal transduction compared with the WT line under S. populiperda stress. Therefore, the OE transgenic plants analysis revealed that PtDIR11 is a good candidate gene for breeding of disease resistant poplar.
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Salicylic acid and jasmonic acid crosstalk in plant immunity. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:647-656. [PMID: 35698792 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The phytohormones salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) are major players in plant immunity. Numerous studies have provided evidence that SA- and JA-mediated signaling interact with each other (SA-JA crosstalk) to orchestrate plant immune responses against pathogens. At the same time, SA-JA crosstalk is often exploited by pathogens to promote their virulence. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of molecular mechanisms for and modulations of SA-JA crosstalk during pathogen infection.
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Fernández de Bobadilla M, Vitiello A, Erb M, Poelman EH. Plant defense strategies against attack by multiple herbivores. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:528-535. [PMID: 35027280 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants may effectively tailor defenses by recognizing their attackers and reprogramming their physiology. Although most plants are under attack by a large diversity of herbivores, surprisingly little is known about the physiological capabilities of plants to deal with attack by multiple herbivores. Studies on dual herbivore attack identified that defense against one attacker may cause energetic and physiological constraints to deal with a second attacker. How these constraints shape plant plasticity in defense to their full community of attackers is a major knowledge gap in plant science. Here, we provide a framework for plant defense to multiherbivore attack by defining the repertoire of plastic defense strategies that may allow plants to optimize their defenses against a multitude of stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessia Vitiello
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Erik H Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Wang Z, Deng J, Liang T, Su L, Zheng L, Chen H, Liu D. Lilium regale Wilson WRKY3 modulates an antimicrobial peptide gene, LrDef1, during response to Fusarium oxysporum. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:257. [PMID: 35606728 PMCID: PMC9128230 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03649-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND WRKY transcription factors (TFs) play vital roles in plant growth and development, secondary metabolite synthesis, and response to biotic and abiotic stresses. In a previous transcriptome sequencing analysis of Lilium regale Wilson, we identified multiple WRKY TFs that respond to exogenous methyl jasmonate treatment and lily Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum). RESULTS In the present study, the WRKY TF LrWRKY3 was further analyzed to reveal its function in defense response to F. oxysporum. The LrWRKY3 protein was localized in the plant cell nucleus, and LrWRKY3 transgenic tobacco lines showed higher resistance to F. oxysporum compared with wild-type (WT) tobacco. In addition, some genes related to jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis, salicylic acid (SA) signal transduction, and disease resistance had higher transcriptional levels in the LrWRKY3 transgenic tobacco lines than in the WT. On the contrary, L. regale scales transiently expressing LrWRKY3 RNA interference fragments showed higher sensitivity to F. oxysporum infection. Moreover, a F. oxysporum-induced defensin gene, Def1, was isolated from L. regale, and the recombinant protein LrDef1 isolated and purified from Escherichia coli possessed antifungal activity to several phytopathogens, including F. oxysporum. Furthermore, co-expression of LrWRKY3 and the LrDef1 promoter in tobacco enhanced the LrDef1 promoter-driven expression activity. CONCLUSIONS These results clearly indicate that LrWRKY3 is an important positive regulator in response to F. oxysporum infection, and one of its targets is the antimicrobial peptide gene LrDef1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zie Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Number 727 Jing Ming South Road, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jie Deng
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Number 727 Jing Ming South Road, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Tingting Liang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Number 727 Jing Ming South Road, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Linlin Su
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Number 727 Jing Ming South Road, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Lilei Zheng
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Number 727 Jing Ming South Road, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Hongjun Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Number 727 Jing Ming South Road, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Diqiu Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Number 727 Jing Ming South Road, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, China.
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Rakhesh KV, Ashalatha SN, Mahima K, Baskar V, Thiruvengadam M. Untargeted Metabolomic Approach to Determine the Regulatory Pathways on Salicylic Acid-Mediated Stress Response in Aphanamixis polystachya Seedlings. Molecules 2022; 27:2966. [PMID: 35566316 PMCID: PMC9102903 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants thrive under abiotic and biotic stress conditions with the changes in phytohormones like salicylic acid (SA), resulting in the synthesis of secondary metabolites. The present study determines the response of plants in producing secondary metabolites towards different SA concentrations at varying time intervals. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics studies in Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) Parker seedlings are grown at 10 mM, 50 mM, and 100 mM SA concentrations, showed the differential expression of metabolites towards the stress. Alkaloids like amaranthin showed a 15-fold increase on the second day, and analog of androvinblastin showed a 20-fold increase on the sixth day in 10 mM SA compared with other groups. Flavanoid cyanidin 3-3 glucosyl was found to be with a 22-fold increment along with terpenoids betavulgaroside (18-fold), asiaticoside (17-fold), mubenin B (20-fold), and deslanoside (22-fold) increment in 50 mM SA on the sixth day. The shock exerted by 100 mM was too harsh, and the lowered metabolite production level was insufficient for the seedlings to survive at this higher SA condition. Arrangement of stressed groups using Pearson correlation studies, principal component analysis, and partial least square analysis placed 10 mM SA and controlled group closer and 50 mM SA and 100 mM SA groups closer to each other. The study observed that SA regulates metabolites that mediate biotic stress responses at low concentrations, and higher concentrations regulate abiotic stress regulating metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karthikeyan Mahima
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Siddha Central Research Institute, Chennai 600106, India;
| | - Venkidasamy Baskar
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore 641062, India;
| | - Muthu Thiruvengadam
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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Offor BC, Mhlongo MI, Steenkamp PA, Dubery IA, Piater LA. Untargeted Metabolomics Profiling of Arabidopsis WT, lbr-2-2 and bak1-4 Mutants Following Treatment with Two LPS Chemotypes. Metabolites 2022; 12:379. [PMID: 35629883 PMCID: PMC9146344 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12050379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants perceive pathogenic threats from the environment that have evaded preformed barriers through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognise microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). The perception of and triggered defence to lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) as a MAMP is well-studied in mammals, but little is known in plants, including the PRR(s). Understanding LPS-induced secondary metabolites and perturbed metabolic pathways in Arabidopsis will be key to generating disease-resistant plants and improving global plant crop yield. Recently, Arabidopsis LPS-binding protein (LBP) and bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI)-related proteins (LBP/BPI related-1) and (LBP/BPI related-2) were shown to perceive LPS from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and trigger defence responses. In turn, brassinosteroid insensitive 1 (BRI1)-associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1) is a well-established co-receptor for several defence-related PRRs in plants. Due to the lack of knowledge pertaining to LPS perception in plants and given the involvement of the afore-mentioned proteins in MAMPs recognition, in this study, Arabidopsis wild type (WT) and mutant (lbr2-2 and bak1-4) plants were pressure-infiltrated with LPSs purified from Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst) and Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris 8004 (Xcc). Metabolites were extracted from the leaves at four time points over a 24 h period and analysed by UHPLC-MS, generating distinct metabolite profiles. Data analysed using unsupervised and supervised multivariate data analysis (MVDA) tools generated results that reflected time- and treatment-related variations after both LPS chemotypes treatments. Forty-five significant metabolites were putatively annotated and belong to the following groups: glucosinolates, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, flavonoids, lignans, lipids, oxylipins, arabidopsides and phytohormones, while metabolic pathway analysis (MetPA) showed enrichment of flavone and flavanol biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism and glucosinolate biosynthesis. Distinct metabolite accumulations depended on the LPS chemotype and the genetic background of the lbr2-2 and bak1-4 mutants. This study highlights the role of LPSs in the reprogramming Arabidopsis metabolism into a defensive state, and the possible role of LBR and BAK1 proteins in LPSs perception and thus plant defence against pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lizelle A. Piater
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (B.C.O.); (M.I.M.); (P.A.S.); (I.A.D.)
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Vincent SA, Kim JM, Pérez-Salamó I, To TK, Torii C, Ishida J, Tanaka M, Endo TA, Bhat P, Devlin PF, Seki M, Devoto A. Jasmonates and Histone deacetylase 6 activate Arabidopsis genome-wide histone acetylation and methylation during the early acute stress response. BMC Biol 2022; 20:83. [PMID: 35399062 PMCID: PMC8996529 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01273-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jasmonates (JAs) mediate trade-off between responses to both biotic and abiotic stress and growth in plants. The Arabidopsis thaliana HISTONE DEACETYLASE 6 is part of the CORONATINE INSENSITIVE1 receptor complex, co-repressing the HDA6/COI1-dependent acetic acid-JA pathway that confers plant drought tolerance. The decrease in HDA6 binding to target DNA mirrors histone H4 acetylation (H4Ac) changes during JA-mediated drought response, and mutations in HDA6 also cause depletion in the constitutive repressive marker H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3). However, the genome-wide effect of HDA6 on H4Ac and much of the impact of JAs on histone modifications and chromatin remodelling remain elusive. RESULTS We performed high-throughput ChIP-Seq on the HDA6 mutant, axe1-5, and wild-type plants with or without methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment to assess changes in active H4ac and repressive H3K27me3 histone markers. Transcriptional regulation was investigated in parallel by microarray analysis in the same conditions. MeJA- and HDA6-dependent histone modifications on genes for specialized metabolism; linolenic acid and phenylpropanoid pathways; and abiotic and biotic stress responses were identified. H4ac and H3K27me3 enrichment also differentially affects JAs and HDA6-mediated genome integrity and gene regulatory networks, substantiating the role of HDA6 interacting with specific families of transposable elements in planta and highlighting further specificity of action as well as novel targets of HDA6 in the context of JA signalling for abiotic and biotic stress responses. CONCLUSIONS The findings demonstrate functional overlap for MeJA and HDA6 in tuning plant developmental plasticity and response to stress at the histone modification level. MeJA and HDA6, nonetheless, maintain distinct activities on histone modifications to modulate genetic variability and to allow adaptation to environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey A Vincent
- Plant Molecular Science and Centre of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Jong-Myong Kim
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Present address: Ac-Planta Inc., 2-16-9 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0034, Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Imma Pérez-Salamó
- Plant Molecular Science and Centre of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Taiko Kim To
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Chieko Torii
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Junko Ishida
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Maho Tanaka
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takaho A Endo
- Bioinformatics and Systems Engineering Division, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Present address: Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Prajwal Bhat
- Plant Molecular Science and Centre of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Paul F Devlin
- Plant Molecular Science and Centre of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Motoaki Seki
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
- Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Alessandra Devoto
- Plant Molecular Science and Centre of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK.
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Srivastava S, Pandey SP, Singh P, Pradhan L, Pande V, Sane AP. Early wound-responsive cues regulate the expression of WRKY family genes in chickpea differently under wounded and unwounded conditions. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 28:719-735. [PMID: 35592484 PMCID: PMC9110599 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-022-01170-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Insect wounding activates a large number of signals that function coordinately to modulate gene expression and elicit defense responses. How each signal influences gene expression in absence of wounding is also important since it can shed light on changes occurring during the shift to wound response. Using simulated Helicoverpa armigera herbivory on chickpea, we had identified at least 14 WRKY genes that showed 5-50 fold increase in expression within 5-20 min of wounding. Our studies show that contrary to their collective effects upon wounding, individual chemical cues show distinct and often opposite effects in absence of wounding. In particular, jasmonic acid, a key early defense hormone, reduced transcripts of most WRKY genes by > 50% upon treatment of unwounded chickpea leaves as did salicylic acid. Neomycin (a JA biosynthesis inhibitor) delayed and also reduced early wound expression. H2O2 transiently activated several genes within 5-20 min by 5-8 fold while ethylene activated only a few WRKY genes by 2-5 fold. The summation of the individual effects of these chemical cues does not explain the strong increase in transcript levels upon wounding. Detailed studies of a 931 nt region of the CaWRKY41 promoter, show strong wound-responsive GUS expression in Arabidopsis even in presence of neomycin. Surprisingly its expression was lost in the coi1, ein2 and myc2myc3myc4 mutant backgrounds suggesting the requirement of intact ethylene and JA signaling pathways (dependent on MYCs) for wound-responsive expression. The studies highlight the complexity of gene regulation by different chemical cues in the presence and absence of wounding. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains Supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-022-01170-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Srivastava
- Plant Gene Expression Lab, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001 India
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Nainital, 26300 India
| | - Saurabh Prakash Pandey
- Plant Gene Expression Lab, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Priya Singh
- Plant Gene Expression Lab, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Laxmipriya Pradhan
- Plant Gene Expression Lab, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Veena Pande
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Nainital, 26300 India
| | - Aniruddha P Sane
- Plant Gene Expression Lab, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
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MicroRNA-mediated post-transcriptional regulation of Pinus pinaster response and resistance to pinewood nematode. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5160. [PMID: 35338210 PMCID: PMC8956650 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09163-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pine wilt disease (PWD), caused by the parasitic nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, or pinewood nematode (PWN), is a serious threat to pine forests in Europe. Pinus pinaster is highly susceptible to the disease and it is currently the most affected European pine species. In this work, we investigated the role of small RNAs (sRNAs) in regulating P. pinaster–PWN interaction in an early stage of infection. After performing an artificial PWN inoculation assay, we have identified 105 plant microRNAs (miRNAs) responsive to PWN. Based on their predicted targets, part of these miRNAs was associated with roles in jasmonate-response pathway, ROS detoxification, and terpenoid biosynthesis. Furthermore, by comparing resistant and susceptible plants, eight miRNAs with putative functions in plant defence and resistance to PWN have been identified. Finally, we explored the possibility of bidirectional trans-kingdom RNA silencing, identifying several P. pinaster genes putatively targeted by PWN miRNAs, which was supported by degradome analysis. Targets for P. pinaster miRNAs were also predicted in PWN, suggesting a role for trans-kingdom miRNA transfer and gene silencing both in PWN parasitism as in P. pinaster resistance to PWD. Our results provide new insights into previously unexplored roles of sRNA post-transcriptional regulation in P. pinaster response and resistance to PWN.
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Mir RA, Bhat BA, Yousuf H, Islam ST, Raza A, Rizvi MA, Charagh S, Albaqami M, Sofi PA, Zargar SM. Multidimensional Role of Silicon to Activate Resilient Plant Growth and to Mitigate Abiotic Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:819658. [PMID: 35401625 PMCID: PMC8984490 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.819658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable agricultural production is critically antagonistic by fluctuating unfavorable environmental conditions. The introduction of mineral elements emerged as the most exciting and magical aspect, apart from the novel intervention of traditional and applied strategies to defend the abiotic stress conditions. The silicon (Si) has ameliorating impacts by regulating diverse functionalities on enhancing the growth and development of crop plants. Si is categorized as a non-essential element since crop plants accumulate less during normal environmental conditions. Studies on the application of Si in plants highlight the beneficial role of Si during extreme stressful conditions through modulation of several metabolites during abiotic stress conditions. Phytohormones are primary plant metabolites positively regulated by Si during abiotic stress conditions. Phytohormones play a pivotal role in crop plants' broad-spectrum biochemical and physiological aspects during normal and extreme environmental conditions. Frontline phytohormones include auxin, cytokinin, ethylene, gibberellin, salicylic acid, abscisic acid, brassinosteroids, and jasmonic acid. These phytohormones are internally correlated with Si in regulating abiotic stress tolerance mechanisms. This review explores insights into the role of Si in enhancing the phytohormone metabolism and its role in maintaining the physiological and biochemical well-being of crop plants during diverse abiotic stresses. Moreover, in-depth information about Si's pivotal role in inducing abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants through metabolic and molecular modulations is elaborated. Furthermore, the potential of various high throughput technologies has also been discussed in improving Si-induced multiple stress tolerance. In addition, a special emphasis is engrossed in the role of Si in achieving sustainable agricultural growth and global food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakeeb Ahmad Mir
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, India
| | | | - Henan Yousuf
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, India
| | | | - Ali Raza
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute, Center of Legume Crop Genetics and Systems Biology/College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), Fuzhou, China
| | | | - Sidra Charagh
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mohammed Albaqami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Parvaze A. Sofi
- Division of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Sajad Majeed Zargar
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir (SKUAST-K), Srinagar, India
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72
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Diversity of Neofusicoccum parvum for the Production of the Phytotoxic Metabolites (-)-Terremutin and (R)-Mellein. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8030319. [PMID: 35330321 PMCID: PMC8948911 DOI: 10.3390/jof8030319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Two Neofusicoccumparvum isolates and a UV mutant were characterized for their phytotoxin production in vitro, their pathogenicity on grapevine, and their genome sequenced. The isolate Np-Bt67 produced high level of (-)-terremutin, but almost no (R)-mellein, and it was the most aggressive on grapevine, triggering apoplexy. Similar symptoms were not induced by purified (-)-terremutin. The isolate Bourgogne S-116 (Np-B) produced 3-fold less (-)-terremutin and high amounts of (R)-mellein, but it was less aggressive on grapevine than Np-Bt67. The UV9 mutant obtained from Np-B (NpB-UV9) no longer produced (-)-terremutin but overproduced (R)-mellein by 2.5-fold, and it was as pathogenic as its parent. NpB-UV9 differed from its parent by simple mutations in two genes (transcription factor UCR-NP2_6692, regulatory protein UCR-NP2_9007), not located neither near (R)-mellein, nor (-)-terremutin biosynthetic genes, but likely involved in the control of (-)-terremutin biosynthesis. Grapevine immunity was disturbed upon challenge with these pathogens or purified phytotoxins, leading to an upregulation of SA-dependent defenses, while (-)-terremutin interfered with host JA/ET-dependent defenses. Our results suggest that neither (-)-terremutin nor (R)-mellein alone is essential for the pathogenicity of N. parvum on grapevine, since isolate/mutant non-producing these toxins in vitro is pathogenic. However, these phytotoxins could play a quantitative role in the infection process.
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Madriz-Ordeñana K, Pazarlar S, Jørgensen HJL, Nielsen TK, Zhang Y, Nielsen KL, Hansen LH, Thordal-Christensen H. The Bacillus cereus Strain EC9 Primes the Plant Immune System for Superior Biocontrol of Fusarium oxysporum. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11050687. [PMID: 35270157 PMCID: PMC8912794 DOI: 10.3390/plants11050687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Antibiosis is a key feature widely exploited to develop biofungicides based on the ability of biological control agents (BCAs) to produce fungitoxic compounds. A less recognised attribute of plant-associated beneficial microorganisms is their ability to stimulate the plant immune system, which may provide long-term, systemic self-protection against different types of pathogens. By using conventional antifungal in vitro screening coupled with in planta assays, we found antifungal and non-antifungal Bacillus strains that protected the ornamental plant Kalanchoe against the soil-borne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum in experimental and commercial production settings. Further examination of one antifungal and one non-antifungal strain indicated that high protection efficacy in planta did not correlate with antifungal activity in vitro. Whole-genome sequencing showed that the non-antifungal strain EC9 lacked the biosynthetic gene clusters associated with typical antimicrobial compounds. Instead, this bacterium triggers the expression of marker genes for the jasmonic and salicylic acid defence pathways, but only after pathogen challenge, indicating that this strain may protect Kalanchoe plants by priming immunity. We suggest that the stimulation of the plant immune system is a promising mode of action of BCAs for the development of novel biological crop protection products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Madriz-Ordeñana
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Section for Plant and Soil Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (S.P.); (H.J.L.J.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.-C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sercan Pazarlar
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Section for Plant and Soil Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (S.P.); (H.J.L.J.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.-C.)
| | - Hans Jørgen Lyngs Jørgensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Section for Plant and Soil Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (S.P.); (H.J.L.J.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.-C.)
| | - Tue Kjærgaard Nielsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Section for Microbial Ecology and Biotechnology, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (T.K.N.); (L.H.H.)
| | - Yingqi Zhang
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Section for Plant and Soil Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (S.P.); (H.J.L.J.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.-C.)
| | | | - Lars Hestbjerg Hansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Section for Microbial Ecology and Biotechnology, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (T.K.N.); (L.H.H.)
| | - Hans Thordal-Christensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Section for Plant and Soil Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (S.P.); (H.J.L.J.); (Y.Z.); (H.T.-C.)
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74
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Hauri KC, Szendrei Z. A Meta-analysis of Interactions Between Insect Herbivores and Plant-Parasitic Nematodes. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 51:1-10. [PMID: 35171278 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvab131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Insect herbivores and plant-parasitic nematodes are global, economically devastating pests that are present in nearly every crop and natural system worldwide. Although they may be spatially separated, they indirectly interact with each other by altering both plant chemical defense and nutrition. However, the outcome of these interactions is highly variable across different focal species. We performed a meta-analysis to determine how plant and nematode traits influence insect herbivore growth and reproduction, as well as nematode abundance and reproduction. We investigated how interactions between plant-parasitic nematodes and insect herbivores influence plant biomass, carbon, and nitrogen in the roots and shoots. We found no overall effect of nematodes on insect herbivores or insect herbivores on nematodes. However, while phloem-feeding insect reproduction was not affected by nematode feeding guild or plant family, chewing insect growth increased in the presence of cyst nematodes and decreased in the presence of gall nematodes. The effect of nematodes on chewing insect herbivore growth was also affected by the focal plant family. Nematode presence did not alter plant biomass when plants were exposed to aboveground insect herbivory, but carbon and nitrogen were higher in roots and nitrogen was higher in shoots of plants with nematodes and insects compared to plants with insects alone. Our results indicate that the mechanisms driving the outcome of aboveground-belowground interactions are still unclear, but those chewing insects may have more variable responses to nematode damage than phloem-feeders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayleigh C Hauri
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Zsofia Szendrei
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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75
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Rebolledo-Prudencio OG, Estrada-Rivera M, Dautt-Castro M, Arteaga-Vazquez MA, Arenas-Huertero C, Rosendo-Vargas MM, Jin H, Casas-Flores S. The small RNA-mediated gene silencing machinery is required in Arabidopsis for stimulation of growth, systemic disease resistance, and suppression of the nitrile-specifier gene NSP4 by Trichoderma atroviride. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:873-890. [PMID: 34807478 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma atroviride is a root-colonizing fungus that confers multiple benefits to plants. In plants, small RNA (sRNA)-mediated gene silencing (sRNA-MGS) plays pivotal roles in growth, development, and pathogen attack. Here, we explored the role of core components of Arabidopsis thaliana sRNA-MGS pathways during its interaction with Trichoderma. Upon interaction with Trichoderma, sRNA-MGS-related genes paralleled the expression of Arabidopsis defense-related genes, linked to salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) pathways. SA- and JA-related genes were primed by Trichoderma in leaves after the application of the well-known pathogen-associated molecular patterns flg22 and chitin, respectively. Defense-related genes were primed in roots as well, but to different extents and behaviors. Phenotypical characterization of mutants in AGO genes and components of the RNA-dependent DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway revealed that different sets of sRNA-MGS-related genes are essential for (i) the induction of systemic acquired resistance against Botrytis cinerea, (ii) the activation of the expression of plant defense-related genes, and (iii) root colonization by Trichoderma. Additionally, plant growth induced by Trichoderma depends on functional RdDM. Profiling of DNA methylation and histone N-tail modification patterns at the Arabidopsis Nitrile-Specifier Protein-4 (NSP4) locus, which is responsive to Trichoderma, showed altered epigenetic modifications in RdDM mutants. Furthermore, NSP4 is required for the induction of systemic acquired resistance against Botrytis and avoidance of enhanced root colonization by Trichoderma. Together, our results indicate that RdDM is essential in Arabidopsis to establish a beneficial relationship with Trichoderma. We propose that DNA methylation and histone modifications are required for plant priming by the beneficial fungus against B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Guillermo Rebolledo-Prudencio
- División de Biología Molecular, IPICYT, Camino a la presa San José No. 2055, Colonia Lomas 4ª Sección, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., C.P. 78216, Mexico
| | - Magnolia Estrada-Rivera
- División de Biología Molecular, IPICYT, Camino a la presa San José No. 2055, Colonia Lomas 4ª Sección, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., C.P. 78216, Mexico
| | - Mitzuko Dautt-Castro
- División de Biología Molecular, IPICYT, Camino a la presa San José No. 2055, Colonia Lomas 4ª Sección, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., C.P. 78216, Mexico
| | - Mario A Arteaga-Vazquez
- Universidad Veracruzana, INBIOTECA-Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada, Av. de las Culturas Veracruzanas No. 101, Colonia Emiliano Zapata, Xalapa, Veracruz, C.P. 91090, Mexico
| | - Catalina Arenas-Huertero
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Chapultepec #1570, Priv del Pedregal., San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., C.P. 78295, Mexico
| | - Maria Montserrat Rosendo-Vargas
- División de Biología Molecular, IPICYT, Camino a la presa San José No. 2055, Colonia Lomas 4ª Sección, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., C.P. 78216, Mexico
| | - Hailing Jin
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Sergio Casas-Flores
- División de Biología Molecular, IPICYT, Camino a la presa San José No. 2055, Colonia Lomas 4ª Sección, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., C.P. 78216, Mexico
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76
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Gulabani H, Goswami K, Walia Y, Roy A, Noor JJ, Ingole KD, Kasera M, Laha D, Giehl RFH, Schaaf G, Bhattacharjee S. Arabidopsis inositol polyphosphate kinases IPK1 and ITPK1 modulate crosstalk between SA-dependent immunity and phosphate-starvation responses. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:347-363. [PMID: 34797387 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02812-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Selective Arabidopsis thaliana inositol phosphate kinase functions modulate response amplitudes in innate immunity by balancing signalling adjustments with phosphate homeostasis networks. Pyrophosphorylation of InsP6 generates InsP7 and/or InsP8 containing high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds that are harnessed during energy requirements of a cell. As bona fide co-factors for several phytohormone networks, InsP7/InsP8 modulate key developmental processes. With requirements in transducing jasmonic acid (JA) and phosphate-starvation responses (PSR), InsP8 exemplifies a versatile metabolite for crosstalks between different cellular pathways during diverse stress exposures. Here we show that Arabidopsis thaliana INOSITOL PENTAKISPHOSPHATE 2-KINASE 1 (IPK1), INOSITOL 1,3,4-TRISPHOSPHATE 5/6-KINASE 1 (ITPK1), and DIPHOSPHOINOSITOL PENTAKISPHOSPHATE KINASE 2 (VIH2) implicated in InsP8 biosynthesis, suppress salicylic acid (SA)-dependent immunity. In ipk1, itpk1 or vih2 mutants, constitutive activation of defenses lead to enhanced resistance against the Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 (PstDC3000) strain. Our data reveal that upregulated SA-signaling sectors potentiate increased expression of several phosphate-starvation inducible (PSI)-genes, previously known in these mutants. In reciprocation, upregulated PSI-genes moderate expression amplitudes of defense-associated markers. We demonstrate that SA is induced in phosphate-deprived plants, however its defense-promoting functions are likely diverted to PSR-supportive roles. Overall, our investigations reveal selective InsPs as crosstalk mediators in defense-phosphate homeostasis and in reprogramming stress-appropriate response intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitika Gulabani
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Plant Resistance, UNESCO-Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Krishnendu Goswami
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Plant Resistance, UNESCO-Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Yashika Walia
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Plant Resistance, UNESCO-Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Abhisha Roy
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Plant Resistance, UNESCO-Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Jewel Jameeta Noor
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Plant Resistance, UNESCO-Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Kishor D Ingole
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Plant Resistance, UNESCO-Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
- Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT) University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Mritunjay Kasera
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Plant Resistance, UNESCO-Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Debabrata Laha
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560 012, India
| | - Ricardo F H Giehl
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Gabriel Schaaf
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Saikat Bhattacharjee
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Plant Resistance, UNESCO-Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India.
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77
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Margaritopoulou T, Kizis D, Kotopoulis D, Papadakis IE, Anagnostopoulos C, Baira E, Termentzi A, Vichou AE, Leifert C, Markellou E. Enriched HeK4me3 marks at Pm-0 resistance-related genes prime courgette against Podosphaera xanthii. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:576-592. [PMID: 34597395 PMCID: PMC8774738 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew (PM) disease, caused by the obligate biotrophic fungal pathogen Podosphaera xanthii, is the most reported and destructive disease on cultivated Cucurbita species all over the world. Recently, the appearance of highly aggressive P. xanthii isolates has led to PM outbreaks even in resistant crops, making disease management a very difficult task. To challenge this, breeders rely on genetic characteristics for PM control. Analysis of commercially available intermediate resistance courgette (Cucurbita pepo L. var. cylindrica) varieties using cytological, molecular, and biochemical approaches showed that the plants were under a primed state and induced systemic acquired resistance (SAR) responses, exhibiting enhanced callose production, upregulation of salicylic acid (SA) defense signaling pathway genes, and accumulation of SA and defense metabolites. Additionally, the intermediate resistant varieties showed an altered epigenetic landscape in histone marks that affect transcriptional activation. We demonstrated that courgette plants had enriched H3K4me3 marks on SA-BINDING PROTEIN 2 and YODA (YDA) genes of the Pm-0 interval introgression, a genomic region that confers resistant to Cucurbits against P. xanthii. The open chromatin of SA-BINDING PROTEIN 2 and YDA genes was consistent with genes' differential expression, induced SA pathway, altered stomata characteristics, and activated SAR responses. These findings demonstrate that the altered epigenetic landscape of the intermediate resistant varieties modulates the activation of SA-BINDING PROTEIN 2 and YDA genes leading to induced gene transcription that primes courgette plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theoni Margaritopoulou
- Scientific Directorate of Phytopathology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens 14561, Greece
| | - Dimosthenis Kizis
- Scientific Directorate of Phytopathology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens 14561, Greece
| | - Dimitris Kotopoulis
- Scientific Directorate of Phytopathology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens 14561, Greece
| | - Ioannis E Papadakis
- Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - Christos Anagnostopoulos
- Scientific Directorate of Pesticides' Assessment & Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens 14561, Greece
| | - Eirini Baira
- Scientific Directorate of Pesticides' Assessment & Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens 14561, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Termentzi
- Scientific Directorate of Pesticides' Assessment & Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens 14561, Greece
| | - Aikaterini-Eleni Vichou
- Scientific Directorate of Phytopathology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens 14561, Greece
| | - Carlo Leifert
- SCU Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, Australia
- Department of Nutrition, IMB, University of Oslo, Oslo 0372, Norway
| | - Emilia Markellou
- Scientific Directorate of Phytopathology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens 14561, Greece
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78
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Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 4-Regulated Metabolic Networks. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020880. [PMID: 35055063 PMCID: PMC8779387 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 4 (MPK4) was first identified as a negative regulator of systemic acquired resistance. It is also an important kinase involved in many other biological processes in plants, including cytokinesis, reproduction, and photosynthesis. Arabidopsis thaliana mpk4 mutant is dwarf and sterile. Previous omics studies including genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics have revealed new functions of MPK4 in different biological processes. However, due to challenges in metabolomics, no study has touched upon the metabolomic profiles of the mpk4 mutant. What metabolites and metabolic pathways are potentially regulated by MPK4 are not known. Metabolites are crucial components of plants, and they play important roles in plant growth and development, signaling, and defense. Here we used targeted and untargeted metabolomics to profile metabolites in the wild type and the mpk4 mutant. We found that in addition to the jasmonic acid and salicylic acid pathways, MPK4 is involved in polyamine synthesis and photosynthesis. In addition, we also conducted label-free proteomics of the two genotypes. The integration of metabolomics and proteomics data allows for an insight into the metabolomic networks that are potentially regulated by MPK4.
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79
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Mamun MA, Islam MT, Lee BR, Bae DW, Kim TH. Interactive Regulation of Hormone and Resistance Gene in Proline Metabolism Is Involved in Effector-Triggered Immunity or Disease Susceptibility in the Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris- Brassica napus Pathosystem. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:738608. [PMID: 35082802 PMCID: PMC8784845 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.738608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To characterize cultivar variations in hormonal regulation of the transition between pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity or susceptibility (ETI or ETS), the responses of resistance (R-) genes, hydrogen peroxide, and proline metabolism in two Brassica napus cultivars to contrasting disease susceptibility (resistant cv. Capitol vs. susceptible cv. Mosa) were interpreted as being linked to those of endogenous hormonal levels and signaling genes based on a time course of disease symptom development. Disease symptoms caused by the Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) infections were much more developed in cv. Mosa than in cv. Capitol, as shown by an earlier appearance (at 3 days postinoculation [3 DPI]) and larger V-shaped necrosis lesions (at 9-15 DPI) in cv. Mosa. The cultivar variations in the R-genes, hormone status, and proline metabolism were found in two different phases (early [0-3 DPI] and later [9-15 DPI]). In the early phase, Xcc significantly upregulated PTI-related cytoplasmic kinase (Botrytis-induced kinase-1 [BIK1]) expression (+6.3-fold) with salicylic acid (SA) accumulation in cv. Capitol, while relatively less (+2.6-fold) with highly increased jasmonic acid (JA) level in cv. Mosa. The Xcc-responsive proline accumulation in both cultivars was similar to upregulated expression of proline synthesis-related genes (P5CS2 and P5CR). During the later phase in cv. Capitol, Xcc-responsive upregulation of ZAR1 (a coiled-coil-nucleotide binding site-leucine-rich repeat [CC-NB-LRR-type R-gene]) was concomitant with a gradual increase in JA levels without additional proline accumulation. However, in cv. Mosa, upregulation of TAO1 (a toll/interleukin-1 receptor-nucleotide binding site-leucine-rich repeat [TIR-NB-LRR-type R-gene]) was consistent with an increase in SA and abscisic acid (ABA) levels and resulted in an antagonistic depression of JA, which led to a proline accumulation. These results indicate that Xcc-induced BIK1- and ZAR1-mediated JA signaling interactions provide resistance and confirm ETI, whereas BIK1- and TAO1-enhanced SA- and/or ABA-mediated proline accumulation is associated with disease susceptibility (ETS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Al Mamun
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Md Tabibul Islam
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
- Alson H. Smith Jr. Agricultural Research and Extension Center, School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Winchester, VA, United States
| | - Bok-Rye Lee
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
- Asian Pear Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Dong-Won Bae
- Biomaterial Analytical Laboratory, Central Instruments Facility, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Tae-Hwan Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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Riemer E, Pullagurla NJ, Yadav R, Rana P, Jessen HJ, Kamleitner M, Schaaf G, Laha D. Regulation of plant biotic interactions and abiotic stress responses by inositol polyphosphates. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:944515. [PMID: 36035672 PMCID: PMC9403785 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.944515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsPs), derivatives of inositol hexakisphosphate (phytic acid, InsP6) or lower inositol polyphosphates, are energy-rich signaling molecules that have critical regulatory functions in eukaryotes. In plants, the biosynthesis and the cellular targets of these messengers are not fully understood. This is because, in part, plants do not possess canonical InsP6 kinases and are able to synthesize PP-InsP isomers that appear to be absent in yeast or mammalian cells. This review will shed light on recent discoveries in the biosynthesis of these enigmatic messengers and on how they regulate important physiological processes in response to abiotic and biotic stresses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Riemer
- Departmentof Plant Nutrition, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- *Correspondence: Esther Riemer,
| | | | - Ranjana Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Priyanshi Rana
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Henning J. Jessen
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & CIBSS – The Center of Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marília Kamleitner
- Departmentof Plant Nutrition, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabriel Schaaf
- Departmentof Plant Nutrition, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Debabrata Laha
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
- Debabrata Laha,
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81
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Zou K, Li Y, Zhang W, Jia Y, Wang Y, Ma Y, Lv X, Xuan Y, Du W. Early infection response of fungal biotroph Ustilago maydis in maize. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:970897. [PMID: 36161006 PMCID: PMC9504671 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.970897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Common smut, caused by Ustilago maydis (DC.) Corda, is a destructive fungal disease of maize worldwide; it forms large tumors, reducing corn yield and quality. However, the molecular defense mechanism to common smut in maize remains unclear. The present study aimed to use a leading maize inbred line Ye478 to analyze the response to U. maydis inoculation. The histological and cytological analyses demonstrated that U. maydis grew gradually to the host cells 6 h post-inoculation (hpi). The samples collected at 0, 3, 6, and 12 hpi were analyzed to assess the maize transcriptomic changes in response to U. maydis. The results revealed differences in hormone signaling, glycometabolism, and photosynthesis after U. maydis infection; specific changes were detected in jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), ethylene (ET), and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathways, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and photosystems I and II, probably related to defense response. MapMan analysis demonstrated that the differentially expressed genes between the treatment and control groups were clustered into light reaction and photorespiration pathways. In addition, U. maydis inoculation induced chloroplast swelling and damage, suggesting a significant effect on the chloroplast activity and subsequent metabolic process, especially hexose metabolism. A further genetic study using wild-type and galactinol-sucrose galactosyltransferase (gsg) and yellow-green leaf-1 (ygl-1) mutants identified that these two U. maydis-induced genes negatively regulated defense against common smut in maize. Our measurements showed the pathogen early-invasion process, and the key pathways of both chlorophyll biosynthesis and sugar transportation were critical modified in the infected maize line, thereby throwing a light on the molecular mechanisms in the maize-U. maydis interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunkun Zou
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Yunfeng Jia
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuting Ma
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiangling Lv
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuanhu Xuan
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wanli Du
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Wanli Du
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82
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Nomoto M, Skelly MJ, Itaya T, Mori T, Suzuki T, Matsushita T, Tokizawa M, Kuwata K, Mori H, Yamamoto YY, Higashiyama T, Tsukagoshi H, Spoel SH, Tada Y. Suppression of MYC transcription activators by the immune cofactor NPR1 fine-tunes plant immune responses. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110125. [PMID: 34910911 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants tailor immune responses to defend against pathogens with different lifestyles. In this process, antagonism between the immune hormones salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) optimizes transcriptional signatures specifically to the attacker encountered. Antagonism is controlled by the transcription cofactor NPR1. The indispensable role of NPR1 in activating SA-responsive genes is well understood, but how it functions as a repressor of JA-responsive genes remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that SA-induced NPR1 is recruited to JA-responsive promoter regions that are co-occupied by a JA-induced transcription complex consisting of the MYC2 activator and MED25 Mediator subunit. In the presence of SA, NPR1 physically associates with JA-induced MYC2 and inhibits transcriptional activation by disrupting its interaction with MED25. Importantly, NPR1-mediated inhibition of MYC2 is a major immune mechanism for suppressing pathogen virulence. Thus, NPR1 orchestrates the immune transcriptome not only by activating SA-responsive genes but also by acting as a corepressor of JA-responsive MYC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Nomoto
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan; Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Michael J Skelly
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Tomotaka Itaya
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Mori
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Takamasa Suzuki
- JST ERATO Higashiyama Live-Holonics Project, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan; College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Tomonao Matsushita
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Mutsutomo Tokizawa
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Keiko Kuwata
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Mori
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | | | - Tetsuya Higashiyama
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan; JST ERATO Higashiyama Live-Holonics Project, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan; Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hironaka Tsukagoshi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Tenpaku, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8502, Japan
| | - Steven H Spoel
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK.
| | - Yasuomi Tada
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan; Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan.
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83
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Khan AL, Asaf S, Numan M, AbdulKareem NM, Imran M, Riethoven JJM, Kim HY, Al-Harrasi A, Schachtman DP, Al-Rawahi A, Lee IJ. Transcriptomics of tapping and healing process in frankincense tree during resin production. Genomics 2021; 113:4337-4351. [PMID: 34798281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Frankincense tree (Boswellia sacra Fluek) has been poorly known on how it responds to tapping and wound-recovery process at molecular levels. Here, we used RNA-sequencing analysis to profile transcriptome of B. sacra after 30 min, 3 h and 6 h of post-tapping. Results showed 5525 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that were related to terpenoid biosynthesis, phytohormonal regulation, cellular transport, and cell-wall synthesis. Plant-growth-regulators were applied exogenously which showed regulation of endogenous jasmonates and resulted in rapid recovery of cell-wall integrity by significantly up-regulated gene expression of terpenoid biosynthesis (germacrene-D synthase, B-amyrin synthase, and squalene epioxidase-1) and cell-wall synthesis (xyloglucan endotransglucosylase, cellulose synthase-A, and cell-wall hydrolase) compared to control. These findings suggest that tapping immediately activated several cell-developmental and regeneration processes, alongwith defense-induced terpenoid metabolism, to improve the healing process in epidermis. Exogenous growth regulators, especially jasmonic acid, can drastically help tree recovery from tissue degeneration and might help in tree conservation purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Latif Khan
- Department of Engineering Technology, College of Technology, University of Houston, Houston 77479, TX, United States of America; Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman.
| | - Sajjad Asaf
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman
| | - Muhammad Numan
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 363 Sullivan Science Building, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, United States of America
| | | | - Muhammad Imran
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jean-Jack M Riethoven
- Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States of America
| | - Ho-Youn Kim
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman.
| | - Daniel P Schachtman
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States of America.
| | - Ahmed Al-Rawahi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman
| | - In-Jung Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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84
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Yang F, Wang H, Zhi C, Chen B, Zheng Y, Qiao L, Gao J, Pan Y, Cheng Z. Garlic Volatile Diallyl Disulfide Induced Cucumber Resistance to Downy Mildew. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212328. [PMID: 34830208 PMCID: PMC8625977 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Allicin compositions in garlic are used widely as fungicides in modern agriculture, in which diallyl disulfide (DADS) is a major compound. Downy mildew, caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis (P. cubensis), is one of the most destructive diseases and causes severe yield losses in cucumbers. To explore the potential mechanism of DADS-induced cucumber resistance to downy mildew, cucumber seedlings were treated with DADS and then inoculated with P. cubensis at a 10-day interval. Symptom observation showed that DADS significantly induced cucumber resistance to downy mildew. Furthermore, both lignin and H2O2 were significantly increased by DADS treatment to responding P. cubensis infection. Simultaneously, the enzyme activities of peroxidase (POD) in DADS-treated seedlings were significantly promoted. Meanwhile, both the auxin (IAA) and salicylic acid (SA) contents were increased, and their related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were up-regulated when treated with DADS. Transcriptome profiling showed that many DEGs were involved in the biological processes of defense responses, in which DEGs on the pathways of 'phenylpropanoid biosynthesis', 'phenylalanine metabolism', 'MAPK signaling', and 'plant hormone signal transduction' were significantly up-regulated in DADS-treated cucumbers uninoculated with the pathogen. Based on the results of several physiological indices and transcriptomes, a potential molecular mechanism of DADS-induced cucumber resistance to downy mildew was proposed and discussed. The results of this study might give new insight into the exploration of the induced resistance mechanism of cucumber to downy mildew and provide useful information for the subsequent mining of resistance genes in cucumber.
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85
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Leal C, Richet N, Guise JF, Gramaje D, Armengol J, Fontaine F, Trotel-Aziz P. Cultivar Contributes to the Beneficial Effects of Bacillus subtilis PTA-271 and Trichoderma atroviride SC1 to Protect Grapevine Against Neofusicoccum parvum. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:726132. [PMID: 34721323 PMCID: PMC8552030 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.726132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are a big threat for global viticulture. Without effective chemicals, biocontrol strategies are developed as alternatives to better cope with environmental concerns. A combination of biological control agents (BCAs) could even improve sustainable disease management through complementary ways of protection. In this study, we evaluated the combination of Bacillus subtilis (Bs) PTA-271 and Trichoderma atroviride (Ta) SC1 for the protection of Chardonnay and Tempranillo rootlings against Neofusicoccum parvum Bt67, an aggressive pathogen associated to Botryosphaeria dieback (BD). Indirect benefits offered by each BCA and their combination were then characterized in planta, as well as their direct benefits in vitro. Results provide evidence that (1) the cultivar contributes to the beneficial effects of Bs PTA-271 and Ta SC1 against N. parvum, and that (2) the in vitro BCA mutual antagonism switches to the strongest fungistatic effect toward Np-Bt67 in a three-way confrontation test. We also report for the first time the beneficial potential of a combination of BCA against Np-Bt67 especially in Tempranillo. Our findings highlight a common feature for both cultivars: salicylic acid (SA)-dependent defenses were strongly decreased in plants protected by the BCA, in contrast with symptomatic ones. We thus suggest that (1) the high basal expression of SA-dependent defenses in Tempranillo explains its highest susceptibility to N. parvum, and that (2) the cultivar-specific responses to the beneficial Bs PTA-271 and Ta SC1 remain to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Leal
- University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes Research Unit, EA 4707, INRAE USC 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Reims, France
| | - Nicolas Richet
- University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes Research Unit, EA 4707, INRAE USC 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Reims, France
| | - Jean-François Guise
- University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes Research Unit, EA 4707, INRAE USC 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Reims, France
| | - David Gramaje
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de la Rioja, Gobierno de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Josep Armengol
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Florence Fontaine
- University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes Research Unit, EA 4707, INRAE USC 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Reims, France
| | - Patricia Trotel-Aziz
- University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes Research Unit, EA 4707, INRAE USC 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Reims, France
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86
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Wang Q, Xu Y, Zhang M, Zhu F, Sun M, Lian X, Zhao G, Duan D. Transcriptome and metabolome analysis of stress tolerance to aluminium in Vitis quinquangularis. PLANTA 2021; 254:105. [PMID: 34687358 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03759-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional and metabolic regulation of aluminium tolerance of Chinese wild Vitis quinquangularis after Al treatment for 12 h: genes and pathways related to stress resistance are activated to cope with Al stress. The phytotoxicity of aluminium (Al) has become a major issue in inhibiting plant growth in acidic soils. Chinese wild Vitis species have excellent stress resistance. In this study, to explore the mechanism underlying Al tolerance in Chinese wild Vitis quinquangularis, we conducted a transcriptome analysis to understand the changes in gene expression and pathways in V. quinquangularis leaves after Al treatment for 12 h (Al_12 h). Compared with the control (CK) treatment, 2266 upregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 2943 downregulated DEGs were identified after Al treatment. We analysed the top 60 upregulated DEGs and found that these genes were related mostly to cell wall organization or biogenesis, transition metal ion binding, etc. Another analysis of all the upregulated DEGs showed that genes related to the ABC transport pathway, salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA) and abscisic acid (ABA) hormone signalling pathway were expressed. Transcriptome and metabolome analysis revealed that genes and metabolites (phenylalanine, cinnamate and quercetin) related to the phenylalanine metabolic pathway were expressed. In summary, the results provide a new contribution to a better understanding of the metabolic changes that occur in grapes after Al stress as well as to research on improving the resistance of grape cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Yifan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Fanding Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Mingxuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Xinyu Lian
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Guifang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Dong Duan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
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87
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Beyer SF, Bel PS, Flors V, Schultheiss H, Conrath U, Langenbach CJG. Disclosure of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid-responsive genes provides a molecular tool for deciphering stress responses in soybean. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20600. [PMID: 34663865 PMCID: PMC8523552 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00209-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormones orchestrate the physiology of organisms. Measuring the activity of defense hormone-responsive genes can help understanding immune signaling and facilitate breeding for plant health. However, different from model species like Arabidopsis, genes that respond to defense hormones salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) have not been disclosed in the soybean crop. We performed global transcriptome analyses to fill this knowledge gap. Upon exogenous application, endogenous levels of SA and JA increased in leaves. SA predominantly activated genes linked to systemic acquired resistance and defense signaling whereas JA mainly activated wound response-associated genes. In general, SA-responsive genes were activated earlier than those responding to JA. Consistent with the paradigm of biotrophic pathogens predominantly activating SA responses, free SA and here identified most robust SA marker genes GmNIMIN1, GmNIMIN1.2 and GmWRK40 were induced upon inoculation with Phakopsora pachyrhizi, whereas JA marker genes did not respond to infection with the biotrophic fungus. Spodoptera exigua larvae caused a strong accumulation of JA-Ile and JA-specific mRNA transcripts of GmBPI1, GmKTI1 and GmAAT whereas neither free SA nor SA-marker gene transcripts accumulated upon insect feeding. Our study provides molecular tools for monitoring the dynamic accumulation of SA and JA, e.g. in a given stress condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian F Beyer
- Plant Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Paloma Sánchez Bel
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Department of CAMN, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Victor Flors
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Department of CAMN, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Holger Schultheiss
- Agricultural Center, BASF Plant Science Company GmbH, 67117, Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - Uwe Conrath
- Plant Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Caspar J G Langenbach
- Plant Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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88
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Anderson AJ, Kim YC. The Plant-Stress Metabolites, Hexanoic Aacid and Melatonin, Are Potential "Vaccines" for Plant Health Promotion. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 37:415-427. [PMID: 34847628 PMCID: PMC8632612 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.rw.01.2021.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A plethora of compounds stimulate protective mechanisms in plants against microbial pathogens and abiotic stresses. Some defense activators are synthetic compounds and trigger responses only in certain protective pathways, such as activation of defenses under regulation by the plant regulator, salicylic acid (SA). This review discusses the potential of naturally occurring plant metabolites as primers for defense responses in the plant. The production of the metabolites, hexanoic acid and melatonin, in plants means they are consumed when plants are eaten as foods. Both metabolites prime stronger and more rapid activation of plant defense upon subsequent stress. Because these metabolites trigger protective measures in the plant they can be considered as "vaccines" to promote plant vigor. Hexanoic acid and melatonin instigate systemic changes in plant metabolism associated with both of the major defense pathways, those regulated by SA- and jasmonic acid (JA). These two pathways are well studied because of their induction by different microbial triggers: necrosis-causing microbial pathogens induce the SA pathway whereas colonization by beneficial microbes stimulates the JA pathway. The plant's responses to the two metabolites, however, are not identical with a major difference being a characterized growth response with melatonin but not hexanoic acid. As primers for plant defense, hexanoic acid and melatonin have the potential to be successfully integrated into vaccination-like strategies to protect plants against diseases and abiotic stresses that do not involve man-made chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne J. Anderson
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Young Cheol Kim
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
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89
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Mertens D, Fernández de Bobadilla M, Rusman Q, Bloem J, Douma JC, Poelman EH. Plant defence to sequential attack is adapted to prevalent herbivores. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:1347-1353. [PMID: 34650263 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-00999-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved plastic defence strategies to deal with the uncertainty of when, by which species and in which order attack by herbivores will take place1-3. However, the responses to current herbivore attack may come with a cost of compromising resistance to other, later arriving herbivores. Due to antagonistic cross-talk between physiological regulation of plant resistance to phloem-feeding and leaf-chewing herbivores4-8, the feeding guild of the initial herbivore is considered to be the primary factor determining whether resistance to subsequent attack is compromised. We show that, by investigating 90 pairwise insect-herbivore interactions among ten different herbivore species, resistance of the annual plant Brassica nigra to a later arriving herbivore species is not explained by feeding guild of the initial attacker. Instead, the prevalence of herbivore species that arrive on induced plants as approximated by three years of season-long insect community assessments in the field explained cross-resistance. Plants maintained resistance to prevalent herbivores in common patterns of herbivore arrival and compromises in resistance especially occurred for rare patterns of herbivore attack. We conclude that plants tailor induced defence strategies to deal with common patterns of sequential herbivore attack and anticipate arrival of the most prevalent herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan Mertens
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Quint Rusman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Janneke Bloem
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jacob C Douma
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Erik H Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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90
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Tzean Y, Hou BH, Tsao SM, Chen HM, Cheng AP, Chen EG, Chou WY, Chao CP, Shen WC, Chen CC, Lee MC, Ashraf I, Yeh HH. Identification of MaWRKY40 and MaDLO1 as Effective Marker Genes for Tracking the Salicylic Acid-Mediated Immune Response in Bananas. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:1800-1810. [PMID: 33703920 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-21-0017-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bananas are among the world's most important cash and staple crops but are threatened by various devastating pathogens. The phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) plays a key role in the regulation of plant immune response. Tracking the expression of SA-responsive marker genes under pathogen infection is important in pathogenesis elucidation. However, the common SA-responsive marker genes are not consistently induced in different banana cultivars or different organs. Here, we conducted transcriptome analysis for SA response of a banana cultivar, 'Pei-Chiao' (Cavendish, AAA genome), and identified three genes, MaWRKY40, MaWRKY70, and Downy Mildew Resistant 6 (DMR6)-Like Oxygenase 1 (MaDLO1) that are robustly induced upon SA treatment in both the leaves and roots. Consistent induction of these three genes by SA treatment was also detected in both the leaves and roots of bananas belonging to different genome types such as 'Tai-Chiao No. 7' (Cavendish, AAA genome), 'Pisang Awak' (ABB genome), and 'Lady Finger' (AA genome). Furthermore, the biotrophic pathogen cucumber mosaic virus elicited the expression of MaWRKY40 and MaDLO1 in infected leaves of susceptible cultivars. The hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (TR4) also consistently induced the expression of MaWRKY40 and MaDLO1 in the infected roots of the F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense TR4-resistant cultivar. These results indicate that MaWRKY40 and MaDLO1 can be used as reliable SA-responsive marker genes for the study of plant immunity in banana. Revealing SA-responsive marker genes provides a stepping stone for further studies in banana resistance to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh Tzean
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang District, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Han Hou
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang District, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ming Tsao
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang District, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Ming Chen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang District, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - An-Po Cheng
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang District, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Elena Gamboa Chen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang District, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yi Chou
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang District, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ping Chao
- Taiwan Banana Research Institute, Jiuru Township, Pingtung County, 90442, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chiang Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Da'an District, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chyi-Chuann Chen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang District, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chi Lee
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang District, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Iqra Ashraf
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang District, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hung Yeh
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang District, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Da'an District, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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91
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New early phenotypic markers for cucumber green mottle mosaic virus disease in cucumbers exposed to fluctuating extreme temperatures. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19060. [PMID: 34561518 PMCID: PMC8463606 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98595-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of early stages of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) disease have been recently focused on plant molecular responses. However, extreme diurnal environmental temperatures, characteristic of global climate changes, could affect plant susceptibility and disease phenotype progression. Our studies of CGMMV disease progression, under simulated extreme temperature waves, have revealed two new disease initiation phenotypes that developed gradually, preceding severe symptom manifestations of post-recovery CGMMV systemic infections. 'Early post-recovery stage' bright yellow islands (BYIs) with defined boundaries amid asymptomatic leaf blades were first emerging followed by 'late post-recovery stage' BYIs with diffused boundaries. A deduced CGMMV disease progression scheme, postulating BYI symptom occurrence time-windows, revealed BYIs in field grown cucumber plants exposed to extreme diurnal temperatures. Profiling ontology of cucumber differentially expressed genes in BYIs vs the associated dark-green surrounding tissues disclosed activation of jasmonic acid (JA) pathway in 'early post-recovery stage' BYIs. JA signaling was inactivated in 'late post-recovery stage' BYIs concomitant with increasing expressions of JA signaling inhibitors and downregulation of JA responsive phenylpropanoid pathway. Our results disclosed a new phenotypic description of CGMMV disease initiation, characteristic of cucumbers grown under extreme environmental temperature fluctuations. The BYI phenotypes could define a time-window for CGMMV disease management applications.
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92
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Yu D, Janz D, Zienkiewicz K, Herrfurth C, Feussner I, Chen S, Polle A. Wood Formation under Severe Drought Invokes Adjustment of the Hormonal and Transcriptional Landscape in Poplar. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9899. [PMID: 34576062 PMCID: PMC8493802 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought is a severe environmental stress that exerts negative effects on plant growth. In trees, drought leads to reduced secondary growth and altered wood anatomy. The mechanisms underlying wood stress adaptation are not well understood. Here, we investigated the physiological, anatomical, hormonal, and transcriptional responses of poplar to strong drought. Drought-stressed xylem was characterized by higher vessel frequencies, smaller vessel lumina, and thicker secondary fiber cell walls. These changes were accompanied by strong increases in abscisic acid (ABA) and antagonistic changes in salicylic acid in wood. Transcriptional evidence supported ABA biosynthesis and signaling in wood. Since ABA signaling activates the fiber-thickening factor NST1, we expected upregulation of the secondary cell wall (SCW) cascade under stress. By contrast, transcription factors and biosynthesis genes for SCW formation were down-regulated, whereas a small set of cellulose synthase-like genes and a huge array of genes involved in cell wall modification were up-regulated in drought-stressed wood. Therefore, we suggest that ABA signaling monitors normal SCW biosynthesis and that drought causes a switch from normal to "stress wood" formation recruiting a dedicated set of genes for cell wall biosynthesis and remodeling. This proposition implies that drought-induced changes in cell wall properties underlie regulatory mechanisms distinct from those of normal wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dade Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Büsgen-Institute, University of Goettingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Dennis Janz
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Büsgen-Institute, University of Goettingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Krzysztof Zienkiewicz
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-Von-Haller Institute, University of Goettingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; (K.Z.); (C.H.); (I.F.)
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-Von-Haller Institute, University of Goettingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; (K.Z.); (C.H.); (I.F.)
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-Von-Haller Institute, University of Goettingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; (K.Z.); (C.H.); (I.F.)
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Shaoliang Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Andrea Polle
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Büsgen-Institute, University of Goettingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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93
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Martínez-Arias C, Sobrino-Plata J, Gil L, Rodríguez-Calcerrada J, Martín JA. Priming of Plant Defenses against Ophiostoma novo-ulmi by Elm ( Ulmus minor Mill.) Fungal Endophytes. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:687. [PMID: 34575725 PMCID: PMC8469682 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Some fungal endophytes of forest trees are recognized as beneficial symbionts against stresses. In previous works, two elm endophytes from the classes Cystobasidiomycetes and Eurotiomycetes promoted host resistance to abiotic stress, and another elm endophyte from Dothideomycetes enhanced host resistance to Dutch elm disease (DED). Here, we hypothesize that the combined effect of these endophytes activate the plant immune and/or antioxidant system, leading to a defense priming and/or increased oxidative protection when exposed to the DED pathogen Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. To test this hypothesis, the short-term defense gene activation and antioxidant response were evaluated in DED-susceptible (MDV1) and DED-resistant (VAD2 and MDV2.3) Ulmus minor genotypes inoculated with O. novo-ulmi, as well as two weeks earlier with a mixture of the above-mentioned endophytes. Endophyte inoculation induced a generalized transient defense activation mediated primarily by salicylic acid (SA). Subsequent pathogen inoculation resulted in a primed defense response of variable intensity among genotypes. Genotypes MDV1 and VAD2 displayed a defense priming driven by SA, jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET), causing a reduced pathogen spread in MDV1. Meanwhile, the genotype MDV2.3 showed lower defense priming but a stronger and earlier antioxidant response. The defense priming stimulated by elm fungal endophytes broadens our current knowledge of the ecological functions of endophytic fungi in forest trees and opens new prospects for their use in the biocontrol of plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Martínez-Arias
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, ETSI Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.S.-P.); (L.G.); (J.R.-C.); (J.A.M.)
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94
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Modesto I, Sterck L, Arbona V, Gómez-Cadenas A, Carrasquinho I, Van de Peer Y, Miguel CM. Insights Into the Mechanisms Implicated in Pinus pinaster Resistance to Pinewood Nematode. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:690857. [PMID: 34178007 PMCID: PMC8222992 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.690857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pine wilt disease (PWD), caused by the plant-parasitic nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, has become a severe environmental problem in the Iberian Peninsula with devastating effects in Pinus pinaster forests. Despite the high levels of this species' susceptibility, previous studies reported heritable resistance in P. pinaster trees. Understanding the basis of this resistance can be of extreme relevance for future programs aiming at reducing the disease impact on P. pinaster forests. In this study, we highlighted the mechanisms possibly involved in P. pinaster resistance to PWD, by comparing the transcriptional changes between resistant and susceptible plants after infection. Our analysis revealed a higher number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in resistant plants (1,916) when compared with susceptible plants (1,226). Resistance to PWN is mediated by the induction of the jasmonic acid (JA) defense pathway, secondary metabolism pathways, lignin synthesis, oxidative stress response genes, and resistance genes. Quantification of the acetyl bromide-soluble lignin confirmed a significant increase of cell wall lignification of stem tissues around the inoculation zone in resistant plants. In addition to less lignified cell walls, susceptibility to the pine wood nematode seems associated with the activation of the salicylic acid (SA) defense pathway at 72 hpi, as revealed by the higher SA levels in the tissues of susceptible plants. Cell wall reinforcement and hormone signaling mechanisms seem therefore essential for a resistance response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Modesto
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia e Tecnologia Experimental, Oeiras, Portugal
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lieven Sterck
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vicent Arbona
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Isabel Carrasquinho
- Instituto Nacional Investigaciao Agraria e Veterinaria, Oeiras, Portugal
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Yves Van de Peer
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Célia M. Miguel
- Instituto de Biologia e Tecnologia Experimental, Oeiras, Portugal
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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95
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Impact of the female and hermaphrodite forms of Opuntia robusta on the plant defence hypothesis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12063. [PMID: 34103611 PMCID: PMC8187663 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91524-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The optimal defence hypothesis predicts that increased plant defence capabilities, lower levels of damage, and lower investment in vegetative biomass will occur more frequently in sexual forms with higher resource-demanding tissue production and/or younger plant parts. We aimed to examine the effects of sexual form, cladode, and flower age on growth rate, herbivore damage, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA), chlorogenic acid, and quercetin (QUE) concentrations in Opuntia robusta plants in central Mexico. Our findings demonstrated that hermaphrodite flowers showed faster growth and lesser damage than female flowers. The effect of cladode sexual forms on 4-HBA and QUE occurrence was consistent with the predictions of the optimal defence hypothesis. However, chlorogenic acid occurrences were not significantly affected by sexual forms. Old cladodes exhibited higher QUE and 4-HBA occurrences than young cladodes, and hermaphrodites exhibited higher 4-HBA concentrations than females. Resource allocation for reproduction and secondary metabolite production, and growth was higher and lower, respectively, in females, compared to hermaphrodites, indicating a trade-off between investment in reproduction, growth, and secondary metabolite production. Secondary metabolite concentrations in O. robusta plants were not negatively correlated with herbivore damage, and the two traits were not accurate predictors of plant reproductive output.
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96
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Flavonone 3-hydroxylase Relieves Bacterial Leaf Blight Stress in Rice via Overaccumulation of Antioxidant Flavonoids and Induction of Defense Genes and Hormones. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116152. [PMID: 34200345 PMCID: PMC8201380 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient accumulation of flavonoids is important for increased tolerance to biotic stress. Although several plant defense mechanisms are known, the roles of many pathways, proteins, and secondary metabolites in stress tolerance are unknown. We generated a flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) overexpressor rice line and inoculated Xanthomonas Oryzae pv. oryzae and compared the control and wildtype inoculated plants. In addition to promoting plant growth and developmental maintenance, the overexpression of F3H increased the accumulation of flavonoids and increased tolerance to bacterial leaf blight (BLB) stress. Moreover, leaf lesion length was higher in the infected wildtype plants compared with infected transgenics. Kaempferol and quercetin, which scavenge reactive oxygen species, overaccumulated in transgenic lines compared with wildtypes in response to pathogenic infection, detected by scanning electron microscopy and spectrophotometry. The induction of F3H altered the antioxidant system and reduced the levels of glutathione peroxidase activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in the transgenic lines compared with the wildtypes. Downstream gene regulation analysis showed that the expression of F3H increased the regulation of flavonol synthase (FLS), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), and slender rice mutant (SLR1) during BLB stress. The analysis of SA and JA signaling revealed an antagonistic interaction between both hormones and that F3H induction significantly promoted SA and inhibited JA accumulation in the transgenic lines. SA-dependent nonexpressor pathogenesis-related (NPR1) and Xa1 showed significant upregulation in the infected transgenic lines compared with the infected control and wildtype lines. Thus, the overexpression of F3H was essential for increasing BLB stress tolerance.
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97
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Iqbal S, Pan Z, Hayat F, Bai Y, Coulibaly D, Ali S, Ni X, Shi T, Gao Z. Comprehensive transcriptome profiling to identify genes involved in pistil abortion of Japanese apricot. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:1191-1204. [PMID: 34177144 PMCID: PMC8212332 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-01019-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Flower development exists as a key period in the angiosperms life cycle and the proper development is considered with its reproductive success. Pistil abortion is one of the widely distributed aspects of berry plants and its basic mechanism in Japanese apricot is quite unclear and needs thorough investigation. The present study was carried out to get a deep insight into the pistil abortion mechanism in Japanese apricot using a transcriptomic approach. A large number of DEGs were identified from different development stages of normal and abortive pistils. Pair-wise comparison analysis was performed as LY1 vs DQD1, LY2 vs DQD2, and LY3 vs DQD3 and produced 3590, 2085, and 2286 transcripts, respectively. The Gene Ontology (GO) showed that different metabolic processes, plant hormones, developmental processes, and photosystem-related genes were involved in pistil abortion. The pathway analysis revealed significant enrichment of plant hormone's signal transduction and circadian rhythm pathways. Furthermore, transcription factors such as MYB, MADS-box, and NAC family showed lower expression in abortive pistils. The current study presents a new strategy for advanced research and understanding of the pistil abortion process in Japanese apricot and provides a possible reference for other deciduous fruit trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Iqbal
- Laboratory of Fruit Tree Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, No. 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014 China
| | - Zhenpeng Pan
- Laboratory of Fruit Tree Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Faisal Hayat
- Laboratory of Fruit Tree Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Yang Bai
- Laboratory of Fruit Tree Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Daouda Coulibaly
- Laboratory of Fruit Tree Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Sajid Ali
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800 Pakistan
| | - Xiaopeng Ni
- Laboratory of Fruit Tree Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Ting Shi
- Laboratory of Fruit Tree Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Zhihong Gao
- Laboratory of Fruit Tree Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
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98
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Yu TY, Sun MK, Liang LK. Receptors in the Induction of the Plant Innate Immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:587-601. [PMID: 33512246 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-20-0173-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants adjust amplitude and duration of immune responses via different strategies to maintain growth, development, and resistance to pathogens. Pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) play vital roles. Pattern recognition receptors, comprising a large number of receptor-like protein kinases and receptor-like proteins, recognize related ligands and trigger immunity. PTI is the first layer of the innate immune system, and it recognizes PAMPs at the plasma membrane to prevent infection. However, pathogens exploit effector proteins to bypass or directly inhibit the PTI immune pathway. Consistently, plants have evolved intracellular nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing proteins to detect pathogenic effectors and trigger a hypersensitive response to activate ETI. PTI and ETI work together to protect plants from infection by viruses and other pathogens. Diverse receptors and the corresponding ligands, especially several pairs of well-studied receptors and ligands in PTI immunity, are reviewed to illustrate the dynamic process of PTI response here.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Ying Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Meng-Kun Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Li-Kun Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
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99
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Cai Z, Yang C, Liao J, Song H, Zhang S. Sex-biased genes and metabolites explain morphologically sexual dimorphism and reproductive costs in Salix paraplesia catkins. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:125. [PMID: 34059667 PMCID: PMC8166972 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00566-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Dioecious species evolved from species with monomorphic sex systems in order to achieve overall fitness gains by separating male and female functions. As reproductive organs, unisexual flowers have different reproductive roles and exhibit conspicuous sexual dimorphism. To date, little is known about the temporal variations in and molecular mechanisms underlying the morphology and reproductive costs of dioecious flowers. We investigated male and female flowers of Salix paraplesia in three flowering stages before pollination (the early, blooming and late stages) via transcriptional sequencing as well as metabolite content and phenotypic analysis. We found that a large number of sex-biased genes, rather than sex-limited genes, were responsible for sexual dimorphism in S. paraplesia flowers and that the variation in gene expression in male flowers intensified this situation throughout flower development. The temporal dynamics of sex-biased genes derived from changes in reproductive function during the different flowering stages. Sexually differentiated metabolites related to respiration and flavonoid biosynthesis exhibited the same bias directions as the sex-biased genes. These sex-biased genes were involved mainly in signal transduction, photosynthesis, respiration, cell proliferation, phytochrome biosynthesis, and phenol metabolism; therefore, they resulted in more biomass accumulation and higher energy consumption in male catkins. Our results indicated that sex-biased gene expression in S. paraplesia flowers is associated with different reproductive investments in unisexual flowers; male flowers require a greater reproductive investment to meet their higher biomass accumulation and energy consumption needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Cai
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Congcong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Liao
- College of Geography and Tourism, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haifeng Song
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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100
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Khan MIR, Ashfaque F, Chhillar H, Irfan M, Khan NA. The intricacy of silicon, plant growth regulators and other signaling molecules for abiotic stress tolerance: An entrancing crosstalk between stress alleviators. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 162:36-47. [PMID: 33667965 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Unfavorable environmental conditions are the critical inimical to the sustainable agriculture. Among various novel strategies designed to protect plants from abiotic stress threats, use of mineral elements as 'stress mitigators' has emerged as the most crucial and interesting aspect. Silicon (Si) is a quasi-essential nutrient that mediates plant growth and development and interacts with plant growth regulators (PGRs) and signaling molecules to combat abiotic stress induced adversities in plants and increase stress tolerance. PGRs are one of the most important chemical messengers that mediate plant growth and development during stressful conditions. However, the individual roles of Si and PGRs have extensively defined but their exquisite crosstalk with each other to mediate plant stress responses is still indiscernible. The present review is an upfront effort to delineate an intricate crosstalk/interaction between Si and PGRs to reduce abiotic stress adversities. The combined effects of interaction of Si with other signaling molecules such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) and calcium (Ca2+) for the survival of plants under stress and optimal conditions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farha Ashfaque
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | | | - Mohammad Irfan
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey, USA
| | - Nafees A Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
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