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An Experimentally Induced Mutation in the UBA Domain of p62 Changes the Sensitivity of Cisplatin by Up-Regulating HK2 Localisation on the Mitochondria and Increasing Mitophagy in A2780 Ovarian Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083983. [PMID: 33924293 PMCID: PMC8070143 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of cisplatin sensitivity is the key to the development of ovarian cancer treatment strategies. Mitochondria are one of the main targets of cisplatin, its self-clearing ability plays an important role in determining the fate of ovarian cancer cells. First, we proved that the sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin depends on mitophagy, and p62 acts as a broad autophagy receptor to regulate this process. However, p62′s regulation of mitophagy does not depend on its location on the mitochondria. Our research shows that the mutation of the UBA domain of p62 increases the localisation of HK2 on the mitochondria, thereby increasing the phosphorylated ubiquitin form of parkin, then stabilising the process of mitophagy and ultimately cell survival. Collectively, our results showed that a mutation in the UBA domain of p62 regulates the level of apoptosis stimulated by cisplatin in ovarian cancer.
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102
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Fichtner F, Dissanayake IM, Lacombe B, Barbier F. Sugar and Nitrate Sensing: A Multi-Billion-Year Story. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:352-374. [PMID: 33281060 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Sugars and nitrate play a major role in providing carbon and nitrogen in plants. Understanding how plants sense these nutrients is crucial, most notably for crop improvement. The mechanisms underlying sugar and nitrate sensing are complex and involve moonlighting proteins such as the nitrate transporter NRT1.1/NFP6.3 or the glycolytic enzyme HXK1. Major components of nutrient signaling, such as SnRK1, TOR, and HXK1, are relatively well conserved across eukaryotes, and the diversification of components such as the NRT1 family and the SWEET sugar transporters correlates with plant terrestrialization. In plants, Tre6P plays a hormone-like role in plant development. In addition, nutrient signaling has evolved to interact with the more recent hormone signaling, allowing fine-tuning of physiological and developmental responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Fichtner
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | - Benoit Lacombe
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes (BPMP), Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation, et l'Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Francois Barbier
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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103
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Bastonini E, Kovacs D, Raffa S, Delle Macchie M, Pacifico A, Iacovelli P, Torrisi MR, Picardo M. A protective role for autophagy in vitiligo. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:318. [PMID: 33767135 PMCID: PMC7994839 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03592-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A growing number of studies supports the existence of a dynamic interplay between energetic metabolism and autophagy, whose induction represents an adaptive response against several stress conditions. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved and a highly orchestrated catabolic recycling process that guarantees cellular homeostasis. To date, the exact role of autophagy in vitiligo pathogenesis is still not clear. Here, we provide the first evidence that autophagy occurs in melanocytes and fibroblasts from non-lesional skin of vitiligo patients, as a result of metabolic surveillance response. More precisely, this study is the first to reveal that induction of autophagy exerts a protective role against the intrinsic metabolic stress and attempts to antagonize degenerative processes in normal appearing vitiligo skin, where melanocytes and fibroblasts are already prone to premature senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Bastonini
- Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Daniela Kovacs
- Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Raffa
- Ultrastructural Pathology Lab., Medical Genetics and Advanced Cellular Diagnostics Unit, Sant'Andrea University Hospital & Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Delle Macchie
- Ultrastructural Pathology Lab., Medical Genetics and Advanced Cellular Diagnostics Unit, Sant'Andrea University Hospital & Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Pacifico
- Clinical Dermatology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Iacovelli
- Clinical Dermatology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Torrisi
- Ultrastructural Pathology Lab., Medical Genetics and Advanced Cellular Diagnostics Unit, Sant'Andrea University Hospital & Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Picardo
- Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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104
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SUMOylation controls the binding of hexokinase 2 to mitochondria and protects against prostate cancer tumorigenesis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1812. [PMID: 33753739 PMCID: PMC7985146 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22163-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human hexokinase 2 is an essential regulator of glycolysis that couples metabolic and proliferative activities in cancer cells. The binding of hexokinase 2 to the outer membrane of mitochondria is critical for its oncogenic activity. However, the regulation of hexokinase 2 binding to mitochondria remains unclear. Here, we report that SUMOylation regulates the binding of hexokinase 2 to mitochondria. We find that hexokinase 2 can be SUMOylated at K315 and K492. SUMO-specific protease SENP1 mediates the de-SUMOylation of hexokinase 2. SUMO-defective hexokinase 2 preferably binds to mitochondria and enhances both glucose consumption and lactate production and decreases mitochondrial respiration in parallel. This metabolic reprogramming supports prostate cancer cell proliferation and protects cells from chemotherapy-induced cell apoptosis. Moreover, we demonstrate an inverse relationship between SENP1-hexokinase 2 axis and chemotherapy response in prostate cancer samples. Our data provide evidence for a previously uncovered posttranslational modification of hexokinase 2 in cancer cells, suggesting a potentially actionable strategy for preventing chemotherapy resistance in prostate cancer. The oncogenic activity of Hexokinase 2, the first rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis, requires its mitochondrial localization. Here, the authors show that SUMOylation of hexokinase 2 disrupts its binding to mitochondria and protects cells from tumorigenesis in prostate cancer.
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105
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Carresi C, Mollace R, Macrì R, Scicchitano M, Bosco F, Scarano F, Coppoletta AR, Guarnieri L, Ruga S, Zito MC, Nucera S, Gliozzi M, Musolino V, Maiuolo J, Palma E, Mollace V. Oxidative Stress Triggers Defective Autophagy in Endothelial Cells: Role in Atherothrombosis Development. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030387. [PMID: 33807637 PMCID: PMC8001288 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherothrombosis, a multifactorial and multistep artery disorder, represents one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The development and progression of atherothrombosis is closely associated with age, gender and a complex relationship between unhealthy lifestyle habits and several genetic risk factors. The imbalance between oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses is the main biological event leading to the development of a pro-oxidant phenotype, triggering cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with the atherothrombotic process. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and its late thrombotic complications involve multiple cellular events such as inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), extracellular matrix (ECM) alterations, and platelet activation, contributing to chronic pathological remodeling of the vascular wall, atheromatous plague formation, vascular stenosis, and eventually, thrombus growth and propagation. Emerging studies suggest that clotting activation and endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction play key roles in the pathogenesis of atherothrombosis. Furthermore, a growing body of evidence indicates that defective autophagy is closely linked to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which, in turn, are involved in the development and progression of atherosclerotic disease. This topic represents a large field of study aimed at identifying new potential therapeutic targets. In this review, we focus on the major role played by the autophagic pathway induced by oxidative stress in the modulation of EC dysfunction as a background to understand its potential role in the development of atherothrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Carresi
- Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.M.); (R.M.); (M.S.); (F.B.); (F.S.); (A.R.C.); (L.G.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (S.N.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (J.M.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-09613694128; Fax: +39-09613695737
| | - Rocco Mollace
- Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.M.); (R.M.); (M.S.); (F.B.); (F.S.); (A.R.C.); (L.G.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (S.N.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (J.M.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Roberta Macrì
- Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.M.); (R.M.); (M.S.); (F.B.); (F.S.); (A.R.C.); (L.G.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (S.N.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (J.M.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Miriam Scicchitano
- Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.M.); (R.M.); (M.S.); (F.B.); (F.S.); (A.R.C.); (L.G.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (S.N.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (J.M.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Francesca Bosco
- Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.M.); (R.M.); (M.S.); (F.B.); (F.S.); (A.R.C.); (L.G.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (S.N.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (J.M.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Federica Scarano
- Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.M.); (R.M.); (M.S.); (F.B.); (F.S.); (A.R.C.); (L.G.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (S.N.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (J.M.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Anna Rita Coppoletta
- Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.M.); (R.M.); (M.S.); (F.B.); (F.S.); (A.R.C.); (L.G.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (S.N.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (J.M.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Lorenza Guarnieri
- Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.M.); (R.M.); (M.S.); (F.B.); (F.S.); (A.R.C.); (L.G.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (S.N.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (J.M.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Stefano Ruga
- Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.M.); (R.M.); (M.S.); (F.B.); (F.S.); (A.R.C.); (L.G.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (S.N.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (J.M.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Maria Caterina Zito
- Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.M.); (R.M.); (M.S.); (F.B.); (F.S.); (A.R.C.); (L.G.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (S.N.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (J.M.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Saverio Nucera
- Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.M.); (R.M.); (M.S.); (F.B.); (F.S.); (A.R.C.); (L.G.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (S.N.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (J.M.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Micaela Gliozzi
- Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.M.); (R.M.); (M.S.); (F.B.); (F.S.); (A.R.C.); (L.G.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (S.N.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (J.M.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Vincenzo Musolino
- Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.M.); (R.M.); (M.S.); (F.B.); (F.S.); (A.R.C.); (L.G.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (S.N.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (J.M.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Jessica Maiuolo
- Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.M.); (R.M.); (M.S.); (F.B.); (F.S.); (A.R.C.); (L.G.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (S.N.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (J.M.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Ernesto Palma
- Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.M.); (R.M.); (M.S.); (F.B.); (F.S.); (A.R.C.); (L.G.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (S.N.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (J.M.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l., Complesso Ninì Barbieri, Roccelletta di Borgia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.M.); (R.M.); (M.S.); (F.B.); (F.S.); (A.R.C.); (L.G.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (S.N.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (J.M.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l., Complesso Ninì Barbieri, Roccelletta di Borgia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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106
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Chen B, Cai T, Huang C, Zang X, Sun L, Guo S, Wang Q, Chen Z, Zhao Y, Han Z, Xu R, Xu W, Wang M, Shen B, Zhu W. G6PD-NF-κB-HGF Signal in Gastric Cancer-Associated Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promotes the Proliferation and Metastasis of Gastric Cancer Cells by Upregulating the Expression of HK2. Front Oncol 2021; 11:648706. [PMID: 33718248 PMCID: PMC7952978 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.648706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tumor-associated stromal cells have been widely recognized for their tumor-promoting capability involving paracrine signaling. However, the underlying mechanism and the effects of the molecules in the glycolysis pathway in gastric cancer-associated mesenchymal stem cells (GCMSCs) and gastric cancer cells on tumor progression remain unclear. Methods: The expression of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in GCMSCs and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The effect of HGF derived from GCMSCs on the proliferation, metastasis, and HK2 expression of gastric cancer cells was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The effects of G6PD on the production of HGF in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were analyzed by immunoblotting. Results: HGF derived from GCMSCs promoted glycolysis, proliferation, and metastasis of gastric cancer by upregulating c-Myc-HK2 signal. The progression of the disease induced by GCMSCs decelerated in the absence of HK2. The expression of G6PD activated NF-κB signaling and stimulated the production of HGF in GCMSCs. Blocking HGF derived from GCMSCs decreased proliferation, metastasis, and angiogenesis of gastric cancer cells in vivo. Conclusions: GCMSCs highly expressed G6PD and facilitated the progression of gastric cancer through the G6PD-NF-κB-HGF axis coordinates. Blocking HGF derived from GCMSCs is a potential new therapeutic target for the treatment of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Tuo Cai
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chao Huang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xueyan Zang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Li Sun
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shuwei Guo
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhihong Chen
- Department of Surgery, Zhenjiang First People's Hospital, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhiqiang Han
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Rongman Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Haian People's Hospital, Haian, China
| | - Wenrong Xu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Mei Wang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Bo Shen
- Department of Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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107
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Autophagy activation and photoreceptor survival in retinal detachment. Exp Eye Res 2021; 205:108492. [PMID: 33609513 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We assess the effect of autophagy inhibition on photoreceptor (PR) survival during experimental retinal detachment (RD) and examine the and examine the relationship between autophagy and the expression of glycolytic enzymes HK2 and PKM2 in the retina. We find that inhibiting autophagy by genetic knock out of the autophagy activator Atg5 in rod PRs resulted in increased apoptotic and necroptotic cell death during RD, demonstrated by elevated terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells, caspase 8 activity, transcript levels of Fas receptor and RIPK3 as compared to controls. The absence of autophagy in rods resulted in downregulation of hexokinase 2 and pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme 2 levels. More than 460 proteins were identified by mass spectroscopy in autophagosomes isolated from detached retinas compared with less than 150 proteins identified in autophagosomes from attached retinas. Among various cellular compartments, proteins from cytoskeleton, cytoplasm and intracellular organelles constituted a large portion of increased autophagosome contents. These proteins represent numerous biological processes, including phototransduction, cell-cell signaling, metabolism and inflammation. Our findings suggest that competent autophagy machinery is necessary for PR homeostasis and improving PR survival during periods of nutrient deprivation.
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108
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Perrin-Cocon L, Vidalain PO, Jacquemin C, Aublin-Gex A, Olmstead K, Panthu B, Rautureau GJP, André P, Nyczka P, Hütt MT, Amoedo N, Rossignol R, Filipp FV, Lotteau V, Diaz O. A hexokinase isoenzyme switch in human liver cancer cells promotes lipogenesis and enhances innate immunity. Commun Biol 2021; 4:217. [PMID: 33594203 PMCID: PMC7886870 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01749-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During the cancerous transformation of normal hepatocytes into hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the enzyme catalyzing the first rate-limiting step of glycolysis, namely the glucokinase (GCK), is replaced by the higher affinity isoenzyme, hexokinase 2 (HK2). Here, we show that in HCC tumors the highest expression level of HK2 is inversely correlated to GCK expression, and is associated to poor prognosis for patient survival. To further explore functional consequences of the GCK-to-HK2 isoenzyme switch occurring during carcinogenesis, HK2 was knocked-out in the HCC cell line Huh7 and replaced by GCK, to generate the Huh7-GCK+/HK2− cell line. HK2 knockdown and GCK expression rewired central carbon metabolism, stimulated mitochondrial respiration and restored essential metabolic functions of normal hepatocytes such as lipogenesis, VLDL secretion, glycogen storage. It also reactivated innate immune responses and sensitivity to natural killer cells, showing that consequences of the HK switch extend beyond metabolic reprogramming. Many cancers fuel their rapid growth by replacing glucokinase with its higher affinity isoenzyme, hexokinase 2 (HK2), making HK2 an attractive drug target. In this study, Perrin-Cocon and Vidalain et al. use CRISPR/Cas-9 gene editing to reverse this enzymatic switch in human liver cancer cells, and find this restores innate immune function as well as reversing cancer-associated metabolic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Perrin-Cocon
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, Lyon, F-69007, France
| | - Pierre-Olivier Vidalain
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, Lyon, F-69007, France
| | - Clémence Jacquemin
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, Lyon, F-69007, France
| | - Anne Aublin-Gex
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, Lyon, F-69007, France
| | - Keedrian Olmstead
- Cancer Systems Biology, Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, München, D-85764, Germany
| | - Baptiste Panthu
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, Lyon, F-69007, France.,Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, Inserm, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Hôpital Lyon Sud, Bâtiment CENS ELI-2D, 165 Chemin du grand Revoyet, Pierre-Bénite, F-69310, France
| | - Gilles Jeans Philippe Rautureau
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs (CRMN), FRE 2034, 5 rue de la Doua, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France
| | - Patrice André
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, Lyon, F-69007, France
| | - Piotr Nyczka
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University, Campus Ring 1, Bremen, D-28759, Germany
| | - Marc-Thorsten Hütt
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University, Campus Ring 1, Bremen, D-28759, Germany
| | - Nivea Amoedo
- CELLOMET, Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, F-33000, France
| | - Rodrigue Rossignol
- CELLOMET, Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, F-33000, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm U1211, MRGM, Centre hospitalier universitaire Pellegrin, place Amélie Raba Léon, Bordeaux, F-33076, France
| | - Fabian Volker Filipp
- Cancer Systems Biology, Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, München, D-85764, Germany.,School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University München, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 3, Freising, D-85354, Germany
| | - Vincent Lotteau
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, Lyon, F-69007, France.
| | - Olivier Diaz
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, Lyon, F-69007, France.
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109
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Sciarretta S, Forte M, Frati G, Sadoshima J. The complex network of mTOR signaling in the heart. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:424-439. [PMID: 33512477 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) integrates several intracellular and extracellular signals involved in the regulation of anabolic and catabolic processes. mTOR assembles into two macromolecular complexes, named mTORC1 and mTORC2, which have different regulators, substrates and functions. Studies of gain- and loss-of-function animal models of mTOR signaling revealed that mTORC1/2 elicit both adaptive and maladaptive functions in the cardiovascular system. Both mTORC1 and mTORC2 are indispensable for driving cardiac development and cardiac adaption to stress, such as pressure overload. However, persistent and deregulated mTORC1 activation in the heart is detrimental during stress and contributes to the development and progression of cardiac remodeling and genetic and metabolic cardiomyopathies. In this review, we discuss the latest findings regarding the role of mTOR in the cardiovascular system, both under basal conditions and during stress, such as pressure overload, ischemia and metabolic stress. Current data suggest that mTOR modulation may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Sciarretta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | | | - Giacomo Frati
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
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110
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Kotrasová V, Keresztesová B, Ondrovičová G, Bauer JA, Havalová H, Pevala V, Kutejová E, Kunová N. Mitochondrial Kinases and the Role of Mitochondrial Protein Phosphorylation in Health and Disease. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11020082. [PMID: 33498615 PMCID: PMC7912454 DOI: 10.3390/life11020082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The major role of mitochondria is to provide cells with energy, but no less important are their roles in responding to various stress factors and the metabolic changes and pathological processes that might occur inside and outside the cells. The post-translational modification of proteins is a fast and efficient way for cells to adapt to ever changing conditions. Phosphorylation is a post-translational modification that signals these changes and propagates these signals throughout the whole cell, but it also changes the structure, function and interaction of individual proteins. In this review, we summarize the influence of kinases, the proteins responsible for phosphorylation, on mitochondrial biogenesis under various cellular conditions. We focus on their role in keeping mitochondria fully functional in healthy cells and also on the changes in mitochondrial structure and function that occur in pathological processes arising from the phosphorylation of mitochondrial proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Kotrasová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.K.); (B.K.); (G.O.); (J.A.B.); (H.H.); (V.P.)
| | - Barbora Keresztesová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.K.); (B.K.); (G.O.); (J.A.B.); (H.H.); (V.P.)
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriela Ondrovičová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.K.); (B.K.); (G.O.); (J.A.B.); (H.H.); (V.P.)
| | - Jacob A. Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.K.); (B.K.); (G.O.); (J.A.B.); (H.H.); (V.P.)
| | - Henrieta Havalová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.K.); (B.K.); (G.O.); (J.A.B.); (H.H.); (V.P.)
| | - Vladimír Pevala
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.K.); (B.K.); (G.O.); (J.A.B.); (H.H.); (V.P.)
| | - Eva Kutejová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.K.); (B.K.); (G.O.); (J.A.B.); (H.H.); (V.P.)
- Correspondence: (E.K.); (N.K.)
| | - Nina Kunová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.K.); (B.K.); (G.O.); (J.A.B.); (H.H.); (V.P.)
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (E.K.); (N.K.)
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111
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de Oliveira VA, Pereira IC, Nogueira TR, Martins JA, Péres-Rodrigues G, de Jesus e Silva de Almendra B, Silva VC, Júnior DD, Leal FL, de Castro e Sousa JM, da Silva FC, de Carvalho Melo Cavalcanti AA, de Azevedo Paiva A. The Role of Vitamin E in Breast Cancer Treatment and Prevention: Current Perspectives. CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573401316999200614164711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Regarding the multifactorial etiology of breast cancer, food choices, as well
as dietary intake, are the main modified factors in cancer prevention. In this sense, understanding
molecular pathways involved in breast cancer proliferation can help determine the mechanisms of
action of organic compounds such as antioxidant vitamins that are known to protect against cancer.
Objective:
Assess the mechanism of action of vitamin E in breast cancer modulation, with emphasis
on important markers of tumor development.
Methods:
It is a systematic review carried out in PubMed and Web of Science databases, from the
last 5 years, in Portuguese, English and Spanish. The following terms were selected according to The
Medical Subject Headings (MeSH): “breast cancer” OR “breast neoplasms”, “tocopherol” OR
“tocotrienols” OR “vitamin E”, as equated terms.
Results:
A total of 595 articles were found and 25 were selected according to inclusion criteria.
Vitamin E has been related to suppression/overexpression of important tumorigenic pathways,
mainly associated with proliferation, energy metabolism, chemosensitivity and invasion/metastasis.
Clinical studies of vitamin E supplementation are needed to assess the dose/response effect on breast
cancer patients.
Conclusion:
The safety of vitamin E supplementation is still controversial due to current studies design
available. However, when vitamin E is supplemented, the dose and therapeutic regimen must be
carefully decided, including the route of administration and breast cancer subtypes to enhance
desired effects and minimize unwanted side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A. de Oliveira
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Piaui, UFPI, Piaui State, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Irislene C. Pereira
- Postgraduate Program in Food and Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Piaui, UFPI, Piaui State, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Thaís R. Nogueira
- Postgraduate Program in Food and Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Piaui, UFPI, Piaui State, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Jorddam A. Martins
- Postgraduate Program in Food and Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Piaui, UFPI, Piaui State, Teresina, Brazil
| | | | | | - Vladimir C. Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Federal University of Piaui, UFPI, Piaui State, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Dalton D. Júnior
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Federal University of Piaui, UFPI, Piaui State, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Francisco L.T. Leal
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piaui, UFPI, Piaui State, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Joáo M. de Castro e Sousa
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Federal University of Piaui, UFPI, Piaui State, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Felipe C.C. da Silva
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Piaui, UFPI, Piaui State, Picos, Brazil
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112
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Perrin-Cocon L, Diaz O, Aublin-Gex A, Vidalain PO, Lotteau V. Reprogramming of Central Carbon Metabolism in Myeloid Cells upon Innate Immune Receptor Stimulation. IMMUNO 2021; 1:1-14. [DOI: 10.3390/immuno1010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2025] Open
Abstract
Immunometabolism is a relatively new field of research that aims at understanding interconnections between the immune system and cellular metabolism. This is now well-documented for innate immune cells of the myeloid lineage such as macrophages and myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) when they engage their differentiation or activation programs. Several studies have shown that stimulation of DCs or macrophages by the binding of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) to pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) leads to increased glycolytic activity and rewiring of central carbon metabolism. These metabolic modulations are essential to support and settle immunological functions by providing energy and immunoregulatory metabolites. As the understanding of molecular mechanisms progressed, significant differences between cell types and species have also been discovered. Pathways leading to the regulation of central carbon metabolism in macrophages and DCs by PRR signaling and consequences on cellular functions are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Perrin-Cocon
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Diaz
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Anne Aublin-Gex
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Pierre-Olivier Vidalain
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Vincent Lotteau
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
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113
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Xu D, Shao F, Bian X, Meng Y, Liang T, Lu Z. The Evolving Landscape of Noncanonical Functions of Metabolic Enzymes in Cancer and Other Pathologies. Cell Metab 2021; 33:33-50. [PMID: 33406403 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Key pathological, including oncogenic, signaling pathways regulate the canonical functions of metabolic enzymes that serve the cellular metabolic needs. Importantly, these signaling pathways also confer a large number of metabolic enzymes to have noncanonical or nonmetabolic functions that are referred to as "moonlighting" functions. In this review, we highlight how aberrantly regulated metabolic enzymes with such activities play critical roles in the governing of a wide spectrum of instrumental cellular activities, including gene expression, cell-cycle progression, DNA repair, cell proliferation, survival, apoptosis, and tumor microenvironment remodeling, thereby promoting the pathologic progression of disease, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daqian Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Fei Shao
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University and Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Xueli Bian
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University and Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Ying Meng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Tingbo Liang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Zhimin Lu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China; Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou 310029, China.
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114
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Chu Y, Chang Y, Lu W, Sheng X, Wang S, Xu H, Ma J. Regulation of Autophagy by Glycolysis in Cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:13259-13271. [PMID: 33380833 PMCID: PMC7767644 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s279672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a critical cellular process that generally protects cells and organisms from harsh environment, including limitations in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) availability or a lack of essential nutrients. Metabolic reprogramming, a hallmark of cancer, has recently gained interest in the area of cancer therapy. It is well known that cancer cells prefer to utilize glycolysis rather than oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) as their major energy source to rapidly generate ATP even in aerobic environment called the Warburg effect. Both autophagy and glycolysis play essential roles in pathological processes of cancer. A mechanism of metabolic changes to drive tumor progression is its ability to regulate autophagy. This review will elucidate the role and the mechanism of glycolysis in regulating autophagy during tumor growth. Indeed, understanding how glycolysis can modulate cellular autophagy will enable more effective combinatorial therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chu
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Chang
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiumei Sheng
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, People’s Republic of China
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115
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Cui N, Li L, Feng Q, Ma HM, Lei D, Zheng PS. Hexokinase 2 Promotes Cell Growth and Tumor Formation Through the Raf/MEK/ERK Signaling Pathway in Cervical Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:581208. [PMID: 33324557 PMCID: PMC7725710 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.581208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hexokinase 2 (HK2) is a member of the hexokinases (HK) that has been reported to be a key regulator during glucose metabolism linked to malignant growth in many types of cancers. In this study, stimulation of HK2 expression was observed in squamous cervical cancer (SCC) tissues, and HK2 expression promoted the proliferation of cervical cancer cells in vitro and tumor formation in vivo by accelerating cell cycle progression, upregulating cyclin A1, and downregulating p27 expression. Moreover, transcriptome sequencing analysis revealed that MAPK3 (ERK1) was upregulated in HK2-overexpressing HeLa cells. Further experiments found that the protein levels of p-Raf, p-MEK1/2, ERK1/2, and p-ERK1/2 were increased in HK2 over-expressing SiHa and HeLa cells. When ERK1/2 and p-ERK1/2 expression was blocked by an inhibitor (FR180204), reduced cyclin A1 expression was observed in HK2 over-expressing cells, with induced p27 expression and inhibited cell growth. Therefore, our data demonstrated that HK2 promoted the proliferation of cervical cancer cells by upregulating cyclin A1 and down-regulating p27 expression through the Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Cui
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Section of Cancer Stem Cell Research, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Lu Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Department of Social Medicine and Health Care Management, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qian Feng
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Section of Cancer Stem Cell Research, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Hong-Mei Ma
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Section of Cancer Stem Cell Research, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Dan Lei
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Section of Cancer Stem Cell Research, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Peng-Sheng Zheng
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Section of Cancer Stem Cell Research, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Xi'an, China
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116
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Shah SWA, Chen D, Zhang J, Liu Y, Ishfaq M, Tang Y, Teng X. The effect of ammonia exposure on energy metabolism and mitochondrial dynamic proteins in chicken thymus: Through oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 206:111413. [PMID: 33022443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) gas is an atmospheric pollutant, produced from different sources. In poultry houses NH3 is produced from the biological process of liter, manure, and protein composition. It has been well documented that NH3 adversely effects the health of chickens. However, the underlying mechanism of NH3 toxicity on chicken thymus is still unknown. Thymus is an important immune organ, which play a critical role in eliciting protective immune responses to ensure healing process and elimination of harmful stimuli. The results showed that NH3 exposure reduced antioxidant activities and induced oxidative stress in thymus tissues. Histological observation showed normal morphology of chicken thymus in control group. In contrast, increased number of nuclear debris, vacuoles, and cristae break were seen in NH3 affected chickens. Ultrastructural analysis indicated mitochondrial breakdown, disappearance, vacuoles, and chromatin condensation in NH3 treated groups. The mRNA and protein expression of apoptosis related genes were significantly enhanced in the chicken thymus of NH3 affected chickens compared to control group. Moreover, Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay results suggested that NH3 exposure increased positive stained nuclei in the chicken thymus. Meanwhile, NH3 exposure reduced the number of CD8+ T-lymphocytes, decreased the adenosine triphosphate (ATPase) activities. The mRNA and protein expression of autophagy, energy metabolism, and mitochondrial dynamics proteins were altered by NH3 exposure. In summary, these results showed that NH3 induced oxidative stress, apoptosis and autophagic cell death (ACD), which could be the possible causes of immune damage and structural impairment in chicken thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Waqas Ali Shah
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Dechun Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Jingyang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Yuanlong Liu
- Heilongjiang Animal Husbandry Station, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Muhammad Ishfaq
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Chang jiang Road, Xiang Fang District, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - You Tang
- Electrical and Information Engineering College, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin 132101, China.
| | - Xiaohua Teng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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117
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Nakai N, Kitai S, Iida N, Inoue S, Nakata K, Murakami T, Higashida K. Induction of Autophagy and Changes in Cellular Metabolism in Glucose Starved C2C12 Myotubes. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2020; 66:41-47. [PMID: 32115452 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.66.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mouse myoblast C2C12 cells are commonly used as a model system for investigating the metabolic regulation of skeletal muscle. As it is therefore important to understand the metabolic features of C2C12 cells, we examined the effect of glucose starvation on autophagy in C2C12 myotubes. After culture of C2C12 myotubes with high (HG, 25.0 mM) or low (LG, 5.6 mM) glucose concentrations, the concentration of glucose in the LG group had decreased to 0 mM after 24 h of culture and was around 17 mM after 48 h of culture in the HG group. The concentration of lactate increased from 0 to approximately 9 mM at 24 h and then dropped slightly in the LG group, while it increased linearly to 21 mM in the HG group at 48 h. The phosphorylation of p70 S6 kinase, marker for the protein translation initiation was significantly lower and the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I, marker for the induction of autophagy was significantly higher in the LG group. GLUT1 and hexokinase II expression were significantly higher in the LG group. Together, these changes in glucose and lactate concentrations in the culture media suggest that C2C12 myotubes depend on anaerobic glycolysis. Our findings also suggest that glucose depletion stimulates the expression of key molecules involved in glycolysis and that cellular autophagy is also activated in C2C12 myotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Nakai
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of Shiga Prefecture
| | - Saki Kitai
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of Shiga Prefecture
| | - Noriko Iida
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of Shiga Prefecture
| | - Sachika Inoue
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of Shiga Prefecture
| | - Ken Nakata
- Medicine for Sports and Performing Arts, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| | | | - Kazuhiko Higashida
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of Shiga Prefecture
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118
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Ferraresi A, Girone C, Esposito A, Vidoni C, Vallino L, Secomandi E, Dhanasekaran DN, Isidoro C. How Autophagy Shapes the Tumor Microenvironment in Ovarian Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:599915. [PMID: 33364196 PMCID: PMC7753622 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.599915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is characterized by a high mortality rate due to the late diagnosis and the elevated metastatic potential. Autophagy, a lysosomal-driven catabolic process, contributes to the macromolecular turnover, cell homeostasis, and survival, and as such, it represents a pathway targetable for anti-cancer therapies. It is now recognized that the vascularization and the cellular composition of the tumor microenvironment influence the development and progression of OC by controlling the availability of nutrients, oxygen, growth factors, and inflammatory and immune-regulatory soluble factors that ultimately impinge on autophagy regulation in cancer cells. An increasing body of evidence indicates that OC carcinogenesis is associated, at least in the early stages, to insufficient autophagy. On the other hand, when the tumor is already established, autophagy activation provides a survival advantage to the cancer cells that face metabolic stress and protects from the macromolecules and organelles damages induced by chemo- and radiotherapy. Additionally, upregulation of autophagy may lead cancer cells to a non-proliferative dormant state that protects the cells from toxic injuries while preserving their stem-like properties. Further to complicate the picture, autophagy is deregulated also in stromal cells. Thus, changes in the tumor microenvironment reflect on the metabolic crosstalk between cancer and stromal cells impacting on their autophagy levels and, consequently, on cancer progression. Here, we present a brief overview of the role of autophagy in OC hallmarks, including tumor dormancy, chemoresistance, metastasis, and cell metabolism, with an emphasis on the bidirectional metabolic crosstalk between cancer cells and stromal cells in shaping the OC microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ferraresi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Carlo Girone
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Andrea Esposito
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Chiara Vidoni
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Letizia Vallino
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Eleonora Secomandi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Danny N Dhanasekaran
- Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Ciro Isidoro
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
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119
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Ding W, Feng H, Li WJ, Liao HH, Tang QZ. Research Progress on the Interaction Between Autophagy and Energy Homeostasis in Cardiac Remodeling. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:587438. [PMID: 33328993 PMCID: PMC7734280 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.587438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac remodeling is a common pathological process in various heart diseases, such as cardiac hypertrophy, diabetes-associated cardiomyopathy and ischemic heart diseases. The inhibition of cardiac remodeling has been suggested to be a potential strategy for preventing heart failure. However, the mechanisms involved in cardiac remodeling are quite complicated. Recent studies have reported a close correlation between autophagy and energy homeostasis in cardiac remodeling associated with various heart diseases. In this review, we summarize the roles of autophagy and energy homeostasis in cardiac remodeling and discuss the relationship between these two processes in different conditions to identify potential targets and strategies for treating cardiac remodeling by regulating autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Feng
- Department of Geriatrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Jing Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Hai-Han Liao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi-Zhu Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, China
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Ali Shah SW, Zhang S, Ishfaq M, Tang Y, Teng X. PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway involvement in autophagy, mediated by miR-99a-3p and energy metabolism in ammonia-exposed chicken bursal lymphocytes. Poult Sci 2020; 100:553-564. [PMID: 33518108 PMCID: PMC7858094 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Emission of atmospheric ammonia (NH3) is an environmental challenge because of its harmful effects on humans and animals including birds. Among all organisms, NH3 is highly sensitive to birds. Autophagy plays a critical role in Bursa of fabricius (BF)-mediated immune responses against various hazardous substances. Therefore, we designed our work to demonstrate whether NH3 can induce autophagy in broiler chicken BF. In this study, the downregulated levels of mammalian target of rapamycin and light chain-3 (LC-Ⅰ), as well as the upregulated levels of phosphate and tensin homology (PTEN), protein kinase B (AKT), autophagy related-5, light chain-3 (LC3-Ⅱ), Becline-1, and Dynein, were found. Our results of transmission electron microscopy displayed signs of autophagosomes/autophagic lysosomes, and immunofluorescence assay displayed that NH3 exposure reduced the relative amount of CD8+ B-lymphocyte in chicken BF. Exposure of NH3 led to energy metabolism disturbance by decreasing mRNA levels of glucose metabolism factors aconitase-2, hexokinase-1, hexokinase-2, lactate dehydrogenase-A, lactate dehydrogenase-B, pyruvate kinase, phosphofructokinase and succinate dehydrogenase complex unit-B, and adenosine triphosphates (ATPase) activities (Na+/K+ ATPase, Ca2+ ATPase, Mg2+ ATPase, and Ca/Mg2+ ATPase). Moreover, phosphate and tensin homology was found as target gene of microRNA-99a-3p which confirmed that high concentration of NH3 caused autophagy in chicken BF. In summary, these findings suggested that ammonia induced autophagy via miR-99a-3p, the reduction of ATPase activity, and the alteration of autophagy-related factors, and energy metabolism mediation in BF. Our findings provide information to assess the harmful effects of NH3 on chicken and clues for human health pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Waqas Ali Shah
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Ishfaq
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Faculty of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - You Tang
- Electrical and Information Engineering College, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, 132101, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Teng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China; Electrical and Information Engineering College, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, 132101, People's Republic of China.
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Ramaian Santhaseela A, Jayavelu T. Does mTORC1 inhibit autophagy at dual stages?: A possible role of mTORC1 in late-stage autophagy inhibition in addition to its known early-stage autophagy inhibition. Bioessays 2020; 43:e2000187. [PMID: 33165974 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Extensive studies have attributed the lysosomal localization of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) during its activation. However, the exact biological significance of this lysosomal localization of mTORC1 remains ill-defined. Interestingly, findings have shown that localization of the lysosome itself is altered under conditions influencing mTORC1 activity. In this perspective, we hypothesize that the localization of mTORC1 and lysosome could be interconnected in a way that manifests regulation of autophagy that is already under progression at the time of mTORC1 activation. This provides a new possibility for autophagy regulation whose complete mechanistic insights remain to be determined.
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The Synthetic Flavonoid Derivative GL-V9 Induces Apoptosis and Autophagy in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma via Suppressing AKT-Regulated HK2 and mTOR Signals. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215033. [PMID: 33143000 PMCID: PMC7663336 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma (cSCC) is one of most common type of non-black skin cancer. The malignancy degree and the death risk of cSCC patients are significantly higher than basal cell carcinoma patients. GL-V9 is a synthesized flavonoid derived from natural active ingredient wogonin and shows potent growth inhibitory effects in liver and breast cancer cells. In this study, we investigated the anti-cSCC effect and the underlying mechanism of GL-V9. The results showed that GL-V9 induced both apoptosis and autophagy in human cSCC cell line A431 cells, and prevented the growth progression of chemical induced primary skin cancer in mice. Metabolomics assay showed that GL-V9 potentially affected mitochondrial function, inhibiting glucose metabolism and Warburg effect. Further mechanism studies demonstrated that AKT played important roles in the anti-cSCC effect of GL-V9. On one hand, GL-V9 suppressed AKT-modulated mitochondrial localization of HK2 and promoted the protein degradation of HK2, resulting in cell apoptosis and glycolytic inhibition. On the other hand, GL-V9 induced autophagy via inhibiting Akt/mTOR pathway. Interestingly, though the autophagy induced by GL-V9 potentially antagonized its effect of apoptosis induction, the anti-cSCC effect of GL-V9 was not diluted. All above, our studies suggest that GL-V9 is a potent candidate for cSCC treatment.
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Ingargiola C, Turqueto Duarte G, Robaglia C, Leprince AS, Meyer C. The Plant Target of Rapamycin: A Conduc TOR of Nutrition and Metabolism in Photosynthetic Organisms. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11111285. [PMID: 33138108 PMCID: PMC7694126 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Living organisms possess many mechanisms to sense nutrients and favorable conditions, which allow them to grow and develop. Photosynthetic organisms are very diverse, from green unicellular algae to multicellular flowering plants, but most of them are sessile and thus unable to escape from the biotic and abiotic stresses they experience. The Target of Rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway is conserved in all eukaryotes and acts as a central regulatory hub between growth and extrinsic factors, such as nutrients or stress. However, relatively little is known about the regulations and roles of this pathway in plants and algae. Although some features of the TOR pathway seem to have been highly conserved throughout evolution, others clearly differ in plants, perhaps reflecting adaptations to different lifestyles and the rewiring of this primordial signaling module to adapt to specific requirements. Indeed, TOR is involved in plant responses to a vast array of signals including nutrients, hormones, light, stresses or pathogens. In this review, we will summarize recent studies that address the regulations of TOR by nutrients in photosynthetic organisms, and the roles of TOR in controlling important metabolic pathways, highlighting similarities and differences with the other eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Ingargiola
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France; (C.I.); (G.T.D.); (A.-S.L.)
| | - Gustavo Turqueto Duarte
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France; (C.I.); (G.T.D.); (A.-S.L.)
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christophe Robaglia
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Biophysique des Plantes, Faculté des Sciences de Luminy, UMR 7265, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Aix Marseille Université, 13009 Marseille, France;
| | - Anne-Sophie Leprince
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France; (C.I.); (G.T.D.); (A.-S.L.)
- Faculté des Sciences et d’Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, UFR 927, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France
| | - Christian Meyer
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France; (C.I.); (G.T.D.); (A.-S.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Dhakal S, Macreadie I. Protein Homeostasis Networks and the Use of Yeast to Guide Interventions in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8014. [PMID: 33126501 PMCID: PMC7662794 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a progressive multifactorial age-related neurodegenerative disorder that causes the majority of deaths due to dementia in the elderly. Although various risk factors have been found to be associated with AD progression, the cause of the disease is still unresolved. The loss of proteostasis is one of the major causes of AD: it is evident by aggregation of misfolded proteins, lipid homeostasis disruption, accumulation of autophagic vesicles, and oxidative damage during the disease progression. Different models have been developed to study AD, one of which is a yeast model. Yeasts are simple unicellular eukaryotic cells that have provided great insights into human cell biology. Various yeast models, including unmodified and genetically modified yeasts, have been established for studying AD and have provided significant amount of information on AD pathology and potential interventions. The conservation of various human biological processes, including signal transduction, energy metabolism, protein homeostasis, stress responses, oxidative phosphorylation, vesicle trafficking, apoptosis, endocytosis, and ageing, renders yeast a fascinating, powerful model for AD. In addition, the easy manipulation of the yeast genome and availability of methods to evaluate yeast cells rapidly in high throughput technological platforms strengthen the rationale of using yeast as a model. This review focuses on the description of the proteostasis network in yeast and its comparison with the human proteostasis network. It further elaborates on the AD-associated proteostasis failure and applications of the yeast proteostasis network to understand AD pathology and its potential to guide interventions against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian Macreadie
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia;
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125
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Wilburn DT, Machek SB, Cardaci TD, Willoughby DS. Carbohydrate-Induced Insulin Signaling Activates Focal Adhesion Kinase: A Nutrient and Mechanotransduction Crossroads. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103145. [PMID: 33076263 PMCID: PMC7602406 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has suggested that nutrient, exercise, and metabolism-related proteins interact to regulate mammalian target of rapamycin complex one (mTOR) post-exercise and their interactions needs clarification. In a double-blind, cross-over, repeated measures design, ten participants completed four sets to failure at 70% of 1-repitition maximum (1-RM) with 45 s rest on angled leg press with or without pre-exercise maltodextrin (2 g/kg) after a 3 h fast. Vastus lateralis biopsies were collected at baseline before supplementation and 1 h post-exercise to analyze Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK), ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 (p70S6K), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation. FAK and IRS-1 activity were only elevated 1 h post-exercise with carbohydrate ingestion (p < 0.05). PI3K and p70S6K activation were both elevated after exercise in both conditions (p < 0.05). However, AMPK activity did not change from baseline in both conditions (p > 0.05). We conclude that FAK does not induce mTOR activation through PI3K crosstalk in response to exercise alone. In addition, FAK may not be regulated by AMPK catalytic activity, but this needs further research. Interestingly, carbohydrate-induced insulin signaling appears to activate FAK at the level of IRS-1 but did not enhance mTOR activity 1 h post-exercise greater than the placebo condition. Future research should investigate these interactions under different conditions and within different time frames to clearly understand the interactions between these signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan T. Wilburn
- Exercise and Biochemical Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA; (D.T.W.); (S.B.M.); (T.D.C.)
| | - Steven B. Machek
- Exercise and Biochemical Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA; (D.T.W.); (S.B.M.); (T.D.C.)
| | - Thomas D. Cardaci
- Exercise and Biochemical Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA; (D.T.W.); (S.B.M.); (T.D.C.)
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Darryn S. Willoughby
- Exercise and Biochemical Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA; (D.T.W.); (S.B.M.); (T.D.C.)
- School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX 76513, USA
- Correspondence:
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126
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Nakai N, Kitai S, Iida N, Inoue S, Higashida K. Autophagy under glucose starvation enhances protein translation initiation in response to re-addition of glucose in C2C12 myotubes. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:2149-2156. [PMID: 32882752 PMCID: PMC7530399 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteolysis is known to play a crucial role in maintaining skeletal muscle mass and function. Autophagy is a conserved intracellular process for the bulk degradation of proteins in lysosomes. Although nutrient starvation is known to induce autophagy, the effect of nutrient repletion following starvation on the mTOR pathway‐mediated protein translation remains unclear. In the present study, we examined the effect of glucose starvation on the initiation of protein translation in response to glucose re‐addition in C2C12 myotubes. Glucose starvation decreased the phosphorylation of p70 S6 kinase (p70S6K), a bonafide marker for protein translation initiation. Following re‐addition of glucose, phosphorylation of p70S6K markedly increased only in glucose‐starved cells. Inhibiting autophagy using pharmacological inhibitors diminished the effect of glucose re‐addition on the phosphorylation of p70S6K, whereas inhibition of the ubiquitin‐proteasome system did not exert any effect. In conclusion, autophagy under glucose starvation partially accounts for the activation of translation initiation by re‐addition of glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Nakai
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Japan
| | - Saki Kitai
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Japan
| | - Noriko Iida
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Japan
| | - Sachika Inoue
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Higashida
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Japan
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127
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Ikeda S, Abe F, Matsuda Y, Kitadate A, Takahashi N, Tagawa H. Hypoxia-inducible hexokinase-2 enhances anti-apoptotic function via activating autophagy in multiple myeloma. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:4088-4101. [PMID: 32790954 PMCID: PMC7648043 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable hematopoietic neoplasm derived from plasma cells, and existing in the bone marrow. Recent developments in the field of myeloma onco-biology have enabled the use of proteasome inhibitors (PIs) as key drugs for MM. PIs can increase cell sensitivity to endoplasmic reticulum stress, leading to apoptosis of myeloma cells. PI cannot kill all myeloma cells, however; one reason of this might be activation of autophagy via hypoxic stress in the bone marrow microenvironment. Hypoxia-inducible gene(s) that regulate autophagy may be novel therapeutic target(s) for PI-resistant myeloma cells. Here, a hypoxia-inducible glycolytic enzyme hexokinase-2 (HK2) was demonstrated to contribute by autophagy activation to the acquisition of an anti-apoptotic phenotype in myeloma cells. We found that hypoxic stress led to autophagy activation accompanied by HK2 upregulation in myeloma cells. Under hypoxic conditions, HK2 knockdown inhibited glycolysis and impaired autophagy, inducing apoptosis. The cooperative effects of a PI (bortezomib) against immunodeficient mice inoculated with HK2-knocked down myeloma cells were examined and significant tumor reduction was observed. An HK2 inhibitor, 3-bromopyruvate (3-BrPA), also induced apoptosis under hypoxic rather than normoxic conditions. Further examination of the cooperative effects between 3-BrPA and bortezomib on myeloma cells revealed a significant increase in apoptotic myeloma cells. These results strongly suggested that HK2 regulates the activation of autophagy in hypoxic myeloma cells. Cooperative treatment using PI against a dominant fraction, and HK2 inhibitor against a minor fraction, adapted to the bone marrow microenvironment, may lead to deeper remission for refractory MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Ikeda
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Fumito Abe
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yuka Matsuda
- Department of Life Science, Akita University Graduate School of Engineering Science, Akita, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kitadate
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Naoto Takahashi
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tagawa
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
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128
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Orozco JM, Krawczyk PA, Scaria SM, Cangelosi AL, Chan SH, Kunchok T, Lewis CA, Sabatini DM. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate signals glucose availability to mTORC1. Nat Metab 2020; 2:893-901. [PMID: 32719541 PMCID: PMC7995735 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-0250-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) kinase regulates cell growth by setting the balance between anabolic and catabolic processes. To be active, mTORC1 requires the environmental presence of amino acids and glucose. While a mechanistic understanding of amino acid sensing by mTORC1 is emerging, how glucose activates mTORC1 remains mysterious. Here, we used metabolically engineered human cells lacking the canonical energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase to identify glucose-derived metabolites required to activate mTORC1 independent of energetic stress. We show that mTORC1 senses a metabolite downstream of the aldolase and upstream of the GAPDH-catalysed steps of glycolysis and pinpoint dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) as the key molecule. In cells expressing a triose kinase, the synthesis of DHAP from DHA is sufficient to activate mTORC1 even in the absence of glucose. DHAP is a precursor for lipid synthesis, a process under the control of mTORC1, which provides a potential rationale for the sensing of DHAP by mTORC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Orozco
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Patrycja A Krawczyk
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sonia M Scaria
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew L Cangelosi
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sze Ham Chan
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tenzin Kunchok
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - David M Sabatini
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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129
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Ornatowski W, Lu Q, Yegambaram M, Garcia AE, Zemskov EA, Maltepe E, Fineman JR, Wang T, Black SM. Complex interplay between autophagy and oxidative stress in the development of pulmonary disease. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101679. [PMID: 32818797 PMCID: PMC7451718 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The autophagic pathway involves the encapsulation of substrates in double-membraned vesicles, which are subsequently delivered to the lysosome for enzymatic degradation and recycling of metabolic precursors. Autophagy is a major cellular defense against oxidative stress, or related conditions that cause accumulation of damaged proteins or organelles. Selective forms of autophagy can maintain organelle populations or remove aggregated proteins. Dysregulation of redox homeostasis under pathological conditions results in excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidative stress and the associated oxidative damage of cellular components. Accumulating evidence indicates that autophagy is necessary to maintain redox homeostasis. ROS activates autophagy, which facilitates cellular adaptation and diminishes oxidative damage by degrading and recycling intracellular damaged macromolecules and dysfunctional organelles. The cellular responses triggered by oxidative stress include the altered regulation of signaling pathways that culminate in the regulation of autophagy. Current research suggests a central role for autophagy as a mammalian oxidative stress response and its interrelationship to other stress defense systems. Altered autophagy phenotypes have been observed in lung diseases such as chronic obstructive lung disease, acute lung injury, cystic fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and pulmonary arterial hypertension, and asthma. Understanding the mechanisms by which ROS regulate autophagy will provide novel therapeutic targets for lung diseases. This review highlights our current understanding on the interplay between ROS and autophagy in the development of pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Ornatowski
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Qing Lu
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Alejandro E Garcia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Evgeny A Zemskov
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Emin Maltepe
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Fineman
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Stephen M Black
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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Choi S, Kim H. The Remedial Potential of Lycopene in Pancreatitis through Regulation of Autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165775. [PMID: 32806545 PMCID: PMC7460830 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process that degrades damaged organelles and recycles macromolecules to support cell survival. However, in certain disease states, dysregulated autophagy can play an important role in cell death. In pancreatitis, the accumulation of autophagic vacuoles and damaged mitochondria and premature activation of trypsinogen are shown in pancreatic acinar cells (PACs), which are the hallmarks of impaired autophagy. Oxidative stress mediates inflammatory signaling and cytokine expression in PACs, and it also causes mitochondrial dysfunction and dysregulated autophagy. Thus, oxidative stress may be a mediator for autophagic impairment in pancreatitis. Lycopene is a natural pigment that contributes to the red color of fruits and vegetables. Due to its antioxidant activity, it inhibited oxidative stress-induced expression of cytokines in experimental models of acute pancreatitis. Lycopene reduces cell death through the activation of 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase-dependent autophagy in certain cells. Therefore, lycopene may ameliorate pancreatitis by preventing oxidative stress-induced impairment of autophagy and/or by directly activating autophagy in PACs.
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131
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Molecular mechanisms of interplay between autophagy and metabolism in cancer. Life Sci 2020; 259:118184. [PMID: 32763290 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential mechanism of cellular degradation, a way to protect the cells under stress conditions, such as deprivation of nutrients, growth factors and cellular damage. However, in normal physiology autophagy plays a significant role in cancer cells. Current research is in progress to understand how autophagy and cancer cells go hand in hand to support cancer cell progression. The important aspect in cancer and autophagy is the interdependence of autophagy in the survival and progression of cancer cells. Autophagy is known to be a major cause of chemotherapeutic resistance in various cancer cell types. Therefore, inhibition of autophagy as an effective therapeutic approach is being actively studied and tested in clinical studies. Multiple metabolic pathways are linked with autophagy that could potentially be a significant target for chemotherapeutic strategy. The comprehension of the interconnection of autophagy with cancer metabolism can pave a novel findings for effective combinatorial therapeutic strategies.
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132
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Meena NK, Ralston E, Raben N, Puertollano R. Enzyme Replacement Therapy Can Reverse Pathogenic Cascade in Pompe Disease. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 18:199-214. [PMID: 32671132 PMCID: PMC7334420 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pompe disease, a deficiency of glycogen-degrading lysosomal acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA), is a disabling multisystemic illness that invariably affects skeletal muscle in all patients. The patients still carry a heavy burden of the disease, despite the currently available enzyme replacement therapy. We have previously shown that progressive entrapment of glycogen in the lysosome in muscle sets in motion a whole series of “extra-lysosomal” events including defective autophagy and disruption of a variety of signaling pathways. Here, we report that metabolic abnormalities and energy deficit also contribute to the complexity of the pathogenic cascade. A decrease in the metabolites of the glycolytic pathway and a shift to lipids as the energy source are observed in the diseased muscle. We now demonstrate in a pre-clinical study that a recently developed replacement enzyme (recombinant human GAA; AT-GAA; Amicus Therapeutics) with much improved lysosome-targeting properties reversed or significantly improved all aspects of the disease pathogenesis, an outcome not observed with the current standard of care. The therapy was initiated in GAA-deficient mice with fully developed muscle pathology but without obvious clinical symptoms; this point deserves consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Kumar Meena
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Evelyn Ralston
- Light Imaging Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nina Raben
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Corresponding author Nina Raben, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Rosa Puertollano
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Corresponding author Rosa Puertollano, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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133
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Luo L, Xiao L, Lian G, Wang H, Xie L. miR-125a-5p inhibits glycolysis by targeting hexokinase-II to improve pulmonary arterial hypertension. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:9014-9030. [PMID: 32427576 PMCID: PMC7288947 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of microRNAs on the proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) as a result of targeting hexokinase-II (HK-II) and its mechanism of action. Results: Differences in metabolic patterns were found between the normal group and monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (MCT-PH) group. miR-125a-5p decreased glycolysis levels of monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PASMCs by targeting HK-II and inhibiting its proliferation. In vivo experiments found that miR-125a-5p agomir upregulated HK-II expression in the MCT-PH. Right ventricular hypertrophy was reversed and cardiac function improved as a result of decreased mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP). Conclusion: In vitro and in vivo experiments both confirmed that miR-125a-5p could inhibit cell glycolysis and PASMC proliferation to improve PAH by targeting HK-II. Methods: HK-II overexpression was constructed, and differentially expressed microRNAs were screened for using microarrays. Serum metabolites were detected using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). Through screening for characteristic metabolites in rat body fluids and by analyzing biological functions, disordered metabolic pathways were identified. Activity of the miR-125a-5p target HK-II was measured using a luciferase reporter assay. Expression of downstream molecules was measured by RT–qPCR and/or western blot. Glucose consumption and lactic acid production were analyzed and used as a reflection of glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Luo
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of General Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Hypertension Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | | | - Guili Lian
- Fujian Hypertension Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huajun Wang
- Fujian Hypertension Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liangdi Xie
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of General Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Hypertension Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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134
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Ciscato F, Filadi R, Masgras I, Pizzi M, Marin O, Damiano N, Pizzo P, Gori A, Frezzato F, Chiara F, Trentin L, Bernardi P, Rasola A. Hexokinase 2 displacement from mitochondria-associated membranes prompts Ca 2+ -dependent death of cancer cells. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e49117. [PMID: 32383545 PMCID: PMC7332982 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201949117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells undergo changes in metabolic and survival pathways that increase their malignancy. Isoform 2 of the glycolytic enzyme hexokinase (HK2) enhances both glucose metabolism and resistance to death stimuli in many neoplastic cell types. Here, we observe that HK2 locates at mitochondria‐endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contact sites called MAMs (mitochondria‐associated membranes). HK2 displacement from MAMs with a selective peptide triggers mitochondrial Ca2+ overload caused by Ca2+ release from ER via inositol‐3‐phosphate receptors (IP3Rs) and by Ca2+ entry through plasma membrane. This results in Ca2+‐dependent calpain activation, mitochondrial depolarization and cell death. The HK2‐targeting peptide causes massive death of chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells freshly isolated from patients, and an actionable form of the peptide reduces growth of breast and colon cancer cells allografted in mice without noxious effects on healthy tissues. These results identify a signaling pathway primed by HK2 displacement from MAMs that can be activated as anti‐neoplastic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ciscato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Riccardo Filadi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ionica Masgras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Pizzi
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Oriano Marin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Nunzio Damiano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Paola Pizzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gori
- CNR Institute of Chemistry of Molecular Recognition (ICRM), Milano, Italy
| | - Federica Frezzato
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Federica Chiara
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DISCOG), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Livio Trentin
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Bernardi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Rasola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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135
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Garcia SN, Guedes RC, Marques MM. Unlocking the Potential of HK2 in Cancer Metabolism and Therapeutics. Curr Med Chem 2020; 26:7285-7322. [PMID: 30543165 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666181213092652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glycolysis is a tightly regulated process in which several enzymes, such as Hexokinases (HKs), play crucial roles. Cancer cells are characterized by specific expression levels of several isoenzymes in different metabolic pathways and these features offer possibilities for therapeutic interventions. Overexpression of HKs (mostly of the HK2 isoform) have been consistently reported in numerous types of cancer. Moreover, deletion of HK2 has been shown to decrease cancer cell proliferation without explicit side effects in animal models, which suggests that targeting HK2 is a viable strategy for cancer therapy. HK2 inhibition causes a substantial decrease of glycolysis that affects multiple pathways of central metabolism and also destabilizes the mitochondrial outer membrane, ultimately enhancing cell death. Although glycolysis inhibition has met limited success, partly due to low selectivity for specific isoforms and excessive side effects of the reported HK inhibitors, there is ample ground for progress. The current review is focused on HK2 inhibition, envisaging the development of potent and selective anticancer agents. The information on function, expression, and activity of HKs is presented, along with their structures, known inhibitors, and reported effects of HK2 ablation/inhibition. The structural features of the different isozymes are discussed, aiming to stimulate a more rational approach to the design of selective HK2 inhibitors with appropriate drug-like properties. Particular attention is dedicated to a structural and sequence comparison of the structurally similar HK1 and HK2 isoforms, aiming to unveil differences that could be explored therapeutically. Finally, several additional catalytic- and non-catalytic roles on different pathways and diseases, recently attributed to HK2, are reviewed and their implications briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara N Garcia
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.,iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita C Guedes
- iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Matilde Marques
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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136
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Guo L, Zhang C, Gao Q, Hou B, Liu L, Yang H, Jiang X. Chloropupukeananin and Pestalofone C Regulate Autophagy through AMPK and Glycolytic Pathway. Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e1900583. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Longfang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100039 P. R. China
| | - Caining Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100039 P. R. China
| | - Quan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100039 P. R. China
| | - Bolin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100039 P. R. China
| | - Ling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 P. R. China
| | - Huaiyi Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 P. R. China
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 P. R. China
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137
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Rumala CZ, Liu J, Locasale JW, Corkey BE, Deeney JT, Rameh LE. Exposure of Pancreatic β-Cells to Excess Glucose Results in Bimodal Activation of mTORC1 and mTOR-Dependent Metabolic Acceleration. iScience 2020; 23:100858. [PMID: 32058969 PMCID: PMC7005503 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure of pancreatic β-cells to excess glucose can lead to metabolic acceleration and loss of stimulus-secretion coupling. Here, we examined how exposure to excess glucose (defined here as concentrations above 5 mM) affects mTORC1 signaling and the metabolism of β-cells. Acute exposure to excess glucose stimulated glycolysis-dependent mTORC1 signaling, without changes in the PI3K or AMPK pathways. Prolonged exposure to excess glucose led to hyperactivation of mTORC1 and metabolic acceleration, characterized by higher basal respiration and maximal respiratory capacity, increased energy demand, and enhanced flux through mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism. Inhibition of pyruvate transport to the mitochondria decelerated the metabolism of β-cells chronically exposed to excess glucose and re-established glucose-dependent mTORC1 signaling, disrupting a positive feedback loop for mTORC1 hyperactivation. mTOR inhibition had positive and negative impacts on various metabolic pathways and insulin secretion, demonstrating a role for mTOR signaling in the long-term metabolic adaptation of β-cells to excess glucose. Acute glucose stimulates mTORC1 in β-cells through a glycolysis-dependent mechanism Chronic excess glucose promotes mTOR-dependent metabolic acceleration of β-cells Metabolic acceleration activates a positive feedback loop for mTORC1 hyperactivation mTOR hyperactivation disturbs the metabolism and insulin secretion patterns of β-cells
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jason Wei Locasale
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Barbara Ellen Corkey
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Jude Thaddeus Deeney
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Lucia Egydio Rameh
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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138
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Wu Z, Han X, Tan G, Zhu Q, Chen H, Xia Y, Gong J, Wang Z, Wang Y, Yan J. Dioscin Inhibited Glycolysis and Induced Cell Apoptosis in Colorectal Cancer via Promoting c-myc Ubiquitination and Subsequent Hexokinase-2 Suppression. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:31-44. [PMID: 32021252 PMCID: PMC6954095 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s224062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Dioscin is a natural product isolated from traditional Chinese medicines and is reported to have antitumor activities against several cancers. In the present study, we aimed to investigate its potency against colorectal cancers, especially the effects on tumor glycolysis, and to elaborate related molecular mechanisms. Methods The antitumor activities of dioscin were evaluated by cell proliferation assays and colony formation assays in vitro and the mouse xenograft models in vivo. The effects of dioscin on tumor glycolysis were determined by measuring glucose absorption and lactate generation. Cell apoptosis was detected by cleaved PARP and the activity of caspase-3. Protein overexpression or gene knockdown was conducted to illustrate molecular mechanisms. Immunoprecipitation experiments were applied to identify the interaction between different proteins. Results Dioscin substantially inhibited colorectal cancer cell proliferation in vitro and suppressed the xenograft growth in nude mice. After dioscin treatment, with the suppression of hexokinase-2, the tumor glycolysis was significantly decreased. Dioscin substantially impaired the interaction between hexokinase-2 and VDAC-1, and induced cell apoptosis. Exogenous overexpression of hexokinase-2 significantly antagonized the glycolysis suppression and apoptosis induction by dioscin. Through enhancing the binding of E3 ligase FBW7 to c-myc, dioscin promoted the ubiquitination of c-myc and gave rise to c-myc degradation, which contributed to the inhibition of hexokinase-2. Conclusion Our studies revealed a novel mechanism by which dioscin exerted its antitumor activity in colorectal cancer, and verified that dioscin or its analog might have potentials for colorectal cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqian Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Gewen Tan
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingchao Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongqi Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Xia
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Gong
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
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139
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Farah BL, Yen PM, Koeberl DD. Links between autophagy and disorders of glycogen metabolism - Perspectives on pathogenesis and possible treatments. Mol Genet Metab 2020; 129:3-12. [PMID: 31787497 PMCID: PMC7836271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The glycogen storage diseases are a group of inherited metabolic disorders that are characterized by specific enzymatic defects involving the synthesis or degradation of glycogen. Each disorder presents with a set of symptoms that are due to the underlying enzyme deficiency and the particular tissues that are affected. Autophagy is a process by which cells degrade and recycle unneeded or damaged intracellular components such as lipids, glycogen, and damaged mitochondria. Recent studies showed that several of the glycogen storage disorders have abnormal autophagy which can disturb normal cellular metabolism and/or mitochondrial function. Here, we provide a clinical overview of the glycogen storage disorders, a brief description of autophagy, and the known links between specific glycogen storage disorders and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Farah
- Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Paul M Yen
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dwight D Koeberl
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA..
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140
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Smith-Sonneborn J. Telomerase Biology Associations Offer Keys to Cancer and Aging Therapeutics. Curr Aging Sci 2020; 13:11-21. [PMID: 31544708 PMCID: PMC7403649 DOI: 10.2174/1874609812666190620124324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although telomerase has potential for age-related disease intervention, the overexpression of telomerase in about 90% of cancers, and in HIV virus reservoirs, cautions against se in anti-aging telomerase therapeutics. While multiple reviews document the canonical function of telomerase for maintenance of telomeres, as well as an increasing numbers of reviews that reveal new non-canonical functions of telomerase, there was no systematic review that focuses on the array of associates of the subunit of Telomerase Reverse transcriptase protein (TERT) as pieces of the puzzle to assemble a picture of the how specific TERT complexes uniquely impact aging and age-related diseases and more can be expected. METHODS A structured search of bibliographic data on TERT complexes was undertaken using databases from the National Center for Biotechnology Information Pubmed with extensive access to biomedical and genomic information in order to obtain a unique documented and cited overview of TERT complexes that may uniquely impact aging and age-related diseases. RESULTS The TERT associations include proper folding, intracellular TERT transport, metabolism, mitochondrial ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) regulation, inflammation, cell division, cell death, and gene expression, in addition to the well-known telomere maintenance. While increase of cell cycle inhibitors promote aging, in cancer, the cell cycle check-point regulators are ambushed in favor of cell proliferation, while cytoplasmic TERT protects a cell cycle inhibitor in oxidative stress. The oncogene cMyc regulates gene expression for overexpression of TERT, and reduction of cell cycle inhibitors-the perfect storm for cancer promotion. TERT binds with the oncogene RMRP RNA, and TERT-RMRP function can regulate levels of that oncogene RNA, and TERT in a TBN complex can regulate heterochromatin. Telomerase benefit and novel function in neurology and cardiology studies open new anti- aging hope. GV1001, a 16 amino acid peptide of TERT that associates with Heat Shock Proteins (HSP's), bypasses the cell membrane with remarkable anti disease potential. CONCLUSIONS TERT "associates" are anti-cancer targets for downregulation, but upregulation in antiaging therapy. The overview revealed that unique TERT associations that impact all seven pillars of aging identified by the Trans-NIH Geroscience Initiative that influence aging and urge research for appropriate targeted telomerase supplements/ stimulation, and inclusion in National Institute on Aging Intervention Testing Program. The preference for use of available "smart drugs", targeted to only cancer, not off-target anti- aging telomerase is implied by the multiplicity of TERT associates functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Smith-Sonneborn
- Department Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, WY, USA
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141
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Duque TL, Siqueira MS, Travassos LH, Moreira OC, Bozza PT, Melo RC, Henriques-Pons A, Menna-Barreto RF. The induction of host cell autophagy triggers defense mechanisms against Trypanosoma cruzi infection in vitro. Eur J Cell Biol 2020; 99:151060. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2019.151060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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142
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Mechanisms of Autophagy in Metabolic Stress Response. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:28-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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143
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Hill BG, Shiva S, Ballinger S, Zhang J, Darley-Usmar VM. Bioenergetics and translational metabolism: implications for genetics, physiology and precision medicine. Biol Chem 2019; 401:3-29. [PMID: 31815377 PMCID: PMC6944318 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
It is now becoming clear that human metabolism is extremely plastic and varies substantially between healthy individuals. Understanding the biochemistry that underlies this physiology will enable personalized clinical interventions related to metabolism. Mitochondrial quality control and the detailed mechanisms of mitochondrial energy generation are central to understanding susceptibility to pathologies associated with aging including cancer, cardiac and neurodegenerative diseases. A precision medicine approach is also needed to evaluate the impact of exercise or caloric restriction on health. In this review, we discuss how technical advances in assessing mitochondrial genetics, cellular bioenergetics and metabolomics offer new insights into developing metabolism-based clinical tests and metabolotherapies. We discuss informatics approaches, which can define the bioenergetic-metabolite interactome and how this can help define healthy energetics. We propose that a personalized medicine approach that integrates metabolism and bioenergetics with physiologic parameters is central for understanding the pathophysiology of diseases with a metabolic etiology. New approaches that measure energetics and metabolomics from cells isolated from human blood or tissues can be of diagnostic and prognostic value to precision medicine. This is particularly significant with the development of new metabolotherapies, such as mitochondrial transplantation, which could help treat complex metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradford G. Hill
- Envirome Institute, Diabetes and Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Sruti Shiva
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, Vascular Medicine Institute, Center for Metabolism & Mitochondrial Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15143
| | - Scott Ballinger
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
- Mitochondrial Medicine Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
- Mitochondrial Medicine Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
- Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Victor M. Darley-Usmar
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
- Mitochondrial Medicine Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
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Yin X, Choudhury M, Kang JH, Schaefbauer KJ, Jung MY, Andrianifahanana M, Hernandez DM, Leof EB. Hexokinase 2 couples glycolysis with the profibrotic actions of TGF-β. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/612/eaax4067. [PMID: 31848318 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aax4067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic dysregulation in fibroblasts is implicated in the profibrotic actions of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Here, we present evidence that hexokinase 2 (HK2) is important for mediating the fibroproliferative activity of TGF-β both in vitro and in vivo. Both Smad-dependent and Smad-independent TGF-β signaling induced HK2 accumulation in murine and human lung fibroblasts through induction of the transcription factor c-Myc. Knockdown of HK2 or pharmacological inhibition of HK2 activity with Lonidamine decreased TGF-β-stimulated fibrogenic processes, including profibrotic gene expression, cell migration, colony formation, and activation of the transcription factors YAP and TAZ, with no apparent effect on cellular viability. Fibroblasts from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) exhibited an increased abundance of HK2. In a mouse model of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis, Lonidamine reduced the expression of genes encoding profibrotic markers (collagenΙα1, EDA-fibronectin, α smooth muscle actin, and connective tissue growth factor) and stabilized or improved lung function as assessed by measurement of peripheral blood oxygenation. These findings provide evidence of how metabolic dysregulation through HK2 can be integrated within the context of profibrotic TGF-β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqian Yin
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Malay Choudhury
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jeong-Han Kang
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kyle J Schaefbauer
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Mi-Yeon Jung
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Mahefatiana Andrianifahanana
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Danielle M Hernandez
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Edward B Leof
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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145
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Suto T, Karonitsch T. The immunobiology of mTOR in autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2019; 110:102373. [PMID: 31831256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.102373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a master regulator of the inflammatory response in immune and non-immune cells. In immune cells mTOR regulates metabolism to fuel cell fate decision, proliferation and effector functions. In non-immune cells, such as fibroblast, it controls inflammation-associated proliferation and migration/invasion, shapes the expression of cytokines and chemokines and promotes extracellular matrix remodeling and fibrosis. Hence, mTOR plays a critical role in chronic inflammation, where a continuous feedback between stromal cells and infiltrating immune cells result in tissue remodeling and organ damage. Activation of mTOR has been implicated in a number of chronic inflammatory diseases, especially rheumatic diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic sclerosis (SSc), sjögren syndrome (SS) and seronegative spondyloarthropathy (SpA). Here we review recent advances in our understanding of the mechanism of mTOR activation in inflammation, especially in rheumatic diseases. We further discuss recent findings regarding the beneficial and side effects of mTOR inhibition in rheumatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Suto
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Thomas Karonitsch
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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146
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Li K, Li M, Li W, Yu H, Sun X, Zhang Q, Li Y, Li X, Li Y, Abel ED, Wu Q, Chen H. Airway epithelial regeneration requires autophagy and glucose metabolism. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:875. [PMID: 31748541 PMCID: PMC6868131 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2111-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Efficient repair of injured epithelium by airway progenitor cells could prevent acute inflammation from progressing into chronic phase in lung. Here, we used small molecules, genetic loss-of-function, organoid cultures, and in vivo lung-injury models to show that autophagy is essential for maintaining the pool of airway stem-like vClub cells by promoting their proliferation during ovalbumin-induced acute inflammation. Mechanistically, impaired autophagy disrupted glucose uptake in vClub progenitor cells, and either reduced accessibility to glucose or partial inhibition of glycolysis promoted the proliferative capacity of vClub progenitor cells and their daughter Club cells. However, glucose deprivation or glycolysis blockade abrogated the proliferative capacity of airway vClub cells and Club cells but promoted ciliated and goblet cell differentiation. Deficiency of glucose transporter-1 suppressed the proliferative capacity of airway progenitor cells after ovalbumin challenge. These findings suggested that autophagy and glucose metabolism are essential for the maintenance of airway epithelium at steady state and during allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Minmin Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Tianjin University Haihe Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenli Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongzhi Yu
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Basic Medicine, Tianjin University Haihe Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiuyang Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - E Dale Abel
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Qi Wu
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
- Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin, China.
| | - Huaiyong Chen
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
- Department of Basic Medicine, Tianjin University Haihe Hospital, Tianjin, China.
- Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin, China.
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147
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Karlstaedt A, Khanna R, Thangam M, Taegtmeyer H. Glucose 6-Phosphate Accumulates via Phosphoglucose Isomerase Inhibition in Heart Muscle. Circ Res 2019; 126:60-74. [PMID: 31698999 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.315180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Metabolic and structural remodeling is a hallmark of heart failure. This remodeling involves activation of the mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling pathway, but little is known on how intermediary metabolites are integrated as metabolic signals. OBJECTIVE We investigated the metabolic control of cardiac glycolysis and explored the potential of glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) to regulate glycolytic flux and mTOR activation. METHODS AND RESULTS We developed a kinetic model of cardiomyocyte carbohydrate metabolism, CardioGlyco, to study the metabolic control of myocardial glycolysis and G6P levels. Metabolic control analysis revealed that G6P concentration is dependent on phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) activity. Next, we integrated ex vivo tracer studies with mathematical simulations to test how changes in glucose supply and glycolytic flux affect mTOR activation. Nutrient deprivation promoted a tight coupling between glucose uptake and oxidation, G6P reduction, and increased protein-protein interaction between hexokinase II and mTOR. We validated the in silico modeling in cultured adult mouse ventricular cardiomyocytes by modulating PGI activity using erythrose 4-phosphate. Inhibition of glycolytic flux at the level of PGI caused G6P accumulation, which correlated with increased mTOR activation. Using click chemistry, we labeled newly synthesized proteins and confirmed that inhibition of PGI increases protein synthesis. CONCLUSIONS The reduction of PGI activity directly affects myocyte growth by regulating mTOR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Karlstaedt
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (A.K., H.T.)
| | | | - Manoj Thangam
- Department of Cardiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, MO (M.T.)
| | - Heinrich Taegtmeyer
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (A.K., H.T.)
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148
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Liu X, Miao W, Huang M, Li L, Dai X, Wang Y. Elevated Hexokinase II Expression Confers Acquired Resistance to 4-Hydroxytamoxifen in Breast Cancer Cells. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:2273-2284. [PMID: 31519767 PMCID: PMC6823848 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen has been clinically used in treating estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer for over 30 years. The most challenging aspect associated with tamoxifen therapy is the development of resistance in initially responsive breast tumors. We applied a parallel-reaction monitoring (PRM)-based quantitative proteomic method to examine the differential expression of kinase proteins in MCF-7 and the isogenic tamoxifen-resistant (TamR) cells. We were able to quantify the relative protein expression levels of 315 kinases, among which hexokinase 2 (HK2) and mTOR were up-regulated in TamR MCF-7 cells. We also observed that the TamR MCF-7 cells exhibited elevated rate of glycolysis than the parental MCF-7 cells. In addition, we found that phosphorylation of S6K - a target of mTOR - was much lower in TamR MCF-7 cells, and this phosphorylation level could be restored upon genetic depletion or pharmacological inhibition of HK2. Reciprocally, the level of S6K phosphorylation was diminished upon overexpression of HK2 in MCF-7 cells. Moreover, we observed that HK2 interacts with mTOR, and this interaction inhibits mTOR activity. Lower mTOR activity led to augmented autophagy, which conferred resistance of MCF-7 cells toward tamoxifen. Together, our study demonstrates that elevated expression of HK2 promotes autophagy through inhibiting the mTOR-S6K signaling pathway and results in resistance of MCF-7 breast cancer cells toward tamoxifen; thus, our results uncovered, for the first time, HK2 as a potential therapeutic target for overcoming tamoxifen resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Weili Miao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Ming Huang
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Xiaoxia Dai
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Yinsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521; Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521.
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149
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Hu D, Linders A, Yamak A, Correia C, Kijlstra JD, Garakani A, Xiao L, Milan DJ, van der Meer P, Serra M, Alves PM, Domian IJ. Metabolic Maturation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes by Inhibition of HIF1α and LDHA. Circ Res 2019; 123:1066-1079. [PMID: 30355156 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.313249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs) are a readily available, robustly reproducible, and physiologically appropriate human cell source for cardiac disease modeling, drug discovery, and toxicity screenings in vitro. However, unlike adult myocardial cells in vivo, hPSC-CMs cultured in vitro maintain an immature metabolic phenotype, where majority of ATP is produced through aerobic glycolysis instead of oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. Little is known about the underlying signaling pathways controlling hPSC-CMs' metabolic and functional maturation. OBJECTIVE To define the molecular pathways controlling cardiomyocytes' metabolic pathway selections and improve cardiomyocyte metabolic and functional maturation. METHODS AND RESULTS We cultured hPSC-CMs in different media compositions including glucose-containing media, glucose-containing media supplemented with fatty acids, and glucose-free media with fatty acids as the primary carbon source. We found that cardiomyocytes cultured in the presence of glucose used primarily aerobic glycolysis and aberrantly upregulated HIF1α (hypoxia-inducible factor 1α) and its downstream target lactate dehydrogenase A. Conversely, glucose deprivation promoted oxidative phosphorylation and repressed HIF1α. Small molecule inhibition of HIF1α or lactate dehydrogenase A resulted in a switch from aerobic glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation. Likewise, siRNA inhibition of HIF1α stimulated oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting aerobic glycolysis. This metabolic shift was accompanied by an increase in mitochondrial content and cellular ATP levels. Furthermore, functional gene expressions, sarcomere length, and contractility were improved by HIF1α/lactate dehydrogenase A inhibition. CONCLUSIONS We show that under standard culture conditions, the HIF1α-lactate dehydrogenase A axis is aberrantly upregulated in hPSC-CMs, preventing their metabolic maturation. Chemical or siRNA inhibition of this pathway results in an appropriate metabolic shift from aerobic glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation. This in turn improves metabolic and functional maturation of hPSC-CMs. These findings provide key insight into molecular control of hPSC-CMs' metabolism and may be used to generate more physiologically mature cardiomyocytes for drug screening, disease modeling, and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjian Hu
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (D.H., A.L., A.Y., L.X., D.J.M., I.J.D.).,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, MA (D.H.)
| | - Annet Linders
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (D.H., A.L., A.Y., L.X., D.J.M., I.J.D.).,Experimental Cardiology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (A.L.)
| | - Abir Yamak
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (D.H., A.L., A.Y., L.X., D.J.M., I.J.D.).,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.Y., I.J.D.)
| | - Cláudia Correia
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal (C.C., M.S., P.M.A.).,Instituto de, Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal (C.C., M.S., P.M.A.)
| | - Jan David Kijlstra
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands (J.D.K., P.v.d.M.)
| | | | - Ling Xiao
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (D.H., A.L., A.Y., L.X., D.J.M., I.J.D.)
| | - David J Milan
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (D.H., A.L., A.Y., L.X., D.J.M., I.J.D.)
| | - Peter van der Meer
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands (J.D.K., P.v.d.M.)
| | - Margarida Serra
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal (C.C., M.S., P.M.A.).,Instituto de, Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal (C.C., M.S., P.M.A.)
| | - Paula M Alves
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal (C.C., M.S., P.M.A.).,Instituto de, Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal (C.C., M.S., P.M.A.)
| | - Ibrahim J Domian
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (D.H., A.L., A.Y., L.X., D.J.M., I.J.D.).,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.Y., I.J.D.).,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA (I.J.D.)
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150
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Bravo-San Pedro JM, Sica V, Martins I, Pol J, Loos F, Maiuri MC, Durand S, Bossut N, Aprahamian F, Anagnostopoulos G, Niso-Santano M, Aranda F, Ramírez-Pardo I, Lallement J, Denom J, Boedec E, Gorwood P, Ramoz N, Clément K, Pelloux V, Rohia A, Pattou F, Raverdy V, Caiazzo R, Denis RGP, Boya P, Galluzzi L, Madeo F, Migrenne-Li S, Cruciani-Guglielmacci C, Tavernarakis N, López-Otín C, Magnan C, Kroemer G. Acyl-CoA-Binding Protein Is a Lipogenic Factor that Triggers Food Intake and Obesity. Cell Metab 2019; 30:754-767.e9. [PMID: 31422903 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy facilitates the adaptation to nutritional stress. Here, we show that short-term starvation of cultured cells or mice caused the autophagy-dependent cellular release of acyl-CoA-binding protein (ACBP, also known as diazepam-binding inhibitor, DBI) and consequent ACBP-mediated feedback inhibition of autophagy. Importantly, ACBP levels were elevated in obese patients and reduced in anorexia nervosa. In mice, systemic injection of ACBP protein inhibited autophagy, induced lipogenesis, reduced glycemia, and stimulated appetite as well as weight gain. We designed three approaches to neutralize ACBP, namely, inducible whole-body knockout, systemic administration of neutralizing antibodies, and induction of antiACBP autoantibodies in mice. ACBP neutralization enhanced autophagy, stimulated fatty acid oxidation, inhibited appetite, reduced weight gain in the context of a high-fat diet or leptin deficiency, and accelerated weight loss in response to dietary changes. In conclusion, neutralization of ACBP might constitute a strategy for treating obesity and its co-morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Bravo-San Pedro
- INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France; Team "Metabolism, Cancer & Immunity", Équipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Valentina Sica
- INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France; Team "Metabolism, Cancer & Immunity", Équipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Isabelle Martins
- INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France; Team "Metabolism, Cancer & Immunity", Équipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Jonathan Pol
- INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France; Team "Metabolism, Cancer & Immunity", Équipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Friedemann Loos
- INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France; Team "Metabolism, Cancer & Immunity", Équipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Maria Chiara Maiuri
- INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France; Team "Metabolism, Cancer & Immunity", Équipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Sylvère Durand
- INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France; Team "Metabolism, Cancer & Immunity", Équipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Noélie Bossut
- INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France; Team "Metabolism, Cancer & Immunity", Équipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Fanny Aprahamian
- INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France; Team "Metabolism, Cancer & Immunity", Équipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Gerasimos Anagnostopoulos
- INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France; Team "Metabolism, Cancer & Immunity", Équipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris Saclay, Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Mireia Niso-Santano
- Biomedical Research Networking Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Extremadura, Faculty of Nursing and Occupational Therapy, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Fernando Aranda
- Group of Immune receptors of the Innate and Adaptive System, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ramírez-Pardo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Justine Lallement
- Université of Paris, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS UMR 8251, Paris, France
| | - Jessica Denom
- Université of Paris, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS UMR 8251, Paris, France
| | - Erwan Boedec
- INSERM U1149, Center of Research on Inflammation, Paris, France; Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; National French Center of Scientific Research (CNRS), ERL 8252, Paris, France
| | - Philip Gorwood
- Clinique des Maladies Mentales et de l'Encéphale (CMME), Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Université of Paris, Paris, France; INSERM U894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences (CPN), Université of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Ramoz
- INSERM U894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences (CPN), Université of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Karine Clément
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, NutriOMics team, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Veronique Pelloux
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, NutriOMics team, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Alili Rohia
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, NutriOMics team, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - François Pattou
- University of Lille, CHU Lille, Inserm UMR 1190, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
| | - Violeta Raverdy
- University of Lille, CHU Lille, Inserm UMR 1190, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
| | - Robert Caiazzo
- University of Lille, CHU Lille, Inserm UMR 1190, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
| | - Raphaël G P Denis
- Université of Paris, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS UMR 8251, Paris, France
| | - Patricia Boya
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Team "Metabolism, Cancer & Immunity", Équipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Frank Madeo
- BioTechMed, Graz, Austria; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse, Graz, Austria
| | - Stéphanie Migrenne-Li
- Université of Paris, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS UMR 8251, Paris, France
| | | | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, Hellas, Nikolaou Plastira 100, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Carlos López-Otín
- INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Christophe Magnan
- Université of Paris, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS UMR 8251, Paris, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France; Team "Metabolism, Cancer & Immunity", Équipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France; Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China; Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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