101
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Yu Z, Tang PL, Wang J, Bao S, Shieh JT, Leung AW, Zhang Z, Gao F, Wong SY, Hui AL, Gao Y, Dung N, Zhang ZG, Fan Y, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Wong DS, Sham PC, Azhar A, Kwok PY, Tam PP, Lian Q, Cheah KS, Wang B, Song YQ. Mutations in Hnrnpa1 cause congenital heart defects. JCI Insight 2018; 3:98555. [PMID: 29367466 PMCID: PMC5821217 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.98555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Incomplete penetrance of congenital heart defects (CHDs) was observed in a mouse model. We hypothesized that the contribution of a major genetic locus modulates the manifestation of the CHDs. After genome-wide linkage mapping, fine mapping, and high-throughput targeted sequencing, a recessive frameshift mutation of the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (Hnrnpa1) gene was confirmed (Hnrnpa1ct). Hnrnpa1 was expressed in both the first heart field (FHF) and second heart field (SHF) at the cardiac crescent stage but was only maintained in SHF progenitors after heart tube formation. Hnrnpa1ct/ct homozygous mutants displayed complete CHD penetrance, including truncated and incomplete looped heart tube at E9.5, ventricular septal defect (VSD) and persistent truncus arteriosus (PTA) at E13.5, and VSD and double outlet right ventricle at P0. Impaired development of the dorsal mesocardium and sinoatrial node progenitors was also observed. Loss of Hnrnpa1 expression leads to dysregulation of cardiac transcription networks and multiple signaling pathways, including BMP, FGF, and Notch in the SHF. Finally, two rare heterozygous mutations of HNRNPA1 were detected in human CHDs. These findings suggest a role of Hnrnpa1 in embryonic heart development in mice and humans. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (Hnrnpa1) is essential for embryonic heart development in both mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Yu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul Lf Tang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jing Wang
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China
| | - Suying Bao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joseph T Shieh
- Institute for Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alan Wl Leung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Department of Medicine and Ophthalmology
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Medicine and Ophthalmology
| | - Sandra Yy Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andy Lc Hui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nelson Dung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yanhui Fan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Yalun Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dana Sm Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pak C Sham
- Department of Psychiatry.,Centre for Genome Sciences, and.,State Key Laboratory for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Abid Azhar
- Institute of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Pui-Yan Kwok
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Patrick Pl Tam
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Kathryn Se Cheah
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Binbin Wang
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China
| | - You-Qiang Song
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Centre for Genome Sciences, and.,State Key Laboratory for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation and.,The University of Hong Kong-Southern University of Science and Technology Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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102
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Quaranta R, Fell J, Rühle F, Rao J, Piccini I, Araúzo-Bravo MJ, Verkerk AO, Stoll M, Greber B. Revised roles of ISL1 in a hES cell-based model of human heart chamber specification. eLife 2018; 7. [PMID: 29337667 PMCID: PMC5770158 DOI: 10.7554/elife.31706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor ISL1 is thought to be key for conveying the multipotent and proliferative properties of cardiac precursor cells. Here, we investigate its function upon cardiac induction of human embryonic stem cells. We find that ISL1 does not stabilize the transient cardiac precursor cell state but rather serves to accelerate cardiomyocyte differentiation. Conversely, ISL1 depletion delays cardiac differentiation and respecifies nascent cardiomyocytes from a ventricular to an atrial identity. Mechanistic analyses integrate this unrecognized anti-atrial function of ISL1 with known and newly identified atrial inducers. In this revised view, ISL1 is antagonized by retinoic acid signaling via a novel player, MEIS2. Conversely, ISL1 competes with the retinoic acid pathway for prospective cardiomyocyte fate, which converges on the atrial specifier NR2F1. This study reveals a core regulatory network putatively controlling human heart chamber formation and also bears implications for the subtype-specific production of human cardiomyocytes with enhanced functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Quaranta
- Human Stem Cell Pluripotency Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.,Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jakob Fell
- Human Stem Cell Pluripotency Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.,Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Frank Rühle
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jyoti Rao
- Human Stem Cell Pluripotency Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.,Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ilaria Piccini
- Human Stem Cell Pluripotency Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.,Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marcos J Araúzo-Bravo
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.,Group of Computational Biology and Systems Biomedicine, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Arie O Verkerk
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Monika Stoll
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Boris Greber
- Human Stem Cell Pluripotency Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.,Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Dortmund, Germany
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103
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Meng J, Xu WY, Chen X, Lin T, Deng XY. Gene locations may contribute to predicting gene regulatory relationships. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2018; 19:25-37. [PMID: 29308605 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1700303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We propose that locations of genes on chromosomes can contribute to the prediction of gene regulatory relationships. We constructed a time-based gene regulatory network of zebrafish cardiogenesis on the basis of a spatio-temporal neighborhood method. Through the network, specific regulatory pathways and order of gene expression during zebrafish cardiogenesis were obtained. By comparing the order with locations of these genes on chromosomes, we discovered that there exists a reversal phenomenon between the order and order of gene locations. The discovery provides an inherent rule to instruct exploration of gene regulatory relationships. Specifically, the discovery can help to predict if regulatory relationships between genes exist and contribute to evaluating the correctness of discovered gene regulatory relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Meng
- Department of System Science and Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Wen-Yuan Xu
- Department of System Science and Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of System Science and Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Tao Lin
- Laboratory of Machine Learning and Optimization, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Route Cantonale, 1015 Lausanne 999034, Switzerland
| | - Xiao-Yu Deng
- Department of System Science and Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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104
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Zakariyah AF, Rajgara RF, Horner E, Cattin ME, Blais A, Skerjanc IS, Burgon PG. In Vitro Modeling of Congenital Heart Defects Associated with an NKX2-5 Mutation Revealed a Dysregulation in BMP/Notch-Mediated Signaling. Stem Cells 2018; 36:514-526. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abeer F. Zakariyah
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Rashida F. Rajgara
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Ellias Horner
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Center for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | | | - Alexandre Blais
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Center for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Ilona S. Skerjanc
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Patrick G. Burgon
- Center for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology); University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute; Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
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105
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Mohan RA, Boukens BJ, Christoffels VM. Developmental Origin of the Cardiac Conduction System: Insight from Lineage Tracing. Pediatr Cardiol 2018; 39:1107-1114. [PMID: 29774393 PMCID: PMC6096846 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-018-1906-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The components of the cardiac conduction system (CCS) generate and propagate the electrical impulse that initiates cardiac contraction. These interconnected components share properties, such as automaticity, that set them apart from the working myocardium of the atria and ventricles. A variety of tools and approaches have been used to define the CCS lineages. These include genetic labeling of cells expressing lineage markers and fate mapping of dye labeled cells, which we will discuss in this review. We conclude that there is not a single CCS lineage, but instead early cell fate decisions segregate the lineages of the CCS components while they remain interconnected. The latter is relevant for development of therapies for conduction system disease that focus on reprogramming cardiomyocytes or instruction of pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv A. Mohan
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan J. Boukens
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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106
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Sun C, Kontaridis MI. Physiology of Cardiac Development: From Genetics to Signaling to Therapeutic Strategies. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 29532042 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The heart is one of the first organs to form and function during embryonic development. It is comprised of multiple cell lineages, each integral for proper cardiac development, and include cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, epicardial cells and neural crest cells. The molecular mechanisms regulating cardiac development and morphogenesis are dependent on signaling crosstalk between multiple lineages through paracrine interactions, cell-ECM interactions, and cell-cell interactions, which together, help facilitate survival, growth, proliferation, differentiation and migration of cardiac tissue. Aberrant regulation of any of these processes can induce developmental disorders and pathological phenotypes. Here, we will discuss each of these processes, the genetic factors that contribute to each step of cardiac development, as well as the current and future therapeutic targets and mechanisms of heart development and disease. Understanding the complex interactions that regulate cardiac development, proliferation and differentiation is not only vital to understanding the causes of congenital heart defects, but to also finding new therapeutics that can treat both pediatric and adult cardiac disease in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Sun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria I Kontaridis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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107
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Ivanovitch K, Temiño S, Torres M. Live imaging of heart tube development in mouse reveals alternating phases of cardiac differentiation and morphogenesis. eLife 2017; 6:30668. [PMID: 29202929 PMCID: PMC5731822 DOI: 10.7554/elife.30668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During vertebrate heart development, two progenitor populations, first and second heart fields (FHF, SHF), sequentially contribute to longitudinal subdivisions of the heart tube (HT), with the FHF contributing the left ventricle and part of the atria, and the SHF the rest of the heart. Here, we study the dynamics of cardiac differentiation and morphogenesis by tracking individual cells in live analysis of mouse embryos. We report that during an initial phase, FHF precursors differentiate rapidly to form a cardiac crescent, while limited morphogenesis takes place. In a second phase, no differentiation occurs while extensive morphogenesis, including splanchnic mesoderm sliding over the endoderm, results in HT formation. In a third phase, cardiac precursor differentiation resumes and contributes to SHF-derived regions and the dorsal closure of the HT. These results reveal tissue-level coordination between morphogenesis and differentiation during HT formation and provide a new framework to understand heart development. We all start life as a single cell, which – over the course of nine months – multiplies to generate the billions of cells that can be found in a newborn. As an embryo develops, the cells need to achieve two major tasks: they need to diversify into different types of cells, such as blood cells or muscle cells, and they need to organize themselves in space to form tissues and organs. The heart of an embryo, for example, first forms a simple structure called the heart tube that can pump blood and later develops into the four chambers that we see in adults. The tube is made up of cells from two different origins, known as the first and second heart fields. Unlike other organs, the heart has to start beating while it is still developing, and until now, it was unclear how the heart manages this difficult task. Here, Ivanovich et al. studied mouse embryos grown outside the womb by using a combination of advanced microscopy and genetic labeling to track how single cells turn into beating cells and move while the heart forms. The results showed that specializing into beating cells and forming the heart tube shape happened during alternating phases. The first heart-field cells turned into beating cells and began to contract at an early stage before the heart tube was formed. Next, the cells of the second heart field did not instantly develop into beating cells, but instead, helped the first heart-field cells to acquire the shape of a heart tube. Once this was completed, the second heart-field cells started to specialize into beating cells and created the additional parts of the more complex adult heart. This research shows that the second heart field plays an active role in helping the heart tube form. The alternating phases of cell specialization and tissue formation allow the heart to become active whilst it is still developing. A better insight into how the heart forms may help us to create new treatments for various genetic heart conditions. The methods used here could also help to study how cells build other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenzo Ivanovitch
- Developmental Biology Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Temiño
- Developmental Biology Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Torres
- Developmental Biology Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
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108
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Growth and Morphogenesis during Early Heart Development in Amniotes. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2017; 4:jcdd4040020. [PMID: 29367549 PMCID: PMC5753121 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd4040020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we will focus on the growth and morphogenesis of the developing heart, an aspect of cardiovascular development to which Antoon Moorman and colleagues have extensively contributed. Over the last decades, genetic studies and characterization of regionally regulated gene programs have provided abundant novel insights into heart development essential to understand the basis of congenital heart disease. Heart morphogenesis, however, is inherently a complex and dynamic three-dimensional process and we are far from understanding its cellular basis. Here, we discuss recent advances in studying heart morphogenesis and regionalization under the light of the pioneering work of Moorman and colleagues, which allowed the reinterpretation of regional gene expression patterns under a new morphogenetic framework. Two aspects of early heart formation will be discussed in particular: (1) the initial formation of the heart tube and (2) the formation of the cardiac chambers by the ballooning process. Finally, we emphasize that in addition to analyses based on fixed samples, new approaches including clonal analysis, single-cell sequencing, live-imaging and quantitative analysis of the data generated will likely lead to novel insights in understanding early heart tube regionalization and morphogenesis in the near future.
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109
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Schachner ER, Sedlmayr JC, Schott R, Lyson TR, Sanders RK, Lambertz M. Pulmonary anatomy and a case of unilateral aplasia in a common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina): developmental perspectives on cryptodiran lungs. J Anat 2017; 231:835-848. [PMID: 29063595 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) is a well studied and broadly distributed member of Testudines; however, very little is known concerning developmental anomalies and soft tissue pathologies of turtles and other reptiles. Here, we present an unusual case of unilateral pulmonary aplasia, asymmetrical carapacial kyphosis, and mild scoliosis in a live adult C. serpentina. The detailed three-dimensional (3D) anatomy of the respiratory system in both the pathological and normal adult C. serpentina, and a hatchling are visualized using computed tomography (CT), microCT, and 3D digital anatomical models. In the pathological turtle, the right lung consists of an extrapulmonary bronchus that terminates in a blind stump with no lung present. The left lung is hyperinflated relative to the normal adult, occupying the extra coelomic space facilitated by the unusual mid-carapacial kyphotic bulge. The bronchial tree of the left lung retains the overall bauplan of the normal specimens, with some minor downstream variation in the number of secondary airways. The primary difference between the internal pulmonary structure of the pathological individual and that of a normal adult is a marked increase in the surface area and density of the parenchymal tissue originating from the secondary airways, a 14.3% increase in the surface area to volume ratio. Despite this, the aplasia has not had an impact upon the ability of the turtle to survive; however, it did interfere with aquatic locomotion and buoyancy control under water. This turtle represents a striking example of a non-fatal congenital defect and compensatory visceral hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Schachner
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - J C Sedlmayr
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - R Schott
- Wildlife Rehabilitation Center of Minnesota, Roseville, MN, USA
| | - T R Lyson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Denver Museum of Nature and Science, Denver, CO, USA
| | - R K Sanders
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, North Canyon Medical Center, Gooding, ID, USA
| | - M Lambertz
- Institut für Zoologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Sektion Herpetologie, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
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110
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Serpooshan V, Liu YH, Buikema JW, Galdos FX, Chirikian O, Paige S, Venkatraman S, Kumar A, Rawnsley DR, Huang X, Pijnappels DA, Wu SM. Nkx2.5+ Cardiomyoblasts Contribute to Cardiomyogenesis in the Neonatal Heart. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12590. [PMID: 28974782 PMCID: PMC5626718 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12869-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
During normal lifespan, the mammalian heart undergoes limited renewal of cardiomyocytes. While the exact mechanism for this renewal remains unclear, two possibilities have been proposed: differentiated myocyte replication and progenitor/immature cell differentiation. This study aimed to characterize a population of cardiomyocyte precursors in the neonatal heart and to determine their requirement for cardiac development. By tracking the expression of an embryonic Nkx2.5 cardiac enhancer, we identified cardiomyoblasts capable of differentiation into striated cardiomyocytes in vitro. Genome-wide expression profile of neonatal Nkx2.5+ cardiomyoblasts showed the absence of sarcomeric gene and the presence of cardiac transcription factors. To determine the lineage contribution of the Nkx2.5+ cardiomyoblasts, we generated a doxycycline suppressible Cre transgenic mouse under the regulation of the Nkx2.5 enhancer and showed that neonatal Nkx2.5+ cardiomyoblasts mature into cardiomyocytes in vivo. Ablation of neonatal cardiomyoblasts resulted in ventricular hypertrophy and dilation, supporting a functional requirement of the Nkx2.5+ cardiomyoblasts. This study provides direct lineage tracing evidence that a cardiomyoblast population contributes to cardiogenesis in the neonatal heart. The cell population identified here may serve as a promising therapeutic for pediatric cardiac regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Serpooshan
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yuan-Hung Liu
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Section of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jan W Buikema
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Francisco X Galdos
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Orlando Chirikian
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Biology Program, California State University Channel Islands, Camarillo, CA, USA
| | - Sharon Paige
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sneha Venkatraman
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Biology Program, California State University Channel Islands, Camarillo, CA, USA
| | - Anusha Kumar
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David R Rawnsley
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Xiaojing Huang
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Daniël A Pijnappels
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sean M Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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111
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Song XW, Yuan QN, Tang Y, Cao M, Shen YF, Zeng ZY, Lei CH, Li S, Zhao XX, Yang YJ. Conditionally targeted deletion of PSEN1 leads to diastolic heart dysfunction. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:1548-1557. [PMID: 28617969 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Recently, PSEN1 has been reported to have mutations in dilated cardiomyopathy pedigrees. However, the function and mechanism of PSEN1 in cardiomyopathy remains unresolved. Here, we established four types of genetically modified mice to determine the function of PSEN1 in cardiac development and pathology. PSEN1 null mutation resulted in perinatal death, retardation of heart growth, ventricular dilatation, septum defects, and valvular thickening. PSEN1 knockout in adults led to decreased muscle fibers, widened sarcomere Z lines and reduced lengths of sarcomeres in cardiomyocytes. Cardiovascular loss of function of PSEN1 induced by Sm22a-Cre or Myh6-Cre/ER/tamoxifen also resulted in severe ultrastructural abnormalities, such as relaxed gap junctions between neighboring cardiomyocytes. Functionally, cardiovascular deletion of PSEN1 caused spontaneous mortality from birth to adulthood and led to diastolic heart dysfunction, including decreased volume of the left ventricle at the end-systolic and end-diastolic stages. Additionally, in a myocardial ischemia model, deletion of PSEN1 in the cardiovascular system first protected mice by inducing adaptive hypertrophy but ultimately resulted in severe heart failure. Furthermore, a collection of genes was abnormally expressed in the hearts of cardiac-specific PSEN1 knockout mice. They were enriched in cell proliferation, calcium regulation, and so on. Taken together, dynamic regulation and abnormal function of PSEN1 underlie the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases due to ultrastructural abnormality of cardiomyocytes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Diastole
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Heart Defects, Congenital/genetics
- Heart Defects, Congenital/metabolism
- Heart Defects, Congenital/pathology
- Heart Defects, Congenital/physiopathology
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/genetics
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/metabolism
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/pathology
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/physiopathology
- Mice, Knockout
- Myocardial Ischemia/genetics
- Myocardial Ischemia/metabolism
- Myocardial Ischemia/pathology
- Myocardial Ischemia/physiopathology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/ultrastructure
- Phenotype
- Presenilin-1/deficiency
- Presenilin-1/genetics
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/genetics
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/metabolism
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/pathology
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/physiopathology
- Ventricular Function, Left
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wei Song
- Department of Biophysics, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Ning Yuan
- Department of Biophysics, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Tang
- Department of Biophysics, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mi Cao
- Department of Biophysics, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Feng Shen
- Department of Biophysics, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang-Hai Lei
- Department of Biophysics, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - SongHua Li
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian-Xian Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Ji Yang
- Department of Biophysics, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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112
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van Vliet PP, Lin L, Boogerd CJ, Martin JF, Andelfinger G, Grossfeld PD, Evans SM. Tissue specific requirements for WNT11 in developing outflow tract and dorsal mesenchymal protrusion. Dev Biol 2017; 429:249-259. [PMID: 28669819 PMCID: PMC5580348 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Correct cardiac development is essential for fetal and adult life. Disruptions in a variety of signaling pathways result in congenital heart defects, including outflow and inflow tract defects. We previously found that WNT11 regulates outflow tract development. However, tissue specific requirements for WNT11 in this process remain unknown and whether WNT11 is required for inflow tract development has not been addressed. Here we find that germline Wnt11 null mice also show hypoplasia of the dorsal mesenchymal protrusion (DMP), which is required for atrioventricular septation. Ablation of Wnt11 with myocardial cTnTCre recapitulated outflow tract defects observed in germline Wnt11 null mice, but DMP development was unaffected. In contrast, ablation of Wnt11 with Isl1Cre fully recapitulated both outflow tract and DMP defects of Wnt11 germline nulls. DMP hypoplasia in Wnt11 mutants was associated with reduced proliferation within the DMP, but no evident defects in myocardial differentiation of the DMP. Examination of Pitx2-, Axin2-, or Patched-lacZ reporter mice revealed no alterations in reporter expression, suggesting that WNT11 was required downstream of, or in parallel to, these signaling pathways to regulate DMP formation. These studies revealed a previously unappreciated role for WNT11 for DMP formation and distinct tissue-specific requirements for WNT11 in outflow tract and DMP development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lizhu Lin
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSD, La Jolla, USA; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, USA
| | - Cornelis J Boogerd
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSD, La Jolla, USA
| | - James F Martin
- Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, USA
| | | | - Paul D Grossfeld
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, USA.
| | - Sylvia M Evans
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSD, La Jolla, USA; Department of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, USA; Department of Pharmacology, UCSD, La Jolla, USA.
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113
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Xu JH, Gu JY, Guo YH, Zhang H, Qiu XB, Li RG, Shi HY, Liu H, Yang XX, Xu YJ, Qu XK, Yang YQ. Prevalence and Spectrum of NKX2-5 Mutations Associated With Sporadic Adult-Onset Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Int Heart J 2017; 58:521-529. [PMID: 28690296 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.16-440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), the most common form of primary myocardial disease, is a leading cause of congestive heart failure and the most common indication for heart transplantation. Recently, NKX2-5 mutations have been involved in the pathogenesis of familial DCM. However, the prevalence and spectrum of NKX2-5 mutations associated with sporadic DCM remain to be evaluated. In this study, the coding regions and flanking introns of the NKX2-5 gene, which encodes a cardiac transcription factor pivotal for cardiac development and structural remodeling, were sequenced in 210 unrelated patients with sporadic adult-onset DCM. A total of 300 unrelated healthy individuals used as controls were also genotyped for NKX2-5. The functional effect of the mutant NKX2-5 was investigated using a dual-luciferase reporter assay system. As a result, two novel heterozygous NKX2-5 mutations, p.R139W and p.E167X, were identified in 2 unrelated patients with sporadic adult-onset DCM, with a mutational prevalence of approximately 0.95%. The mutations were absent in 600 referential chromosomes and the altered amino acids were completely conserved evolutionarily across species. Functional assays revealed that the NKX2-5 mutants were associated with significantly reduced transcriptional activity. Furthermore, the mutations abrogated the synergistic activation between NKX2-5 and GATA4 as well as TBX20, two other cardiac key transcription factors that have been causally linked to adult-onset DCM. This study is the first to associate NKX2-5 loss-of-function mutations with enhanced susceptibility to sporadic DCM, which provides novel insight into the molecular etiology underpinning DCM, and suggests the potential implications for the genetic counseling and personalized treatment of the DCM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hong Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine
| | - Jian-Yun Gu
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine
| | - Yu-Han Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine
| | - Xing-Biao Qiu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
| | - Ruo-Gu Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
| | - Hong-Yu Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
| | - Xiao-Xiao Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
| | - Ying-Jia Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
| | - Xin-Kai Qu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
| | - Yi-Qing Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University.,Department of Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University.,Department of Central Laboratory, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
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114
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Modeling Atrial Fibrillation using Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Atrial Tissue. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5268. [PMID: 28706272 PMCID: PMC5509676 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05652-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Since current experimental models of Atrial Fibrillation (AF) have significant limitations, we used human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to generate an atrial-specific tissue model of AF for pharmacologic testing. We generated atrial-like cardiomyocytes (CMs) from hESCs which preferentially expressed atrial-specific genes, and had shorter action potential (AP) durations compared to ventricular-like CMs. We then generated confluent atrial-like CM sheets and interrogated them using optical mapping techniques. Atrial-like CM sheets (~1 cm in diameter) showed uniform AP propagation, and rapid re-entrant rotor patterns, as seen in AF could be induced. Anti-arrhythmic drugs were tested on single atrial-like CMs and cell sheets. Flecainide profoundly slowed upstroke velocity without affecting AP duration, leading to reduced conduction velocities (CVs), curvatures and cycle lengths of rotors, consistent with increased rotor organization and expansion. By contrast, consistent with block of rapid delayed rectifier K+ currents (Ikr) and AP prolongation in isolated atrial-like CMs, dofetilide prolonged APs and reduced cycle lengths of rotors in cell sheets without affecting CV. In conclusion, using our hESC-derived atrial CM preparations, we demonstrate that flecainide and dofetilide modulate reentrant arrhythmogenic rotor activation patterns in a manner that helps explain their efficacy in treating and preventing AF.
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115
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Freire AG, Waghray A, Soares-da-Silva F, Resende TP, Lee DF, Pereira CF, Nascimento DS, Lemischka IR, Pinto-do-Ó P. Transient HES5 Activity Instructs Mesodermal Cells toward a Cardiac Fate. Stem Cell Reports 2017. [PMID: 28648899 PMCID: PMC5511108 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling plays a role in specifying a cardiac fate but the downstream effectors remain unknown. In this study we implicate the Notch downstream effector HES5 in cardiogenesis. We show transient Hes5 expression in early mesoderm of gastrulating embryos and demonstrate, by loss and gain-of-function experiments in mouse embryonic stem cells, that HES5 favors cardiac over primitive erythroid fate. Hes5 overexpression promotes upregulation of the cardiac gene Isl1, while the hematopoietic regulator Scl is downregulated. Moreover, whereas a pulse of Hes5 instructs cardiac commitment, sustained expression after lineage specification impairs progression of differentiation to contracting cardiomyocytes. These findings establish a role for HES5 in cardiogenesis and provide insights into the early cardiac molecular network. Hes5 is expressed in the nascent mesoderm of gastrulating mouse embryos Hes5 knockdown enhances primitive erythropoiesis in mESCs A stage-specific pulse of Hes5 instructs preferential cardiac fate in mESCs Sustained Hes5 activation impairs differentiation to contracting cardiomyocytes
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana G Freire
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology and The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Avinash Waghray
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology and The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Francisca Soares-da-Silva
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Tatiana P Resende
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Dung-Fang Lee
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology and The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Carlos-Filipe Pereira
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology and The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Diana S Nascimento
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ihor R Lemischka
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology and The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Perpétua Pinto-do-Ó
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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116
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Skelton RJP, Kamp TJ, Elliott DA, Ardehali R. Biomarkers of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiac Lineages. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:651-668. [PMID: 28576602 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) offer a practical source for the de novo generation of cardiac tissues and a unique opportunity to investigate cardiovascular lineage commitment. Numerous strategies have focused on the in vitro production of cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle, and endothelium from hPSCs. However, these differentiation protocols often yield undesired cell types. Thus, establishing a set of stage-specific markers for pure cardiac subpopulations will assist in defining the hierarchy of cardiac differentiation, aid in the development of cellular therapy, and facilitate drug screening and disease modeling. The recent characterization of many such markers is enabling the isolation of major cardiac lineages and subpopulations from differentiating hPSCs. We provide here a comprehensive review detailing the suite of biomarkers used to differentiate cardiac lineages from mixed hPSC-derived populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys J P Skelton
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Timothy J Kamp
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - David A Elliott
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Reza Ardehali
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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117
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Galdos FX, Guo Y, Paige SL, VanDusen NJ, Wu SM, Pu WT. Cardiac Regeneration: Lessons From Development. Circ Res 2017; 120:941-959. [PMID: 28302741 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.309040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Palliative surgery for congenital heart disease has allowed patients with previously lethal heart malformations to survive and, in most cases, to thrive. However, these procedures often place pressure and volume loads on the heart, and over time, these chronic loads can cause heart failure. Current therapeutic options for initial surgery and chronic heart failure that results from failed palliation are limited, in part, by the mammalian heart's low inherent capacity to form new cardiomyocytes. Surmounting the heart regeneration barrier would transform the treatment of congenital, as well as acquired, heart disease and likewise would enable development of personalized, in vitro cardiac disease models. Although these remain distant goals, studies of heart development are illuminating the path forward and suggest unique opportunities for heart regeneration, particularly in fetal and neonatal periods. Here, we review major lessons from heart development that inform current and future studies directed at enhancing cardiac regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco X Galdos
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (Y.G., N.J.V., W.T.P.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (S.L.P.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (S.M.W.), and Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (W.T.P.)
| | - Yuxuan Guo
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (Y.G., N.J.V., W.T.P.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (S.L.P.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (S.M.W.), and Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (W.T.P.)
| | - Sharon L Paige
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (Y.G., N.J.V., W.T.P.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (S.L.P.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (S.M.W.), and Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (W.T.P.)
| | - Nathan J VanDusen
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (Y.G., N.J.V., W.T.P.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (S.L.P.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (S.M.W.), and Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (W.T.P.)
| | - Sean M Wu
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (Y.G., N.J.V., W.T.P.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (S.L.P.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (S.M.W.), and Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (W.T.P.).
| | - William T Pu
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (Y.G., N.J.V., W.T.P.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (S.L.P.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (S.M.W.), and Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (W.T.P.).
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118
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Lineages of the Cardiac Conduction System. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2017; 4:jcdd4020005. [PMID: 29367537 PMCID: PMC5715704 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd4020005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardiac conduction system (CCS) initiates and coordinately propagates the electrical impulse to orchestrate the heartbeat. It consists of a set of interconnected components with shared properties. A better understanding of the origin and specification of CCS lineages has allowed us to better comprehend the etiology of CCS disease and has provided leads for development of therapies. A variety of technologies and approaches have been used to investigate CCS lineages, which will be summarized in this review. The findings imply that there is not a single CCS lineage. In contrast, early cell fate decisions segregate the lineages of the CCS components while they remain connected to each other.
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119
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Yuan X, Qi H, Li X, Wu F, Fang J, Bober E, Dobreva G, Zhou Y, Braun T. Disruption of spatiotemporal hypoxic signaling causes congenital heart disease in mice. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:2235-2248. [PMID: 28436940 DOI: 10.1172/jci88725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) represents the most prevalent inborn anomaly. Only a minority of CHD cases are attributed to genetic causes, suggesting a major role of environmental factors. Nonphysiological hypoxia during early pregnancy induces CHD, but the underlying reasons are unknown. Here, we have demonstrated that cells in the mouse heart tube are hypoxic, while cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) expressing islet 1 (ISL1) in the secondary heart field (SHF) are normoxic. In ISL1+ CPCs, induction of hypoxic responses caused CHD by repressing Isl1 and activating NK2 homeobox 5 (Nkx2.5), resulting in decreased cell proliferation and enhanced cardiomyocyte specification. We found that HIF1α formed a complex with the Notch effector hes family bHLH transcription factor 1 (HES1) and the protein deacetylase sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) at the Isl1 gene. This complex repressed Isl1 in the hypoxic heart tube or following induction of ectopic hypoxic responses. Subsequently, reduced Isl1 expression abrogated ISL1-dependent recruitment of histone deacetylases HDAC1/5, inhibiting Nkx2.5 expression. Inactivation of Sirt1 in ISL1+ CPCs blocked Isl1 suppression via the HIF1α/HES1/SIRT1 complex and prevented CHDs induced by pathological hypoxia. Our results indicate that spatial differences in oxygenation of the developing heart serve as signals to control CPC expansion and cardiac morphogenesis. We propose that physiological hypoxia coordinates homeostasis of CPCs, providing mechanistic explanations for some nongenetic causes of CHD.
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120
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Panzer AA, Regmi SD, Cormier D, Danzo MT, Chen IBD, Winston JB, Hutchinson AK, Salm D, Schulkey CE, Cochran RS, Wilson DB, Jay PY. Nkx2-5 and Sarcospan genetically interact in the development of the muscular ventricular septum of the heart. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46438. [PMID: 28406175 PMCID: PMC5390293 DOI: 10.1038/srep46438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The muscular ventricular septum separates the flow of oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood in air-breathing vertebrates. Defects within it, termed muscular ventricular septal defects (VSDs), are common, yet less is known about how they arise than rarer heart defects. Mutations of the cardiac transcription factor NKX2-5 cause cardiac malformations, including muscular VSDs. We describe here a genetic interaction between Nkx2-5 and Sarcospan (Sspn) that affects the risk of muscular VSD in mice. Sspn encodes a protein in the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex. Sspn knockout (SspnKO) mice do not have heart defects, but Nkx2-5+/−/SspnKO mutants have a higher incidence of muscular VSD than Nkx2-5+/− mice. Myofibers in the ventricular septum follow a stereotypical pattern that is disrupted around a muscular VSD. Subendocardial myofibers normally run in parallel along the left ventricular outflow tract, but in the Nkx2-5+/−/SspnKO mutant they commonly deviate into the septum even in the absence of a muscular VSD. Thus, Nkx2-5 and Sspn act in a pathway that affects the alignment of myofibers during the development of the ventricular septum. The malalignment may be a consequence of a defect in the coalescence of trabeculae into the developing ventricular septum, which has been hypothesized to be the mechanistic basis of muscular VSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A Panzer
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8208 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Suk D Regmi
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8208 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - DePorres Cormier
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8208 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Megan T Danzo
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8208 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Iuan-Bor D Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8208 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Julia B Winston
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8208 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Alayna K Hutchinson
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8208 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Diana Salm
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8208 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Claire E Schulkey
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8208 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Rebecca S Cochran
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8208 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - David B Wilson
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8208 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8208 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Patrick Y Jay
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8208 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8208 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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121
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Abstract
Twenty years ago, chromosomal abnormalities were the only identifiable genetic causes of a small fraction of congenital heart defects (CHD). Today, a de novo or inherited genetic abnormality can be identified as pathogenic in one-third of cases. We refer to them here as monogenic causes, insofar as the genetic abnormality has a readily detectable, large effect. What explains the other two-thirds? This review considers a complex genetic basis. That is, a combination of genetic mutations or variants that individually may have little or no detectable effect contribute to the pathogenesis of a heart defect. Genes in the embryo that act directly in cardiac developmental pathways have received the most attention, but genes in the mother that establish the gestational milieu via pathways related to metabolism and aging also have an effect. A growing body of evidence highlights the pathogenic significance of genetic interactions in the embryo and maternal effects that have a genetic basis. The investigation of CHD as guided by a complex genetic model could help estimate risk more precisely and logically lead to a means of prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehiole Akhirome
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Nephi A Walton
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Julie M Nogee
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Patrick Y Jay
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine
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122
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Francou A, De Bono C, Kelly RG. Epithelial tension in the second heart field promotes mouse heart tube elongation. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14770. [PMID: 28357999 PMCID: PMC5379109 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Extension of the vertebrate heart tube is driven by progressive addition of second heart field (SHF) progenitor cells to the poles of the heart. Defects in this process cause a spectrum of congenital anomalies. SHF cells form an epithelial layer in splanchnic mesoderm in the dorsal wall of the pericardial cavity. Here we report oriented cell elongation, polarized actomyosin distribution and nuclear YAP/TAZ in a proliferative centre in the posterior dorsal pericardial wall during heart tube extension. These parameters are indicative of mechanical stress, further supported by analysis of cell shape changes in wound assays. Time course and mutant analysis identifies SHF deployment as a source of epithelial tension. Moreover, cell division and oriented growth in the dorsal pericardial wall align with the axis of cell elongation, suggesting that epithelial tension in turn contributes to heart tube extension. Our results implicate tissue-level forces in the regulation of heart tube extension. Epithelial progenitor cell growth in the second heart field contributes to heart morphogenesis but how this is regulated at the tissue level is unclear. Here, the authors show that cell elongation, polarized actomyosin and nuclear YAP/TAZ drive epithelial growth and correlate with mechanical tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Francou
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS UMR 7288, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille, Campus De Luminy Case 907, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Christopher De Bono
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS UMR 7288, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille, Campus De Luminy Case 907, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Robert G Kelly
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS UMR 7288, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille, Campus De Luminy Case 907, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
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123
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Furtado MB, Wilmanns JC, Chandran A, Perera J, Hon O, Biben C, Willow TJ, Nim HT, Kaur G, Simonds S, Wu Q, Willians D, Salimova E, Plachta N, Denegre JM, Murray SA, Fatkin D, Cowley M, Pearson JT, Kaye D, Ramialison M, Harvey RP, Rosenthal NA, Costa MW. Point mutations in murine Nkx2-5 phenocopy human congenital heart disease and induce pathogenic Wnt signaling. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e88271. [PMID: 28352650 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.88271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Nkx2-5 gene are a main cause of congenital heart disease. Several studies have addressed the phenotypic consequences of disrupting the Nkx2-5 gene locus, although animal models to date failed to recapitulate the full spectrum of the human disease. Here, we describe a new Nkx2-5 point mutation murine model, akin to its human counterpart disease-generating mutation. Our model fully reproduces the morphological and physiological clinical presentations of the disease and reveals an understudied aspect of Nkx2-5-driven pathology, a primary right ventricular dysfunction. We further describe the molecular consequences of disrupting the transcriptional network regulated by Nkx2-5 in the heart and show that Nkx2-5-dependent perturbation of the Wnt signaling pathway promotes heart dysfunction through alteration of cardiomyocyte metabolism. Our data provide mechanistic insights on how Nkx2-5 regulates heart function and metabolism, a link in the study of congenital heart disease, and confirms that our models are the first murine genetic models to our knowledge to present all spectra of clinically relevant adult congenital heart disease phenotypes generated by NKX2-5 mutations in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena B Furtado
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Julia C Wilmanns
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anjana Chandran
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Joelle Perera
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Olivia Hon
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | - Christine Biben
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | | | - Hieu T Nim
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | | | - Qizhu Wu
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - David Willians
- Heart Failure Research Group, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ekaterina Salimova
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Diane Fatkin
- Molecular Cardiology, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and School of Biological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia.,Cardiology Department, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | | | - James T Pearson
- Department of Physiology.,Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - David Kaye
- Heart Failure Research Group, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mirana Ramialison
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Richard P Harvey
- Faculty of Medicine and School of Biological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia.,Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Nadia A Rosenthal
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mauro W Costa
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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124
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Bylund JB, Trinh LT, Awgulewitsch CP, Paik DT, Jetter C, Jha R, Zhang J, Nolan K, Xu C, Thompson TB, Kamp TJ, Hatzopoulos AK. Coordinated Proliferation and Differentiation of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiac Progenitor Cells Depend on Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling Regulation by GREMLIN 2. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 26:678-693. [PMID: 28125926 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart development depends on coordinated proliferation and differentiation of cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs), but how the two processes are synchronized is not well understood. Here, we show that the secreted Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) antagonist GREMLIN 2 (GREM2) is induced in CPCs shortly after cardiac mesoderm specification during differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells. GREM2 expression follows cardiac lineage differentiation independently of the differentiation method used, or the origin of the pluripotent stem cells, suggesting that GREM2 is linked to cardiogenesis. Addition of GREM2 protein strongly increases cardiomyocyte output compared to established procardiogenic differentiation methods. Our data show that inhibition of canonical BMP signaling by GREM2 is necessary to promote proliferation of CPCs. However, canonical BMP signaling inhibition alone is not sufficient to induce cardiac differentiation, which depends on subsequent JNK pathway activation specifically by GREM2. These findings may have broader implications in the design of approaches to orchestrate growth and differentiation of pluripotent stem cell-derived lineages that depend on precise regulation of BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery B Bylund
- 1 Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee.,2 Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Linh T Trinh
- 1 Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Cassandra P Awgulewitsch
- 1 Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David T Paik
- 1 Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee.,3 Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Christopher Jetter
- 1 Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Rajneesh Jha
- 4 Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- 5 Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kristof Nolan
- 6 Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Chunhui Xu
- 4 Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Thomas B Thompson
- 6 Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Timothy J Kamp
- 5 Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Antonis K Hatzopoulos
- 1 Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee.,3 Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee
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125
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Sfrp5 identifies murine cardiac progenitors for all myocardial structures except for the right ventricle. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14664. [PMID: 28287088 PMCID: PMC5355806 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon acquirement of pulmonary circulation, the ancestral heart may have been remodelled coincidently with, or accompanied by, the production and rearrangement of progenitor cells. However, the progenitor populations that give rise to the left ventricle (LV) and sinus venosus (SV) are still ambiguous. Here we show that the expression of Secreted frizzled-related protein Sfrp5 in the mouse identifies common progenitors for the outflow tract (OFT), LV, atrium and SV but not the right ventricle (RV). Sfrp5 expression begins at the lateral sides of the cardiac crescent, excluding early differentiating regions, and continues in the venous pole, which gives rise to the SV. Lineage-tracing analysis revealed that descendants of Sfrp5-expressing cells at E7.5 contribute not only to the SV but also to the LV, atria and OFT and are found also in the dorsal splanchnic mesoderm accompanied by the expression of the secondary heart field marker, Islet1. These findings provide insight into the arrangement of cardiac progenitors for systemic circulation. It is unclear which progenitors define different regions of the heart. Here, the authors find Secreted frizzled-related protein 5 is expressed in murine progenitor cells for the outflow tract, first heart field, and sinus venosus, but not the right ventricle, and Wnt inhibition prevents progenitor proliferation.
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126
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Zamir L, Singh R, Nathan E, Patrick R, Yifa O, Yahalom-Ronen Y, Arraf AA, Schultheiss TM, Suo S, Han JDJ, Peng G, Jing N, Wang Y, Palpant N, Tam PP, Harvey RP, Tzahor E. Nkx2.5 marks angioblasts that contribute to hemogenic endothelium of the endocardium and dorsal aorta. eLife 2017; 6:20994. [PMID: 28271994 PMCID: PMC5400512 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel regenerative therapies may stem from deeper understanding of the mechanisms governing cardiovascular lineage diversification. Using enhancer mapping and live imaging in avian embryos, and genetic lineage tracing in mice, we investigated the spatio-temporal dynamics of cardiovascular progenitor populations. We show that expression of the cardiac transcription factor Nkx2.5 marks a mesodermal population outside of the cardiac crescent in the extraembryonic and lateral plate mesoderm, with characteristics of hemogenic angioblasts. Extra-cardiac Nkx2.5 lineage progenitors migrate into the embryo and contribute to clusters of CD41+/CD45+ and RUNX1+ cells in the endocardium, the aorta-gonad-mesonephros region of the dorsal aorta and liver. We also demonstrated that ectopic expression of Nkx2.5 in chick embryos activates the hemoangiogenic gene expression program. Taken together, we identified a hemogenic angioblast cell lineage characterized by transient Nkx2.5 expression that contributes to hemogenic endothelium and endocardium, suggesting a novel role for Nkx2.5 in hemoangiogenic lineage specification and diversification. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.20994.001 As an animal embryo develops, it establishes a circulatory system that includes the heart, vessels and blood. Vessels and blood initially form in the yolk sac, a membrane that surrounds the embryo. These yolk sac vessels act as a rudimentary circulatory system, connecting to the heart and blood vessels within the embryo itself. In older embryos, cells in the inner layer of the largest blood vessel (known as the dorsal aorta) generate blood stem cells that give rise to the different types of blood cells. A gene called Nkx2.5 encodes a protein that controls the activity of a number of complex genetic programs and has been long studied as a key player in the development of the heart. Nkx2.5 is essential for forming normal heart muscle cells and for shaping the primitive heart and its surrounding vessels into a working organ. Interfering with the normal activity of the Nkx2.5 gene results in severe defects in blood vessels and the heart. However, many details are missing on the role played by Nkx2.5 in specifying the different cellular components of the circulatory system and heart. Zamir et al. genetically engineered chick and mouse embryos to produce fluorescent markers that could be used to trace the cells that become part of blood vessels and heart. The experiments found that some of the cells that form the blood and vessels in the yolk sac originate from within the membranes surrounding the embryo, outside of the areas previously reported to give rise to the heart. The Nkx2.5 gene is active in these cells for only a short period of time as they migrate toward the heart and dorsal aorta, where they give rise to blood stem cells These findings suggest that Nkx2.5 plays an important role in triggering developmental processes that eventually give rise to blood vessels and blood cells. The next step following on from this work will be to find out what genes the protein encoded by Nkx2.5 regulates to drive these processes. Mapping the genes that control the early origins of blood and blood-forming vessels will help biologists understand this complex and vital tissue system, and develop new treatments for patients with conditions that affect their circulatory system. In the future, this knowledge may also help to engineer synthetic blood and blood products for use in trauma and genetic diseases. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.20994.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyad Zamir
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Reena Singh
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Elisha Nathan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ralph Patrick
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Oren Yifa
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yfat Yahalom-Ronen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alaa A Arraf
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Thomas M Schultheiss
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shengbao Suo
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Dong Jackie Han
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangdun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Naihe Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuliang Wang
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Nathan Palpant
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Patrick Pl Tam
- School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia.,Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, Australia
| | - Richard P Harvey
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, School of Biological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Eldad Tzahor
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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127
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Bloomekatz J, Singh R, Prall OW, Dunn AC, Vaughan M, Loo CS, Harvey RP, Yelon D. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) signaling directs cardiomyocyte movement toward the midline during heart tube assembly. eLife 2017; 6:21172. [PMID: 28098558 PMCID: PMC5298878 DOI: 10.7554/elife.21172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Communication between neighboring tissues plays a central role in guiding organ morphogenesis. During heart tube assembly, interactions with the adjacent endoderm control the medial movement of cardiomyocytes, a process referred to as cardiac fusion. However, the molecular underpinnings of this endodermal-myocardial relationship remain unclear. Here, we show an essential role for platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (Pdgfra) in directing cardiac fusion. Mutation of pdgfra disrupts heart tube assembly in both zebrafish and mouse. Timelapse analysis of individual cardiomyocyte trajectories reveals misdirected cells in zebrafish pdgfra mutants, suggesting that PDGF signaling steers cardiomyocytes toward the midline during cardiac fusion. Intriguingly, the ligand pdgfaa is expressed in the endoderm medial to the pdgfra-expressing myocardial precursors. Ectopic expression of pdgfaa interferes with cardiac fusion, consistent with an instructive role for PDGF signaling. Together, these data uncover a novel mechanism through which endodermal-myocardial communication can guide the cell movements that initiate cardiac morphogenesis. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.21172.001 In the growing embryo, the heart initially develops in the form of a simple tube. Its outer layer is made up of muscular cells, called myocardial cells, that pump blood through the tube. Before the heart tube develops, two groups of myocardial cells exist – one on each side of the embryo. To assemble the heart, these two populations of cells must move as a group to the middle of the embryo, where they meet and merge through a process called cardiac fusion. This movement of myocardial cells toward the middle of the embryo depends upon interactions with a neighboring tissue called the endoderm. How the endoderm directs the movement of the myocardial cells was not well understood. The PDGF signaling pathway guides the movement of several different types of cells in the body, but it had not been previously linked to the early stages of heart tube assembly. In this pathway, a molecule called platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) binds to PDGF receptors that sit on the surface of cells. Using microscopy and genetic analysis to study zebrafish and mouse embryos, Bloomekatz et al. now show that embryos that carry mutations in a gene that encodes a PDGF receptor suffer from defects in heart tube assembly. Further examination of the mutant zebrafish embryos revealed that the myocardial cells were not properly directed toward the middle of the embryo. In fact, many of these cells appeared to move away from the midline. Bloomekatz et al. also observed that, in normal embryos, the endoderm cells that lie adjacent to the myocardial cells produce PDGF. Therefore, it appears that PDGF produced by the endoderm could interact with PDGF receptors on the myocardial cells to direct these cells toward the middle of the embryo. The next step will be to figure out how this signaling influences the machinery inside the myocardial cells that controls their movement. Ultimately, this knowledge could lead to new ways to identify and treat congenital heart diseases. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.21172.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Bloomekatz
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Reena Singh
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Owen Wj Prall
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia.,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ariel C Dunn
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Megan Vaughan
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Chin-San Loo
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Richard P Harvey
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia.,School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Deborah Yelon
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
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128
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Du M, Wang X, Tan X, Li X, Huang D, Huang K, Yang L, Zhang F, Wang Y, Huang D, Huang K. Nkx2-5 Is Expressed in Atherosclerotic Plaques and Attenuates Development of Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:e004440. [PMID: 27993833 PMCID: PMC5210424 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.004440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NK2 homeobox 5 (Nkx2-5) is a cardiac homeobox transcription factor that is expressed in a broad range of cardiac sublineages. Embryos lacking Nkx2-5 are nonviable attributed to growth retardation and gross abnormalities of the heart. However, the role of Nkx2-5 in atherosclerosis remains elusive. This study aims to elucidate the specific functions of Nkx2-5 during atherogenesis and in established atherosclerotic plaques. METHODS AND RESULTS Two types of atherosclerotic lesions were created in ApoE-/- mice through 2 different dietary manipulations. Mice fed a standard chow diet were sacrificed at 20 weeks old, a time point at which mice developed early-stage atherosclerotic lesions. The other half of mice were fed a western diet from 6 to 22 weeks old and then sacrificed. These mice demonstrated advanced atherosclerosis. No Nkx2-5 was detected in normal arteries; however, it was abundantly present in the intima of atherosclerotic lesions and localized in macrophages and smooth muscle cells. Adenovirus gene transfer of Nkx2-5 markedly ameliorated and stabilized the atherosclerotic plaques, and knockdown of Nkx2-5 significantly exacerbated the disease. Molecular studies indicated that expression of specific members of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases, which play a crucial role in the progression of atherosclerosis, were directly regulated by Nkx2-5. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the compromised endothelial function, which was considered as a hallmark of early atherosclerosis, could be improved by Nkx2-5 gene transfer. CONCLUSIONS Nkx2-5 exerts antiatherogenic effects, which may partly be attributed to regulation on matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases, thus stabilizing atherosclerotic plaque; besides, it improves endothelial function by inhibiting leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Du
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Tan
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangrao Li
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dandan Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fengxiao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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129
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Daughters RS, Keirstead SA, Slack JMW. Transformation of jaw muscle satellite cells to cardiomyocytes. Differentiation 2016; 93:58-65. [PMID: 27918914 PMCID: PMC5285469 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the embryo a population of progenitor cells known as the second heart field forms not just parts of the heart but also the jaw muscles of the head. Here we show that it is possible to take skeletal muscle satellite cells from jaw muscles of the adult mouse and to direct their differentiation to become heart muscle cells (cardiomyocytes). This is done by exposing the cells to extracellular factors similar to those which heart progenitors would experience during normal embryonic development. By contrast, cardiac differentiation does not occur at all from satellite cells isolated from trunk and limb muscles, which originate from the somites of the embryo. The cardiomyocytes arising from jaw muscle satellite cells express a range of specific marker proteins, beat spontaneously, display long action potentials with appropriate responses to nifedipine, norepinephrine and carbachol, and show synchronized calcium transients. Our results show the existence of a persistent cardiac developmental competence in satellite cells of the adult jaw muscles, associated with their origin from the second heart field of the embryo, and suggest a possible method of obtaining cardiomyocytes from individual patients without the need for a heart biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall S Daughters
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, MTRF, 2001 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Susan A Keirstead
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, MTRF, 2001 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jonathan M W Slack
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, MTRF, 2001 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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130
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Transcriptomic Profiling Maps Anatomically Patterned Subpopulations among Single Embryonic Cardiac Cells. Dev Cell 2016; 39:491-507. [PMID: 27840109 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic gene expression intricately reflects anatomical context, developmental stage, and cell type. To address whether the precise spatial origins of cardiac cells can be deduced solely from their transcriptional profiles, we established a genome-wide expression database from 118, 949, and 1,166 single murine heart cells at embryonic day 8.5 (e8.5), e9.5, and e10.5, respectively. We segregated these cells by type using unsupervised bioinformatics analysis and identified chamber-specific genes. Using a random forest algorithm, we reconstructed the spatial origin of single e9.5 and e10.5 cardiomyocytes with 92.0% ± 3.2% and 91.2% ± 2.8% accuracy, respectively (99.4% ± 1.0% and 99.1% ± 1.1% if a ±1 zone margin is permitted) and predicted the second heart field distribution of Isl-1-lineage descendants. When applied to Nkx2-5-/- cardiomyocytes from murine e9.5 hearts, we showed their transcriptional alteration and lack of ventricular phenotype. Our database and zone classification algorithm will enable the discovery of novel mechanisms in early cardiac development and disease.
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131
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Development of the cardiac pacemaker. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 74:1247-1259. [PMID: 27770149 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2400-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The sinoatrial node (SAN) is the dominant pacemaker of the heart. Abnormalities in SAN formation and function can cause sinus arrhythmia, including sick sinus syndrome and sudden death. A better understanding of genes and signaling pathways that regulate SAN development and function is essential to develop more effective treatment to sinus arrhythmia, including biological pacemakers. In this review, we briefly summarize the key processes of SAN morphogenesis during development, and focus on the transcriptional network that drives SAN development.
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132
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Kaymak A, Richly H. Zrf1 controls mesoderm lineage genes and cardiomyocyte differentiation. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:3306-3317. [PMID: 27754813 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1245246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study we addressed the function of the transcriptional activator Zrf1 in the generation of the 3 germ layers during in vitro development. Currently, Zrf1 is rather regarded as a factor that drives the expression of neuronal genes. Here, we have employed mouse embryonic stem cells and P19 cells to understand the role of Zrf1 in the generation of mesoderm-derived tissues like adipocytes, cartilage and heart. Our data shows that Zrf1 is essential for the transcriptional activation of genes that give rise to mesoderm and in particular heart development. In both, the mESC and P19 systems, we provide evidence that Zrf1 contributes to the generation of functional cardiomyocytes. We further demonstrate that Zrf1 binds to the transcription start sites (TSSs) of heart tissue-specific genes from the first and second heart field where it drives their temporal expression during differentiation. Taken together, we have identified Zrf1 as a novel regulator of the mesodermal lineage that might facilitate spatiotemporal expression of genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysegül Kaymak
- a Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) , Mainz , Germany.,b Faculty of Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University , Mainz , Germany
| | - Holger Richly
- a Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) , Mainz , Germany
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133
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Burridge PW, Sharma A, Wu JC. Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation of Human Cardiac Reprogramming and Differentiation in Regenerative Medicine. Annu Rev Genet 2016; 49:461-84. [PMID: 26631515 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-112414-054911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration or replacement of lost cardiomyocytes within the heart has the potential to revolutionize cardiovascular medicine. Numerous methodologies have been used to achieve this aim, including the engraftment of bone marrow- and heart-derived cells as well as the identification of modulators of adult cardiomyocyte proliferation. Recently, the conversion of human somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells and induced cardiomyocyte-like cells has transformed potential approaches toward this goal, and the engraftment of cardiac progenitors derived from human embryonic stem cells into patients is now feasible. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of the genetic and epigenetic control of human cardiogenesis, cardiac differentiation, and the induced reprogramming of somatic cells to cardiomyocytes. We also cover genetic programs for inducing the proliferation of endogenous cardiomyocytes and discuss the genetic state of cells used in cardiac regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Burridge
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine.,Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305.,Department of Pharmacology.,Center for Pharmacogenomics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611; ,
| | - Arun Sharma
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine.,Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine.,Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
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134
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Santos R, Kawauchi S, Jacobs RE, Lopez-Burks ME, Choi H, Wikenheiser J, Hallgrimsson B, Jamniczky HA, Fraser SE, Lander AD, Calof AL. Conditional Creation and Rescue of Nipbl-Deficiency in Mice Reveals Multiple Determinants of Risk for Congenital Heart Defects. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e2000197. [PMID: 27606604 PMCID: PMC5016002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidating the causes of congenital heart defects is made difficult by the complex morphogenesis of the mammalian heart, which takes place early in development, involves contributions from multiple germ layers, and is controlled by many genes. Here, we use a conditional/invertible genetic strategy to identify the cell lineage(s) responsible for the development of heart defects in a Nipbl-deficient mouse model of Cornelia de Lange Syndrome, in which global yet subtle transcriptional dysregulation leads to development of atrial septal defects (ASDs) at high frequency. Using an approach that allows for recombinase-mediated creation or rescue of Nipbl deficiency in different lineages, we uncover complex interactions between the cardiac mesoderm, endoderm, and the rest of the embryo, whereby the risk conferred by genetic abnormality in any one lineage is modified, in a surprisingly non-additive way, by the status of others. We argue that these results are best understood in the context of a model in which the risk of heart defects is associated with the adequacy of early progenitor cell populations relative to the sizes of the structures they must eventually form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaysela Santos
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America.,Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Shimako Kawauchi
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America.,Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Russell E Jacobs
- Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Martha E Lopez-Burks
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America.,Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Hojae Choi
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Jamie Wikenheiser
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Benedikt Hallgrimsson
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Heather A Jamniczky
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Scott E Fraser
- Departments of Biology and Bioengineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Arthur D Lander
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America.,Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Anne L Calof
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America.,Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
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135
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Santini MP, Forte E, Harvey RP, Kovacic JC. Developmental origin and lineage plasticity of endogenous cardiac stem cells. Development 2016; 143:1242-58. [PMID: 27095490 DOI: 10.1242/dev.111591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, several populations of cardiac stem cells have been described in the adult mammalian heart. For the most part, however, their lineage origins and in vivo functions remain largely unexplored. This Review summarizes what is known about different populations of embryonic and adult cardiac stem cells, including KIT(+), PDGFRα(+), ISL1(+)and SCA1(+)cells, side population cells, cardiospheres and epicardial cells. We discuss their developmental origins and defining characteristics, and consider their possible contribution to heart organogenesis and regeneration. We also summarize the origin and plasticity of cardiac fibroblasts and circulating endothelial progenitor cells, and consider what role these cells have in contributing to cardiac repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paola Santini
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Elvira Forte
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, 405 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst 2010, Australia St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2052, Australia Stem Cells Australia, Melbourne Brain Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Richard P Harvey
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, 405 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst 2010, Australia St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2052, Australia Stem Cells Australia, Melbourne Brain Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2052, Australia
| | - Jason C Kovacic
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA Stem Cells Australia, Melbourne Brain Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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136
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Murray R, Bryant J, Titcombe P, Barton SJ, Inskip H, Harvey NC, Cooper C, Lillycrop K, Hanson M, Godfrey KM. DNA methylation at birth within the promoter of ANRIL predicts markers of cardiovascular risk at 9 years. Clin Epigenetics 2016; 8:90. [PMID: 27594927 PMCID: PMC5010744 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-016-0259-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Antisense non-coding RNA in the INK4 locus (ANRIL) fixed genetic variants have consistently been linked with coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. We investigated relationships between perinatal ANRIL promoter DNA methylation and CHD risk markers in children aged 9 years. Genetic variants in the non-coding RNA ANRIL identify it as an important CHD risk locus. Increasing evidence suggests that the early life environment may act through epigenetic processes to influence later CHD risk markers such as increased arterial pulse wave velocity (PWV, a measure of arterial stiffness) blood pressure or heart rate. Methods and results Using pyrosequencing, ANRIL DNA methylation at nine CpG sites was measured in the umbilical cord from 144 children in a UK mother-offspring cohort and related to the descending aorta PWV measured by velocity-encoded phase contrast MRI at age 9 years. Perinatal methylation was not associated with child’s later blood pressure, but higher methylation at CpG5 was associated with increased childhood PWV (β = 0.066 m/s/10 % methylation increase [95 % CI, 0.004 to 0.128], p = 0.037); 10 % decreases in methylation at CpG1 and CpG2 were associated with increased heart rate (CpG1 β = 1.93 [0.07 to 3.8] beats/min, p = 0.041; CpG2 β = 2.30 [0.18 to 4.41] beats/min, p = 0.033, accounting for potential confounding variables). The associations with perinatal ANRIL promoter methylation were independent of neighbouring fixed genetic variants. Conclusions Our findings suggest developmental epigenetic regulation of ANRIL promoter methylation as a factor in later CHD risk in children. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13148-016-0259-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Murray
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jennifer Bryant
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust (UHSFT) and University of Southampton, Southampton, UK ; MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK ; Radiology, UHSFT, Southampton, UK
| | - Phil Titcombe
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Sheila J Barton
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Hazel Inskip
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK ; MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Nicholas C Harvey
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust (UHSFT) and University of Southampton, Southampton, UK ; MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Cyrus Cooper
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Karen Lillycrop
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust (UHSFT) and University of Southampton, Southampton, UK ; Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Mark Hanson
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK ; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust (UHSFT) and University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Keith M Godfrey
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK ; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust (UHSFT) and University of Southampton, Southampton, UK ; MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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137
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Waardenberg AJ, Homan B, Mohamed S, Harvey RP, Bouveret R. Prediction and validation of protein-protein interactors from genome-wide DNA-binding data using a knowledge-based machine-learning approach. Open Biol 2016; 6:rsob.160183. [PMID: 27683156 PMCID: PMC5043580 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to accurately predict the DNA targets and interacting cofactors of transcriptional regulators from genome-wide data can significantly advance our understanding of gene regulatory networks. NKX2-5 is a homeodomain transcription factor that sits high in the cardiac gene regulatory network and is essential for normal heart development. We previously identified genomic targets for NKX2-5 in mouse HL-1 atrial cardiomyocytes using DNA-adenine methyltransferase identification (DamID). Here, we apply machine learning algorithms and propose a knowledge-based feature selection method for predicting NKX2-5 protein : protein interactions based on motif grammar in genome-wide DNA-binding data. We assessed model performance using leave-one-out cross-validation and a completely independent DamID experiment performed with replicates. In addition to identifying previously described NKX2-5-interacting proteins, including GATA, HAND and TBX family members, a number of novel interactors were identified, with direct protein : protein interactions between NKX2-5 and retinoid X receptor (RXR), paired-related homeobox (PRRX) and Ikaros zinc fingers (IKZF) validated using the yeast two-hybrid assay. We also found that the interaction of RXRα with NKX2-5 mutations found in congenital heart disease (Q187H, R189G and R190H) was altered. These findings highlight an intuitive approach to accessing protein-protein interaction information of transcription factors in DNA-binding experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J Waardenberg
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Bernou Homan
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Stephanie Mohamed
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Richard P Harvey
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia St Vincent's Clinical School, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Romaric Bouveret
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia St Vincent's Clinical School, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
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138
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Zhou YM, Dai XY, Huang RT, Xue S, Xu YJ, Qiu XB, Yang YQ. A novel TBX20 loss-of-function mutation contributes to adult-onset dilated cardiomyopathy or congenital atrial septal defect. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:3307-14. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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139
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Abstract
Cardiac cell specification and the genetic determinants that govern this process are highly conserved among Chordates. Recent studies have established the importance of evolutionarily-conserved mechanisms in the study of congenital heart defects and disease, as well as cardiac regeneration. As a basal Chordate, the Ciona model system presents a simple scaffold that recapitulates the basic blueprint of cardiac development in Chordates. Here we will focus on the development and cellular structure of the heart of the ascidian Ciona as compared to other Chordates, principally vertebrates. Comparison of the Ciona model system to heart development in other Chordates presents great potential for dissecting the genetic mechanisms that underlie congenital heart defects and disease at the cellular level and might provide additional insight into potential pathways for therapeutic cardiac regeneration.
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140
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Bloomekatz J, Galvez-Santisteban M, Chi NC. Myocardial plasticity: cardiac development, regeneration and disease. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2016; 40:120-130. [PMID: 27498024 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2016.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The adult mammalian heart is unable to recover from myocardial cell loss due to cardiac ischemia and infarction because terminally differentiated cardiomyocytes proliferate at a low rate. However, cardiomyocytes in other vertebrate animal models such as zebrafish, axolotls, newts and mammalian mouse neonates are capable of de-differentiating in order to promote cardiomyocyte proliferation and subsequent cardiac regeneration after injury. Although de-differentiation may occur in adult mammalian cardiomyocytes, it is typically associated with diseased hearts and pathologic remodeling rather than repair and regeneration. Here, we review recent studies of cardiac development, regeneration and disease that highlight how changes in myocardial identity (plasticity) is regulated and impacts adaptive and maladaptive cardiac responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Bloomekatz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Manuel Galvez-Santisteban
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Neil C Chi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Institute of Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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141
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Jahangiri L, Sharpe M, Novikov N, González-Rosa JM, Borikova A, Nevis K, Paffett-Lugassy N, Zhao L, Adams M, Guner-Ataman B, Burns CE, Burns CG. The AP-1 transcription factor component Fosl2 potentiates the rate of myocardial differentiation from the zebrafish second heart field. Development 2016; 143:113-22. [PMID: 26732840 DOI: 10.1242/dev.126136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate heart forms through successive phases of cardiomyocyte differentiation. Initially, cardiomyocytes derived from first heart field (FHF) progenitors assemble the linear heart tube. Thereafter, second heart field (SHF) progenitors differentiate into cardiomyocytes that are accreted to the poles of the heart tube over a well-defined developmental window. Although heart tube elongation deficiencies lead to life-threatening congenital heart defects, the variables controlling the initiation, rate and duration of myocardial accretion remain obscure. Here, we demonstrate that the AP-1 transcription factor, Fos-like antigen 2 (Fosl2), potentiates the rate of myocardial accretion from the zebrafish SHF. fosl2 mutants initiate accretion appropriately, but cardiomyocyte production is sluggish, resulting in a ventricular deficit coupled with an accumulation of SHF progenitors. Surprisingly, mutant embryos eventually correct the myocardial deficit by extending the accretion window. Overexpression of Fosl2 also compromises production of SHF-derived ventricular cardiomyocytes, a phenotype that is consistent with precocious depletion of the progenitor pool. Our data implicate Fosl2 in promoting the progenitor to cardiomyocyte transition and uncover the existence of regulatory mechanisms to ensure appropriate SHF-mediated cardiomyocyte contribution irrespective of embryonic stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Jahangiri
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michka Sharpe
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Natasha Novikov
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Juan Manuel González-Rosa
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Asya Borikova
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kathleen Nevis
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Noelle Paffett-Lugassy
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Long Zhao
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Meghan Adams
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Burcu Guner-Ataman
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Caroline E Burns
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - C Geoffrey Burns
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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142
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Nimura K, Yamamoto M, Takeichi M, Saga K, Takaoka K, Kawamura N, Nitta H, Nagano H, Ishino S, Tanaka T, Schwartz RJ, Aburatani H, Kaneda Y. Regulation of alternative polyadenylation by Nkx2-5 and Xrn2 during mouse heart development. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27331609 PMCID: PMC4982761 DOI: 10.7554/elife.16030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors organize gene expression profiles by regulating promoter activity. However, the role of transcription factors after transcription initiation is poorly understood. Here, we show that the homeoprotein Nkx2-5 and the 5’-3’ exonuclease Xrn2 are involved in the regulation of alternative polyadenylation (APA) during mouse heart development. Nkx2-5 occupied not only the transcription start sites (TSSs) but also the downstream regions of genes, serving to connect these regions in primary embryonic cardiomyocytes (eCMs). Nkx2-5 deficiency affected Xrn2 binding to target loci and resulted in increases in RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) occupancy and in the expression of mRNAs with long 3’untranslated regions (3’ UTRs) from genes related to heart development. siRNA-mediated suppression of Nkx2-5 and Xrn2 led to heart looping anomaly. Moreover, Nkx2-5 genetically interacts with Xrn2 because Nkx2-5+/-Xrn2+/-, but neither Nkx2-5+/-nor Xrn2+/-, newborns exhibited a defect in ventricular septum formation, suggesting that the association between Nkx2-5 and Xrn2 is essential for heart development. Our results indicate that Nkx2-5 regulates not only the initiation but also the usage of poly(A) sites during heart development. Our findings suggest that tissue-specific transcription factors is involved in the regulation of APA. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.16030.001 About one in every hundred babies is born with problems that either affect the structure of the heart or how it works. These problems are known as congenital heart disease, and result when the development of the heart is disrupted. How the heart develops is determined by thousands of genes whose activity or “expression” must be precisely regulated. Proteins called transcription factors can control gene expression; therefore, researchers may discover new ways of treating congenital heart disease if they can understand how transcription factors work during normal heart development. To produce a protein, the information in a gene must first be “transcribed” to form a molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA). Not all of the mRNA sequence is subsequently “translated” to form the protein; this includes a stretch at the end of the mRNA called the 3’ untranslated region. The length of the 3’ untranslated region for a particular mRNA may vary depending on the type of cell it has been produced in, and this length can influence how efficiently the mRNA is translated to form a protein. However, it was not clear what changes the length of the 3’ untranslated region. Nimura et al. have now studied mice to investigate the role of a transcription factor called Nkx2-5, which was known to be important for heart development. This revealed that in addition to its expected role in starting the transcription of genes that are important for heart development, Nkx2-5 also controls the length of 3’ untranslated regions of certain mRNAs. To do so, Nkx2-5 binds to a protein called Xrn2 that stops transcription when the end of the gene is reached. Mouse embryos that lacked Nkx2-5 produced mRNAs containing long 3’ untranslated regions from genes related to the development of the heart. Furthermore, suppressing the activity of both Nkx2-5 and Xrn2 resulted in the embryos developing heart defects. The findings of Nimura et al. suggest that transcription factors found in specific tissues are responsible for the different lengths of 3’ untranslated regions in mRNAs in different tissues. Furthermore, incorrectly regulating the length of these regions appears to be linked to the development of congenital heart disease. The next step is to understand exactly how the failure to correctly regulate the length of 3’ untranslated regions contributes to congenital heart disease. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.16030.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Nimura
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Masamichi Yamamoto
- Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Makiko Takeichi
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Kotaro Saga
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Takaoka
- Developmental Genetics Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Norihiko Kawamura
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.,Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Nitta
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Nagano
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Saki Ishino
- Center for Medical Research and Education, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tanaka
- Center for Medical Research and Education, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Robert J Schwartz
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Unites States
| | - Hiroyuki Aburatani
- Genome Science Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Kaneda
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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143
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Negative autoregulation of BMP dependent transcription by SIN3B splicing reveals a role for RBM39. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28210. [PMID: 27324164 PMCID: PMC4914931 DOI: 10.1038/srep28210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BMP signalling is negatively autoregulated by several genes including SMAD6, Noggin and Gremlin, and autoregulators are possible targets for enhancing BMP signalling in disorders such as fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension. To identify novel negative regulators of BMP signalling, we used siRNA screening in mouse C2C12 cells with a BMP-responsive luciferase reporter. Knockdown of several splicing factors increased BMP4-dependent transcription and target gene expression. Knockdown of RBM39 produced the greatest enhancement in BMP activity. Transcriptome-wide RNA sequencing identified a change in Sin3b exon usage after RBM39 knockdown. SIN3B targets histone deacetylases to chromatin to repress transcription. In mouse, Sin3b produces long and short isoforms, with the short isoform lacking the ability to recruit HDACs. BMP4 induced a shift in SIN3B expression to the long isoform, and this change in isoform ratio was prevented by RBM39 knockdown. Knockdown of long isoform SIN3B enhanced BMP4-dependent transcription, whereas knockdown of the short isoform did not. We propose that BMP4-dependent transcription is negatively autoregulated in part by SIN3B alternative splicing, and that RBM39 plays a role in this process.
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144
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Sadiq S, Crowley TM, Charchar FJ, Sanigorski A, Lewandowski PA. MicroRNAs in a hypertrophic heart: from foetal life to adulthood. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 92:1314-1331. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad Sadiq
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health; Deakin University; 75 Pigdons Road Waurn Ponds Victoria 3216 Australia
| | - Tamsyn M. Crowley
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health; Deakin University; 75 Pigdons Road Waurn Ponds Victoria 3216 Australia
| | - Fadi J. Charchar
- School of Health Sciences; Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University; Ballarat Victoria 3353 Australia
| | - Andrew Sanigorski
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health; Deakin University; 75 Pigdons Road Waurn Ponds Victoria 3216 Australia
| | - Paul A. Lewandowski
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health; Deakin University; 75 Pigdons Road Waurn Ponds Victoria 3216 Australia
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145
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Ellesøe SG, Johansen MM, Bjerre JV, Hjortdal VE, Brunak S, Larsen LA. Familial Atrial Septal Defect and Sudden Cardiac Death: Identification of a Novel NKX2-5 Mutation and a Review of the Literature. CONGENIT HEART DIS 2016; 11:283-90. [PMID: 26679770 PMCID: PMC5019245 DOI: 10.1111/chd.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atrial septal defect (ASD) is the second most common congenital heart defect (CHD) and is observed in families as an autosomal dominant trait as well as in nonfamilial CHD. Mutations in the NKX2-5 gene, located on chromosome 5, are associated with ASD, often combined with conduction disturbances, cardiomyopathies, complex CHD, and sudden cardiac death as well. Here, we show that NKX2-5 mutations primarily occur in ASD patients with conduction disturbances and heritable ASD. Furthermore, these families are at increased risk of sudden cardiac death. RESULTS We screened 39 probands with familial CHD for mutations in NKX2-5 and discovered a novel mutation in one family (2.5%) with ASD and atrioventricular block. A review of the literature revealed 59 different NKX2-5 mutations in 202 patients. Mutations were significantly more common in familial cases compared to nonfamilial cases (P = 7.1 × 10(-9) ). The majority of patients (74%) had ASD with conduction disturbance. Nineteen patients (15%) of 120 with familial ASD and conduction disturbance died from sudden cardiac death of which nine (8%) were confirmed mutation carriers, and 10 were possible carriers. CONCLUSIONS NKX2-5 mutations mainly occur in familial CHD, the signature phenotype is ASD with conduction disturbances and mutation carriers are at increased risk of sudden cardiac death. We suggest that familial ASD patients should be screened for NKX2-5 mutations and, if they are mutation carriers, implantation of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator should be considered in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Gade Ellesøe
- Department of Disease Systems BiologyNNF Center for Protein Research, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Morten Munk Johansen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | | | | | - Søren Brunak
- Department of Disease Systems BiologyNNF Center for Protein Research, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Lars Allan Larsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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146
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Hox Genes in Cardiovascular Development and Diseases. J Dev Biol 2016; 4:jdb4020014. [PMID: 29615581 PMCID: PMC5831787 DOI: 10.3390/jdb4020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart defects (CHD) are the leading cause of death in the first year of life. Over the past 20 years, much effort has been focused on unraveling the genetic bases of CHD. In particular, studies in human genetics coupled with those of model organisms have provided valuable insights into the gene regulatory networks underlying CHD pathogenesis. Hox genes encode transcription factors that are required for the patterning of the anterior–posterior axis in the embryo. In this review, we focus on the emerging role of anteriorly expressed Hox genes (Hoxa1, Hoxb1, and Hoxa3) in cardiac development, specifically their contribution to patterning of cardiac progenitor cells and formation of the great arteries. Recent evidence regarding the cooperative regulation of heart development by Hox proteins with members of the TALE-class of homeodomain proteins such as Pbx and Meis transcription factors is also discussed. These findings are highly relevant to human pathologies as they pinpoint new genes that increase susceptibility to cardiac anomalies and provide novel mechanistic insights into CHD.
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147
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Furtado MB, Wilmanns JC, Chandran A, Tonta M, Biben C, Eichenlaub M, Coleman HA, Berger S, Bouveret R, Singh R, Harvey RP, Ramialison M, Pearson JT, Parkington HC, Rosenthal NA, Costa MW. A novel conditional mouse model for Nkx2-5 reveals transcriptional regulation of cardiac ion channels. Differentiation 2016; 91:29-41. [PMID: 26897459 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Nkx2-5 is one of the master regulators of cardiac development, homeostasis and disease. This transcription factor has been previously associated with a suite of cardiac congenital malformations and impairment of electrical activity. When disease causative mutations in transcription factors are considered, NKX2-5 gene dysfunction is the most common abnormality found in patients. Here we describe a novel mouse model and subsequent implications of Nkx2-5 loss for aspects of myocardial electrical activity. In this work we have engineered a new Nkx2-5 conditional knockout mouse in which flox sites flank the entire Nkx2-5 locus, and validated this line for the study of heart development, differentiation and disease using a full deletion strategy. While our homozygous knockout mice show typical embryonic malformations previously described for the lack of the Nkx2-5 gene, hearts of heterozygous adult mice show moderate morphological and functional abnormalities that are sufficient to sustain blood supply demands under homeostatic conditions. This study further reveals intriguing aspects of Nkx2-5 function in the control of cardiac electrical activity. Using a combination of mouse genetics, biochemistry, molecular and cell biology, we demonstrate that Nkx2-5 regulates the gene encoding Kcnh2 channel and others, shedding light on potential mechanisms generating electrical abnormalities observed in patients bearing NKX2-5 dysfunction and opening opportunities to the study of novel therapeutic targets for anti-arrhythmogenic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena B Furtado
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia; The Jackson Laboratory, ME 04609, United States
| | - Julia C Wilmanns
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia; Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anjana Chandran
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia
| | - Mary Tonta
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia
| | - Christine Biben
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia
| | - Michael Eichenlaub
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia
| | - Harold A Coleman
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia
| | - Silke Berger
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia
| | - Romaric Bouveret
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Reena Singh
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Richard P Harvey
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Mirana Ramialison
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia
| | - James T Pearson
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia; Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia
| | | | - Nadia A Rosenthal
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, SW3 6LY England, UK; The Jackson Laboratory, ME 04609, United States
| | - Mauro W Costa
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia; The Jackson Laboratory, ME 04609, United States.
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148
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Luna-Zurita L, Stirnimann CU, Glatt S, Kaynak BL, Thomas S, Baudin F, Samee MAH, He D, Small EM, Mileikovsky M, Nagy A, Holloway AK, Pollard KS, Müller CW, Bruneau BG. Complex Interdependence Regulates Heterotypic Transcription Factor Distribution and Coordinates Cardiogenesis. Cell 2016; 164:999-1014. [PMID: 26875865 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) are thought to function with partners to achieve specificity and precise quantitative outputs. In the developing heart, heterotypic TF interactions, such as between the T-box TF TBX5 and the homeodomain TF NKX2-5, have been proposed as a mechanism for human congenital heart defects. We report extensive and complex interdependent genomic occupancy of TBX5, NKX2-5, and the zinc finger TF GATA4 coordinately controlling cardiac gene expression, differentiation, and morphogenesis. Interdependent binding serves not only to co-regulate gene expression but also to prevent TFs from distributing to ectopic loci and activate lineage-inappropriate genes. We define preferential motif arrangements for TBX5 and NKX2-5 cooperative binding sites, supported at the atomic level by their co-crystal structure bound to DNA, revealing a direct interaction between the two factors and induced DNA bending. Complex interdependent binding mechanisms reveal tightly regulated TF genomic distribution and define a combinatorial logic for heterotypic TF regulation of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Luna-Zurita
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Christian U Stirnimann
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Glatt
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bogac L Kaynak
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sean Thomas
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Florence Baudin
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; UJF-EMBL-CNRS UMI 3265, Unit of Virus Host-Cell Interactions, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | | | - Daniel He
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Eric M Small
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Maria Mileikovsky
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Andras Nagy
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Alisha K Holloway
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Katherine S Pollard
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Christoph W Müller
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Benoit G Bruneau
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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149
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Orlova VV, Chuva de Sousa Lopes S, Valdimarsdottir G. BMP-SMAD signaling: From pluripotent stem cells to cardiovascular commitment. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 27:55-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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150
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Fuchs C, Gawlas S, Heher P, Nikouli S, Paar H, Ivankovic M, Schultheis M, Klammer J, Gottschamel T, Capetanaki Y, Weitzer G. Desmin enters the nucleus of cardiac stem cells and modulates Nkx2.5 expression by participating in transcription factor complexes that interact with the nkx2.5 gene. Biol Open 2016; 5:140-53. [PMID: 26787680 PMCID: PMC4823984 DOI: 10.1242/bio.014993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Nkx2.5 and the intermediate filament protein desmin are simultaneously expressed in cardiac progenitor cells during commitment of primitive mesoderm to the cardiomyogenic lineage. Up-regulation of Nkx2.5 expression by desmin suggests that desmin may contribute to cardiogenic commitment and myocardial differentiation by directly influencing the transcription of the nkx2.5 gene in cardiac progenitor cells. Here, we demonstrate that desmin activates transcription of nkx2.5 reporter genes, rescues nkx2.5 haploinsufficiency in cardiac progenitor cells, and is responsible for the proper expression of Nkx2.5 in adult cardiac side population stem cells. These effects are consistent with the temporary presence of desmin in the nuclei of differentiating cardiac progenitor cells and its physical interaction with transcription factor complexes bound to the enhancer and promoter elements of the nkx2.5 gene. These findings introduce desmin as a newly discovered and unexpected player in the regulatory network guiding cardiomyogenesis in cardiac stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Fuchs
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A1030, Austria
| | - Sonja Gawlas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A1030, Austria
| | - Philipp Heher
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A1030, Austria
| | - Sofia Nikouli
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens 115 27, Greece
| | - Hannah Paar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A1030, Austria
| | - Mario Ivankovic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A1030, Austria
| | - Martina Schultheis
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A1030, Austria
| | - Julia Klammer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A1030, Austria
| | - Teresa Gottschamel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A1030, Austria
| | - Yassemi Capetanaki
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens 115 27, Greece
| | - Georg Weitzer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A1030, Austria
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