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Lee J, Alam J, Choi E, Ko YK, Lee A, Choi Y. Association of a dysbiotic oral microbiota with the development of focal lymphocytic sialadenitis in IκB-ζ-deficient mice. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2020; 6:49. [PMID: 33127905 PMCID: PMC7599236 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-020-00158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice lacking IκB-ζ, a protein encoded by the Nfkbiz gene, spontaneously develop a Sjögren’s syndrome-like disease involving the lachrymal glands, but no salivary gland symptoms have been reported. We found that Nfkbiz−/− female mice presented a significantly reduced salivary flow rate, focal lymphocytic sialadenitis (FLS), and a dysbiotic oral microbiota at week 24. To dissect the contributions of genetic and environmental factors to the salivary gland phenotype, Nfkbiz+/+ and Nfkbiz−/− mice were cohoused after weaning and evaluated at week 20. Cohousing alleviated the salivary gland phenotype of Nfkbiz−/− mice but did not induce any disease phenotype in Nfkbiz+/+ mice. Additionally, the oral microbiota in the cohoused mice was synchronized toward that in Nfkbiz+/+ mice. In conclusion, IκB-ζ-deficient mice developed hyposalivation and FLS, in which a dysbiotic oral microbiota played an important role. This finding suggests that the dysbiotic oral microbiota could be a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junho Lee
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jehan Alam
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Eunji Choi
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeon Kyeong Ko
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ahreum Lee
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngnim Choi
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
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Abstract
γδ T cells are a unique T cell subpopulation that are rare in secondary lymphoid organs but enriched in many peripheral tissues, such as the skin, intestines and lungs. By rapidly producing large amounts of cytokines, γδ T cells make key contributions to immune responses in these tissues. In addition to their immune surveillance activities, recent reports have unravelled exciting new roles for γδ T cells in steady-state tissue physiology, with functions ranging from the regulation of thermogenesis in adipose tissue to the control of neuronal synaptic plasticity in the central nervous system. Here, we review the roles of γδ T cells in tissue homeostasis and in surveillance of infection, aiming to illustrate their major impact on tissue integrity, tissue repair and immune protection.
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103
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Oladipupo FO, Yu CR, Olumuyide E, Jittaysothorn Y, Choi JK, Egwuagu CE. STAT3 deficiency in B cells exacerbates uveitis by promoting expansion of pathogenic lymphocytes and suppressing regulatory B cells (Bregs) and Tregs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16188. [PMID: 33004854 PMCID: PMC7529787 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73093-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
STAT3 transcription factor induces differentiation of naïve T cells into Th17 cells and loss of STAT3 in T cell prevents development of CNS autoimmune diseases. However, function of STAT3 in the B lymphocyte subset is not well understood. In this study, we have generated mice lacking STAT3 in CD19+ B cells (CD19-STAT3KO) and investigated intrinsic and extrinsic functions of STAT3 in B cells and its potential role in resistance or pathogenesis of organ-specific autoimmune diseases. We show that STAT3 regulates metabolic mechanisms in B cells with implications for bioenergetic and metabolic pathways that control cellular homeostasis in B cells. Thus, loss of STAT3 in CD19-STAT3KO cells perturbed growth and apoptosis by inducing rapid entry of B cells into the S-phase of the cell cycle, decreasing expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors and upregulating pro-apoptotic proteins. We further show that the CD19-STAT3KO mice develop severe experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), an animal model of human uveitis. Exacerbated uveitis in CD19-STAT3KO mice derived in part from enhanced expression of costimulatory molecules on B cells, marked increase of Th17 responses and increased recruitment of granulocytes into the neuroretina. The enhanced autoimmunity upon deletion of STAT3 in B cells is also recapitulated in experimental autoimmune encephalitis, a mouse model of multiple sclerosis and thus support our conclusion that STAT3 deletion in B cells enhanced inflammation and the effects observed are not model specific. Our data further indicate that STAT3 pathway modulates interactions between B and T cells during EAU resulting in alteration of lymphocyte repertoire by increasing levels of autoreactive pathogenic T cells while suppressing development and/or expansion of immune-suppressive lymphocytes (Bregs and Tregs). Taken together, STAT3 exerts diametrically opposite effects in lymphocytes, with loss of STAT3 in B cells exacerbating uveitis whereas Stat3 deletion in T cells confers protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Favour O Oladipupo
- Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute (NEI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Building 10, Room 10N248G, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1857, USA
| | - Cheng-Rong Yu
- Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute (NEI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Building 10, Room 10N248G, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1857, USA
| | - Ezekiel Olumuyide
- Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute (NEI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Building 10, Room 10N248G, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1857, USA
| | | | - Jin Kyeong Choi
- Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute (NEI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Building 10, Room 10N248G, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1857, USA.,Department of Immunology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Charles E Egwuagu
- Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute (NEI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Building 10, Room 10N248G, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1857, USA.
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104
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The microbiota protects against Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia via γδ T cell-neutrophil axis in mice. Microbes Infect 2020; 22:294-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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105
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Assessing the ocular surface microbiome in severe ocular surface diseases. Ocul Surf 2020; 18:706-712. [PMID: 32717380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is growing evidence for a critical role of the microbiome in ocular health and disease. We performed a prospective, observational study to characterize the ocular surface microbiome (OSM) in four chronic ocular surface diseases (OSDs) and healthy controls. METHODS Sterile swabs were used to collect samples from each eye of 39 patients (78 eyes). Sterile technique and multiple controls were used to assess contamination during DNA extraction, amplification and sequencing. Concurrent use of topical antibiotics, steroids, and bandage contact lenses (BCLs) was documented. RESULTS Despite the low biomass of the ocular surface, 47/78 (60%) eyes sampled had positive sequencing reads. We observed that half of patients (8/17, 47%) had distinct microbiomes in each eye. Healthy controls had a Lactobacillus/Streptococcus mixture or significant Corynebacterium. Staphylococcus predominated in 4/7 (57%) patients with Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) in at least one eye, compared to 0/10 healthy controls. Interestingly, 8/11 (73%) eyes with SJS were using BCLs, including 4/5 (80%) eyes dominated by Staphylococcus. Lax eyelid syndrome (LES) and Dry Eye Disease (DED) patients had similar OSMs, with Corynebacterium being the most prevalent bacteria. Alpha diversity was higher in controls and ocular graft-vs-host (oGVHD) patients compared to the other OSDs. CONCLUSIONS Only 50% of the 39 patients had similar microbiomes in each eye. A majority of healthy eyes had a Lactobacillus/Streptococcus mix or Corynebacterium microbiome. Staphylococcus predominated in SJS, Lactobacillus in oGVHD, and Corynebacterium in DED and LES. There may be an association between different OSDs and the microbiome.
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106
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O’Brien RL, Born WK. Two functionally distinct subsets of IL‐17 producing γδ T cells. Immunol Rev 2020; 298:10-24. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. O’Brien
- Department of Biomedical Research National Jewish Health Denver CO USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine Aurora CO USA
| | - Willi K. Born
- Department of Biomedical Research National Jewish Health Denver CO USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine Aurora CO USA
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107
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Petrillo F, Pignataro D, Lavano MA, Santella B, Folliero V, Zannella C, Astarita C, Gagliano C, Franci G, Avitabile T, Galdiero M. Current Evidence on the Ocular Surface Microbiota and Related Diseases. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8071033. [PMID: 32668575 PMCID: PMC7409318 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8071033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ocular surface microbiota refers to the resident non-pathogenic microorganisms that colonize conjunctiva and cornea. Several studies have shown that ocular surface epithelial cells can respond selectively to specific components of ocular pathogenic bacteria by producing pro-inflammatory cytokines and, in contrast, they do not respond to non-pathogenic bacteria, thus supporting the colonization by a real microbiota. However, the analysis of the ocular microbiome composition is essential for understanding the pathophysiology of various ophthalmic diseases. In this scenario, the first studies, which used microbiological culture techniques, reported a less diverse profile of the ocular microbiota compared with that recently discovered using new molecular-based methods. Indeed, until a few years ago, the microbiota of the ocular surface appeared to be dominated by Gram-positive and a few Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some fungal strains. In contrast, genomics has nowadays detected a remarkable diversity in the ocular surface microorganisms. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that the microbiota of other areas of the body, such as the gut and oral microbiota, are involved in the pathophysiology of several ophthalmic diseases. The aim of the present study is to highlight the current evidence on the ocular surface microbiota to better understand it and to investigate its potential role in the development of ophthalmic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Petrillo
- Section of Ophthalmology, University Hospital “Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele”, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.P.); (T.A.)
| | - Danilo Pignataro
- Section of Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (D.P.); (M.A.L.); (B.S.)
| | - Maria Annunziata Lavano
- Section of Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (D.P.); (M.A.L.); (B.S.)
| | - Biagio Santella
- Section of Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (D.P.); (M.A.L.); (B.S.)
| | - Veronica Folliero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (V.F.); (C.Z.)
| | - Carla Zannella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (V.F.); (C.Z.)
| | - Carlo Astarita
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA;
| | - Caterina Gagliano
- Section of Ocular Immunology and Rare Diseases, University Hospital “Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele”, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Gianluigi Franci
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi (S.A.), Italy;
| | - Teresio Avitabile
- Section of Ophthalmology, University Hospital “Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele”, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.P.); (T.A.)
| | - Marilena Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (V.F.); (C.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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108
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IL-17A-producing γδ T cells promote liver pathology in acute murine schistosomiasis. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:334. [PMID: 32611373 PMCID: PMC7329544 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04200-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The main symptoms of schistosomiasis are granuloma and fibrosis, caused by Schistosoma eggs. Numerous types of cells and cytokines are involved in the progression of Schistosoma infection. As a class of innate immune cells, γδ T cells play critical roles in the early immune response. However, their role in modulating granuloma and fibrosis remains to be clarified. Methods Liver fibrosis in wild-type (WT) mice and T cell receptor (TCR) δ knockout (KO) mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum was examined via Masson’s trichrome staining of collagen deposition and quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) of fibrosis-related genes. Granuloma was detected by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining and quantified. Flow cytometry was used for immune cell profiling and for detecting cytokine secretion. The abundance of the related cytokines was measured using quantitative RT-PCR. Results The livers of S. japonicum-infected mice had significantly increased proportions of interleukin (IL)-17A producing γδ T cells and secreted IL-17A. Compared with the WT mice, TCR δ deficiency resulted in reduced pathological impairment and fibrosis in the liver and increased survival in infected mice. In addition, the profibrogenic effects of γδ T cells in infected mice were associated with enhanced CD11b+Gr-1+ cells, concurrent with increased expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β in the liver. Conclusions In this mouse model of Schistosoma infection, γδ T cells may promote liver fibrosis by recruiting CD11b+Gr-1+ cells. These findings shed new light on the pathogenesis of liver pathology in murine schistosomiasis.![]()
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109
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Wan SJ, Ma S, Evans DJ, Fleiszig SMJ. Resistance of the murine cornea to bacterial colonization during experimental dry eye. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234013. [PMID: 32470039 PMCID: PMC7259750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The healthy cornea is remarkably resistant to infection, quickly clearing deliberately inoculated bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Contrasting with the adjacent conjunctiva and other body surfaces, it also lacks a resident viable bacterial microbiome. Corneal resistance to microbes depends on intrinsic defenses involving tear fluid and the corneal epithelium. Dry eye, an ocular surface disease associated with discomfort and inflammation, can alter tear fluid composition and volume, and impact epithelial integrity. We previously showed that experimentally-induced dry eye (EDE) in mice does not increase corneal susceptibility to P. aeruginosa infection. Here, we explored if EDE alters corneal resistance to bacterial colonization. EDE was established in mice using scopolamine injections and dehumidified air-flow, and verified by phenol-red thread testing after 5 and 10 days. As expected, EDE corneas showed increased fluorescein staining versus controls consistent with compromised epithelial barrier function. Confocal imaging using mT/mG knock-in mice with red-fluorescent membranes revealed no other obvious morphological differences between EDE corneas and controls for epithelium, stroma, and endothelium. EDE corneas were imaged ex vivo and compared to controls after alkyne-functionalized D-alanine labeling of metabolically-active colonizing bacteria, or by FISH using a universal 16S rRNA gene probe. Both methods revealed very few viable bacteria on EDE corneas after 5 or 10 days (median of 0, upper quartile of ≤ 1 bacteria per field of view for each group [9–12 eyes per group]) similar to control corneas. Furthermore, there was no obvious difference in abundance of conjunctival bacteria, which included previously reported filamentous forms. Thus, despite reduced tear flow and apparent compromise to corneal barrier function (fluorescein staining), EDE murine corneas continue to resist bacterial colonization and maintain the absence of a resident viable bacterial microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J. Wan
- Vision Science Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Sophia Ma
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - David J. Evans
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- College of Pharmacy, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA, United States of America
| | - Suzanne M. J. Fleiszig
- Vision Science Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Graduate Groups in Microbiology, and Infectious Diseases & Immunity, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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110
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Abusleme L, O'Gorman H, Dutzan N, Greenwell-Wild T, Moutsopoulos NM. Establishment and Stability of the Murine Oral Microbiome. J Dent Res 2020; 99:721-729. [PMID: 32345105 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520915485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Commensal microbiomes exert critical functions at barrier sites. In particular, establishment of the commensal microbiome after birth dictates immune functionality and tissue homeostasis at mucosal surfaces. To investigate the establishment and stability of the oral mucosal microbiome in mice, we evaluated oral microbiome communities shortly after birth, through adulthood, and up to 1 y of life in a controlled manner, using sequential oral samples from the same mice over time. We further evaluated transmissibility of oral microbiomes from parents and during cohousing experiments and evaluated susceptibility to oral inflammatory disease in mice harboring distinct microbiomes. Our work reveals basic principles in the establishment and stability of a health-associated oral microbiome after birth and provides insights that may be important for host-microbiome experimentation in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Abusleme
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory for Craniofacial Translational Research, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - H O'Gorman
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - N Dutzan
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory for Craniofacial Translational Research, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - T Greenwell-Wild
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - N M Moutsopoulos
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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111
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Deepthi KG, Prabagaran SR. Ocular bacterial infections: Pathogenesis and diagnosis. Microb Pathog 2020; 145:104206. [PMID: 32330515 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The human eye is a rigid asymmetric structure with unique defence system. Despite considerable resident microbiota, eye is exposed to external environment where a range of microorganisms also inhabits. Opportunistically, some of these microorganisms could associate with eye pathogen that could contact incidentally, leading to destructive visual consequences. Among such microbiota, bacteria form the major proportion concerning ocular complications worldwide. The succession of genome based approach through 16S rRNA gene based identification tremendously augmented the knowledge on diversity of ocular surface bacteria. Such evidence suggests that while few bacteria contribute towards normal ocular functions, considerable number of bacteria play active role in pathophysiology of ocular diseases. Thus, understanding the complexity of ocular microflora not only throw light on their critical role towards normal function of the eye, but also enlighten on certain visual exigencies. Under these circumstances, development of a rapid, reliable and cost effective method is essential that eventually evolve as a routine diagnostic protocol. Such precise prognostic modalities facilitate ophthalmologists to formulate pioneering therapeutics towards challenging ocular diseases.
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112
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Deng Y, Wen X, Hu X, Zou Y, Zhao C, Chen X, Miao L, Li X, Deng X, Bible PW, Ke H, Situ J, Guo S, Liang J, Chen T, Zou B, Liu Y, Chen W, Wu K, Zhang M, Jin ZB, Liang L, Wei L. Geographic Difference Shaped Human Ocular Surface Metagenome of Young Han Chinese From Beijing, Wenzhou, and Guangzhou Cities. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:47. [PMID: 32106294 PMCID: PMC7329964 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.2.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Microbial ecosystems interact with the human body and affect human health. The microbial community on the ocular surface remains an underexplored territory despite its importance as the first line of defense barrier that protects the eye and ultimately sight. We investigated how age and sex affected human ocular surface microbiome, and in the present study wanted to understand how geographic difference shaped the microbiome in the ocular surface. Methods We collected conjunctival specimens of 172 eyes from 86 healthy volunteers living in three Chinese cities, namely, Guangzhou, Wenzhou, and Beijing. Using the direct metagenomic shotgun sequencing approach, we characterized how geographic difference affected the human ocular microbiome. Results We surveyed the taxonomic composition and metabolic function of the microbiota on human ocular surface. We showed that the ocular surface microbiota was composed of bacteria, viruses, and fungi. A geographical difference in both composition and function of the conjunctival microbiome suggests that the environment people lived in shapes their conjunctival microbiome, especially the dominate species. Conclusions Our study provides a reference catalog of the healthy conjunctival metagenome and raises a concern for environmental influences on the ocular surface microbiome.
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113
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Lu X, Kugadas A, Smith-Page K, Lamb J, Lin T, Ru Y, Morley SC, Fichorova R, Mittal SK, Chauhan SK, Littleton S, Saban D, Gadjeva M. Neutrophil L-Plastin Controls Ocular Paucibacteriality and Susceptibility to Keratitis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:547. [PMID: 32318063 PMCID: PMC7147296 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Why ocular mucosa is paucibacterial is unknown. Many different mechanisms have been suggested but the comprehensive experimental studies are sparse. We found that a deficiency in L-plastin (LCP1), an actin bundling protein, resulted in an ocular commensal overgrowth, characterized with increased presence of conjunctival Streptococcal spp. The commensal overgrowth correlated with susceptibility to P. aeruginosa-induced keratitis. L-plastin knock-out (KO) mice displayed elevated bacterial burden in the P. aeruginosa-infected corneas, altered inflammatory responses, and compromised bactericidal activity. Mice with ablation of LPL under the LysM Cre (LysM. CreposLPLfl/fl ) and S100A8 Cre (S100A8.CreposLPLfl/fl ) promoters had a similar phenotype to the LPL KOs mice. In contrast, infected CD11c.CreposLPLfl/fl mice did not display elevated susceptibility to infection, implicating the myeloid L-plastin-sufficient cells (e.g., macrophages and neutrophils) in maintaining ocular homeostasis. Mechanistically, the elevated commensal burden and the susceptibility to infection were linked to defects in neutrophil frequencies at steady state and during infection and compromised bactericidal activities upon priming. Macrophage exposure to commensal organisms primed neutrophil responses to P. aeruginosa, augmenting PMN bactericidal capacity in an L-plastin dependent manner. Cumulatively, our data highlight the importance of neutrophils in controlling ocular paucibacteriality, reveal molecular and cellular events involved in the process, and suggest a link between commensal exposure and resistance to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Lu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Abirami Kugadas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kirsten Smith-Page
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jeffrey Lamb
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tiffany Lin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yusha Ru
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Raina Fichorova
- Laboratory of Genital Tract Biology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, MA, United States
| | - Sharad K. Mittal
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sunil K. Chauhan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sejiro Littleton
- Duke Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Daniel Saban
- Duke Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Mihaela Gadjeva
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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114
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Trujillo-Vargas CM, Schaefer L, Alam J, Pflugfelder SC, Britton RA, de Paiva CS. The gut-eye-lacrimal gland-microbiome axis in Sjögren Syndrome. Ocul Surf 2020; 18:335-344. [PMID: 31644955 PMCID: PMC7124975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial communities that collectively inhabit our body are called the microbiome. Virtually all body surface harbors bacteria. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing that have provided insight into the diversity, composition of bacterial communities, and their interaction are discussed in this review, as well as the current knowledge of how the microbiome promotes ocular health. The ocular surface is a site of low bacterial load. Sjögren Syndrome is an autoimmune disease that affects the exocrine glands, causing dry mouth and dry eye. Systemic antibiotic treatment and germ-free mice have demonstrated that commensal bacteria have a protective role for the ocular surface and lacrimal gland. The existence of a gut-eye-lacrimal gland axis-microbiome is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M Trujillo-Vargas
- Grupo de Inmunodeficiencias Primarias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Medellin, Colombia; Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Laura Schaefer
- Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Jehan Alam
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Stephen C Pflugfelder
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Robert A Britton
- Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Cintia S de Paiva
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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115
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Immunopathogenesis of Progressive Scarring Trachoma: Results of a 4-Year Longitudinal Study in Tanzanian Children. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00629-19. [PMID: 31964744 PMCID: PMC7093124 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00629-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Trachoma is initiated during childhood following repeated conjunctival infection with Chlamydia trachomatis, which causes a chronic inflammatory response in some individuals that leads to scarring and in-turning of the eyelids in later life. There is currently no treatment to halt the progression of scarring trachoma due to an incomplete understanding of disease pathogenesis. A cohort study was performed in northern Tanzania in 616 children aged 6 to 10 years at enrollment. Every 3 months for 4 years, children were examined for clinical signs of trachoma, and conjunctival swabs were collected for C. trachomatis detection and to analyze the expression of 46 immunofibrogenic genes. Trachoma is initiated during childhood following repeated conjunctival infection with Chlamydia trachomatis, which causes a chronic inflammatory response in some individuals that leads to scarring and in-turning of the eyelids in later life. There is currently no treatment to halt the progression of scarring trachoma due to an incomplete understanding of disease pathogenesis. A cohort study was performed in northern Tanzania in 616 children aged 6 to 10 years at enrollment. Every 3 months for 4 years, children were examined for clinical signs of trachoma, and conjunctival swabs were collected for C. trachomatis detection and to analyze the expression of 46 immunofibrogenic genes. Data were analyzed in relation to progressive scarring status between baseline and the final time point. Genes that were significantly associated with scarring progression included those encoding proinflammatory chemokines (CXCL5, CCL20, CXCL13, and CCL18), cytokines (IL23A, IL19, and IL1B), matrix modifiers (MMP12 and SPARCL1), immune regulators (IDO1, SOCS3, and IL10), and a proinflammatory antimicrobial peptide (S100A7). In response to C. trachomatis infection, IL23A and PDGF were significantly upregulated in scarring progressors relative to in nonprogressors. Our findings highlight the importance of innate proinflammatory signals from the epithelium and implicate interleukin 23A (IL-23A)-responsive cells in driving trachomatous scarring, with potential key mechanistic roles for PDGFB, MMP12, and SPARCL1 in orchestrating fibrosis.
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116
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Rosa BA, Mihindukulasuriya K, Hallsworth-Pepin K, Wollam A, Martin J, Snowden C, Dunne WM, Weinstock GM, Burnham CA, Mitreva M. Improving Characterization of Understudied Human Microbiomes Using Targeted Phylogenetics. mSystems 2020; 5:e00096-20. [PMID: 32098835 PMCID: PMC7043343 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00096-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole-genome bacterial sequences are required to better understand microbial functions, niche-specific bacterial metabolism, and disease states. Although genomic sequences are available for many of the human-associated bacteria from commonly tested body habitats (e.g., feces), as few as 13% of bacterium-derived reads from other sites such as the skin map to known bacterial genomes. To facilitate a better characterization of metagenomic shotgun reads from underrepresented body sites, we collected over 10,000 bacterial isolates originating from 14 human body habitats, identified novel taxonomic groups based on full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences, clustered the sequences to ensure that no individual taxonomic group was overselected for sequencing, prioritized bacteria from underrepresented body sites (such as skin and respiratory and urinary tracts), and sequenced and assembled genomes for 665 new bacterial strains. Here, we show that addition of these genomes improved read mapping rates of Human Microbiome Project (HMP) metagenomic samples by nearly 30% for the previously underrepresented phylum Fusobacteria, and 27.5% of the novel genomes generated here had high representation in at least one of the tested HMP samples, compared to 12.5% of the sequences in the public databases, indicating an enrichment of useful novel genomic sequences resulting from the prioritization procedure. As our understanding of the human microbiome continues to improve and to enter the realm of therapy developments, targeted approaches such as this to improve genomic databases will increase in importance from both an academic and a clinical perspective.IMPORTANCE The human microbiome plays a critically important role in health and disease, but current understanding of the mechanisms underlying the interactions between the varying microbiome and the different host environments is lacking. Having access to a database of fully sequenced bacterial genomes provides invaluable insights into microbial functions, but currently sequenced genomes for the human microbiome have largely come from a limited number of body sites (primarily feces), while other sites such as the skin, respiratory tract, and urinary tract are underrepresented, resulting in as little as 13% of bacterium-derived reads mapping to known bacterial genomes. Here, we sequenced and assembled 665 new bacterial genomes, prioritized from a larger database to select underrepresented body sites and bacterial taxa in the existing databases. As a result, we substantially improve mapping rates for samples from the Human Microbiome Project and provide an important contribution to human bacterial genomic databases for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Rosa
- McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | - Aye Wollam
- McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - John Martin
- McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Caroline Snowden
- McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - William Michael Dunne
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - George M Weinstock
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - C A Burnham
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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117
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Spidale NA, Malhotra N, Frascoli M, Sylvia K, Miu B, Freeman C, Stadinski BD, Huseby E, Kang J. Neonatal-derived IL-17 producing dermal γδ T cells are required to prevent spontaneous atopic dermatitis. eLife 2020; 9:e51188. [PMID: 32065580 PMCID: PMC7025821 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic Dermatitis (AD) is a T cell-mediated chronic skin disease and is associated with altered skin barrier integrity. Infants with mutations in genes involved in tissue barrier fitness are predisposed towards inflammatory diseases, but most do not develop or sustain the diseases, suggesting that there exist regulatory immune mechanisms to prevent aberrant inflammation. The absence of one single murine dermal cell type, the innate neonatal-derived IL-17 producing γδ T (Tγδ17) cells, from birth resulted in spontaneous, highly penetrant AD with many of the major hallmarks of human AD. In Tγδ17 cell-deficient mice, basal keratinocyte transcriptome was altered months in advance of AD induction. Tγδ17 cells respond to skin commensal bacteria and the fulminant disease in their absence was driven by skin commensal bacteria dysbiosis. AD in this model was characterized by highly expanded dermal αβ T clonotypes that produce the type three cytokines, IL-17 and IL-22. These results demonstrate that neonatal Tγδ17 cells are innate skin regulatory T cells that are critical for skin homeostasis, and that IL-17 has dual homeostatic and inflammatory function in the skin.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Autoantigens/genetics
- Cell Differentiation
- Dermatitis, Atopic/genetics
- Dermatitis, Atopic/immunology
- Dermatitis, Atopic/prevention & control
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression
- Interleukin-17/biosynthesis
- Interleukins/biosynthesis
- Keratinocytes/cytology
- Keratinocytes/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Skin/metabolism
- Skin/microbiology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Interleukin-22
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Spidale
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
| | - Nidhi Malhotra
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
| | - Michela Frascoli
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
| | - Katelyn Sylvia
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
| | - Bing Miu
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
| | - Coral Freeman
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
| | - Brian D Stadinski
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
| | - Eric Huseby
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
| | - Joonsoo Kang
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
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118
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Hayday AC. γδ T Cell Update: Adaptate Orchestrators of Immune Surveillance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 203:311-320. [PMID: 31285310 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As interest in γδ T cells grows rapidly, what key points are emerging, and where is caution warranted? γδ T cells fulfill critical functions, as reflected in associations with vaccine responsiveness and cancer survival in humans and ever more phenotypes of γδ T cell-deficient mice, including basic physiological deficiencies. Such phenotypes reflect activities of distinct γδ T cell subsets, whose origins offer interesting insights into lymphocyte development but whose variable evolutionary conservation can obfuscate translation of knowledge from mice to humans. By contrast, an emerging and conserved feature of γδ T cells is their "adaptate" biology: an integration of adaptive clonally-restricted specificities, innate tissue-sensing, and unconventional recall responses that collectively strengthen host resistance to myriad challenges. Central to adaptate biology are butyrophilins and other γδ cell regulators, the study of which should greatly enhance our understanding of tissue immunogenicity and immunosurveillance and guide intensifying clinical interest in γδ cells and other unconventional lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C Hayday
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; and Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
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119
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Dong X, Wang Y, Wang W, Lin P, Huang Y. Composition and Diversity of Bacterial Community on the Ocular Surface of Patients With Meibomian Gland Dysfunction. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 60:4774-4783. [PMID: 31738825 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-27719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the composition and diversity of bacterial community on the ocular surface of patients with meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) via 16S rDNA sequencing. Methods Forty-seven patients with MGD, who were divided into groups of mild, moderate, and severe MGD, and 42 sex- and age-matched participants without MGD (control group) were enrolled. Samples were collected from the upper and lower conjunctival sac of one randomly chosen eye of each participant. Through sequencing the hypervariable region of 16S rDNA gene obtained from samples, differences in the taxonomy and diversity between groups were compared. Results Principle coordinate analysis showed significantly distinct clustering of the conjunctival sac bacterial community between the severe MGD group and the other groups. At the phylum level, the relative abundances of Firmicutes (31.70% vs. 19.67%) and Proteobacteria (27.46% vs. 14.66%) were significantly higher (P < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U), and the abundance of Actinobacteria (34.17% vs. 56.98%) was lower in MGD than controls (P < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U). At the genus level, the abundances of Staphylococcus (20.71% vs. 7.88%) and Sphingomonas (5.73% vs. 0.79%) in patients with MGD were significantly higher than the controls (P < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U), while the abundance of Corynebacterium (20.22% vs. 46.43%) was significantly lower (P < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U). The abundance of Staphylococcus was positively correlated with the meiboscores in patients with MGD (r = 0.650, P < 0.001, Spearman). Conclusions Patients with MGD can have various degrees of bacterial microbiota imbalance in the conjunctival sac. Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, and Sphingomonas may play roles in the pathophysiology of MGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojin Dong
- Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuqian Wang
- Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Weina Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Ping Lin
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yusen Huang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
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120
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Wang C, Schaefer L, Bian F, Yu Z, Pflugfelder SC, Britton RA, de Paiva CS. Dysbiosis Modulates Ocular Surface Inflammatory Response to Liposaccharide. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 60:4224-4233. [PMID: 31618426 PMCID: PMC6795342 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-27939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the inflammatory response of cornea and conjunctiva to topically applied lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice with and without antibiotic (antibiotic cocktail, ABX) induced dysbiosis. Methods Dysbiosis was induced by oral antibiotics for 14 days in a group of conventional female C57BL/6J (B6) mice. 16S rRNA sequencing investigated microbiome composition. Intestinal microbiome differences were assessed using 16S rRNA sequencing of fecal pellet DNA. Blood was collected after euthanasia. CD86 expression in draining nodes was examined by flow cytometry. At day 15, a single dose of LPS or vehicle was topically applied to ABX and naïve mice. Corneal epithelium and conjunctiva were obtained after 4 hours and processed for gene expression analysis. A separate group of germ-free (GF) B6 mice was also topically challenged with LPS. Results Antibiotic treatment significantly decreased intestinal diversity and increased serum levels of LPS. This was accompanied by a significant increase in CD86+MHC II+CD11c+CD11b+ cells in draining nodes. Compared to vehicle, topically applied LPS increased IL-1β, TNF-α, and CXCL10 mRNA transcripts in cornea and IL-1β, TNF-α, and CXCL10 in the conjunctiva in conventional and antibiotic-treated groups. However, there was higher TNF-α, CXCL10, and IL-12 expression in the cornea of LPS-treated ABX mice compared to LPS-treated mice with intact microbiota. LPS stimulation on GF conjunctiva mirrored the results in ABX mice, although greater IL-12 and IFN-γ expression was observed in GF conjunctiva compared to conventional LPS-treated mice. Conclusions Acute depletion of commensals through antibiotics or germ-free environment worsens the inflammatory response to LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjun Wang
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China.,Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Laura Schaefer
- Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Fang Bian
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Zhiyuan Yu
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Stephen C Pflugfelder
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Robert A Britton
- Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Cintia S de Paiva
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
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121
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Fitzpatrick S, Lausch R, Barrington RA. CCR6-Positive γδ T Cells Provide Protection Against Intracorneal HSV-1 Infection. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 60:3952-3962. [PMID: 31560369 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-27810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose γδ T cells offer an important early immune defense against many different pathogens, both bacterial and viral. Herein, we examined the capacity of γδ T cell subsets to provide protection in the cornea against herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1). Methods C57Bl/6 (wild-type [WT]), γδ T-cell deficient (TCRδ-/-) and CCR6-deficient (CCR6-/-) mice were infected intracorneally with HSV-1. At multiple time points following infection, corneas were excised, and cells were immunostained for surface markers, intracellular cytokines, and analyzed using flow cytometry. WT and CCR6-/- γδ T cells were adoptively transferred into TCRδ-/- mice and corneal scores and survival were measured. Results Intracorneal infection of mice lacking γδ T cells exhibited increased corneal opacity scores, elevated viral titers, and higher mortality compared with WT mice. Both CCR6+ and CCR6neg γδ T cell subsets were observed in corneas after virus infection. CCR6+ γδ T cells produced IL-17A and were predominantly CD44+CD62L+, consistent with natural IL-17+ γδ T cells. In contrast IL-17A production by CCR6neg γδ T cells was infrequent, and this subset was largely single positive for CD62L or CD44. The CCR6+ subset appeared to provide protection against HSV-1 as follows: (1) CCR6-/- mice had more severe corneal opacity compared with WT mice; and (2) adoptive transfer of γδ T cells from WT mice restored protection in TCRδ-/- mice whereas transfer of γδ T cells from CCR6-/- mice did not. Conclusions γδ T cells in the cornea can be divided into CCR6+ and CCR6neg subsets with the former conferring protection early after intracorneal HSV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffani Fitzpatrick
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of South Alabama Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | - Robert Lausch
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of South Alabama Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | - Robert A Barrington
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of South Alabama Mobile, Alabama, United States
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122
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de Paiva CS. Highlights from the 22nd International Ocular Surface Society meeting. Ocul Surf 2019; 18:13-18. [PMID: 31785389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2019.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cintia S de Paiva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, 6565 Fannin Street, NC 505G, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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123
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Fleiszig SMJ, Kroken AR, Nieto V, Grosser MR, Wan SJ, Metruccio MME, Evans DJ. Contact lens-related corneal infection: Intrinsic resistance and its compromise. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 76:100804. [PMID: 31756497 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.100804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Contact lenses represent a widely utilized form of vision correction with more than 140 million wearers worldwide. Although generally well-tolerated, contact lenses can cause corneal infection (microbial keratitis), with an approximate annualized incidence ranging from ~2 to ~20 cases per 10,000 wearers, and sometimes resulting in permanent vision loss. Research suggests that the pathogenesis of contact lens-associated microbial keratitis is complex and multifactorial, likely requiring multiple conspiring factors that compromise the intrinsic resistance of a healthy cornea to infection. Here, we outline our perspective of the mechanisms by which contact lens wear sometimes renders the cornea susceptible to infection, focusing primarily on our own research efforts during the past three decades. This has included studies of host factors underlying the constitutive barrier function of the healthy cornea, its response to bacterial challenge when intrinsic resistance is not compromised, pathogen virulence mechanisms, and the effects of contact lens wear that alter the outcome of host-microbe interactions. For almost all of this work, we have utilized the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa because it is the leading cause of lens-related microbial keratitis. While not yet common among corneal isolates, clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa have emerged that are resistant to virtually all currently available antibiotics, leading the United States CDC (Centers for Disease Control) to add P. aeruginosa to its list of most serious threats. Compounding this concern, the development of advanced contact lenses for biosensing and augmented reality, together with the escalating incidence of myopia, could portent an epidemic of vision-threatening corneal infections in the future. Thankfully, technological advances in genomics, proteomics, metabolomics and imaging combined with emerging models of contact lens-associated P. aeruginosa infection hold promise for solving the problem - and possibly life-threatening infections impacting other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M J Fleiszig
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Graduate Group in Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Graduate Groups in Microbiology and Infectious Diseases & Immunity, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Abby R Kroken
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Vincent Nieto
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Stephanie J Wan
- Graduate Group in Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - David J Evans
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; College of Pharmacy, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA, USA
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124
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Niu L, Liu X, Ma Z, Yin Y, Sun L, Yang L, Zheng Y. Fungal keratitis: Pathogenesis, diagnosis and prevention. Microb Pathog 2019; 138:103802. [PMID: 31626916 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
As a kind of serious, potentially sight-threatening corneal infections with poor prognosis, fungal keratitis can bring a heavy economic burden to patients and seriously affect the quality of life, especially those in developing countries where fungal keratitis is more prevalent. Typical clinical features include immune rings, satellite lesions, pseudopods, hypha moss, hypopyon and endothelial plaques. The ideal therapeutic effects could not be achieved by current treatments for many reasons. Therefore, under the current status, understanding the pathogenesis, early diagnosis and prevention strategies might be of great importance. Here, in this review, we discuss the recent progresses that may advance our understanding of pathogenesis, early diagnosis and prevention of fungal keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Niu
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Zhiming Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Hernia Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Yuan Yin
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Lixia Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yanbian University Affiliated Hospital, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133000, China
| | - Longfei Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China.
| | - Yajuan Zheng
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China.
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125
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Reyes NJ, Yu C, Mathew R, Kunnen CM, Kalnitsky J, Redfern RL, Leonardi A, Perez VL, MacLeod AS, Gupta PK, Saban DR. Neutrophils cause obstruction of eyelid sebaceous glands in inflammatory eye disease in mice. Sci Transl Med 2019; 10:10/451/eaas9164. [PMID: 30045980 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aas9164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Meibomian glands (MGs) are sebaceous glands of the eyelid margin that secrete lipids needed to avert tear evaporation and to help maintain ocular surface homeostasis. Obstruction of MGs or other forms of MG dysfunction can promote chronic diseases of the ocular surface. Although chronic eyelid inflammation, such as allergic eye disease, is an associated risk factor for obstructive MG dysfunction, it is not clear whether inflammatory processes contribute to the pathophysiology of MG obstruction. We show that polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) promoted MG obstruction in a chronic inflammatory model of allergic eye disease in mice. Analysis of leukocytes in tears of patients with MG dysfunction showed an increase in PMN numbers compared to healthy subjects. Moreover, PMN numbers in tears positively correlated with clinical severity of MG dysfunction. Our findings point to a role for PMNs in the pathogenesis and progression of MG dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy J Reyes
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Chen Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rose Mathew
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Carolina M Kunnen
- College of Optometry, The Ocular Surface Institute, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Joan Kalnitsky
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rachel L Redfern
- College of Optometry, The Ocular Surface Institute, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Andrea Leonardi
- Department of Neuroscience, Ophthalmology Unit, University of Padova, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Victor L Perez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Amanda S MacLeod
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Preeya K Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Daniel R Saban
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. .,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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126
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Shivaji S. Connect between gut microbiome and diseases of the human eye. J Biosci 2019; 44:110. [PMID: 31719219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Implicating dysbiosis of gut microbiome in digestive tract diseases/diet-related diseases (obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, enterocolitis, diabetes, etc.) may be expected. However, when gut microbiome dysbiosis is implicated in extraintestinal diseases like cancers, muscular dystrophy, mental disorders, vaginosis, etc., it is all the more challenging. An additional challenge would be to ascertain the role of gut microbiome in ocular diseases, which are as remote as the brain. The present review highlights studies that establish the connect between gut microbiome dysbiosis and inflammatory ocular diseases such as uveitis, bacterial keratitis, fungal keratitis, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shivaji
- Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500 034, India,
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128
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129
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Alterations in the Ocular Surface Fungal Microbiome in Fungal Keratitis Patients. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7090309. [PMID: 31480776 PMCID: PMC6780152 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratitis, an inflammatory disease of the eye, when neglected could lead to sight-threatening complications and ultimately blindness. Globally, over a million people are affected by keratitis annually. Keratitis has a microbial etiology and is caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, etc. The present study compared the ocular surface fungal microbiome of healthy individuals and individuals with fungal keratitis. Fungal microbiomes from the conjunctival swabs of healthy individuals and from conjunctival swabs and corneal scrapings of individuals with fungal keratitis were generated using ITS2 region amplicons. Microbiomes were sequenced using Illumina MiSeq 2 × 250 base pair chemistry with a paired-end protocol. Based on Alpha diversity indices, phylum and genera level diversity, abundance differences, and heat map analysis, the fungal microbiomes of conjunctival swabs and corneal scrapings of individuals with fungal keratitis exhibited dysbiosis (alterations in the diversity and abundance) compared to the ocular surface microbiome of the healthy control individuals. This is the first report indicating dysbiosis in the fungal microbiome of conjunctival swabs and corneal scrapings in individuals with fungal keratitis. A total of 11 genera present in the majority of the eyes constituted the variable core ocular microbiome.
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130
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Yau JWK, Hou J, Tsui SKW, Leung TF, Cheng NS, Yam JC, Kam KW, Jhanji V, Hon KL. Characterization of ocular and nasopharyngeal microbiome in allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2019; 30:624-631. [PMID: 31132163 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (ARC) is a prevalent allergic condition in the pediatric population. Microbial dysbiosis has increasingly been recognized to influence on host immunity and allergic diseases. However, the microbial profile of ARC has not been characterized. This cross-sectional study aims to evaluate the changes in nasal and ocular surface microbiome of children with ARC. METHODS Ocular and nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from controls and pediatric ARC cases for 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. The bacterial community profile was analyzed. The correlation of the microbial diversity with the ARC-related clinical scores was studied. RESULTS A total of 23 patients with ARC and 17 healthy controls were recruited;30 were ocular samples (15 controls vs 15 ARC), while 40 were nasal samples (17controls vs 23 ARC) The alpha diversity of nasopharyngeal microbiome was significantly higher in ARC patients than healthy controls (P < 0.01), but not for ocular microbiome. The clinical scores in all subjects were negatively correlated with the Shannon diversity for ocular (P = 0.014) and positively correlated with nasopharyngeal (P = 0.010) microbiome. While the ocular microbiome remained significantly distinct from nasopharyngeal microbiome in terms of both alpha and beta diversity in both healthy subjects and ARC patients, significant differences of relative abundance of certain phyla (Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, and Deinococcus-Thermus) and genera (Dolosigranulum and Moraxella) between nasal and ocular surfaces were only detected in healthy controls, but not in the ARC subjects, suggesting the microbial composition at both body sites becoming more similar at disease state. CONCLUSION This study reported (a) a higher alpha diversity in ocular than nasopharyngeal microbiome in both ARC patients and controls, and (b) nasopharyngeal microbiome became more diverse in ARC patients than in controls. Our results suggested an interaction of the microbiome between ocular and nasal compartments in patients with ARC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Wing-Ki Yau
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Jinpao Hou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | | | - Ting Fan Leung
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Nam Sze Cheng
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Jason C Yam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Ka Wai Kam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Vishal Jhanji
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kam Lun Hon
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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131
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Pickering H, Palmer CD, Houghton J, Makalo P, Joof H, Derrick T, Goncalves A, Mabey DCW, Bailey RL, Burton MJ, Roberts CH, Burr SE, Holland MJ. Conjunctival Microbiome-Host Responses Are Associated With Impaired Epithelial Cell Health in Both Early and Late Stages of Trachoma. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:297. [PMID: 31552195 PMCID: PMC6736612 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Trachoma, a neglected tropical disease, is the leading infectious cause of blindness and visual impairment worldwide. Host responses to ocular chlamydial infection resulting in chronic inflammation and expansion of non-chlamydial bacteria are hypothesized risk factors for development of active trachoma and conjunctival scarring. Methods: Ocular swabs from trachoma endemic populations in The Gambia were selected from archived samples for 16S sequencing and host conjunctival gene expression. We recruited children with active trachoma and adults with conjunctival scarring, alongside corresponding matched controls. Findings: In children, active trachoma was not associated with significant changes in the ocular microbiome. Haemophilus enrichment was associated with antimicrobial responses but not linked to active trachoma. Adults with scarring trachoma had a reduced ocular bacterial diversity compared to controls, with increased relative abundance of Corynebacterium. Increased abundance of Corynebacterium in scarring disease was associated with innate immune responses to the microbiota, dominated by altered mucin expression and increased matrix adhesion. Interpretation: In the absence of current Chlamydia trachomatis infection, changes in the ocular microbiome associate with differential expression of antimicrobial and inflammatory genes that impair epithelial cell health. In scarring trachoma, expansion of non-pathogenic bacteria such as Corynebacterium and innate responses are coincident, warranting further investigation of this relationship. Comparisons between active and scarring trachoma supported the relative absence of type-2 interferon responses in scarring, whilst highlighting a common suppression of re-epithelialization with altered epithelial and bacterial adhesion, likely contributing to development of scarring pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Pickering
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christine D Palmer
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Houghton
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pateh Makalo
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, MRC Unit the Gambia at LSHTM, Banjul, Gambia
| | - Hassan Joof
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, MRC Unit the Gambia at LSHTM, Banjul, Gambia
| | - Tamsyn Derrick
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adriana Goncalves
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - David C W Mabey
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin L Bailey
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Burton
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chrissy H Roberts
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E Burr
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.,Disease Control and Elimination Theme, MRC Unit the Gambia at LSHTM, Banjul, Gambia
| | - Martin J Holland
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.,Disease Control and Elimination Theme, MRC Unit the Gambia at LSHTM, Banjul, Gambia
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132
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Lorenzo D. Chloramphenicol Resurrected: A Journey from Antibiotic Resistance in Eye Infections to Biofilm and Ocular Microbiota. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7090278. [PMID: 31438629 PMCID: PMC6780676 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of multidrug resistance among pathogenic bacteria is devastating the worth of antibiotics and changing the way of their administration, as well as the approach to use new or old drugs. The crisis of antimicrobial resistance is also due to the unavailability of newer drugs, attributable to exigent regulatory requirements and reduced financial inducements. The emerging resistance to antibiotics worldwide has led to renewed interest in old drugs that have fallen into disuse because of toxic side effects. Thus, comprehensive efforts are needed to minimize the pace of resistance by studying emergent microorganisms and optimize the use of old antimicrobial agents able to maintain their profile of susceptibility. Chloramphenicol is experiencing its renaissance because it is widely used in the treatment and prevention of superficial eye infections due to its broad spectrum of activity and other useful antimicrobial peculiarities, such as the antibiofilm properties. Concerns have been raised in the past for the risk of aplastic anemia when chloramphenicol is given intravenously. Chloramphenicol seems suitable to be used as topical eye formulation for the limited rate of resistance compared to fluoroquinolones, for its scarce induction of bacterial resistance and antibiofilm activity, and for the hypothetical low impact on ocular microbiota disturbance. Further in-vitro and in vivo studies on pharmacodynamics properties of ocular formulation of chloramphenicol, as well as its real impact against biofilm and the ocular microbiota, need to be better addressed in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drago Lorenzo
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Science for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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133
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Abstract
PURPOSE Our eyes are chronically exposed to airborne particulate matter shown to adversely affect the ocular surface. This research examines size, type (organic vs. inorganic), and elemental composition of particles recovered from the ocular surface in 2 environments and their associations with dry eye (DE) metrics. METHODS Particles were recovered from the right eye using Schirmer strips obtained both in the clinic and home environments 9 ± 8 days apart. Particle size and elemental composition were assessed using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The paired t test was used to evaluate the differences in the size and types of ocular surface particles recovered from the clinic and home settings. Associations of particle size and type with home environmental conditions and DE measures were evaluated using correlation analyses. RESULTS The mean age of the 15 patients was 56 years, standard deviation (±) 12 years; 93% were men and 53% self-identified as white. Size, type, and elemental composition did not vary significantly between clinic and home. Particle surface area was marginally associated with home indoor temperature (25 °C ± 2, ρ=-0.53, P = 0.06) and significantly associated with the select DE signs: tear osmolality (304 mOsm/L ± 14, ρ= -0.60, P = 0.02), inflammation (0.7 ± 0.8, ρ = 0.53, P = 0.04), and tear breakup time (7 seconds ± 3, ρ = 0.56, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Ocular surface particles were consistently detected across 2 different environments. Greater particle area detected on Schirmer strips correlated with some DE measures, suggesting that particles detected on the ocular surface may affect eye health.
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135
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McCoy KD, Burkhard R, Geuking MB. The microbiome and immune memory formation. Immunol Cell Biol 2019; 97:625-635. [PMID: 31127637 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The microbiota plays an important role in regulating both the innate and adaptive immune systems. Many studies have focused on the ability of microbes to shape the immune system by stimulating B-cell and antibody responses and the differentiation of T helper cell function. However, an important feature of the immune system is its ability to generate memory responses, which provide increased survival for the host. This review will highlight the role of the microbiota in the induction of immune memory with a focus on both adaptive and innate memory as well as vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy D McCoy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Regula Burkhard
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Markus B Geuking
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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136
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Relationship between the microbiome and ocular health. Ocul Surf 2019; 17:384-392. [PMID: 31125783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The microbiome is important to the host as a whole, both in maintenance of health and in the pathophysiology of disease. The purpose of this review is to explore the relationship between the gut, ocular microbiome, and ocular disease states. We will also discuss how the microbiome can serve as a potential target for treatment, by methods such as modulation of diet, probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation. The information discussed in the review has been gathered using literature published from 2004 to November 2018, as indexed in PubMed.
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137
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Thanabalasuriar A, Kubes P. Rise and shine: Open your eyes to produce anti‐inflammatory NETs. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 105:1083-1084. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ce0419-130r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ajitha Thanabalasuriar
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyCalvin Phoebe & Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic DiseasesCumming School of MedicineUniversity of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Paul Kubes
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyCalvin Phoebe & Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic DiseasesCumming School of MedicineUniversity of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
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138
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Lopez MJ, Seyed-Razavi Y, Jamali A, Harris DL, Hamrah P. The Chemokine Receptor CXCR4 Mediates Recruitment of CD11c+ Conventional Dendritic Cells Into the Inflamed Murine Cornea. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:5671-5681. [PMID: 30489627 PMCID: PMC6266730 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The cornea contains distinct populations of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including conventional dendritic cells (cDCs). Little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved in cDCs homing and recruitment into the naïve and inflamed cornea. The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of CXCR4 and its ligand CXCL12 in the murine cornea and its role in cDC migration during corneal inflammation. Methods The expression of CXCR4 and CXCL12 in naïve and suture-inflamed murine corneas was assessed by whole-mount staining, flow cytometry, and quantitative PCR. The role of CXCR4 in recruitment into inflamed corneas was investigated using adoptive transfer of cDCs blocked with neutralizing antibody against CXCR4. Results We show the chemokine receptor CXCR4 to be expressed on 51.7% and 64.8% of total corneal CD11c+ cDCs, equating to 98.6 ± 12.5 cells/mm2 in the peripheral and 64.7 ± 10.6 cells/mm2 in the central naïve cornea, respectively. Along with a 4.5-fold increase in CXCL12 expression during inflammation (P < 0.05), infiltrating cDCs also expressed CXCR4 in both the peripheral (222.6 ± 33.3 cells/mm2; P < 0.001) and central cornea (161.9 ± 23.8 cells/mm2; P = 0.001), representing a decrease to 31.0% and 37.3% in the cornea, respectively. Further, ex vivo blockade (390.1 ± 40.1 vs. 612.1 ± 78.3; P = 0.008) and local blockade (263.5 ± 27.1 vs. 807.5 ± 179.5, P < 0.001) with anti-CXCR4 neutralizing antibody resulted in a decrease in cDCs homing into the cornea compared with cells pretreated with isotype controls. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that corneal CXCL12 plays a direct role in CXCR4+ cDC recruitment into the cornea. The CXCR4/CXCL12 axis is therefore a potential target to modulate corneal inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Lopez
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Yashar Seyed-Razavi
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Arsia Jamali
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Deshea L Harris
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Pedram Hamrah
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Program in Immunology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Cornea Service, New England Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Cornea Service, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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139
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Richards J. Manipulating microbiomes: Present and future perspective. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2019; 47:315-316. [PMID: 31016857 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.13508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Richards
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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140
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Interleukin-17 in Antifungal Immunity. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8020054. [PMID: 31013616 PMCID: PMC6630750 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8020054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of IL-17 biology has received much attention over the last decade owing to the pathogenic role of this cytokine in psoriasis and other autoinflammatory disorders and the successful implementation of IL-17-targeting therapies in patients suffering from these diseases. IL-17-mediated pathologies are contrasted by the important host beneficial effects of this cytokine. IL-17 is essential for regulating microbial colonization in barrier tissues. Rare congenital defects in the IL-17 pathway exemplify the relevance of IL-17 in protective immunity against the opportunistic fungal pathogen C. albicans. However, more recently, evidence is accumulating that IL-17 can also provide protection against fungi other than C. albicans. Importantly, protective IL-17 responses directed against commensal fungi can, under certain conditions, promote inflammation with detrimental consequences for the host, thereby assigning fungi a new role as disease-promoting factors apart from their role as potential infectious agents.
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141
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Cui X, Gao N, Me R, Xu J, Yu FSX. TSLP Protects Corneas From Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection by Regulating Dendritic Cells and IL-23-IL-17 Pathway. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:4228-4237. [PMID: 30128494 PMCID: PMC6103385 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We sought to determine the role of epithelium-produced thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and its underlying mechanisms in corneal innate immune defense against Pseudomonas (P.) aeruginosa keratitis. Methods The expression of TSLP and TSLPR in cultured human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) and mouse corneas was determined by PCR, Western, and/or ELISA. Cellular localization of TSLP receptor (TSLPR) was determined by whole mount confocal microscopy. TSLP-TSLPR signaling was downregulated by neutralizing antibodies and/or small interfering (si)RNA; their effects on the severity of P. aeruginosa–keratitis and cytokine expression were assessed using clinical scoring, bacterial counting, PMN infiltration, and real-time PCR. The role of dendritic cells (DCs) in corneal innate immunity was determined by local DC depletion using CD11c-DTR mice. Results P. aeruginosa–infection induced the expression of TSLP and TSLPR in both cultured primary HCECs and in C57BL/6 mouse corneas. While TSLP was mostly expressed by epithelial cells, CD11c-positive cells were positive for TSLPR. Targeting TSLP or TSLPR with neutralizing antibodies or TSLPR with siRNA resulted in more severe keratitis, attributable to an increase in bacterial burden and PMN infiltration. TSLPR neutralization significantly suppressed infection-induced TSLP and interleukin (IL)-17C expression and augmented the expression of IL-23 and IL-17A. Local depletion of DCs markedly increased the severity of keratitis and exhibited no effects on TSLP and IL-23 expression while suppressing IL-17A and C expression in P. aeruginosa–infected corneas. Conclusions The epithelium-expressed TSLP plays a protective role in P. aeruginosa keratitis through targeting of DCs and in an IL-23/IL-17 signaling pathway-related manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhan Cui
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States.,Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Gao
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Rao Me
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Jianjiang Xu
- Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Fu-Shin X Yu
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
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142
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Ozkan J, Coroneo M, Willcox M, Wemheuer B, Thomas T. Identification and Visualization of a Distinct Microbiome in Ocular Surface Conjunctival Tissue. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:4268-4276. [PMID: 30140925 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Knowledge of whether microorganisms reside in protected niches of the conjunctiva is potentially significant in terms of minimizing risks of contact lens inflammation/infection and endophthalmitis. We define if and how microbial communities from limbal and forniceal conjunctival tissue differ from those on the conjunctival surface. Methods Human limbal and forniceal conjunctival tissue was obtained from 23 patients undergoing pterygium surgery and analyzed with data from a recent study of conjunctival surface swabs (n = 45). Microbial communities were analyzed by extracting total DNA from tissue samples and surface swabs and sequencing the 16S rRNA gene using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Sequences were quality filtered, clustered into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at 97% similarity. OTUs associated with blank extraction and sampling negative controls were removed before analysis. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed on cyrosections of limbal and forniceal conjunctival tissue. Results There was a significant difference in bacterial community structure between the conjunctival surface and fornix (P = 0.001) and limbus (P = 0.001) tissue. No difference was found in bacterial communities between the limbus and fornix (P = 0.764). Fornix and limbal samples were dominated by OTUs classified to the genus Pseudomonas (relative abundance 79.9%), which were found only in low relative abundances on conjunctival surfaces (6.3%). Application of FISH showed the presence of Pseudomonas in the forniceal tissue sample. Conclusions There is a discrete tissue-associated microbiome in freshly-collected human limbal and fornix tissue, which is different from the microbial community structure and composition of the ocular surface microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Ozkan
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Minas Coroneo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark Willcox
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bernd Wemheuer
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Torsten Thomas
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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143
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Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT This review describes a growing body of research on relationships between the microbiome and eye disease. Several groups have investigated the microbiota of the ocular surface; dysregulation of this delicate ecosystem has been associated with a variety of pro-inflammatory states. Other research has explored the effects of the gastrointestinal microbiota on ophthalmic diseases. Characterizing the ways these microbiotas influence ophthalmic homeostasis and pathogenesis may lead to research on new techniques for managing ophthalmic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Baim
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Asadolah Movahedan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Asim V Farooq
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Dimitra Skondra
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Li Y, Tang X, Zhao Z, Wang H, Wang X, Shang X, Liu P, Kou Z, Jiang Y, Li Y. Intranasal immunization with recombinant outer membrane protein A induces protective immune response against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infection. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214596. [PMID: 30934008 PMCID: PMC6443155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (S. maltophilia), a multi-drug resistant opportunistic pathogen, is associated with nosocomial and community-acquired infections. Preventive and therapeutic strategies for such infections are greatly needed. In this study, sequence alignment analysis revealed that Outer membrane protein A (OmpA) was highly conserved among S. maltophilia strains but shared no significant similarity with human and mouse proteomes. In mice, intranasal immunization with S. maltophilia recombinant OmpA (rOmpA) without additional adjuvant induced sustained mucosal and systemic rOmpA-specific antibody responses. Treatment with rOmpA stimulated significantly higher levels of secretion of IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-17A (All P<0.05) from the primary splenocytes isolated from rOmpA-immunized mice than from the primary splenocytes isolated from PBS-immunized mice. Furthermore, mice immunized with rOmpA showed significantly reduced bacterial burden in the lung and reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) 24 hours after intranasal S. maltophilia infection, indicating that immunization with rOmpA may have protective effects against S. maltophilia challenge in mice. Our findings suggest that intranasal immunization with rOmpA may induce mucosal and systemic immune responses in mice, trigger Th1- and Th17-mediated cellular immune responses, and thus stimulate host immune defense against S. maltophilia infection. These results also demonstrate that intranasal vaccination may offer an alternative approach to current strategies since it induces a mucosal as well as a systemic immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- No 307 Hospital of PLA of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, No 307 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China.,Department of Respiratory and Digestive, Fengyang First People's Hospital, Fengyang, Anhui, China
| | - Xueping Tang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, No 307 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Zunquan Zhao
- The Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- The Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, No 307 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyi Shang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, No 307 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Liu
- The Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihua Kou
- The Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqiang Jiang
- The Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- No 307 Hospital of PLA of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, No 307 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
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145
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Pandiyan P, Bhaskaran N, Zou M, Schneider E, Jayaraman S, Huehn J. Microbiome Dependent Regulation of T regs and Th17 Cells in Mucosa. Front Immunol 2019; 10:426. [PMID: 30906299 PMCID: PMC6419713 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammals co-exist with resident microbial ecosystem that is composed of an incredible number and diversity of bacteria, viruses and fungi. Owing to direct contact between resident microbes and mucosal surfaces, both parties are in continuous and complex interactions resulting in important functional consequences. These interactions govern immune homeostasis, host response to infection, vaccination and cancer, as well as predisposition to metabolic, inflammatory and neurological disorders. Here, we discuss recent studies on direct and indirect effects of resident microbiota on regulatory T cells (Tregs) and Th17 cells at the cellular and molecular level. We review mechanisms by which commensal microbes influence mucosa in the context of bioactive molecules derived from resident bacteria, immune senescence, chronic inflammation and cancer. Lastly, we discuss potential therapeutic applications of microbiota alterations and microbial derivatives, for improving resilience of mucosal immunity and combating immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpa Pandiyan
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Natarajan Bhaskaran
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Mangge Zou
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Schneider
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Sangeetha Jayaraman
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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146
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Verma AH, Gaffen SL. Dermatophyte Immune Memory Is Only Skin-Deep. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139:517-519. [PMID: 30797318 PMCID: PMC6613188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A new report in this issue of Journal of Investigative Dermatology reveals a role for IL-17 and IFN-gamma, signature cytokines of T-helper 17 and T-helper 1 cells, in immunity to Trichophyton benhamiae (Heinen et al., 2018). While there have been many recent advances in understanding host defenses against common fungi, this work illuminates not only adaptive immunity, but also innate immune responses to dermatophytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash H Verma
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sarah L Gaffen
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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147
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Ge C, Wei C, Yang BX, Cheng J, Huang YS. Conjunctival microbiome changes associated with fungal keratitis: metagenomic analysis. Int J Ophthalmol 2019; 12:194-200. [PMID: 30809472 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2019.02.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the ocular surface microbiome profile of patients with fungal keratitis (FK) through bacterial 16S rDNA sequencing. METHODS The swab samples were collected from 8 patients with FK (Group 1 from the corneal ulcer, Group 2 from the conjunctival sac of the infected eyes, and Group 3 from the conjunctival sac of the fellow eyes) and 10 healthy eyes (Group 4 from the conjunctival sac). Bacterial 16S rDNA V4-V5 region sequencing was performed to characterize the bacterial communities on the ocular surfaces of the patients with FK. RESULTS Our metagenomic data showed that 97% of the sequence reads were categorized into 245 distinct bacterial genera, with 67.75±7.79 genera detected in Group 1, 73.80±13.44 in Group 2, 74.57±14.14 in Group 3, and 89.60±27.49 in Group 4. Compared with the healthy eyes (Group 4), both infected (Groups 1 and 2) and fellow eyes (Group 3) of the patients with FK showed reduced bacterial diversity and altered ocular surface microbiota compositions, with lower abundance of Corynebacterium and Staphylococcus and higher abundances of Pseudomonas, Achromobacter, Caulobacter and Psychrobacter. CONCLUSION Our report depicts the altered ocular surface bacterial community structures both in the affected and fellow eyes of patients with FK. These changes may contribute to the pathogenesis of FK or the increased risk for FK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Ge
- Department of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chao Wei
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Bao-Xia Yang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yu-Sen Huang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
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148
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Ozkan J, Willcox MD. The Ocular Microbiome: Molecular Characterisation of a Unique and Low Microbial Environment. Curr Eye Res 2019; 44:685-694. [PMID: 30640553 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2019.1570526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aim: The ocular surface is continually exposed to bacteria from the environment and traditional culture-based microbiological studies have isolated a low diversity of microorganisms from this region. The use of culture-independent methods to define the ocular microbiome, primarily involving 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing studies, have shown that the microbial communities present on the ocular surface have a greater diversity than previously reported. Method: A review of the literature on ocular microbiome research in health and disease. Results: Molecular techniques have been used to investigate the effect of contact lens wear and disease on the microbiota of the ocular surface and eyelids and the immunoregulatory role of the ocular surface microbiota. Studies have shown that compositional changes in the microbiota occur in ocular surface disorders such as blepharitis, trachoma and dry eye and also suggest a role of the ocular and non-ocular microbiome in retinal disease including age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, uveitis and diabetic retinopathy. However, ocular microbiome studies need to recognise the potential for contamination to impact findings and carefully control each stage of the experimental procedure and to utilise statistical methods to identify contamination signals. Conclusion: The healthy ocular surface is characterised by a relatively stable, comparatively low diversity microbiome with recent findings that the bacteria of the ocular surface appear to have a role in maintaining homeostasis by modulating immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Ozkan
- a School of Optometry and Vision Science , University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia.,b School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Mark D Willcox
- a School of Optometry and Vision Science , University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
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149
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Bertolini M, Dongari-Bagtzoglou A. The Relationship of Candida albicans with the Oral Bacterial Microbiome in Health and Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1197:69-78. [PMID: 31732935 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-28524-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogen colonizing the oropharyngeal, esophageal, and gastrointestinal mucosa in most healthy humans. In immunocompromised hosts, this fungal organism can cause mucosal candidiasis in these sites. C. albicans also causes fungemia, a serious consequence of cancer cytotoxic chemotherapy, which is thought to develop from fungal translocation through compromised mucosal barriers. Changes in endogenous bacterial population size or composition as well as changes in the host environment can transform fungal commensals into opportunistic pathogens in the upper and lower GI tract. Pioneering studies from our group have shown that a ubiquitous oral commensal of the mitis streptococcal group (Streptococcus oralis) has a mutualistic relationship with C. albicans, with C. albicans enabling streptococcal biofilm growth at mucosal sites, and S. oralis facilitating invasion of the oral and esophageal mucosa by C. albicans. In these studies, we used a cortisone-induced immunosuppression mouse model. More recently, the development of a novel mouse chemotherapy model has allowed us to examine the interactions of C. albicans with the endogenous bacterial microbiota in the oral and small intestinal mucosa, two sites adversely affected by cytotoxic chemotherapy. In this model, oral inoculation with C. albicans causes severe dysbiosis in the mucosal bacterial composition in both sites. We also found that antibiotic treatment ameliorates invasion of the oral mucosa but aggravates dissemination through the intestinal mucosa. In this chapter, we discuss work from our laboratory and others examining the relationships of C. albicans with oral bacteria and their role in mucosal homeostasis or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martinna Bertolini
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Anna Dongari-Bagtzoglou
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA.
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150
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Invited Review: From nose to gut – the role of the microbiome in neurological disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2018; 45:195-215. [DOI: 10.1111/nan.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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