Metabolic syndrome pandemic

Novel sedentary cage induced sedentariness in rats: evidence from relevant biomarkers

BACKGROUND

Sedentary behavior or physical inactivity is considered a foremost contributor to the rise in obesity and overweight and a risk factor for several non-communicable diseases. However, its effect on the etiopathogenesis of some diseases is underestimated in both developed and developing countries worldwide. The present study designed a novel sedentary cage with a view to achieving sedentariness in rats, and also investigated the effectiveness of the cage in achieving sedentariness by assessing some markers of cardiometabolic risks in Wistar rats.

METHODS

Adult male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups of six rats. Rats in Group 1 were the control. The sedentary groups were 4-hr. sedentary and 8-hr. sedentary. The sedentary rats were subjected to restrained movements for 4 and 8 hours daily in the sedentary cage for 3 months. Anthropometric indices, food consumption and blood pressure parameters of the rats were measured. Microalbuminuria and serum glucose, uric acid, albumin, nitric oxide, endothelin-1, insulin, inflammatory markers were also Measured.

RESULTS

Results indicated significant increases in body weight, BMI, Lee index, food consumption, systolic and diastolic pressure and decrease in serum nitric oxide bioavailability in the 8-hr sedentary rats. There were also significant increases in serum glucose, uric acid, endothelin-1, insulin, CRP and microalbuminuria in the 8-hr. sedentary rats in comparison with the control. The interleukin-6 and TNF-α also revealed a significant increase in the 8-hr. sedentary rats compared with the control. However, there was no significant difference in cortisol level across all the groups.

CONCLUSIONS

We concluded that the novel sedentary cage successfully caused sedentariness in the rats as evident by the alteration in the cardiometabolic health in the rats, especially the group that were made sedentary for 8 h.

Association between Macronutrient and Fatty Acid Consumption and Metabolic Syndrome: A South African Taxi Driver Survey

We aimed to examine the association between macronutrient and fatty acid intake and metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components in South African male mini-bus taxi drivers. One hundred and eighty-five (n = 185) male taxi drivers, aged 20 years and older, who operate in the Cape Town metropole, South Africa, were included. The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) algorithm was used to define MetS. The association between macronutrient and fatty acid intake (assessed using 24 h recall) and MetS were analyzed using multivariable nutrient density substitution models. Overall, protein consumption significantly increased the likelihood of high blood pressure (HBP) and significantly lowered the likelihood of having low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). In an isoenergetic state, the intake of protein instead of carbohydrates (CHOs) and total fat, reduced the likelihood of elevated triglycerides by 6.7% and 6.6%, respectively. The intake of CHOs instead of protein and total fat, reduced the likelihood of HBP by 2.2% and 2.8%, respectively. In the same isoenergetic state, the intake of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) instead of mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) increased the likelihood of HBP by 9.8%, whereas the intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) instead of SFAs decreased the likelihood of HBP by 9.4%. The current study showed that when total food energy intake is kept constant, a diet that is high in protein, CHOs and PUFAs reduces triglycerides and BP, whereas the intake of total fat and SFAs had the opposite effect. It should, however, be noted that these outcomes were produced using mathematical models, as such we recommend further prospective studies in real life that will reveal the actual associations between the consumption of macronutrients and fatty acids and MetS and its components.

The link between liver fat and cardiometabolic diseases is highlighted by genome-wide association study of MRI-derived measures of body composition

Obesity and associated morbidities, metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) included, constitute some of the largest public health threats worldwide. Body composition and related risk factors are known to be heritable and identification of their genetic determinants may aid in the development of better prevention and treatment strategies. Recently, large-scale whole-body MRI data has become available, providing more specific measures of body composition than anthropometrics such as body mass index. Here, we aimed to elucidate the genetic architecture of body composition, by conducting genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of these MRI-derived measures. We ran both univariate and multivariate GWAS on fourteen MRI-derived measurements of adipose and muscle tissue distribution, derived from scans from 33,588 White European UK Biobank participants (mean age of 64.5 years, 51.4% female). Through multivariate analysis, we discovered 100 loci with distributed effects across the body composition measures and 241 significant genes primarily involved in immune system functioning. Liver fat stood out, with a highly discoverable and oligogenic architecture and the strongest genetic associations. Comparison with 21 common cardiometabolic traits revealed both shared and specific genetic influences, with higher mean heritability for the MRI measures (h2 = .25 vs. .13, p = 1.8x10-7). We found substantial genetic correlations between the body composition measures and a range of cardiometabolic diseases, with the strongest correlation between liver fat and type 2 diabetes (rg = .49, p = 2.7x10-22). These findings show that MRI-derived body composition measures complement conventional body anthropometrics and other biomarkers of cardiometabolic health, highlighting the central role of liver fat, and improving our knowledge of the genetic architecture of body composition and related diseases.

Allicin and Capsaicin Ameliorated Hypercholesterolemia by Upregulating LDLR and Downregulating PCSK9 Expression in HepG2 Cells

Hypercholesterolemia is a common cause of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Although allicin and capsaicin possess hypolipidemic effects through several molecular mechanisms, their effects on LDLR and PCSK9 expression are still unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effects of allicin and capsaicin on LDLR and PCSK9 expression in HepG2 cells. The effects of allicin and capsaicin on cell viability were evaluated by MTT assay and trypan blue exclusion assay. Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) levels and LDL uptake were determined by flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), respectively. RT-qPCR and Western blot analyses were performed to evaluate the expression of PCSK9, LDLR, SREBP-2, and HNF1α. ELISA was used to measure PCSK9 levels in culture media. Allicin and capsaicin increased the protein expression levels of LDLR via activation of the transcription factor SREBP2. However, allicin and capsaicin decreased the expression of PCSK9 protein and the secretion of PCSK9 in culture media via the suppression of HNF1α. Moreover, allicin and capsaicin increased LDL uptake into HepG2 cells. The efficacies of the hypolipidemic effects of allicin (200 µM) and capsaicin (200 µM) were comparable to that of atorvastatin (10 µM) in this study. In conclusion, allicin and capsaicin possessed hypolipidemic effects via the upregulation of LDLR and downregulation of PCSK9 expression, thereby enhancing LDL uptake into HepG2 cells. This indicates that allicin and capsaicin should be used as potent supplements to ameliorate hypercholesterolemia.

Association between sedentary time and metabolic syndrome: A cross-sectional study among Chinese Garze Tibetans

Background

Chinese Tibetans have long hours of sitting without much physical activity given their religious behavior, raising potential harmful health hazards. However, the relationship between sedentary time and metabolic syndrome (MetS) has not been investigated in Chinese Tibetans.

Methods

From Jan 2021 to Jun 2022, residents in Garze Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Southwest China's Sichuan province were recruited using a multi-stage, stratified, random-cluster sampling strategy. MetS were ascertained using definition proposed by the International Diabetes Federation. Associations between sedentary time and the prevalence of MetS in the total sample and by age and sex were estimated using logistic regression models.

Results

Among 971 Chinese Tibetan participants (mean age 41.1 years and 73.8% female), 319 (32.9%) were diagnosed as having MetS. We found positive associations of sedentary time over 11 h per day with the prevalence of MetS in crude (OR: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.12-1.36, p < 0.001), age and sex adjusted (OR: 1.18; 95% CI: 1.08-1.29, p < 0.001), and fully adjusted (OR: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.08-1.29, p < 0.001) models, compared to those who had <8 h of sedentary time per day. Sensitivity analyses suggest consistent positive association between sedentary time and each metric of MetS.

Conclusions

Sedentary time longer than 11 h per day is significantly associated with increased risk of MetS, suggesting that polices to advocate health education may alleviate the health burden of MetS among Tibetans in China.

Washed microbiota transplantation improves patients with metabolic syndrome in South China

Background

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a growing public health problem worldwide. The clinical impact of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from healthy donors in MS patients is unclear, especially in southern Chinese populations. This study aimed to investigate the effect of washed microbiota transplantation (WMT) in MS patients in southern China.

Methods

The clinical data of patients with different indications receiving 1-3 courses of WMT were retrospectively collected. The changes of BMI, blood glucose, blood lipids, blood pressure and other indicators before and after WMT were compared, such as fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c)), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL-c), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), etc. At the same time, comprehensive efficacy evaluation and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) grade assessment were performed on MS patients. Finally, 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was performed on fecal samples of MS patients before and after transplantation.

Results

A total of 237 patients were included, including 42 in the MS group and 195 in the non-MS group. For MS patients, WMT significantly improved the comprehensive efficacy of MS in short term 40.48% (p<0.001), medium term 36.00% (p=0.003), and long term 46.15% (p=0.020). Short-term significantly reduced FBG (p=0.023), TG (p=0.030), SBP (p=0.026) and BMI (p=0.031), and increased HDL-c (p=0.036). The medium term had a significant reduction in FBG (p=0.048), TC (p=0.022), LDL-c (p=0.043), non-HDL-c (p=0.024) and BMI (p=0.048). WMT had a significant short term (p=0.029) and medium term (p=0.011) ASCVD downgrading effect in the high-risk group of MS patients. WMT improved gut microbiota in MS patients.

Conclusion

WMT had a significant improvement effect on MS patients and a significant downgrade effect on ASCVD risk in the high-risk group of patients with MS. WMT could restore gut microbiota homeostasis in MS patients. Therefore, the regulation of gut microbiota by WMT may provide a new clinical approach for the treatment of MS.

A Study of Correlation of Adiponectin Levels in Metabolic Syndrome

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MetS), also known as insulin resistance syndrome, is described as a cluster of cardiometabolic symptoms such as high blood pressure, elevated fasting glucose, or insulin resistance. MetS is one of the most serious public health problems being faced globally. The purpose of the current investigation was to determine its prevalence, as well as the relationship between blood adiponectin levels and the development of MetS. Materials and Methods: This observational cross-sectional hospital-based study was performed in the Department of General Medicine, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda Hospital, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India, from January 2019–June 2020. Sixty patients attending the medicine out- or inpatient department, who confirmed consent, and fit into the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) inclusion criteria for MetS, were recruited for this study. The final sample size for this study was found to be 60, with a prevalence of 10%. This is the reason the study’s precision decreased to ±7.6%, implying that the precision of the end result may vary by ±7.6%. Results: Subjects without MetS were on average younger, had a lower BMI, and had a smaller waist circumference than those who had MetS, according to the findings. They also had lower blood pressure, pulse rate, and fasting plasma glucose levels than the people with MetS, and there were statistically significant variations in lipid profiles between those with and without MetS. In people who did not have MetS, the mean serum adiponectin concentration was 15.79±2.90 mg/mL, whereas the mean serum adiponectin concentration in people who did have MetS was 11.02±2.63 mg/mL (p<0.001). The levels of adiponectin were compared with the different components of MetS as defined by the IDF. The mean adiponectin concentrations in connection to the clinical characteristics of MetS are shown in Table 1 . The authors discovered that lower adiponectin levels were statistically significantly linked with the majority of the characteristics. In a multivariate analysis, the serum adiponectin content was found to be significantly inversely associated to systolic blood pressure (r=-0.262; p<0.050), BMI (r=-0.288; p<0.050), total cholesterol (r=-0.515; p<0.001), and low-density lipoprotein (r=-0.305; p<0.050) in the study participants. Conclusion: In conclusion, the present results suggest that circulating levels of adiponectin are reduced in the presence of MetS.

Impact of circuit rhythms disturbances on the clinical picture of the disease in patients with metabolic syndrome

The purpose of this study was to evaluatey the effect of dark deprivation of various durations on the course of the metabolic syndrome (MS).

Material and research methods. To achieve this aim, based on WHO criteria, we selected patients with MS and disturbed circadian rhythms – a total of 102 people (all men) from among people who constantly work at night, in whom a decrease in melatonin levels was recorded at a preliminary stage. In accordance with the tasks set, 102 patients (all men) of working age (young age according to WHO criteria) were divided into three groups of 33, 37 and 32 people, respectively, according to the criterion "duration of work at night and duration of history of MS": 0–5, 5–10 and over 10 years. In the first group, the mean age was 30.1 ± 1.4 years; in the second group, the mean age was 36.5 ± 1.5 years; in the third group, the mean age did not exceed 40.3 ± 0.9 years. As a control group, 45 patients with MS were examined, comparable with the main groups in terms of background pathology and age and different duration of MS history.

Results. It was found that the main symptom of MS - abdominal type of obesity (waist circumference more than 80 cm for men) was detected in 100% of patients of the main and control groups of observation. At the same time, it was found that the severity of abdominal obesity is combined with an increase in body mass index (BMI) and tends to increase in patients in the main groups, compared with patients from the control group. In the control group, 35.5% of the examined patients had grade 1-2 hypertension, and another 15.6% had elevated normal blood pressure.

Conclusions: In patients with MS, against the background of violations of regulatory mechanisms, the disease is more severe than in patients with a similar history of MS, but without violations of circadian rhythms. The severity of the course of MS against the background of a decrease in the level of melatonin increases with the duration of the violation of regulatory mechanisms. 

Imbalance hepatic metabolism homeostasis in the F1 generation of endometrial DNMT3B conditional knockout female mice

Numerous studies have suggested the possibility of explaining the etiology of metabolic syndrome through DNA methylation. DNA methyltransferase 3B (DNMT3B) plays an important role in de novo DNA methylation. There was an alteration in maternal (F0) endometrial function, which might lead to growth and developmental disorder in offspring (F1). In this study, we investigated the effect of maternal endometrial DNMT3B deficiency on the metabolism in offspring. We constructed endometrial DNMT3B conditional knockout female mice (cKO) which were mated with normal C57BL/6 male mice to obtain the F1 generation. Further, to study the development of these offspring, we observed them at three different life stages which included the 6-week-old juvenile, 9-week-old sub-adult and 12-week-old adult. Follow the detection of a range of metabolism-related indicators, we found that in the cKO F1 generation, liver triglyceride level was significantly elevated in 9-week-old female mice, lipid droplet deposition was significantly increased in 9-week-old and 12-week-old mice, and the expression of lipid metabolism key factors in the liver was markedly decreased except of 6-week-old male mice. These results indicate that maternal endometrial DNMT3B conditional knockout leads to imbalance in hepatic metabolism in F1 generation, the mechanism of which requires further discussion.

Extracellular volume and left ventricular hypertrophy by cardiac magnetic resonance are independent predictors of cardiovascular outcome in obesity

This retrospective cohort study investigated for association between increased extracellular volume (ECV) and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and cardiovascular composite outcomes in obesity. Native T1 was measured at the ventricular septum. ECV was calculated from native and post-contrast T1 and hematocrit. Cardiovascular (CV) composite outcomes included acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina requiring hospitalization, myocardial revascularization (excluding early revascularization), heart failure, and CV death. A total of 456 patients with a mean follow-up of 2.1 ± 0.4 years were enrolled. LGE and LVH was detected in 30.5% and 9.2%. 107 patients (23.5%) had the composite outcomes. Multivariable analysis revealed that LGE, LVH, and high ECV as independent predictors for cardiovascular composite outcomes The event rate in the LVH and high ECV, the LVH alone, the high ECV alone, and the no-LVH with lower ECV group was 57.1%, 38.1%, 32.6%, and 17.7%, respectively. Assessment of incremental prognostic value by comparing global chi-square showed that high ECV had additional prognostic value on top of LGE, and LVH. LVH and high ECV are independent predictors of CV composite outcomes in obesity. This is the first study that demonstrate the prognostic value of ECV in obese population.

Association between metabolic syndrome and uric acid: a systematic review and meta-analysis

This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to provide the best evidence on the association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and uric acid (UA) by determining the size of the effect of this biomarker on MetS. The review protocol is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021231124). The search covered the PubMed and Scopus databases. Methodological quality was assessed with the STROBE tool, overall risk of bias with RevMan (Cochrane Collaboration) and quality of evidence with Grade Pro. Initially, 1582 articles were identified. Then, after excluding duplicates and reviewing titles and abstracts, 1529 articles were excluded from applying the eligibility criteria. We included 43 papers (56 groups) comparing UA concentrations between subjects 91,845 with MetS and 259,931 controls. Subjects with MetS had a higher mean UA of 0.57 mg/dl (95% CI 0.54-0.61) (p < 0.00001). Given the heterogeneity of the included studies, the researchers decided to perform subgroups analysis. Men with MetS have a higher UA concentration mg/dl 0.53 (95% CI 0.45-0.62, p < 0.00001) and women with MetS 0.57 (95% CI 0.48-0.66, p < 0.00001) compared to subjects without MetS. Assessment of UA concentration could provide a new avenue for early diagnosis of MetS, as a new biomarker and the possibility of new therapeutic targets.

A systematic review of prevalence of metabolic syndrome in occupational groups - Does occupation matter in the global epidemic of metabolic syndrome?

Many occupations can influence the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS). This systematic review aims to evaluate studies on MetS prevalence in different occupational groups from different countries. An integrative review of the literature was conducted within the PubMed and Web of Science databases between January 2005 and February 2022. Only studies with over 3000 subjects that presented data about the prevalence of MetS in different occupational groups were included. The classification of occupational groups was based on the statistical category of economic activities in the European Community (EC). Of a total of 1942 screened records, ten studies were included, showing that MetS is a common health (main) risk factor in all occupational groups. However, the prevalence of MetS varies between nationalities, between and within occupational groups, and between genders. The reasons for this variation appear complex and supported by several causal explanations. The prevalence of MetS was highest among women in a group of Korean skilled agricultural, forestry, and fishery workers (Prevalence: 39.2%). Similarly, among men, the highest prevalence was found in Korean equipment, machine operating, and assembling workers (Prevalence: 35.4%). Male information and communication technology professionals from the Netherlands (Prevalence: 6.2%) and Spanish female catering and hospitality, personal, and security service workers (Prevalence: 5.9%) had the lowest rates of MetS. Overall, the results indicated that valid data on this topic are insufficient, and more randomized controlled trials are needed. Moreover, the different definitions of MetS complicate the accurate comparison between studies, paving the way to achieving consensus on a universal definition of MetS.

Western Diet-Fed ApoE Knockout Male Mice as an Experimental Model of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis

One of the consequences of the Western lifestyle and high-fat diet is non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its aggressive form, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is rapidly becoming the leading cause of end-stage liver disease or liver transplantation. Currently, rodent NASH models lack significant aspects of the full NASH spectrum, representing a major problem for NASH research. Therefore, this work aimed to characterize a fast rodent model with all characteristic features of NASH. Eight-week-old male ApoE KO mice were fed with Western diet (WD), high fatty diet (HFD) or normal chow (Chow) for 7 weeks. Whole-body fat was increased by ~2 times in WD mice and HFD mice and was associated with increased glucose intolerance, hepatic triglycerides, and plasma ALT and plasma AST compared with Chow mice. WD mice also showed increased galectin-3 expression compared with Chow or HFD mice and increased plasma cholesterol compared with Chow mice. WD and HFD displayed increased hepatic fibrosis and increased F4/80 expression. WD mice also displayed increased levels of plasma MCP-1. Hepatic inflammatory markers were evaluated, and WD mice showed increased levels of TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-6 and IFN-γ. Taken together, these data demonstrated that the ApoE KO mouse fed with WD is a great model for NASH research, once it presents the fundamental parameters of the disease, including hepatic steatosis, fibrosis, inflammation, and metabolic syndrome.

Shift work and the risk for metabolic syndrome among healthcare workers: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Shift work, defined as work occurring outside typical daytime working hours, is associated with an increased risk for metabolic syndrome (MetS) due to several biological and environmental changes. The MetS refers to the clustering of several known cardiovascular risk factors, including insulin resistance, obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. This systematic review aims to evaluate the literature on the association between shift work and the risk of MetS in employees of the health sector. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases using appropriate keywords for studies published before September 1, 2021. Eligible studies were those that compared the prevalence of MetS between day and shift healthcare workers; had a cross-sectional, case-control, or cohort study design; provided sufficient data for calculating odds ratios or relative risks with 95% confidence intervals; and articles in English. The Joanna Briggs Institute prevalence critical appraisal tool was used for quality analysis. Risk for MetS and related measures of effect size were retrieved from studies for meta-analysis. Twelve studies met the criteria for inclusion in the review and meta-analysis. Sample sizes ranged from 42 to 738, and the age range of subjects was between 18 and 65 years. Ten studies demonstrated high methodological quality, while two studies were of average quality. Ten out of 12 studies in the review demonstrated a higher risk in shift workers for developing MetS than day workers. The pooled OR of MetS in shift workers based on 12 studies was 2.17 (95% CI = 1.31-3.60, P = 0.003; I²  = 82%, P < 0.001). Shift workers exhibited more than a twofold increase in the chance of developing MetS in comparison with day workers.

Incidence and risk factors of metabolic syndrome among Royal Thai Army personnel

Metabolic Syndrome is a clustering of obesity, hyperglycemia/insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. We aimed to determine the incidence of metabolic syndrome among Royal Thai Army (RTA) personnel and its risk factors. We conducted a retrospective cohort study using data from 2017 to 2021. Metabolic syndrome was defined by NCEP ATP III (2005 Revision). A total of 98,264 participants were enrolled in the present study. The overall incidence rate of metabolic syndrome was 3.7 per 100 person-year (95% CI 3.7–3.8). The statistically significant risk factors for metabolic syndrome included male sex (aHR 1.40; 95% CI 1.29–1.51), age > 35 years, current alcohol consumption, and no exercise. When stratified by sex, the incidence rate of metabolic syndrome among participants aged ≥ 45 years was higher than those aged < 35 years with aHR 6.34; 95% CI 6.01–6.70 for males and aHR 9.59; 95% CI 7.55–12.19 for females. Our data demonstrated that metabolic syndrome is a common health issue, especially among RTA personnel over 35 years. Alcohol consumption and sedentary behavior played an essential role in facilitating metabolic syndrome in this study population and are potential targets for intervention to enhance primary prevention of the sequelae of metabolic syndrome.

Prevalence Trends of Metabolic Syndrome among Korean Children and Adolescents from a Population-Based Cross-Sectional Survey

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is increasing worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence trend of metabolic syndrome among Korean adolescents and to examine the effect of changes in dietary components on metabolic syndrome components. It has used the data of children and adolescents (8718 subjects aged 10−18) from the National Health and Nutrition Survey IV-VII (KNHANES 2007−2018) to estimate the recent prevalence of MetS and identify related nutritional factors. The definition of MetS used modified NCEP-ATP III and IDF criteria. The prevalence of MetS among Korean adolescents in 2007−2018 was 4.6% using the modified NCEP-ATP III criteria, and the trend of MetS increased significantly (p trend = 0.02). In the overweight and obese groups, the risk of MetS increased 7.08 (95% CI, 5.19−9.79) and 27.13 (95% CI, 20.90−35.24) compared to the normal-weight group. During KNHANES IV-VII, overall caloric intake increased, carbohydrate and sodium intake decreased, but fat intake increased (KNHANE-IV; 21.3% to VII; 24.0%, p < 0.001). These fat intakes were significantly correlated with an increase in systolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, and waist circumference. The prevalence of MetS is also increasing in Korean adolescents, and changes in dietary habits are related. In the future, it is also necessary to study the relationship of MetS to lifestyle.

Oxytocin as a potential pharmacological tool to combat obesity

The neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) has emerged as an important anorexigen in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. It has been shown that the release of OT and activation of hypothalamic OT neurons coincide with food ingestion. Its effects on feeding have largely been attributed to limiting meal size through interactions in key regulatory brain regions governing the homeostatic control of food intake such as the hypothalamus and hindbrain in addition to key feeding reward areas such as the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area. Furthermore, the magnitude of an anorexigenic response to OT and feeding-related activation of the brain OT circuit are modified by the composition and flavor of a diet, as well as by a social context in which a meal is consumed. OT is particularly effective in reducing consumption of carbohydrates and sweet tastants. Pharmacologic, genetic, and pair-feeding studies indicate that OT-elicited weight loss cannot be fully explained by reductions of food intake and that the overall impact of OT on energy balance is also partly a result of OT-elicited changes in lipolysis, energy expenditure, and glucose regulation. Peripheral administration of OT mimics many of its effects when it is given into the central nervous system, raising the questions of whether and to what extent circulating OT acts through peripheral OT receptors to regulate energy balance. Although OT has been found to elicit weight loss in female mice, recent studies have indicated that sex and estrous cycle may impact oxytocinergic modulation of food intake. Despite the overall promising basic research data, attempts to use OT in the clinical setting to combat obesity and overeating have generated somewhat mixed results. The focus of this mini-review is to briefly summarize the role of OT in feeding and metabolism, address gaps and inconsistencies in our knowledge, and discuss some of the limitations to the potential use of chronic OT that should help guide future research on OT as a tailor-made anti-obesity therapeutic.

Long non-coding RNAs: a valuable biomarker for metabolic syndrome

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have become important regulators of gene expression because they affect a wide range of biological processes, such as cell growth, death, differentiation, and aging. More and more evidence suggests that lncRNAs play a role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis. When certain lncRNAs are out of balance, metabolic disorders like diabetes, obesity, and heart disease get worse. In this review, we talk about what we know about how lncRNAs control metabolism, with a focus on diseases caused by long-term inflammation and the characteristics of the metabolic syndrome. We looked at lncRNAs and their molecular targets in the pathogenesis of signaling pathways. We also talked about how lncRNAs are becoming more and more interesting as diagnostic and therapeutic targets for improving metabolic homeostasis.

The Association Between Pancreatic Steatosis and Metabolic Syndrome: A 5-Year Follow-up Study Among a General Chinese Population

OBJECTIVES

To date, the complete natural history of pancreatic steatosis is unknown. This study aimed to investigate the association of fatty pancreas (FP) in the incidence of metabolic syndrome and its components among Chinese patients with a 5-year follow-up.

METHODS

Three independent cross-sectional surveys were carried out in 2013, 2015, and 2018. Fatty pancreas was diagnosed via transabdominal sonography. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the correlation between FP and metabolic syndrome. New cases of metabolic syndrome and its components were estimated by Cox proportional hazards models.

RESULTS

At baseline, 12,551 individuals classified into FP (n = 1010) and non-FP (n = 11,541) groups were finally enrolled. In cross-sectional analyses, odds ratio of FP was 2.378 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.085-2.713; P < 0.001). In longitudinal analyses, FP was associated with the occurrence of metabolic syndrome (hazard ratio [HR], 3.179; 95% CI, 2.197-4.6; P < 0.001), type 2 diabetes mellitus (HR, 13.99; 95% CI, 7.865-24.883; P < 0.001), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (HR, 31.843; 95% CI, 7.73-131.171; P < 0.001), and hypertension (HR, 12.801; 95% CI, 7.323-22.38; P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Pancreatic steatosis is strongly associated with the occurrence of metabolic syndrome and its components such as hypertension and diabetes.

The Effects of Persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.f.) Oligosaccharides on Features of the Metabolic Syndrome in Zebrafish

Metabolic syndrome has become a global health care problem since it is rapidly increasing worldwide. The search for alternative natural supplements may have potential benefits for obesity and diabetes patients. Diospyros kaki fruit extract and its oligosaccharides, including gentiobiose, melibiose, and raffinose, were examined for their anti-insulin resistance and obesity-preventing effect in zebrafish larvae. The results show that D. kaki oligosaccharides improved insulin resistance and high-fat-diet-induced obesity in zebrafish larvae, evidenced by enhanced β-cell recovery, decreased abdominal size, and reduced the lipid accumulation. The mechanism of the oligosaccharides, molecular docking, and enzyme activities of PTP1B were investigated. Three of the oligosaccharides had a binding interaction with the catalytic active sites of PTP1B, but did not show inhibitory effects in an enzyme assay. The catalytic residues of PTP1B were typically conserved and the cellular penetration of the cell membrane was necessary for the inhibitors. The results of the mechanism of action study indicate that D. kaki fruit extract and its oligosaccharides affected gene expression changes in inflammation- (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β), lipogenesis- (SREBF1 and FASN), and lipid-lowering (CPT1A)-related genes. Therefore, D. kaki fruit extract and its oligosaccharides may have a great potential for applications in metabolic syndrome drug development and dietary supplements.

The association of depressive and anxiety symptoms with the metabolic syndrome and its components among Russian, Somali, and Kurdish origin adults in Finland: A population-based study

OBJECTIVE

Positive association of depressive and anxiety symptoms with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) have been reported, however there is little information on these among migrant origin populations. The aim of this study was to examine these associations among diverse migrant origin populations in Finland.

METHODS

Data of 318 Russian, 212 Somali, and 321 Kurdish origin participants in the cross-sectional Finnish Migrant Health and Wellbeing Study (Maamu) aged 30-64 years was used. The general population reference group constituted of 786 Health 2011 Survey participants. Depressive and anxiety symptoms were measured with HSCL-25 subscales. Harmonized definition of MetS was used.

RESULTS

Depressive symptoms were associated with elevated blood pressure in Kurdish origin (30.1%, 95% CI 22.7-38.8 vs. 19.9%, 95%CI 15.4-25.4 for those with and without symptoms respectively); and elevated waist circumference (72.1%, 95%CI 56.9-83.5 vs. 55.0%, 95%CI 50.6-59.4) and triglycerides (30.8%, 95%CI 16.0-51.0 vs. 11.9%, 95%CI 9.3-15.0) in general population. Anxiety symptoms were associated with MetS (47.0%, 95%CI 37.6-56.7 vs. 31.9%, 95%CI 26.7-37.6) and elevated blood pressure (37.2%, 95%CI 28.3-46.9 vs. 18.8%, 95%CI 14.7-23.6), and with elevated triglycerides in Somali origin (33.0%, 95%CI 14.5-59.0 vs. 5.7%, 95%CI 3.3-9.6) and general population (30.2%, 95%CI 16.4-48.8, 12.8%, 95%CI 9.9-16.2). No associations between low HDL-cholesterol and depressive or anxiety symptoms were observed.

CONCLUSION

Cardiometabolic health should be taken into account in mental health services. Future studies should explore the underlying pathways to the observed differences in strengths of associations of depressive and anxiety symptoms with MetS and its components across diverse migrant origin populations.

Dietary Patterns Derived from Reduced Rank Regression Are Associated with the 5-Year Occurrence of Metabolic Syndrome: Aichi Workers' Cohort Study

The aim of the present study was to derive dietary patterns to explain variation in a set of nutrient intakes or in the measurements of waist circumference (WC) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) using reduced rank regression (RRR) and to prospectively investigate these patterns in relation to the risk of developing metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components during the follow-up. The study participants were comprised of 2944 government employees aged 30−59 years without MetS. RRR was applied with 38 food groups as predictors and with two sets of response variables. The first set included intake of putatively beneficial nutrients, and the first factor retained was named the Healthy Dietary Pattern (HDP). The second one included baseline WC and FBG, and the first factor was named the Unhealthy Dietary Pattern (UHDP). Multivariable Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate hazard ratio and 95% confidence intervals with adjustments for age, sex, total energy consumption and other potential confounders. During the 5-year median follow-up, we ascertained 374 cases of MetS. The HDP score was inversely associated with the incidence of MetS (p-trend = 0.009) and hypertension (p-trend = 0.002) and marginally significantly associated with elevated triglyceride and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p-trend = 0.08). The UHDP score was linearly positively associated with the incidence of MetS and all its components (all p-trend < 0.05). Both the HDP and UHDP predicted the development of MetS and its components.

Relationship between Metabolic Syndrome and Clinical Outcome in Patients Treated with Drug-Eluting Stenting after Rotational Atherectomy for Complex Calcified Coronary Lesions

Background and aims: although an association between metabolic syndrome (MS) and cardiovascular disease risk has been documented, the relationship in patients with complex calcified coronary lesions undergoing rotational atherectomy (RA) and drug-eluting stent(DES) insertion remains controversial. Here, the influence of MS on outcomes was assessed. Methods and results: we retrospectively included 398 patients who underwent RA and DES insertion for complex calcified coronary lesions in our institution between June 2015 and January 2019. The modified Adult Treatment Plan III was used to diagnose MS. The endpoint was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), comprising mortality from all causes, myocardial infarction, and target vessel revascularization (TVR). In all, 173 (43.5%) patients had MS. MS was significantly associated with MACE over the 28.32 ± 6.79-month follow-up period (HR 1.783, 95% CI from 1.122 to 2.833) even after adjustment for other possible confounders. Conclusion: MS was frequently observed in patients treated with RA with DES insertion for complex calcified coronary lesions. MS independently predicted MACE in these patients.

Polyphenols and Polysaccharides from Morus alba L. Fruit Attenuate High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome Modifying the Gut Microbiota and Metabolite Profile

Morus alba L. fruit, a medicinal and edible fruit in East Asia, showed potential health-promoting effects against metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, both the protective effects and mechanisms of different fractions extracted from Morus alba L. fruit against MetS remain unclear. Additionally, the gut microbiota and its metabolites are regarded as key factors in the development of MetS. This study aimed to investigate the potential role of polyphenols and polysaccharides derived from Morus alba L. fruit against MetS in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice, individually and in combination, focusing on remodeling effects on gut microbiota and metabolite profiles. In the study, polyphenols and polysaccharides derived from Morus alba L. fruit improved the traditional pharmacodynamic parameters of MetS, including reductions in body weight (BW) and fat accumulation, improvement in insulin resistance, regulation of dyslipidemia, prevention of pathological changes in liver, kidney and proximal colon tissue, and suppressive actions against oxidative stress. In particular, the group treated with polyphenols and polysaccharides in combination showed better efficacy. The relative abundance of beneficial bacterial genera Muribaculum and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group were increased to various degrees, while opportunistic pathogens such as Prevotella_2, Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium and Fusobacterium were markedly decreased after treatments. Moreover, fecal metabolite profiles revealed 23 differential metabolites related to treatments with polyphenols and polysaccharides derived from Morus alba L. fruit, individually and in combination. Altogether, these results demonstrated that polyphenols and polysaccharides derived from Morus alba L. fruit attenuated MetS in HFD-fed mice, and improved the gut microbiota composition and fecal metabolite profiles.

Modulation of Pulmonary Toxicity in Metabolic Syndrome Due to Variations in Iron Oxide Nanoparticle-Biocorona Composition

Nanoparticles (NPs) interact with biomolecules by forming a biocorona (BC) on their surface after introduction into the body and alter cell interactions and toxicity. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a prevalent condition and enhances susceptibility to inhaled exposures. We hypothesize that distinct NP-biomolecule interactions occur in the lungs due to MetS resulting in the formation of unique NP-BCs contributing to enhanced toxicity. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected from healthy and MetS mouse models and used to evaluate variations in the BC formation on 20 nm iron oxide (Fe₃O₄) NPs. Fe₃O₄ NPs without or with BCs were characterized for hydrodynamic size and zeta potential. Unique and differentially associated proteins and lipids with the Fe₃O₄ NPs were identified through proteomic and lipidomic analyses to evaluate BC alterations based on disease state. A mouse macrophage cell line was utilized to examine alterations in cell interactions and toxicity due to BCs. Exposures to 6.25, 12.5, 25, and 50 μg/mL of Fe₃O₄ NPs with BCs for 1 h or 24 h did not demonstrate overt cytotoxicity. Macrophages increasingly associated Fe₃O₄ NPs following addition of the MetS BC compared to the healthy BC. Macrophages exposed to Fe₃O₄ NPs with a MetS-BC for 1 h or 24 h at a concentration of 25 μg/mL demonstrated enhanced gene expression of inflammatory markers: CCL2, IL-6, and TNF-α compared to Fe₃O₄ NPs with a healthy BC. Western blot analysis revealed activation of STAT3, NF-κB, and ERK pathways due to the MetS-BC. Specifically, the Jak/Stat pathway was the most upregulated inflammatory pathway following exposure to NPs with a MetS BC. Overall, our study suggests the formation of distinct BCs due to NP exposure in MetS, which may contribute to exacerbated inflammatory effects and susceptibility.

The association between long-term night shift work and metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional study of male railway workers in southwest China

OBJECTIVES

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) increases the risk of new diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Night shift work (NSW) may influence metabolic disturbance and lead to MetS. This study aims to investigate the association between long-term NSW (≥ 10 years) and MetS combined with its components in male railway workers in southwest China.

METHODS

11,023 male railway workers with long-term NSW of more than 10 years in the Physical Examination Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University were enrolled. The basic data were collected by investigators and blood test results were collected. The primary outcome was the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. The results were analyzed using statistical software SPSS 22.0.

RESULTS

In total, 11,023 people over the age of 40 with more than 10 years of working experience were enrolled, and 4759 (43.2%) participants had a diagnosis of MetS. The basic data indicated that night shift workers tended to be younger, shorter working years, but with higher body mass index and longer hip circumference (p < 0.05). The adjusted analysis revealed that there was no significant association between NSW and metabolic syndrome (OR 1.03, 95% CI 0.94-1.12, p = 0.543). NSW was associated with SBP ≥ 130 mmHg (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.02-1.21, p < 0.001) and waist circumference ≥ 90 cm (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.02-1.21, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Long-term night shift workers had a higher prevalence of MetS. However, long-term NSW is not associated with a significantly increased risk of metabolic syndrome in male railway workers in southwest China. Long-term NSW is associated with elevated SBP, and waist circumference increase.

Impact of risk factors related to metabolic syndrome on acute myocardial infarction in younger patients

Despite diagnostic and therapeutic advancements in cardiovascular medicine, myocardial infarction (MI) remains a major cause of adverse outcomes in younger MI patients, i.e., those who are aged 55 years or younger. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors have not often been emphasized in the management of younger MI patients. However, plaque rupture or erosion, which is deeply related to cardiovascular risk factors, remains the most common etiology of MI even in younger patients. The global increase in the prevalence of obesity underscores the clinical importance of metabolic syndrome (MetS), i.e., obesity-associated cardiovascular risk factors, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus and particularly hypertension, in younger people. The concept of "lifetime risk" of cardiovascular disease reinforces the need for prevention or treatment of MetS. This review focuses on the risk factors related to MetS and an overall understanding of recent profiles of younger MI patients. We hope that this review will aid in the primary prevention of MetS-related risk factors and the prevention of cardiovascular disease, particularly MI, in younger patients.

Metabolic syndrome; Definition, Pathogenesis, Elements, and the Effects of medicinal plants on it's elements

Introduction

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic risk factors that include central obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance, and atherogenic dyslipidemia and is strongly associated with a greater risk for developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Methods

A literature search was conducted using the words metabolic syndrome, definition and pathogenesis in Scopus, and PubMed. The search also extended to cover medicinal plants and their role as a potential treatment of the metabolic syndrome. The search based on studies published in the English language from 1st of January 2000 to 30th of May 2021. The abstracts and the articles were then screened. Articles were scanned and read; further relevant references in the reference lists are also included.

Results

Both lifestyle factors and genetic factors are involved in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome. Recently, MetS have gained significant attention due to the high prevalence of obesity worldwide. Diagnosis of patients with MetS is important to improve the outcomes of the disease by employing lifestyle and risk factors modifications. Currently, there is a rising interest in medicinal plants and their extracts because the medicinal plants have minimal side effects. Here we review the history, definitions, pathogenesis, management of metabolic syndrome and summarize the beneficial effects of some medicinal plants and their extracts on MetS.

Conclusion

Further research and clinical studies are needed to establish whether medicinal plants can be safely given as potential therapy for metabolic syndrome and whether this can be beneficial in low resources setting countries.

Community-based lifestyle intervention improves metabolic syndrome and related markers among Kenyan adults

PURPOSE

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and type-2 diabetes. The study aimed to establish the efficacy of a community-based lifestyle intervention on MetS in Kenyan adults using randomized control trial involving a 15-months follow up.

METHODS

A randomized controlled trial involving 352 (18-64 years old) adults with MetS spanning 15-months duration. Participants were recruited from a Nairobi based Mission-led outpatient clinic, randomly assigned equally into intervention and control groups. The intervention group was exposed to a community-based health education on lifestyle modification, while control group was subjected to hospital-led routine care involving treatment and general lifestyle advice. The study was structured into baseline, intervention and evaluation phases with inbuilt data collection in each phase. Physiologic, anthropometric, and clinical parameters as well lifestyle characteristics were measured at baseline, midline and end-line. The parameters were compared across the groups and between the time points during analyses using chi-square test, binary logistic, independent t-test and paired t-test.

RESULTS

Proportion of participants with MetS declined significantly (p < 0.001) with marked (p < 0.05) improvement in markers of MetS (elevated BP, raised sugars, cholesterols, central obesity) in intervention compared to control group. The rates of consumption of fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts and uptake of physical activity significantly (p < 0.05) improved in the intervention group. However, the intake of processed/fast foods, salt, sugar, and alcohol significantly (p < 0.05) declined in the intervention compared to controls by the end-line.

CONCLUSION

One in three adults under the community-based lifestyle intervention had improvement in physiologic, anthropometrics and clinical markers relevant to definition of MetS. Additionally, an improved adherence to the recommended dietary intake and increased uptake of physical activity in adults with MetS was observed. These findings underscore the feasibility, effectiveness and proof of concept for community-based lifestyle approach as a viable strategic intervention for addressing premorbid risk factors for cardiovascular CVDs and diabetes before evolving into full blown conditions in low-income settings.

The relationship between physical activity, body fatness and metabolic syndrome in urban South African school teachers: The sympathetic activity and ambulatory blood pressure in Africans study

BACKGROUND

 Globally, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) is rising because of increased levels of physical inactivity and obesity. In South Africa, information about teachers' physical activity (PA), body fatness and MS is limited.

AIM

 To assess the relationship between PA, body fatness and MS in urban South African teachers.

SETTING

 The study setting was in Dr Kenneth Kaunda District in the North West province of South Africa.

METHODS

 A cross-sectional study was conducted using secondary data drawn from the sympathetic activity and ambulatory blood pressure in Africans (SABPA) study of 216 teachers (aged 25-65 years). Variables included anthropometry, biochemical measurements, objectively measured PA and lifestyle behaviours.

RESULTS

 Twenty-nine percent of the total participants were classified with MS, with 46% in men compared to 13% in women; 33% were sedentary and 67% participated in light activity. A weak significant negative relationship was found between the mean 7-day awake metabolic equivalent of tasks (METs) and triglycerides (r = -0.29; p = 0.02) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (r = -0.25; p = 0.06), activity energy expenditure (r = -0.24; p = 0.06) and PA level (r = -0.23; p = 0.07). After adjusting for age, self-reported smoking and alcohol use or consumption, a weak significant negative relationship between mean 7-day awake METs and triglycerides (r = -0.28; p  0.01) was observed.

CONCLUSION

 In the teachers with MS, only one MS marker (triglycerides) showed a negative association with PA. Physical activity could therefore be beneficial in the regulation of triglycerides. Participation in regular PA could be beneficial in the regulation of triglycerides. Focused PA interventions in school teachers that advocate the benefits of PA and healthy lifestyle choices to reduce dietary fat intake (and alcohol) are recommended.

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Association with Physical Activity and Frailty Status in Spanish Older Adults with Decreased Functional Capacity: A Cross-Sectional Study

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of medical conditions associated with several health disorders. MetS and frailty can be related to prolonged physical deconditioning. There is a need to know whether there is concordance between the different ways of diagnosing it and to know their prevalence in Spanish older adults. Thus, the aims of this study were to describe the prevalence of MetS; to analyse the concordance between different definitions to diagnose MetS; and to study the associations between MetS, frailty status, and physical activity (PA) in older adults with decreased functional capacity. This report is a cross-sectional study involving 110 Spanish older adults of ages ≥65 years with decreased functional capacity. Clinical criteria to diagnose MetS was defined by different expert groups. Anthropometric measurements, blood biochemical analysis, frailty status, functional capacity, and PA were assessed. The Kappa statistic was used to determine the agreement between the five MetS definitions used. Student’s t-test and the Pearson chi-square test were used to examine differences between sex, frailty, and PA groups. The sex-adjusted prevalence of MetS assessed by the National Cholesterol Education Program—Third Adult Treatment Panel was 39.4% in men and 32.5% in women. The International Diabetes Federation and the Harmonized definitions had the best agreement (k = 1.000). The highest odds ratios (ORs) of cardiometabolic risk factors to develop MetS were elevated triglycerides (37.5) and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (27.3). Central obesity and hypertension prevalence were significantly higher in the non-active group (70.7% and 26.8%, respectively), compared to the active group (50.0% and 7.7%, respectively). Moreover, the active group (OR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.35, 2.04) and active women group (OR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.27, 2.20) appeared to show a lower risk of developing this syndrome. MetS is highly prevalent in this sample and changes according to the definition used. It seems that sex and frailty do not influence the development of MetS. However, PA appears to decrease central obesity, hypertension, and the risk of developing MetS.

Association Between Anthropometric Risk Factors and Metabolic Syndrome Among Adults in India: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

INTRODUCTION

Several studies have explored the effect of anthropometric risk factors on metabolic syndrome. However, no systematic effort has explored the effect of overweight and obesity on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in India. Thus, we undertook a meta-analysis to estimate the effect of anthropometric risk factors on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome.

METHODS

We searched databases PubMed Central, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Cochrane library and search engines ScienceDirect and Google Scholar, from January 1964 through March 2021. We used the Newcastle-Ottawa scale to assess the quality of published studies, conducted a meta-analysis with a random-effects model, and reported pooled odds ratios (OR) with 95% CIs.

RESULTS

We analyzed 26 studies with a total of 37,965 participants. Most studies had good to satisfactory quality on the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Participants who were overweight (pooled OR, 5.47; 95% CI, 3.70-8.09) or obese (pooled OR, 5.00; 95% CI, 3.61-6.93) had higher odds of having metabolic syndrome than those of normal or low body weight. Sensitivity analysis showed no significant variation in the magnitude or direction of outcome, indicating the lack of influence of a single study on the overall pooled estimate.

CONCLUSION

Overweight and obesity are significantly associated with metabolic syndrome. On the basis of evidence, clinicians and policy makers should implement weight reduction strategies among patients and the general population.

Subjective irregular sleep is associated with metabolic syndrome: A cross-sectional study

Several studies have been reported that sleep duration and circadian rhythms are associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, there are few studies of a relationship between sleep and MetS based on subjective evaluation of sleep regularity. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between subjective sleep irregularity and metabolic syndrome.

This cross-sectional study included 3,880 participants (1,383 males, 2,497 females) from 2013 to 2017, and we use a self-administered questionnaire to acquire information about sleep (sleep regularity, duration and bedtime). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using logistic regression analyses to evaluate the associations between sleep regularity and the prevalence of MetS.

The irregularity of sleep was significantly associated with MetS (OR 1.231, 95% CI 1.101–1.375) adjusted for age, sex, METs, sleep duration, bedtime, drinking and smoking statuses, and a history of using sleeping pills. We examined the interaction of MetS with sleep regularity and sleep duration/bedtime, stratified by multiplying the two groups of sleep regularity/irregularity and the three groups of sleep duration/bedtime. Each group of sleep duration/bedtime showed no relationship in the sleep regularity group with MetS, but a significant relationship in the sleep irregularity group. Leptin was significantly elevated in the irregular sleep group regardless of sleep duration and bedtime.

Although many studies have shown a link between sleep and MetS especially in terms of sleep duration, this study showed that irregular sleep is more strongly associated with MetS than sleep duration or bedtime.

Sleep Satisfaction May Modify the Association between Metabolic Syndrome and BMI, Respectively, and Occupational Stress in Japanese Office Workers

The association between obesity and psychological stress is ambiguous. The aim is to investigate the association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and body mass index (BMI), respectively, with occupational stress among Japanese office workers. The study is a secondary analysis of the intervention group from a randomized controlled trial. There are 167 participants included in the analysis. Occupational stress is self-reported using the Brief Job Stress Questionnaire (BJSQ). BMI and the classification of MetS/pre-MetS was based on the participants’ annual health check-up data. The primary exposure is divided into three groups: no MetS, pre-MetS, and MetS in accordance with Japanese guidelines. The secondary exposure, BMI, remains as a continuous variable. Multiple linear regression is implemented. Sensitivity analyses are stratified by sleep satisfaction. Pre-MetS is significantly associated with occupational stress (7.84 points; 95% CI: 0.17, 15.51). Among participants with low sleep satisfaction, pre-MetS (14.09 points; 95% CI: 1.71, 26.48), MetS (14.72 points; 95% CI: 0.93, 28.51), and BMI (2.54 points; 95% CI: 0.05, 4.99) are all significantly associated with occupational stress. No significant associations are observed in participants with high sleep satisfaction. The findings of this study indicate that sleep satisfaction may modify the association between MetS and BMI, respectively, and occupational stress.

First-generation College Students Have Greater Systemic Inflammation than Continuing-Generation College Students Following the Initial College Transition: A Brief Report

BACKGROUND

First-generation college students ("first-gens") are often at a disadvantage socially and academically; whether they are at risk physiologically is unknown despite the well-established link between greater education and better long-term health.

PURPOSE

To examine whether first-gens have higher levels of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk markers relative to continuing-generation college students ("continuing-gens").

METHODS

A panel of CVD risk markers was assessed among 87 emerging adults (41 first-gens) twice over their first year of college.

RESULTS

Compared to continuing-gens, first-gens had greater systemic inflammation (composite of averaged z-scores for C-reactive protein and interleukin-6; B = 0.515, SE = 0.171, p = .003) during the fall but not spring semester (p > .05). Associations were independent of family home ownership and childhood adversity, even though first-gens were more likely to live in rental homes and reported riskier home environments. Lower childhood subjective social status (SSS) accounted for greater systemic inflammation among first-gens as evidenced by an indirect effect of college generation status on systemic inflammation through childhood SSS (a1b1 = 0.261, bootstrapped SE = 0.103, 95% boot CI [0.078, 0.482]). There were no differences in metabolic risk and latent virus regulation by college generation status in either semester (p > .10).

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first study to find that first-gens have higher levels of systemic inflammation than continuing-gens following the college transition and that childhood SSS may be one explanatory pathway. First-gens may benefit from university resources that address social class differences, which should be provided early on so that first-gens can reap the health-relevant benefits of higher education, at least in the short term.

Ethnobotanical and phytochemical aspects of the edible herb Coriandrum sativum L

Coriandrum sativum (coriander) is an edible herb in the family Apiaceae. The leaves, fruits, and stems of C. sativum have long been used as culinary spice due to their favorable odor. Traditional practitioners used this plant for treating different diseases like blepharitis, scabies, aphthous stomatitis, laryngitis, headache, and palpitation. In modern researches, coriander has demonstrated anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, antimigraine, neuroprotective, analgesic, diuretic, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, hypotensive, anticancer, and antioxidant activities. Coriander contains a wide range of bioactive phytochemicals among which phenylpropenes, terpenoids, isocoumarins, phytosterols, and fatty acids are the most important. This review provides information about the botanical and ethnobotanical aspects, chemical profile, therapeutic uses in Islamic traditional medicine (ITM), and recent pharmacological studies of coriander effects. The results have shown that coriander and its monoterpenoid compound, linalool, can be considered as potential drug candidates for treating metabolic syndrome and different inflammatory conditions especially neural and CNS diseases.

Metabolic syndrome and breast cancer survivors: a follow-up analysis after completion of chemotherapy

BACKGROUND

We previously reported that (neo)adjuvant chemotherapy adversely altered metabolic syndrome (MetS) components, body composition, and related biomarkers after a 12 to 18-week chemotherapy treatment course in women. Here, we sought to determine whether these measures worsened within 4-5 years post-chemotherapy among the same sample of early stage breast cancer survivors.

METHODS

Twenty-eight breast cancer survivors were reassessed within 4-5 years post-chemotherapy. Participants were tested for MetS, lipid profile (total cholesterol; TC, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C), glucose metabolism (insulin, homeostatic model- insulin resistance; HOMA-IR, glycosylated hemoglobin; HbA1c), inflammation (C-reactive protein; CRP) and body composition (body weight; BW, percent body fat; BF, fat mass; FM) during follow-up physical exams. A comparison of measurements between post-chemotherapy and follow-up periods was performed using repeated measures analysis of covariance.

RESULTS

Most study patients were Caucasian (44%) or Hispanic (30%) with a mean age of 48.2 years. Average time from completion of chemotherapy was 4.75 years. At follow-up, MetS components significantly increased (p < 0.01) compared with the post chemotherapy assessment. Additionally, BF, FM, lipids (TC, LDL), glucose metabolism (HOMA-IR, insulin, HbA1c), and inflammation (CRP) significantly increased (p < 0.01). Notably BW significantly increased; mean weight gain after chemotherapy was 6.1 kg and increased an additional 8.2% at follow-up (p < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

MetS components, body composition, and biomarkers continued to worsen within 4-5 years post-chemotherapy in breast cancer survivors. Energy balance interventions should target breast cancer patients to reduce the exacerbation of MetS.

Managing Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk in Young Adults: JACC State-of-the-Art Review

There is a need to identify high-risk features that predict early-onset atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). The authors provide insights to help clinicians identify and address high-risk conditions in the 20- to 39-year age range (young adults). These include tobacco use, elevated blood pressure/hypertension, family history of premature ASCVD, primary severe hypercholesterolemia such as familial hypercholesterolemia, diabetes with diabetes-specific risk-enhancing factors, or the presence of multiple other risk-enhancing factors, including in females, a history of pre-eclampsia or menopause under age 40. The authors update current thinking on lipid risk factors such as triglycerides, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, or lipoprotein (a) that are useful in understanding an individual's long-term ASCVD risk. The authors review emerging strategies, such as coronary artery calcium and polygenic risk scores in this age group, that have potential clinical utility, but whose best use remains uncertain. Finally, the authors discuss both the obstacles and opportunities for addressing prevention in early adulthood.

Peripheral and cognitive benefits of physical exercise in a mouse model of midlife metabolic syndrome

Despite national and international efforts for the prevention of metabolic syndrome and its underlying diseases/disorders, its prevalence is still rising, especially in the middle-aged population. In this study, we explore the effect of high fat diet on the development of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged mice and to evaluate the potential benefits of voluntary physical exercise on the periphery as well as brain cognitive function, and to explore the potential mechanisms. We found that metabolic syndrome developed at middle age significantly impairs cognitive function and the impairment is associated with gene dysregulation in metabolic pathways that are largely affecting astrocytes in the brain. Eight-week voluntary wheel running at a frequency of three times a week, not only improves peripheral glucose control but also significantly improves learning and memory. The improvement of cognitive function is associated with restoration of gene expression involved in energy metabolism in the brain. Our study suggests that voluntary physical exercise is beneficial for metabolic syndrome-induced peripheral as well as cognitive dysfunction and can be recommended as therapeutic intervention for metabolic syndrome and associated diseases.

Evaluation of thermal sensitivity is of potential clinical utility for the predictive, preventive, and personalized approach advancing metabolic syndrome management

A possible association between metabolic disorders and ambient temperature has been suggested, and cold exposure as a way of increasing energy expenditure has gained considerable interest for preventative/therapeutic measures toward metabolic disorders. Although thermal sensitivity, which has recently been studied in regard to its utility as a risk assessment/patient stratification for various diseases, might influence physiological responses to ambient temperature on an individual basis, more studies are needed. We aimed to investigate the association between self-identified thermal intolerance/sensation and metabolic syndrome (MetS) to verify the working hypothesis that individuals with altered thermal sensitivity may have a predisposition to MetS. We fitted generalized additive models for thermal intolerance/sensation using body mass index (BMI) and waist–hip ratio in women, and identified those with higher/lower thermal intolerance/sensation than those predicted by the models. Higher heat intolerance, higher heat sensation, and lower cold intolerance were associated with a higher prevalence of MetS. The risk of having MetS was increased in those who had two or three associated conditions compared with those with none of these conditions. In an analysis for MetS components, significant associations of thermal sensitivity were present with high glucose, triglyceride, and blood pressure levels. Overall, higher heat intolerance/sensation and lower cold intolerance were associated with increased prevalence of MetS even at a similar level of obesity. Our study indicates that evaluation of thermal sensitivity may help identify individuals at high risk for MetS, and lead to more advanced patient stratification and personalized treatment strategies for MetS, including cold-induced thermogenesis.

Association of HNF1A gene variants and haplotypes with metabolic syndrome: a case-control study in the Tunisian population and a meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Variants in the Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1 Alpha gene (HNF1A) are associated with lipoproteins levels and type 2 diabetes. In this study, we aimed to assess the association of HNF1A gene and haplotypes with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components through an association study in the Tunisian population as well as by a meta-analysis.

METHODS

A total of 594 Tunisian individuals were genotyped for three variants (rs1169288, rs2464196 and rs735396) located in HNF1A gene using KASPar technology. Statistical analyses were performed with R software. The association was furthermore evaluated through a meta-analysis of our results with those obtained in a Moroccan population.

RESULTS

Our results showed no association between HNF1A variants and MetS in the Tunisian population. However, a significant association was observed between the variant rs735396 and a higher waist circumference. The stratified analysis according to the sex highlighted a significant association between the variant rs1169288 and high cholesterol levels only in women. Similarly, Haplotype analysis showed an association between the HNF1A minor haplotype and high total cholesterol mainly in women. Finally, our meta-analysis showed no association between HNF1A variants and MetS.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings exclude the involvement of the three HNF1A variants rs1169288, rs2464196 and rs735396 in the susceptibility to MetS in our studied Tunisian population but emphasize the role of these variants in the cholesterol homeostasis with sex-specific differences, which may serve to rise clinical consideration to early statin therapy in women carrying these genetic variants.

Physiological Effects of Bioactive Compounds Derived from Whole Grains on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases

Cardiovascular diseases are a global health burden with an increasing prevalence. In addition, various metabolic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, and hypertension are associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases. Dietary strategies based on healthy foods have been suggested for the prevention or improvement of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Grains are the most widely consumed food worldwide, and the preventive effects of whole grains (e.g., oats, barley, and buckwheat) on metabolic diseases have been reported. The germ and bran of grains are rich in compounds, including phytochemicals, vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber, and these compounds are effective in preventing and improving cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Thus, this review describes the characteristics and functions of bioactive ingredients in whole grains, focusing on mechanisms by which polyphenols, antioxidants, and dietary fiber contribute to cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, based on preclinical and clinical studies. There is clear evidence for the broad preventive and therapeutic effects of whole grains, supporting the value of early dietary intervention.

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) oil could improve abdominal obesity, blood pressure, and insulin resistance in patients with metabolic syndrome: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Carthamus tinctorius L. (Safflower) has been widely recommended to treat metabolic disorders in traditional herbal medicine in Persia, China, Korea, Japan, and other East-Asian countries. The anti-hypercholesterolemic and antioxidant effects of this plant have been well documented, but its protective effects against Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) have not been fully illustrated.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of safflower oil on MetS risk factors.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 67 patients with MetS were administered either divided 8 g safflower oil or placebo daily for 12 weeks. All patients were advised to follow their previous diets and physical activities.

RESULTS

Safflower oil resulted in a significant reduction in waist circumference (-2.42 ± 3.24 vs. 0.97 ± 2.53, p<0.001), systolic blood pressure (-8.80 ± 9.77 vs. -2.26 ± 8.56, p = 0.021), diastolic blood pressure (-3.53 ± 7.52 vs. -0.70 ± 6.21, p = 0.041), fasting blood sugar (-5.03 ± 10.62 vs. 2.94 ± 7.57, p = 0.003), and insulin resistance (-0.59 ± 1.43 vs. 0.50 ± 1, p = 0.012), but an increase in adiponectin level (0.38 ± 0.99 vs. -0.09 ± 0.81, p = 0.042) in the treatment group in comparison to the placebo group. The results revealed a direct relationship between leptin level and Body Mass Index (BMI) in both groups (p<0.001). In addition, increase in BMI resulted in a non-significant decrease in adiponectin level in both groups. Moreover, no significant difference was observed between the two groups regarding lipid profiles, leptin serum level, serum creatinine concentration, and other outcomes.

CONCLUSION

Safflower oil without lifestyle modification improved abdominal obesity, blood pressure, and insulin resistance in patients with MetS.

Tooth Loss, Denture Use, and Cognitive Impairment in Chinese Older Adults: A Community Cohort Study

BACKGROUND

Evidence regarding the associations of tooth loss and denture use with incident cognitive impairment is inconclusive in older adults, and few prospective studies have examined the potential interaction between tooth loss and denture use in these specific populations.

METHODS

Data were assessed from 17 079 cognitively normal older adults aged ≥65 years, participating in the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. The outcome of interest was cognitive impairment (assessed by the Chinese version of Mini-Mental State Examination). The number of natural teeth and status of denture use were collected by a structural questionnaire.

RESULTS

A total of 6456 cases of cognitive impairment were recorded during 88 627 person-years of follow-up. We found that compared with participants with 20+ teeth, those with 10-19, 1-9, and 0 teeth had increased risks of incident cognitive impairment (p-trend < .001). Participants without dentures also had a higher risk of incident cognitive impairment, compared with those who wore dentures. Effect modification by denture use was observed (p-interaction = .010). Specifically, among those without dentures, the adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for participants with 10-19, 1-9, and 0 teeth were 1.19 (1.08, 1.30), 1.28 (1.17, 1.39), and 1.28 (1.16, 1.41), respectively, as compared to those with 20+ teeth. In contrary, among denture users, detrimental effect was only observed among those with 0 teeth (hazard ratio 1.14, 95% confidence interval: 1.16, 1.41).

CONCLUSIONS

In Chinese older adults, maintaining 20+ teeth is important for cognitive health; denture use would attenuate the detrimental effects of tooth loss, especially for partial tooth loss, on cognitive impairment.

Association between being metabolically healthy/unhealthy and metabolic syndrome in Iranian adults

INTRODUCTION

The prevalence of metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) varies based on different criteria. We assessed the prevalence of MHO and metabolic unhealthiness based on body mass index (BMI) and their association with metabolic syndrome (MetS) in a nation-wide study.

METHODS

Data were taken from the STEPs 2016 study, from 18,459 Iranians aged ≥25 years. Demographic, metabolic, and anthropometric data were collected. Subjects were stratified by BMI, metabolic unhealthiness, and having MetS. The latter was defined based on National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III 2004 (NCEP ATP III), was then assessed.

RESULTS

The prevalence of MHO and metabolic unhealthiness in obese subjects was 7.5% (about 3.6 million) and 18.3% (about 8.9 million), respectively. Most of the metabolic unhealthy individuals were female (53.5%) or urban residents (72.9%). Low physical activity was significantly and positively associated (Odds Ratio: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.04-1.35) with metabolic unhealthiness, while being a rural residence (0.83, 0.74-0.93), and having higher education (0.47, 0.39-0.58) significantly but negatively affected it. Dyslipidemia was the most frequent MetS component with a prevalence rate of 46.6% (42.1-51.1), 62.2% (60.8-63.6), 76.3% (75.1-77.5), and 83.4% (82.1-84.6) among underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese phenotypes, respectively.

CONCLUSION

BMI aside, an additional set of criteria such as metabolic markers should be taken into account to identify normal weight but metabolically unhealthy individuals. Given the highest prevalence of dyslipidemia among obese subjects, further interventions are required to raise public awareness, promote healthy lifestyles and establish lipid clinics.

Association between behavioural risk factors and metabolic syndrome among adult population in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

AIMS

The impact of behavioural risk factors on the metabolic syndrome has not been well understood by the researchers. This information is important to the policymakers for developing effective strategies and implement relevant policies or programs. Hence, we undertook this meta-analysis to estimate the effect of behavioural risk factors on the burden of metabolic syndrome.

DATA SYNTHESIS

We conducted a search in the databases, such as PubMed Central, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Cochrane library, and search engines, such as ScienceDirect and Google Scholar, from inception until March 2021. We used the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) to assess the quality of published studies. We carried out a meta-analysis with random-effects model and reported pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). In total, we analysed 30 studies with 41,090 participants. The majority of the studies had good to satisfactory quality as per NOS. Physical activity had a statistically significant association with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (pooled OR = 1.57; 95%CI: 1.28 to 1.93, I2 = 91%). However, smoking (pooled OR = 0.96; 95%CI: 0.75 to 1.23, I2 = 90.5%) and alcohol (pooled OR = 1.00; 95%CI: 0.75 to 1.33, I2 = 90.8%) did not reveal a statistically significant association with the burden of metabolic syndrome.

CONCLUSION

Physical inactivity was found to be a significant risk factor for metabolic syndrome. Given the evidence, it is important that the clinicians and policymakers are alike to recommend regular physical activity among the patients and general population.